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This section offers news briefs related to businesses outside the U.S. as of September 1937. Exporters in Germany fear drastic decline in their performance since an outbreak of hostilities in Shanghai, China was reported. Businesses in London, England expect an improvement in their income despite the increased materials costs during the year. The Russian government launched a program which aims to promote the daily production of several commodities like coal, steel and oil.

The article offers information on the iron and steel production strategy of Chinese premier Mao Tse-tung. The goal for iron and steel production in China has been raised to 10.7 million tons by the Chinese government. Several peasant farmers have been organized in labor camp communes. New group of iron smelting ovens being used for production are built on the anthill design. China also has five modern steel centers operating and a sixth under construction in Paotou in North China.

The article reports that the Chinese government in February 147 employed U.S. companies Marsman and Vinell to transport 584 million U.S. dollar worth of excess war products from Pacific Islands including Guam, Saipan, and Iwo Jima to compensate for the reconstruction program in China.

The article reports on the 22,000,000 pounds war freight recorded by the Office of War Information in the first half of 1944, which is worth about 79 million U.S. dollars excluding outbound traffic. The Himalayas from China to India route and the Karachi, India to the U.S. via Africa route and the South America route are some of the most popular destinations of the war freight. The main lone that runs to Trinidad and Puerto Rico from New York via Bermuda also makes it as one of the popular destinations as it close to Miami, Florida.

The article focuses on the outlook for U.S. foreign policy. U.S. position for a Pacific Union is explained in relation to priority given to Europe. Decisions subsequent to the release of the China White Paper are presented together with suggestions from Great Britain for order in Southeast Asia. Plans of the International Monetary Fund to restore drawing rights to Marshall Plan countries are examined as well as the signs of solid prosperity in France. The effect of the Commonwealth agreement on trade between India and Great Britain are also evaluated.

The article reports on the move of China to address their food shortage, wherein they started purchasing grain imports that improves the world tramp shipping business.

This article discusses the growth of the textile industry in the British colony of Hong Kong in the 1960s. It attributes the growth to the colony's exports of garments to U.S. companies, the rising number of tourists arriving and the influx of workers from China. It expects the trend to continue to contribute to the development of Hong Kong economy. The article warns about the possible impact of textile quotas on the industry.

This section offers news briefs on international business as of November 25, 1931. The 2 percent import tax to be added to present duties in France will not be applied to raw materials but will be increased to 4 percent on semi-manufactures and to 6 percent on manufactures. There has been an increase in demand for larger imports and dollar exchange in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Montevideo, Uruguay. Japanese goods are being boycotted in China.

This section offers international business news briefs. Japan announced that it will open a central bank in Peking, China which will lay the groundwork for monetary reform in all of China under Japanese occupation. The provincial government of Quebec has purchased a gold mine to be used as a practical training school for young miners. English River Pulp Co. will start construction of a large pulp and paper plant in Northern Ontario.

The article outlines some of the Economic Cooperation Act (ECA) authorized expenditures for Marshall Plan countries. For the week ended September 11, 1948, total authorization totaled 134,057,353 for new commodities mostly heavy equipment. Authorization for spare parts for motor vehicles and other items amounted to 2.6 million U.S. dollars for Netherlands , 8.6 million dollars for China and 2 million dollars for France.

The article explores the decline of the precious metal called silver. According to the author, a primary economic curiosity of the age is the drop of silver from the so-called semi-superstitious value level given to it through its link with gold to its proper commodity price range. The author cites the shift towards the gold standard in China and India. The author adds that there are few real silver mines which can be operated with silver under fifty cents per ounce.

The article discusses a case involving the principals of the Pacific Commodity Exchange (PCE) in Hong Kong, China who took 1.8 million U.S. dollars in option premiums when they left the colony, which illustrates how risky trading commodity options can be. The PCE was founded at a time when Chinese and European investors were looking for new investment opportunities following the disastrous decline of the colony's stock exchanges in early 1973. The link between the PCE case in Hong Kong and the Puts & Calls Inc. case in California is also described.

