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Utilizing genealogical and ethnohistorical methodologies, an examination of Metis family, economy, and society in northwestern Saskatchewan during the nineteenth-century fur trade is conducted to better understand how Metis people affected development of the economy. Specifically, through the use of the Cree concept of relationships as expressed through the term wahkootowin, both the theoretical and conceptual, rather than literal, framework is used to explain the Metis style of life and how actions and reactions to internal community relationships were expressed intergenerationally through the extended family structure. By reconstructing the extended family system utilizing genealogical methods, it was possible to use textual records related to the freemen and free traders who operated in the English River District fur trade to further evaluate how the Metis established economic relationships and asserted independence from the Hudson's Bay Company. The family linkages between the women and men who worked for the HBC were familial, but their relationships were reinforced through socio-economic activities that brought them together and transformed family into community. Through the HBC, Metis families made strategic marital alliances with other company families and established a complex web of inter-familial alliances that not only affected the trade, but shaped it according to Metis societal values and expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A list of articles related to Canadian history that were published in several journals is presented. The articles include "When Worlds Collide: The Fate of Canadian and French Prisoners taken at Fort Niagara, 1759," by Ian K. Steele, "Imported Books, Imported Ideas: Reading European Jurisprudence in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Quebec," by Eric H. Reiter, and "Challenging Canada's Nuclear Commitments: An Analysis of Defence Discourse," by Stuart Allan.

Copyright of Canadian Historical Review is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Historical Review is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Historical Review is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Explores the historical contribution of women societies in Canada in 1890 to 1920. National loyalty demonstrated by the paragon of female stoicism; Representation of women in the work of empire and nation; Strategy used to allow women to affirm their logical capacity.

Copyright of Canadian Historical Review is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Historical Review is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Historical Review is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Explores the Indian programming and council ring of the summer camp for girls organized by Mary S. Edgar in Canada. Fascination with playing Indian; Incorporation of Indian tradition to the camp; Reflection of a modern desire to create a sense of belonging, community and spiritual experience.

The article provides a bibliography, which is intended to provide as complete coverage as possible of newly available material useful in the study of any aspect of Canadian history. In keeping with the diverse backgrounds and interests of the readers, both scholarly and well-researched popular sources are regularly listed. It should be noted that items of a purely contemporary or speculative nature and lacking appreciable historical content are normally excluded. Some of the publications include: Au pays des peaux de chagrin, by Jacques Leroux and "Recycling the Soul: Death and the Continuity of Life in Coast Salish Burial Practices," by Kathy McKay.

The article focuses on the historical studies of human rights in Canada. Is there such a thing as human rights history? Certainly a number of recent works could be filed within that category. Historian Michael Ignatieff has sketched a brief history of the rights revolution in Canada, examining how, in the postwar era, rights talk has transformed. Ignatieff is vague about the early details of this revolution, but a number of other recent works fill in some of the gaps. For example, James Walker and Constance Backhouse have provided case studies of the way in which political activists and the Canadian legal system affected the pre-Charter human rights of racial and religious minorities.

The article focuses on economic history of Canada, with reference to the wheat grading during 1912-1935. The economic implications of wheat grading were hardly more discreet. By altering the time horizon of the wheat's movement from the Great Plains to eastern and European markets, grades helped establish and stabilize institutionalized commodity hedging, known commonly as futures trading. Moreover, by ensuring a sufficient degree of uniformity in terms of quality, grades permitted movement of wheat, via pricing and market mechanisms, in greater quantities than had ever been known.

The popularity of heritage follows from the sense of authenticity it conveys. That authenticity, the facts and truths selected from the past and presented as confirmation, comes from history. Authenticity is often held to be a property of the observed object, but it is argued that authenticity is a socially constructed concept and that its connotation is therefore negotiated. Two major corollaries of this shared authority can impinge on the authenticity of heritage. First comes the danger of commercialization. The second corollary is heritage dissonance. For example, although Sainte-Marie is celebrated, at least in its own pamphlets, as the cradle of Ontario's history and "an authentic, detailed reconstruction of Ontario's first European community,'' memories of the mission are in many ways external to the provincial mainstream. Sainte-Marie is, really, Jesuit and Wendat heritage that has been appropriated to serve the civic memories of Ontario.

The human rights revolution reached critical mass in Canada only in 1982, when the liberal government of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, friend and acolyte of Frank Scott, accomplished the two ultimate goals of the Roebuck Report: patriation of the Canadian constitution and the entrenchment of Charter of Rights and Freedoms. By this time, however, the political functions of religion in Canada, and within the Liberal Party, were undergoing radical alteration, as Trudeau, querying the intense pressures of religious and political conservatives to have a religious referent inserted in the preamble to the new charter.

