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The article focuses on the upturn in the paper industry of Wisconsin. It states that in 1900s, the industry played a major part in newsprint and book paper requirements of the U.S., and started to produce other types of coarse paper when the nation opened its reciprocal trade agreement with Canada. It also mentions Nekoosa-Edwards Paper Co.'s (Nepco) efforts to address the issues of Canadian competition wherein it had made developments in earnings and sales.

The article reports that a U.S.-Japan commercial treaty to internationalize the Japanese yen is not expected to strengthen the yen in foreign exchange markets and to alter international trade, balance of payments, and balance of trade patterns between the two countries. Measures to make the yen an international currency include the creation of a free Euroyen market and deregulation of Japanese capital markets.

This article discusses the effectivity of the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement on January 1, 1989. Canadian motorcycle enthusiasts who go shopping for a Harley-Davidson bike this January will be in for a pleasant surprise. Prices for the powerful Harley hogs are being slashed an average $1,250 per bike, a hefty cut from last year's sticker price. The reason: The free trade agreement between the U.S. and Canada eliminates Canada's 8% duty on American-made motorcycles. And Harley's Canadian importer plans to pass on the savings to consumers. Lower prices for products ranging from computers to animal feed to hockey skates could be the first gain for Americans and Canadians from long-awaited agreement. It finally takes effect on January 1, 1989 after two years of difficult negotiations, a snap Canadian election, and a last-minute ratification by the Canadian House of Commons on Christmas Eve. Although consultants and economists have churned out reams of paper on the pact's potential, Canadian and U.S. companies are only now beginning to make their first solid moves to take advantage of freer trade. While some companies are revising their marketing policies, other are stepping up investment -- especially in Canada's vast energy and forestry resources.

The article examines the petroleum industry and trade in the U.S. It mentions Defense Mobilizer Arthur S. Flemming who issued an ultimatum to 18 oil importing companies to voluntarily cut imports or the government may force a cutback. It notes the reaction of independent and non-importing oil producers who were happy over his decision. It cites the Trade Agreements Extension Act of 1955 whereby a commodity may appeal for relief if imports may endanger the national security.

The article offers global briefs which include the negotiation among the Allied purchasing commissions on the acquisition of military planes, an estimated boost on the transport of tung oil from mainland China , and trade negotiation between China and Japan.

Reports that American corporation Motorola Inc. has succeeded in gaining entry into the Japanese cellular telephone equipment and services industry after the U.S. threatened economic sanctions on Japanese exports to the U.S. First significant pact under the 1988 Trade Act; Motorola's Japanese affiliate Nippon Motorola Ltd.

This section offers businesses news briefs worldwide as of May 24, 1933. Germany failed to maintain a favorable balance due to a reduction in foreign trade inspite of its efforts to gain a position at the World Economic Conference. Great Brtitain concluded some treaties that will remove third parties from various markets in spite of the tariff truce agreed upon by 8 nations. The French deplored the logic behind U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt's disarmament speech, saying that peace can only be assured by an inviolable pact between powerful nations.

The article offers information on various developments related to economy and politics in France in February 1933, which include the passing of the new budget, an increase in income taxes, and the modifications in Franco-German trade pact.

The article offers updates related to international trade. The move of Japan to ignore the China-Japan treaties in Manchuria, China has resulted to a 36% decline in Japanese exports to China. Newspaper advertisements in Germany have entreated the nation's industry to set up branch plants in Great Britain to solve their problem associated with tariff. The International Labor Office has revealed that unemployment in the U.S. has risen by 30% and 566% in France.

The article reports on a trade agreement between the U.S. and Brazil signed during the week that ended on July 12, 1941, according to which the U.S. would buy surplus raw materials from Brazil.

The article offers world news briefs about business in 1940. In the U.S., the Allison engine unit of General Motors Corp. will join Curtiss-Wright Corp. and Pratt and Whitney as a major American producer of airplane engines. In Argentina, the new Argentine-Japanese trade agreement is expected to affect American trade. In Great Britain, Winston S. Churchill was named head of the Committee of Service Ministers.

The article presents a forecast on business conditions in Canada in the fall of 1938, including the expected benefits of a new trade agreement to be signed by the country with the U.S.

The article reports on the U.S. jeweled watchmakers including Elgin National Watch Co. and Waltham Watch Co. urging the U.S. government to limit the imports of Swiss watches. However it states that according to the reciprocal trade plan between the U.S. and Switzerland certain manufactured items including watches have no export limit under the trade agreement. It states the Swiss watch assemblers and importers, the U.S. watchmakers do not have the capacity to meet future demand for watches.

The article discusses terms of the current trade agreement between Japan and the U.S. that will allow the former to export goods at 25 percent of the 1934-35 annual rate or the equivalent of 200 million dollars in materials such as raw silk, strategic metals, and radio tubes.

The article comments on a proposal in 1999 that members of the North American Free Trade Agreement should consider a dollar bloc in the Western Hemisphere. Key issues discussed in the article include reasons why a North American version of the European euro is unlikely, Canadian fears over the idea and the benefits the proposal offers to corporate and private investors.

The article reports that the future of the trade agreement with the U.S. will be influenced by the German bloc as discussions between U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull and Soviet ambassador Constantine Oumansky has started.

The article presents the schedule of U.S. Congressional Hearings on the Anglo-American trade agreement from March 14 to March 22, 1938 including sessions with textile manufacturers, cotton goods manufacturers, and woolen clothing manufacturers.

The article reports that the Geneva trade agreements are going to cut U.S. tariff income to a 100-year record low of between 18 to 20 per cent of the total value of dutiable imports.

The article reports on the transition of the Kuwait's oil-rich sheikdom. It states that Kuwait has been heading towards its independence after being a protectorate of Great Britain for many years. It also mentions that gradually, Kuwait is accepting the full dominance of its external and internal relations without violent wars. Meanwhile, although the 1899 agreement between Kuwait and Great Britain has been outdated, another deal is still being considered.

This section offers news briefs on international business as of April 16, 1938. There has been an increase in aviation shares for the London stock market, while airplane production is said to be about 250 a month. After the devaluation of the franc, large quantities of capital have been flowing back to Paris. Negotiations are under way for an Italo-Japanese trade agreement providing for the exchange of a greater volume of goods between Italy and Japan.

This section offers news briefs on business and politics in countries other than the U.S. as of March 1938. The Japanese government announced that China is establishing an autonomous state in Central China with Nanking as capital. The signing of a new trade pact between Great Britain and Italy signals the possibility of a more significant agreement between the two countries. Great Britain bought Soviet goods worth 113 million U.S. dollars and sold goods worth 40 million U.S. dollars to Russia in 1937.

The article discusses the Anglo-American Trade Deal in 1938. London, England is considered to be the political capital of the world whose business and economic fortunes are tied with the U.S. The trade agreement is a project of U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull aimed to lower international trade barriers. It cites the determination of the U.S. and Great Britain to make the best possible deal as business in both countries prepare to oppose each proposed concession.

This section offers news briefs on world business. The German foreign trade has been affected by the U.S.-Brazil trade deal. The Japanese government decided to officially devalue its gold holdings in order to meet international payments. The U.S-Brazil trade deal involving gold standards will benefit Brazil because the Brazillian currency will be pegged to the dollar.

Several letters to the editor are presented in response to articles in previous issues including "What drove McCulloch out of new towns" in the November 22, 1976 issue, "The U.S. helps Russia build a trade center" in the December 6, 1976 issue and "The escalating struggle between the FTC and business" in the December 13, 1976 issue.

The article focuses on the political battle in the United States to extend the most-favored-nation (MFN) trade status for another year to China. The demand to review the most drawn-out and heated battle over China policy in Washington since Tiananmen Square enraged the U.S. Congress in 1989. The debate is complicated by the suspected Chinese link to Donorgate, the July 1, 1997 transfer of Hong Kong to Chinese rule, a steadily worsening trade deficit, and recent confirmation of Beijing's sales of missile and chemical-weapons technology to Iran. Also, an anti-MFN coalition of Christian conservatives, the AFL-CIO, and human rights activists has won dozens of converts on the Hill.

The article examines the business condition of several countries in Europe, Latin America, Far East and Canada as of August 1936. Great Britain has set record foreign trade figures in July. Venezuelan purchases of U.S. equipment has surpassed the buying activity of Argentina. The U.S.-Canada trade treaty has benefited manufacturers of iron and steel products as well as fruit and vegetable and cotton producers in the U.S.

This section offers global business news briefs. The Soviet Union will purchase rail equipment with the near completion of the transsiberian rail line in the Japanese-controlled Manchukuo in the Far East. China will create a Central Trust Purchasing Department at the Central Trust of China to consolidate all national, provincial and municipal government purchases under one department. Colombia ratified a new trade agreement with the U.S. and signed a new trade treaty with Guatemala.

The article examines the business condition of several countries in Europe, Latin America and the Far East as of August 1935. The upward trend in stock market and new capital issues in Great Britain persists despite the possibility of war and the vacation season. A canal rental agreement was reached by Panama and the U.S. Panic in the Bombay market in India is attributed to a deferred explosion of the artificial situation in silver.