The article analyzes the possible impact of the Japanese government's enactment of a law that empowers the government to take over business during an emergency such as war. The law is of interest to the U.S. because of the substantial flow of U.S. goods to Japan and the similarity of the law to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's emergency-power proposal. The law also affects Japan's trade relations with China.

The article reports that the plans of U.S. President Richard M. Nixon to visit China in February 1972 have revived an issue concerning U.S. claims for assets that were allegedly seized by Communists. U.S. Secretary of State William Rogers will accompany Nixon to China and will bring a briefing paper on claims should the topic arise during their visit. Several companies have claims including Shanghai Power Co., Western District Power Co., and Esso Standard.

The article reports on the efforts of the U.S. government to prevent Red China from earning badly needed dollars by the government's crack down on contraband trade that reach the U.S. through Macao, Hong Kong, Japan, and Korea.

The article presents the China Aid Act to help reconstruct China's rural community. The act recommends improving China's feudal agricultural by introducing irrigation system and land reform. According to the article, land reform may remove Communist threats in China. The U.S. government is helping the Chinese government enforce land reform to the country.

The article discusses economic issues being settled by the League of Nations regarding the conflict between China and Japan on the control of Mukden, the capital of the Chinese region of Manchuria. Information on Japanese investments in Manchuria is presented, noting that the Japanese nationals who operate businesses in the region are continuously demanding for protection of their business. The interest of other countries like the U.S. and Soviet Union in the economic opportunities in Manchuria is also described.

This article points out that U.S. businesses operating in China will be at a competitive disadvantage with Japanese businesses. Japanese military occupation of Chinese cities, such as Shanghai, has enabled Japanese businesses to dominate the competition from foreign businesses such as the U.S.'s. U.S. businesses that are expected or have already posted losses are the Universal Leaf Tobacco Co., National City Bank of New York and American Express Co.

The article offers new briefs related to the business scenario of the Asian countries including Japan, and China. A China Merchants' stock exchange was opened in Shanghai, China, with the aim of dealing in Chinese government bonds, and the stocks of leading Chinese banks, public utilities, and similar securities. According to the representatives of the Ford Motor Co. in Japan the company is considering the establishment of a manufacturing plant within the country.

The article presents two excerpts including one from a letter by a U.S. Marine on China and another from a report by Staff Seargent Bill Ross, a correspondent from Marine Corps on China are presented.

The article reports that China's envoy Woo Pao-nien, a member of China's National Resources Commission, traveled to the U.S. to purchase goods on a lease-lend basis.

A photograph depicting straw shacks to protect the crop of soybeans from Manchurian winter, China, is presented.

The article discusses the statement of Chu Min-yi, right hand man to Chinese rebel Wang Chang-Wei that Japan may attempt to explore the agricultural benefits from China in return of industrial goods and that Central China Development Co., is a multitude of small enterprises, and Chinese cannot join it.

The article reports on a proposal offered by Communist China to Indonesia for a defense agreement. It informs that Communist China has offered Indonesia for forming a mutual defense pact in Southeast Asia and South Asia. It tells that this agreement will unite the non-Communist countries of these areas with Beijing, China. It further informs about the non-participation of Indonesia in the Southeast Asia conference which was held in September 1954.

Several letters to the editor are presented in response to articles in previous issues including "Another Big Year Shapes Up" in the July 17, 1954 issue, "Survey Report, Consumer Attitudes" in the July 31, 1954 issue, and one on Red China in the July 24, 1954 issue.

The article looks at the emergence of Communist China as a major player in the international community. China has made an impression in world affairs by getting involved in the Korean war, occupying Tibet and forcing France into conceding part, if not all, of Indo-China. The sources of China's power include the Soviet Union and its leadership in the Communist revolution in Asia. An overview of China's politics and industries is also presented.

The article features West German industry as it ranks third in world exports and rising fast behind second place Britain, and U.S., first, in 1959. German exports reportedly soared from two billion U.S. dollars in 1951 to 8.8 billion U.S. dollars. It describes how Germany has gradually become an international banker and investor in order to export its goods. It details key areas where German industry has been successful including Latin America, Red China and the Middle East with its investments such as in machinery, automotive and chemical industries. INSET: Businessmen Who Set a Fast Pace For West Germany's Postwar Recove.