In the case of Japanese-Canadian veterans of the Great War, fear and racism eventually drove public policy and in the process trumped veteran solidarity. Thus, during the Second World War, when Japanese Canadians were removed from coastal British Columbia and their possessions sold in their absence, no allowance was made for veterans. But one of them, Zennosuke Inouye, was subsequently able to capitalize on his military service and veteran status to construct a successful case for the return of his property . This was exceptional, but his restoration did not signal a change of heart by the government in relation to Japanese-Canadian veterans generally. Inouye's quest for justice was decidedly personal, and the outcome in his favour was treated as a personal case.

Presents abstracts of articles concerning Canadian history, published in the June 2004 issue of the periodical "Canadian Historical Review". "Reforming Women's Reformatories: Elizabeth Fry, Penal Reform and the State, 1950-1970," by Joan Sangster; "Governing 'Unwed Mothers' in Toronto at the Turn of the Twentieth Century," by Karen Bridget Murray; "Populism and the 1952 Social Credit Breakthrough in British Columbia," by Gordon Hak.

Explores the early years of the Toronto Elizabeth Fry Society (EFT) as a means of examining broader questions about female penal reformers' relationship to the law and state. Responses of EFT to key issues during the 1950s and 1960s; Analysis of women's criminality; Efforts to obtain legal and social reform; Role in a public inquiry into the Mercer Reformatory for women.

Looks at Aboriginal history and historiography in western Canada. Scholars' involvement with the said fields since the 1980s; Issues of stereotyping, voice, mediation, representation and appropriation that every teacher and scholar must face; Asymmetries of power that are endemic between and within communities; Issues involving language, translation and material culture.

Analyzes the work of Saskatchewan gay activist Doug Wilson. Public discussions about homosexuality; Ways in which Wilson, a University of Saskatchewan graduate student, was launched onto an activist career trajectory; Leadership in lobbying for human rights protection; Outreach to small town and rural gays and lesbians.

Focuses on the development of individual human rights and civil liberties as they relate to the function of and purpose of the Committee for the Repeal of the Chinese Immigration Act (CRCIA) within the context of the postwar human rights community in Canada. Formation of the CRCIA in 1946; Repeal of the Act in May 1947 after deliberation by Prime Minister Mackenzie's Liberal government and hesitation from British Columbia's provincial government; Canadian immigration policy and the Chinese; Post-repeal period activities.

Attempts to re-examines the relationships between ethnicity and economic rationality in the township of East-Farnham and other agricultural eastern townships in Quebec in 1871 in the light of the new conceptual framework. Dissociation of agricultural choices from disparities in size between producers; Circumstantial factors; Link between ethnicity and choice; Influence of cultural preferences on choice; Finding that anglophone farmers greatly outproduced the habitants; Commercialization; Monetization; Mechanization; Specialization.

Reports on Irish immigration and settlement in Quebec City, Quebec. Effect of the Potato Famine in Ireland; Compilation of the ports of embarkation of immigrants arriving at Quebec; Religious affiliations and occupations.

Examines John Wilson Bengough's caricatures, verses and editorial commentaries in 'Grip,' a weekly publication of satire and social and political commentary launched on May 24, 1873 in Canada which ran for nearly 21 years. Bengough's reliance on allegories of gender and sexuality to convey his idea of Canadian nationalism and the relationship between nation and the state to his readers.

Focuses on the debate on history, history teaching and historical consciousness in Canada. Review of the aspects of contemporary popular culture; Approaches to history education; Impact of technology on history teaching.

Focuses on the colonial policies for indians in Canada. Details on the implementation of a community development program; Relationships between Indians and Euro-Canadian society and institutions; Discussions on the full rights of citizenship to indians.

Focuses on the complexities of racial relations in public places and taverns in Brantford, Ontario. Prejudices against Indians and black people; Details on interracial associations; Characteristics of a tavern.

Discusses the wildlife conservation efforts in Canada in the twentieth century. Origin of the conservation in the country; Creation of Canada into a 'paradise for sportsmen'; Elaboration of the conservation practice that produced the 'sportsman's paradise.'

Explores the activities of the pioneer generation of settlement workers in Toronto and its role in understanding the praxis of the settlement movement in Canada. Similarity of settlements with American and British counterparts; Stance of the Evangelia House's leadership in support of religious tolerance and against proselytism.

Investigates the role of university authorities in upholding the moral standards in the nineteenth century in Canada. Social events identified as arenas for heterosexual union; Influence of university in creating and maintaining an ideal of heterosexuality.

Examines the social origins of human rights campaigns in Ontario from Second World War to the early 1950. Organizations supporting the human rights activists' struggles; Importance of the intervention of minority groups; Impact of human rights activists on ideas about the nature of Canadian society.

Discusses the crises in history teaching in Canada during the 1900s. Concern that school history was lacking national sympathies; Production of a national history textbook that would be acceptable to all provinces; Students' lack of interest about Canadian history; Romantization of history; Call for a history curriculum that would unite anglophone and francophone Canadians.

