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Correction of the paper "Effect of year, lambing season, sex and birth type on early performance in MIS lambs" by Bogdan Cekic, Dragana Ruzic-Muslic, Nevena Maksimovic, Violeta Caro-Petrovic, Krstina Zeljic Stojiljkovic, Ivan Cosic, Radmila Beskorovajni, published in Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry vol. 37 (4), pages 255-262, 2022 (DOI: 10.2298/BAH2104255C): In Tables 1 and 2 instead of BW90, kg correct is BW60, kg. In Table 1 the values of statistical parameters for ADG2, g and ADG3, g are changed. