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Background: Innovation in nursing involves applying new knowledge to create novel ideas, methods, or technologies, resulting in higher-quality care and improved patient outcomes. Adequate support for innovation is crucial for progress in nursing. This study aimed to translate the Innovation Support Inventory (ISI-12) into Persian and assess its psychometric properties specifically among clinical nurses. Methods: A methodological cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2022 to July 2023 to evaluate the face, content, and construct validity of the ISI-12. Construct validity was assessed through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and convergent and discriminant validity evaluation using data obtained from 321 clinical nurses. The test–retest stability and internal consistency of the ISI-12 were also evaluated to assess its reliability. Results: The Persian version of the ISI-12 validation through confirmatory factor analysis has confirmed its fit with the proposed three-factor model. The ISI-12 demonstrated high reliability, as evidenced by a Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α = 0.969), McDonald's omega coefficient (ω = 0.922), coefficient H (H = 0.979), and mean inter-item correlation (ρ = 0.418). Additionally, the stability of the ISI-12 during two weeks among 40 clinical nurses was found to be excellent, with an ICC of 0.951. Conclusion: The Persian version of the ISI-12 is a valid inventory for evaluating the innovation Support of clinical nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Promoting patient participation stands as a global priority in nursing care. Currently, there is a lack of a standardized tool to assess the culture of patient participation from the perspective of nurses in China. Aims: To translate and examine the validity and reliability of the Patient Participation Culture Tool for healthcare workers (PaCT-HCW) on general hospital wards in Chinese nursing context. Methods: A cross-sectional research study was conducted among 812 nurses. Brislin's recommendations were adhered to during the translation of the scale. Validity was assessed using construct validity, content validity, and face validity. Split-half reliability, test–retest reliability, and internal consistency reliability were used to evaluate dependability. The study was guided and reported following the STROBE checklist and recommendations for reporting the results of studies of instrument and scale development and testing. Results: The Chinese version of PaCT-HCW (the PaCT-HCW-C) exhibits good face validity and content validity. A rigorous exploratory factor analyse verified a six-factor (competence, support, perceived lack of time, information sharing and dialogue, response to questions and acceptance of a new role) scale structure with a cumulative variance contribution of the factors with 44 items of 68.840%. With a Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.962, split-half reliability of 0.866, and intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.989, the instrument demonstrates great reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis results validated the consistency of the six factors with the structure of the PaCT-HCW-C scale. Conclusions: The 44-item PaCT-HCW-C is a valid and reliable instrument with satisfactory psychometric properties. It could serve as a tool for assessing the effectiveness of international programs aimed at fostering patient participation from the perspective of nurses, while also providing insights from China's practical experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Nurses Professional Values Scale-3 (NPVS-3) is a psychometric instrument derived from a set of values initially established by the American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics. The present study evaluates the reliability of the NPVS-3 scale for nursing students and nurses in Austria. Methods: A cross-sectional methodological study was conducted on 209 research participants, comprising 139 nursing students and 70 nurses, with the objective of determining the reliability of the Austrian version of the scale. A multilevel approach was employed in the study, encompassing cultural and linguistic validation, content validity, face validity, and construct validity. The scale translation was performed per the established translation stages of back-translation and was subsequently reviewed by an expert committee. The translated instrument was applied to the participants who completed an online survey between April and July 2023. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha, while construct validity was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results: The Cronbach's alpha values obtained were deemed appropriate, with the following results: Caring (0.852), Activism (0.832), and Professionalism (0.676). Through factorial analysis, three factors were identified as original NPVS-3 and construct validity was verified. Conclusion: The Austrian version of the NPVS-3 demonstrated satisfactory validity, efficiently evaluating the professional values of nurses and nursing students in Austria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Poor nurse-patient relationship poses an obstacle to care delivery, jeopardizing patient experience and patient care outcomes. Measuring nurse-patient relationship is challenging given its multi-dimensional nature and a lack of well-established scales. Purpose: This study aimed to develop a multi-dimensional scale measuring nurse-patient relationship in China. Methods: A preliminary scale was constructed based on the existing literature and Delphi consultations with 12 nursing experts. The face validity of the scale was tested through a survey of 45 clinical nurses. This was followed by a validation study on 620 clinical nurses. Cronbach's α, content validity and known-group validity of the scale were assessed. The study sample was further divided into two for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), respectively, to assess the construct validity of the scale. Results: The Nurse-Patient Relationship Scale (NPRS) containing 23 items was developed and validated, measuring five dimensions: nursing behavior, nurse understanding and respect for patient, patient misunderstanding and mistrust in nurse, communication with patient, and interaction with patient. The Cronbach's α of the NPRS ranged from 0.725 to 0.932, indicating high internal consistency. The CFA showed excellent fitness of data into the five-factor structure: χ2/df = 2.431, GFI = 0.933, TLI = 0.923, CFI = 0.939, IFI = 0.923, RMSEA = 0.070. Good content and construct validity are demonstrated through expert consensus and psychometric tests. Conclusion: The NPRS is a valid tool measuring nurse-patient relationship in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nurses work in close proximity to patients, and as such, they can have a direct impact on the control of infections; thus, it is important for nurses to be competent in infection control. However, the scales used to measure infection control performance in nurses are not suitable for measuring infection control competencies that reflect nurses' expertise, clinical environment, and work. Thus, this study aimed to develop a valid and reliable measure to assess infection control competency of clinical nurses. Methods: A concept analysis, using a hybrid model, was performed on the infection control competency of clinical nurses to confirm the components and develop 67 initial items. Ten experts evaluated the content validity of these items, and a Korean language expert and a Doctor of Nursing reviewed the questions to consolidate them into 59 items. Subsequently, 267 nurses working at a certified tertiary hospital in D City were surveyed to confirm the validity and reliability of the scale. Results: As a result of the study, the final scale comprising seven factors and 33 questions was derived, and the cumulative explanatory power of these factors was 60.8%. To verify convergent and discriminant validity, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted, and the average variance extraction index, composite reliability values, and confidence interval of the correlation coefficient between factors were confirmed. Convergent and discriminant validities were verified by comparison with standard values. The Cronbach's α for the entire scale in this study was 0.93. Consequently, the validity and reliability of the clinical nurses' infection control competency measurement scale were verified. Conclusions: The validity and reliability of the infection control competency measurement scale for clinical nurses (ICCS-CN) developed in this study was verified, and the scale can be effectively used to measure the infection control competency of clinical nurses. Measuring the infection control competency of clinical nurses will help reduce the harm caused by infection and ensure patient safety by decreasing infection rates in medical institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The patient's fear of social reactions, the disease stigma, and being a transmission agent is a psychological and social consequence of contracting some diseases, especially infectious ones, in any society. The present study aimed to design and psychometrically evaluate a COVID-19 social stigma questionnaire in nurses. Methods: This mixed-method study was conducted using a sequential exploratory approach according to the Creswell method in Mazandaran Province (Iran) during 2021-22. The study was performed in three phases: (1) a qualitative phase to explain the key concept, (2) designing the scale items, and (3) an experimental phase with the scale psychometric evaluation. In the first phase, nurses' experiences regarding the concept of COVID-19 social stigma were evaluated using a qualitative method with an inductive qualitative content analysis approach. In this phase, the lived experiences of 12 nurses working at hospitals of Babol University of Medical Sciences were extracted through in-depth interviews with semi-structured questions and analyzed by conventional content analysis. The main classes are contradictory feelings, rejection, and adaptation strategies. In the second phase, the designed items were validated by determining face validity, content validity, and construct validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). In addition, the scale's reliability was determined through internal consistency and stability. Results: Following the study's first phase, a pool of questions with 64 initial items was formed. After evaluating face and content validity, the number of items was reduced to 24 cases. An excellent total content validity (S-CVI/Ave) of 0.93 was calculated for the scale. According to EFA outputs, three factors accounted for the most variance (52.82%), and four items were excluded in this phase. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) statistic and Bartlett's test of sphericity were calculated at 0.776 and P < 0.001, respectively. The results of Cronbach's alpha (0.796) and intraclass correlation (0.793) indicated the correlation and internal consistency of the scale. Conclusion: This scale can help healthcare managers and policymakers apply necessary protective measures by evaluating the social stigma of COVID-19 in nurses and emerging infectious diseases that may occur in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent years, one of the concepts that has received attention in the nursing profession is professional dignity. On the other hand, there was no proper scale to evaluate this concept. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of perceived clinical nurses' professional dignity scale (PCNPDS). Methods: This exploratory sequential mixed method was developed and implemented in Iran. The study was conducted in two phases; (a) item generation by hybrid concept analysis and (b) item reduction by psychometric evaluation including validity and reliability of the developed scale. Also, the interpretability (ceiling and floor effect), stability (intraclass correlation coefficient), and absolute stability (standard error of measurement) were calculated. Results: 68 items in the primary item pool were finally reduced to 22 items after evaluating the validity (face, content, and construct validity) and reliability. Exploratory factor analysis revealed three factors (organizational dignity, dignity-based competency, and dignity-based appreciation) and explained 47.55% of the total extracted variance. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the model had a good fit. Finally, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, McDonald's omega, ICC, and SEM were calculated as 0.90, 0.89, 0.96, and 1.91, respectively. Conclusion: The 22-item developed scale is valid and reliable for professional dignity measurement among Iranian clinical nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The instruments used to measure presenteeism are all flawed and only incompletely measure the concept of presenteeism in employees of the general population. As a result, the concept of presenteeism is not measured, and in most of these instruments, the population for which the instrument has been developed differs from the nursing population. The present research was conducted to design and validate the instrument for evaluating presenteeism in nursing. Methods: The present study was part of an exploratory sequential mixed study. In this study, the instrument for measuring the level of presenteeism among nurses was developed and validated based on the results of the qualitative stage. To this end, the instrument's psychometric properties were investigated using face, content, and construct validity, as well as reliability through internal consistency and stability. Results: In this study, an instrument containing 17 items and three dimensions (imperfect cognitive presence, imperfect emotional presence, and imperfect movement presence) with favorable validation characteristics was developed. Therefore, the instrument was able to explain 56.375% of the total variance. Furthermore, Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients were 0.881 and 0.815, respectively. The intra-cluster correlation coefficient (ICC) was also reported as 0.972 for the entire instrument, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.941 to 0.987. Conclusion: Based this study, it was possible to measure the level of nurses' presenteeism through an instrument with favorable psychometric properties. This study helps health managers lay the groundwork for designing a system for measuring presenteeism among Iranian nurses using the developed instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Understanding nursing students' knowledge about and attitudes toward older adults' using context-specific survey instruments can help to identify and design effective learning and teaching materials to improve the care for persons 60 years and above. However, there are no validated instruments to examine nursing students' knowledge and attitudes toward the care for older adults in the African context. The study aimed to evaluate the items on the Knowledge about Older Patients Quiz and Kogan's Attitudes towards Old People Scale suitable for the African context. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using second-and third-year nursing students from two public Nursing Training Institutions in Ghana. Using Sahin's rule of sample size estimate of at least 150 participants for unidimensional dichotomous scales, 170 nursing students were recruited to participate after an information session in their classrooms. Data were collected from December 2019—March 2020 using the Knowledge about Older Patients Quiz and Kogan's Attitudes Towards Old People Scale. Item response theory was employed to evaluate the Knowledge about Older Patients Quiz difficulty level and discrimination indices. Corrected item-to-total correlation analysis was conducted for Kogan's Attitudes towards Old People Scale. The internal consistency for both scales was examined. Results: Of the 170 participants, 169 returned completed surveys. The mean age of participants was 21 years (SD = 3.7), and (54%) were female. Of the 30-items of the Knowledge about Older Patients Quiz, seven items were very difficult for most students to choose the correct response, and one was easy, as most of the students chose