The article focuses on the invasion by Red China of the Quemoy and Matsu islands in Taiwan. Chinese Premier Chou En-lai said that his government is willing to resume diplomatic talks with the U.S. which has been broken because of Washington's decision to use its Seventh Fleet to block the Red invasion. If the U.S. gave in to Red China, the U.S.-backed Nationalists would weaken their position off the China mainland. Under the two Chinas policy, the U.S. has accepted the Communists control of the mainland but refused to accept the Peking government.

The article provides an overview of the business conditions around the world in 1949. Topics discussed include the view of French businessmen on the possibility of Third Force politicians' control of the country's national affairs, stiff competition facing entrepreneurs in London, England, business prospects in China, foreign investment in Germany, and five year economic plan in Russia.

The article discusses the plan of many U.S. businesspeople to continue operating in China in spite of indications that the Communists will defeat the nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek in 1948. Highlights of war activities in China in November 1948 are described, including Communists' acquisition of control of Manchuria and their movement south to surround Soochow. Analysts speculate on U.S. policy toward China once a Communist government is established there, such as an investigation of the chances of doing business with Communists.

The article offers an update on international trade as of October 1931. Currency hoarding and political issues are a cause of concern throughout Europe. The French business community is showing a lack of confidence in the U.S., Germany and England as it foresees financial and political crises in these countries. The trade relations between Japan and China are being affected by various factors including flood and famine in China and the claim by Japan that the Chinese government is responsible for anti-Japanese movements.

This article explains that the resulting chaos from the failure of the cultural revolution launched by Chinese leader Mao Tse-tung has reversed the modest economic gains the country made after the so-called Great Leap Forward. Observers believe that the economic chaos will only make it more difficult for China to become a modern industrial state. The situation is highlighted by the growing population and yet industrial and agricultural productions are in decline. However, China's detonation of a hydrogen bomb was a great technological achievement. INSET: The army: huge but unwieldy.

The article reports on how the task of watching China can affect the decisions of the U.S. government in April 1966. According to China specialists, the U.S. policy toward China was too rigid and recommends that the U.S. must not isolate China even while containing it. The author adds that 198 scholars in Asia and China signed a letter criticizing U.S. policy. The difficulties involved in watching China, its progress in providing its own arms and its nuclear weapons capability are also discussed.

The article looks at an attempt by China and the Soviet Union to turn Indonesia a Communist arsenal that poses a threat to U.S. foreign policy and other Southeast Asian countries. Indonesia is being led by neutralist President Sukarno, who has resisted Soviet pressure to include Communists in his inner cabinet. However, Sukarno has accepted Soviet military equipment, including jet fighters and bombers. The question of U.S. aid eventually became a challenging one.

The article examines efforts by Communist China to achieve scientific progress. Factors that have affected China's scientific progress include shortages in trained researchers and adequate laboratories and the Communist Party's strict supervision of intellectuals. The scientific achievements of China include building a nuclear reactor for Nankai University in Tientsin, a cyclotron at Szechwan University in Chengtu and two proton electrostatic accelerators in Peking.

This section offers news briefs on business and politics in countries other than the U.S. as of March 1938. The Japanese government announced that China is establishing an autonomous state in Central China with Nanking as capital. The signing of a new trade pact between Great Britain and Italy signals the possibility of a more significant agreement between the two countries. Great Britain bought Soviet goods worth 113 million U.S. dollars and sold goods worth 40 million U.S. dollars to Russia in 1937.

This section offers news briefs regarding events related to business in various parts of the world as of July 1937. The conflict between Japan and China at Peiping is not likely to start a world war between the U.S. and Great Britain. In France, the Chautemps-Bonnet fiscal reform plan has been found to be inadequate to be really effective while causing an increase in living costs. The slight rise in industrial shares in Great Britain in the previous week has slowed down.

The article focuses on the international trade between the Communist countries and non-communist countries, and the U.S. diplomacy towards this trade. It states that the increasing trade volume between Communist and non-communist countries is a major diplomatic and political concern for the U.S. However, the U.S. is facing both criticism and pressure to increase trade with Communist regions, including China and Soviet Union.