Analyzes the focus of discipline and the structure of gossip, gender, and church regulation in Upper Canada from 1798 to 1860 by using church records of 40 Presbyterian and 26 Baptist churches from various regions. Forms of speech-related offenses; Gossip as a means of social control or sources of information; Evangelical churches' use and regulation of various forms of speech.

Discusses the extensive preventive public health measures undertaken by a group of Canadian public servants and medical practitioners to meet the threat of cholera in 1866. Social alliances; Extensive powers under the Public Health Act of 1849; Climate of fear created by the cholera scare; Rules, regulations and advice offered by the Central Board of Health.

Presents a review essay about incorporating the story of aboriginal tribes into Canadian history. Conflicts of the people on land claims negotiations; Periods of interest for historians of the First Nations in Canada; Challenges of historical writing on indigenous peoples.

Comments on the article `Who Killed Canadian History? A View From the Trenches,' by A.B. McKillop published in a 1999 issue of the `Canadian Historical Review.' McKillop's denunciation of J.L. Granatstein's views on Canadian historiography; McKillop's endorsement of a more pluralistic historiography; Granatstein's dismissal of Marxist Young Turks who championed a culturalist approach to Canadian labor.

Discusses the emergence of communal `backwoods utopias' or `moral economies' in the newly settled areas of the old Northwest during the early nineteenth century. Economic organization of the Children of Peace, a Quaker sect that settled north of Toronto, Ontario; Use of the idiom of charity to meet the needs of those impoverished by the capitalist transition then occurring.

Examines the various forces that converged in the making of suburban `bad' girls in post-1945 suburban Toronto, Ontario. Imprecise and prejudicial nature of the process of identifying and treating delinquent girls; Interrelationship between caseworkers' professionalism and middle-class moralism; Role of gossip and hearsay evidence in delinquency cases that involved minor-age girls.

The article discusses the book "Who Killed Canadian History?" by Canadian historian Dr. J. L. Granatstein. He argues in his book that Canadian academic historians have ignored their public duty by taking a disdainful view of Canadian history. He believes that Canadian history is one of national accomplishment. The article suggests that Canadian history is more complex than Granatstein suggests and that most historians would agree that there is a lack of education in Canadian history.

Examines the arguments with which various factions within the Centrale de l'Enseignement du Quebec (CEQ), Quebec's third-largest union central, tried to influence the union's position on the national question from the early 1960-80. Factions' differing socioeconomic visions; Popularity of separatist nationalism; Absence of CEQ from the public debate of Quebec's constitutional status.

Examines the roots of Aboriginal women's overincarceration in Ontario in the 20th-century, especially during and immediately following World War II. Records from the Mercer, the only Ontario Reformatory for Women; Material and cultural dislocations of colonialism; Gender and race paternalism of the courts and prisons; Cultural gap in the notions of crime and punishment.

Explores the formation of the middle-class society in Ontario in the nineteenth-century based on manuscript censuses of 1861 and 1871. Patterns of structured rural inequality in the provinces; Geographic distribution of farm sizes; Patterns of farm acquisition and improvement; Very active land market as evidenced by local newspaper advertisements.

Discusses the findings of a descriptive research on economic inequality in the Saguenay region in Quebec between 1879 and 1949. Method of data collection; Comparison of Saguenary society with English-Canadian and American communities; Unchanged structure of inequality despite saturation of the agricultural land base and growth of capitalist economy.

Presents historical information on the success and failure of railway construction contracts in Canada during the period 1860-1875, with specific emphasis on railway construction ventures launched by Frank Shanly, a contractor in Ontario. Background information on Shanly; Circumstances surrounding Shanly's failure in the railroad construction sector; Factors which contributed to his corporate demise; Intriguing aspects of the railroad construction industry.

Provides information on an article discussing the political and economic realities that conditioned the formulation of government finance policy, and how that policy affected the relationship with chartered banks. Detailed information on government savings banks in the Maritimes.

Attempts to inform canadians historians, political scientists, economists and members of other disciplines of the large untapped archival data in Russian repositories. Overview of documents in Russian archives dealing with Canada; Immigration and church; Arctic, explorations and the Hudson's Bay Co.; Economic relations; Strategic and other interests in Canada.

Discusses the role of historians who are employed as expert witnesses in Canada as of June 1986. Factors discouraging historians to participate as expert witnesses in litigation; Skills of historians considered as beneficial to the development of a lawsuit; Concerns of historians as expert witnesses.

Focuses on the strike by physicians in Winnipeg, Manitoba, in the years 1932 to 1934. Labor action's focus on the medicare dispute between the medical profession and the government; Background on the socio-economic conditions affecting the doctors' decision to go on strike.

Focuses on the debate over the sterilization of the mentally handicapped in Canada during the 1930s. Role of the 'Canadian Medical Association Journal' publication in the public debate; Socio-political aspects of the debate; Implications and reflections of the debate on the Canadian society.