The article focuses on the incident which involves the arrest of a Nipponese bodyguard by American Marines in Shanghai, China. It states that the bodyguard of a Japanese general who visited the patrolled area of Shanghai was arrested due to their failure to conform in their agreement with the U.S. to seek permission in advance before entering policed zones. As a result, it says that the U.S. issued a notice to the Japanese government which temporarily terminates the Japanese-American trade deal.

The article reports on the foreign economic relations of Soviet Union with Bulgaria and Germany. It states that a commission of textile experts from Bulgaria came in Moscow, Russia to start the Soviet-Bulgarian trade, involving the shipping of wool and ship cotton to Bulgaria. It says that a Russian airline was inaugurated as part of the cooperation between the Soviets and Bulgarians. It adds that the German economic mission will provide the Soviets with almost a million tons of oil yearly.

The article discusses how new trade agreements of the U.S. with Canada and Britain attracted wider business attention across the world. It states that business had been affected by attack on Jews in Germany as it required huge defense activity in every great nation. It also mentions of U.S. President, Franklin D. Roosevelt's western hemisphere defense plan to prevent invasion from abroad. Few planners oppose the plan by stating that investing into armaments would not be beneficial.

The article reports on the March 1938 trade agreement between Czechoslovakia and the U.S. that enables tariff concessions between the two countries. According to the author, the most spectacular item in the trade pact is the reduction of duties on three footwear items as shoe imports from Czechoslovakia amounted to 2,646,000 U.S. dollars in 1937. The agreement also reduced duties on 11 other items including textiles, cotton gloves, and table damasks.

The article discusses the impact of free trade prospects between Western nations and the Communist bloc. Analysts note that increased economic motivation by the West to enter into trade agreements with Soviet and Eastern European states will prompt an easing of trade controls. The major proponents of this trade scenario include countries from Western Europe, Japan, and Canada. In relation to this a Coordinating Committee (COCOM) has been engaged to review East-West trade controls that were established since 1954.

The article reports on the Italian trade mission to Moscow, Russia. It mentions that the Italian trade mission wants to set up a 100-million-dollars-a-year exchange of goods with Russia. It says that Italian citrus fruits, textile, and industrial equipment will be offered for Russian grains, timber, and oil. Furthermore, it states that U.S. will watch over the East-West trade, particularly on Italian goods export, to prevent bolstering Soviet Union's war potential.

Reports on the state of trade between Vietnam, which is seeking foreign investors, and the United States. Mention of a trade pact that, if ratified, will confer on Vietnam the same low tariffs of most United States trading partners; How Vietnamese Prime Minister Phan Van Khai presides over the reform program; Enactment of internal reforms in Vietnam, including an enterprise law making it easier than before to establish a private company. INSET: NEVER MIND THE SNAIL'S PACE, THIS IS CAPITALISM.

This article reports on a widely expected cross-border consolidations in Canada as a result of the upcoming implementation of the U.S.-Canadian Free Trade Agreement, as of April 1989. The consolidations are coming just as Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney moves to pare the federal budget deficit of Canada and possibly scale back some of its vaunted social programs, such as unemployment insurance. Although the business restructuring will create more efficient North American competitors, one side effect is a less gentle Canadian economy. Although Canadian critics have no immediate chance of overturning the free trade agreement. Canada has traditionally had smaller companies in relatively fragmented industries. Canadians disdained what they saw as the more competitive, heartless style of big corporations in the U.S. But even though beer was exempted from the agreement, the second and third largest brewers in Canada are hoping to merge. Canadian Airlines International is displaying the same strategy with its proposed purchase of a pesky discount competitor, Wardair International Inc. One of its motives was to end a price war in Canada, but the carrier also needs to bolster its balance sheet for what is likely to be the eventual battle for survival when U.S. and Canadian airlines are given unlimited access to the airports of each other. Organized labor is the biggest loser in these restructurings. Approval of the airline consolidation would lead to the elimination of 1,000 Wardair jobs and up to 600 at Canadian Airlines. Seven of 16 breweries will be closed and 1,400 jobs cut if the Molson-Carling consolidation gets approval from Ottawa, Ontario.

This article focuses on the plan of Canadian investor James Pattison to acquire Whitman Corp. In December 1988, Jim Pattison Group drew attention of a different sort. An investment partnership Pattison is affiliated with, Zeus Partners, sought the Federal Trade Commission's permission to acquire up to 15 percent of Whitman Corp. A Canadian takeover artist who has bought and sold some 200 Canadian companies over the past two decades, Pattison is apparently hunting for big game south of the border. With the U.S.-Canada trade agreement in effect, Pattison does see acquisition possibilities in the U.S. Later Pattison contacted Whitman CEO Karl D. Bays about organizing a leveraged buyout, presumably backed by Canadian investors. Whether or not Pattison takes the plunge with Whitman, he is clearly looking for new realms to conquer. Pattison,who started out selling used cars during the 1950s has amassed an empire that is diversified to say the least. He has also sold various holdings, often at a huge profit. In 1977, he acquired control over Crush International Ltd. Three years later he sold rights of soft drink operations outside of Canada to Procter & Gamble Co. Clearly he is in a buying mood.

The article focuses on efforts by the U.S. to recapture Soviet business following the move by President Ronald Reagan to lift the embargo on agricultural trade with the country. During a briefing in Washington on April 24, 1981 prior to the official lifting of the embargo, Agricultural Department officials told the Russians about the ample grain supplies of the U.S. and proposed the renegotiation of the five-year, bilateral grain agreement that will expire in September. Other countries competing for Soviet business include Argentina and France.

The article explores the implications of a new accord on a trade agreement to be signed by nations growing and consuming cocoa, including the U.S., for the future price and production level of cocoa.

The article discusses a new tariff system being developed between the U.S. and several nations as of May 1954. It states that since 1947, the U.S. has been working out trade agreements with nations that signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in Geneva, Switzerland. What GATT nations agree to is the division of imports into categories, with tariffs being modified as needed. The new proposal aims to modify the GATT to grant the U.S. president greater control over tariff rates, increase trade and reduce protection of U.S. industries.

The article offers news briefs related to international trade. Western Europe's rearmament program is causing problems for Marshall Planners at the U.S. Economic Cooperation Administration's headquarters in Paris, France. Most exports from Bizonia will be free from controls of the Joint Export Import Agency (JEIA) after December 1, 1948 . France signed the biggest trade pact with three western zones.

The article focuses on the politico-economic conditions in France, and discusses the ruling by a mild form of parliamentary dictatorship, the recovery of francs, and trade agreements between France and Great Britain.

The article reports that the traders in Great Britain colonies have decided that they will not make any new trade agreement with non-Empire nations before the Imperial Conference which to be held in Ottawa, Canada in July 1932.

The article reports that the new trade agreement signed between Germany and Turkey to form a new bloc has fallen short of anticipated results. It is stated that the business will be transacted by the Ankara government on terms no more favorable to Germany. It is mentioned that the steady flow of funds from different countries to cover occupation costs is a further boost the plan of making a financial bloc. It is asserted that Turkey has refused to join the financial bloc.

The article offers information on the problems being faced by Japan since its trade agreement with the U.S. lapsed on January 26, 1940. As stated, the Japanese government is resenting the loan of 20,000,000 dollars provided to China from the U.S. Export-Import Bank. Moreover, Germany's trade with China has led to another set back for Japan as the German machinery is no longer available to it.

The article focuses on the imposition of 25 percent countervailing duty in addition to regular duties on the goods imported from Germany by the U.S. Treasury Department. As stated, the penalty is also imposed on the former territories of Czechoslovakia, which enjoyed a generous trade agreement earlier. The order is stated to be a restriction on German goods meant to reduce German purchases in the U.S. to the minimum.

The article cites the reasons why Russian operations have recently been delayed including the increase in orders according to the Soviet-American trade pact and the meticulous inspectors checking the equipment. It mentions that the Five-Year Plan in Russia is undergoing drastic revisions that there is a need for retooling according to the design changes. It also notes the terms of payment and the Soviet-American trade agreement.

The article discusses Canada's revised trade agreements with Australia, New Zealand and Great Britain in October 1937, with Canada gaining no new advantages but makes concessions in order to hold important markets.

The article looks at the implications of the extension of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act by the U.S. Congress. The four-year extension gives U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower new authority to cut tariffs 20% below levels are of August 16, 1958 and gives some new opportunities for relief to domestic industries squeezed by import competition. The extension also means that U.S. tariffs will be frozen at present levels for the next four years. The loopholes in the law affecting the protectionists are noted.

The article reports on the Iranian oil agreement in August 1954 that paves the way for international oil firms to move back into Iran, and for the country to return to the West. The terms of the agreement are discussed. Herbert Hoover Jr., special emissary of U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower for the Iranian negotiations and U.S. Ambassador in Teheran Loy Henderson are being acknowledged for pushing the deal through. It also talks about the advantage of the deal to Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (AIOC).