The article discusses evidence of increased industrial equipment and methods brought to China by the Soviet Union following the recent visit of Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev to Peking in the fall of 1954.

The article discusses the concerns of the U.S. in relation to free world trade with Red China as of May 1953. U.S. Senator Joseph R. McCarthy charged the British with the transportation of Communist troops along the China coast, increase in Western exports to Communist China, and 162 free-world ships engaged in trade with China. The British contend that trade has been on nonstrategic items and that a trade embargo would endanger Hong Kong. Many Americans insist that any trade strengthens their economy.

The article reports on the cotton-textile industry in China as of May 21, 1949. It is said that Communist armies have entered Shanghai where about fifty percent of the industry operate. It discusses the problem that the industry will be faced with under the Communist regime, including shortage of supply of raw cotton since there will allegedly be no more gifts of this material from the Economic Cooperation Administration or the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA).

The article offers information on the economic problems of China. It states that the country is facing a stagnation in world trade due to the civil war, political crises and corruption. Moreover, the five-year program proposed by the defunct Central Planning Board of the Supreme National Defense Council calls for 14 billion dollars in expenditures.

The article focuses on the incident which involves the arrest of a Nipponese bodyguard by American Marines in Shanghai, China. It states that the bodyguard of a Japanese general who visited the patrolled area of Shanghai was arrested due to their failure to conform in their agreement with the U.S. to seek permission in advance before entering policed zones. As a result, it says that the U.S. issued a notice to the Japanese government which temporarily terminates the Japanese-American trade deal.

The article discusses how events in Asia as of November 1965 may provide favorable openings for U.S. policy against Communist China in the region. The Indonesian army is seen as pushing a showdown with the Communist Party in the wake of a left-wing coup attempt. China backed down on a threat to attack India's border. Observations are made regarding the rift between Russia and China, with the Russians said to be moving to offset Chinese influence in Asia and among uncommitted countries in Africa.

The article offers information on the growing power of Japan and declining power of Canton, China and Hankow in Wuhan, China. It states that China is inefficient in coping up with the military readiness of Japan. It mentions that this has affected the commercial markets of China. It highlights that Japan has added several people in the raw material industry.

The article focuses on the independence of the Philippines in the light of the expansion of the Japanese in Asia. The Japanese have already conquered the Chinese capital Nanking, Manchuria, and a territory along the border of Mongolia. The Philippines is set to receive its independence from the U.S. on July 4, 1946 under the U.S. Tydings-McDuffie Act. Former Philippine Vice-Governor Ralston Hayden believes that when the free trade agreement between the country and the U.S. ends, an economic disaster is seen.

The article discusses Japanese trade prohibitions on 300 categories of imports, details of which are to be revealed on October 10, 1937. It explains that Japan needs to defray the costs of a longer, more expensive military campaign in China. American exporters anxiously wait for the details having sold more than 200 million U.S. dollars' worth of goods to Japan, U.S.' third top importer in 1936. Japan assures that the total business placed in the U.S. is not likely to be reduced, but there will be shifts in materials imported such as cuts in raw cotton.

The article reports on the latest business developments and activities outside of the U.S. as of December 26, 1936. It claims that the global business climate is strong, with solid performance in such countries as Chile, Great Britain and Japan. It cites that the only major threat to the booming economy is the possibility of war as shown in the public threat of Germany against the Soviet Union and the volatile situation in China. The situations in the global mining and agricultural industries, among others, are also cited.

This section offers world news briefs related to business as of May 1936. Japan is continuing with its plans for economic penetration on mainland Asia, which include the operations of Japanese shipping companies in Chinese waters. Brazil has completed the shipment of its first cargo of iron ore to Cardiff, Wales. The Soviet Union will send out a commission to study the production of typewriters abroad.

This section offers global business news briefs. The Soviet Union will purchase rail equipment with the near completion of the transsiberian rail line in the Japanese-controlled Manchukuo in the Far East. China will create a Central Trust Purchasing Department at the Central Trust of China to consolidate all national, provincial and municipal government purchases under one department. Colombia ratified a new trade agreement with the U.S. and signed a new trade treaty with Guatemala.