the correct response. Although 22 items demonstrated appropriate difficulty level, discrimination indices were used to select the final 15- items that discriminated moderately between upper and lower 25% performing students. The Kuder-Richardson-20 reliability was. 0.30, which was low. Considering Kogan's Attitudes towards Old People scale, 10-items were removed following negative and low corrected item-to-total correlation and a high Alpha coefficient if items were deleted. The final 22-items had a Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.65, which was moderately satisfactory. Conclusion: Evaluation of the scales demonstrated essential content validity and moderate internal consistency for the context of our study. Further research should focus on ongoing context-specific refinement of the survey instruments to measure nursing students' knowledge about and attitudes toward caring for older adults in the African context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Self-efficacy demonstrates the general competence of nurses in providing nursing care. Evaluation of nurses' self-efficacy is of particular importance to improve nursing care. The existing self-efficacy scales in Iran are insufficient due to lack of focus on the specific issues of the nursing profession. This study was conducted with the aim of translating and psychometrically evaluating the Persian version of "Nursing Profession Self-Efficacy Scale" (NPSES). Materials and method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in two parts: translation and psychometric evaluation. After getting permission from the original developer of the scale, the process of translating the questionnaire into Persian was done based on the Polit and Yang model. Then, the face validity was explored using a qualitative method with the participation of 10 nurses. The content validity was investigated using a qualitative and quantitative method (content validity index) with the participation of 15 experts. Construct validity was surveyed with exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis via completing the questionnaire by 550 nurses worked in different wards of hospitals affiliated to Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd/Iran, who were selected using convenience sampling. The reliability of the tool was also established with internal consistency and stability methods, with the participation of 30 nurses. SPSS20 and AMOS were used for data analysis. Results: "Nursing Profession Self-Efficacy Scale" includes 19 items for which the translation and cultural compatibility of the Persian version were confirmed. Face validity and content validity (SCVI/Ave = 0.9) were acceptable. By conducting exploratory factor analysis, three factors (professional situation, care situation, and support situation) were identified, which accounted for 62.38% of the variance of the scores. In the confirmatory factor analysis, the values of the fit indices confirmed the appropriate fit of the model. The reliability was established using Cronbach's α method (α = 0.86) and an ICC of 0.83, indicating that the scale was reliable. Conclusion: The translation, validity, and reliability of the Persian version of "Nursing Profession Self-Efficacy Scale" suggested that this tool has a clear and legitimate translation. Also, this tool has good validity and reliability and can be used as one of the tools to measure the self-efficacy of Iranian nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tools currently available to measure professional socialization are outdated or could not reflect various properties of professional socialization of nurses. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop and validate a professional socialization measurement instrument for hospital nurses. Methods: Fifty-two items were initially extracted from literature reviews and in-depth interviews with 32 nurses. After content validity testing, 48 items remained. They were used to survey 881 hospital nurses in Korea in the testing phase for construct validity and reliability. Results: Four factors (21 items) were extracted: ethical practice and reflection, perception of respect and recognition, clinical competency based on leadership, and desires and motivation for professional development. These factors demonstrated good construct validity and reliability. Correlation coefficients of professional socialization with professional value, compassion satisfaction, secondary traumatic stress, and burden were 0.58 (p < 0.001), 0.70 (p < 0.001), − 0.08 (p = 0.014), and − 0.56 (p < 0.001), respectively. Reliability had a Cronbach's alpha of 0.95. Test-retest reliability intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.90. Conclusions: The four professional socialization scale factors in this study reflected attributes of knowledge, skills, values, and professional roles. Professional socialization of nurses can be continuously developed by emphasizing elements of the professional socialization scale in nursing education programs. Nursing managers should help nurses go through the professional socialization process. The professional socialization scale will serve as a tool for developing careers of hospital nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgorund: This study aimed to design and psychometrically evaluate the caregiver burden questionnaire for family caregivers of hemodialysis patients. Methods: This study was conducted using an exploratory sequential mixed method on family caregivers of hemodialysis patients in Iran. In the first phase, the generation of the items was done based on results of directed qualitative content analysis according to the Structural model of the caregiver burden and review of the literature. After developing the item pool, face and content validity, item analysis, structural, convergent and discriminant validity, internal consistency, reliability, interpretability, and feasibility were evaluated. Results: The primary tool entered the psychometric evaluation phase with 64 items. After performing face and content validity and item analysis, the number of items was reduced to 28. Exploratory factor analysis was performed with 28 items and 300 caregivers, and finally, four subscales with 21 items were developed. The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit of the model. Cronbach's alpha and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient of all subscales were higher than 0.7 and 0.9, respectively. The standard error of measurement was 1.39. All subscales had acceptable values in convergent validity criteria and the HTMT index less than the threshold value. The total score of the questionnaire had no ceiling and floor effect; the percentage of unanswered items was within the acceptable range. Conclusion: The results show that the caregiver burden questionnaire for caregivers of patients undergoing hemodialysis has good psychometric properties and can measure the caregiver burden in these caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: We developed and psychometrically tested the Nursing Presence Scale. Background: Nursing presence is a foundation for professional nursing practice; therefore, it is critical to measure this concept. Introduction: This instrument development study was designed to generate an itemized scale and psychometric testing using a sample of Iranian patients. Methods: Based on both a concept development and literature review, and finally face and content validity 44-item draft scale was generated. During November 2018–2019, 774 patients were surveyed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to evaluate the scale's construct validity; concurrent and predictive reliability of the nursing presence scale were also evaluated. We also examine the weighting to scale items. Results: The analyses yielded a 36-item, 4-factor scale that adequately fit the data. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole instrument was 0.94. The intra class correlation coefficient was 0.91. Nursing Presence Scale scores were positively correlated with Revised Humane Caring Scale and predicted 25% of missed nursing care. Conclusion: This 36-item has good reliability and validity, making it useful for measuring the current condition of nursing presence. Implications for Nursing and Health Policy: Measuring the frequency of nursing presence allows for data-driven planning and upgrading the inpatient care services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Compassionate care is emphasized within professional ethics codes for nursing and is a key indicator of care quality. The purpose of the present study is to develop and assess the psychometric properties of a compassionate care instrument for nurses. Methods: This methodological study was carried out in two phases -qualitative and quantitative-from February 2016 to October 2018. In the qualitative stage of the study, a content analysis approach was used to establish the concept of compassionate care through interviews with nurses, patients, and family caregivers. The initial draft of the questionnaire was developed based on the qualitative findings and a subsequent review of the literature. In the second phase, the psychometric properties of the questionnaire were assessed for validity and reliability. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS v.16. Results: From the results of the qualitative phase and review of literature, 80 items were extracted. In the quantitative phase, after evaluation of the face and content validity, 40 items were kept. After measurement of the construct validity, 28 items whose factor loading was above 0.4 were retained. Measurement of convergent validity showed a moderate correlation between the questionnaire and the nurses' caring behaviors scale (r = 0.67, P = 0.01). The reliability of the 28-item questionnaire was tested by measuring its Cronbach's alpha coefficient and intra-class correlation coefficient which were found to be 0.91 and 0.94 for the whole questionnaire, respectively. Conclusion: The questionnaire has enough validity and reliability to be used for measuring the nurses' compassionate care. Therefore, the instrument can be used to measure and record the quality of nursing care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Reflection on clinical practice is the core of education for nursing students. Evaluating reflection on clinical experiences requires a tool which accurately measures reflection skills. The present study aims to develop and test the psychometric properties of a tool for measuring nursing students' reflection on clinical practice. Methods: Based on a mix-method exploratory approach, the study was carried out in two stages: in the first stage (the qualitative phase), the concept of reflection on clinical practice was established. In the second stage (the quantitative phase), the psychometric properties of the developed scale were evaluated. Results: Based on the results of the exploratory factor analysis and the verification process, the final version of the scale came to consist of 36 items and 6 dimensions. The dimensions were: professional competence, internal sources of motivation, challenging situational clinical setting, dynamic organizational atmosphere, reflection-based self-management, and dynamic professional growth. Overall, 6 factors accounted for 62.79% of the variances. The factor loadings of the items ranged between 0.62 and 0.94, all of which were significant. The total intraclass correlation (ICC) of the scale was found to be 0.94. Also, evaluation of the reliability of the scale as measured through internal homogeneity yielded a total Cronbach's alpha of 0.90. Conclusion: The findings show that the developed scale for evaluation of nursing students' reflection on clinical practice possesses satisfactory validity and reliability, and nursing professors can use this instrument to assess students' reflection skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The competency-based approach to the assessment of nursing practice has been adopted as a key policy in the developed world. The continual self-assessment of competence gives nurses the opportunity to reflect on their competencies and has a significant impact on the quality of nursing practice and patient safety. The study was designed to describe the process of cross-cultural adaptation and to assess the psychometric properties of the Slovenian version of a short form of the Nurse Professional Competence scale (NPC-SF) and to evaluate the efficacy of this instrument in a sample of registered nurses. Methods: A cross-sectional and validation study was conducted in 425 registered nurses to test the psychometric properties of the Slovenian version of a short form of the scale and to evaluate nurses' professional competence. A multilevel approach was used: Translation, back-translation, language validity, face and content validity, construct validity, and reliability of the Slovenian version of the scale were analysed respectively. Participants completed an online survey, with the data being collected between April and July 2020. Results: Factor analysis showed that the Slovenian version of the scale could be used in four dimensions explained with 65 % of the variance. Cronbach's α was 0.972. The four-factor model fit the data (RMSEA = 0.083, CFI = 0.731). Self-reported competence was high and rated higher by nurses employed at the tertiary level of healthcare, followed by nurses employed at the secondary and primary, and from social care institutions. Nurses with more years of experience assessed their competence higher. Conclusions: The NPC-SF helps understand and identify nurses' self-reported core competencies in clinical settings, thereby providing an important predictor of the professional development of nursing. The Slovenian version of the scale demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties and may be used in research and clinical practice to evaluate nurses' professional competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop and validate a shared governance feasibility instrument in schools of nursing in Iran with respect to the nature of the profession and the sociocultural context of the Iranian community. Background: Nursing schools are liable to the application of shared governance due to the presence of various expert educational groups within the school that necessitates reciprocal cooperation. Since the concept of shared governance is culture-based and given that no full-fledged study has been conducted on shared governance in Iran, the development of a suitable shared governance feasibility instrument is rendered as mandatory. Methods: This sequential exploratory mixed-method study consisted of two qualitative and quantitative parts was accomplished 2016–2019. First, the primary items were extracted through an extensive review of the literature, qualitative interviews and underwent psychometric validation using a methodological approach. Face, content, construct validity and reliability of the instrument was established and completed. Results: One hundred fifty items were distilled from the first stage of the study, was reduced to 70 after establishing face, content validity and primary reliability. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in 52 items covering the two factors "shared atmosphere and culture" and "infrastructural prerequisites". These two factors accounted for 78.6% of the total variance of the questionnaire. In calculating the final reliability coefficient of the instrument, Cronbach's alpha and Omega were 0.981 and 0.805, respectively. The results showed an ICC of 0.91 indicating high reliability of the developed instrument with a standard error of measurement (SEM) of 10.43. Finally, the items underwent weighting via scoring by considering item weights due to differences between the two methods. Conclusion: "Shared governance feasibility instrument" can provide a new insight into organisational performance for all policy-makers and beneficiaries of higher education. This not only leads to the use of intelligence and capabilities of the beneficiaries, but also aids in faster movement toward achieving organisational goals. Implications for nursing management: This study and the developed instrument may serve as a guide for the feasibility of implementing shared governance to assess management styles and performance in higher education centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]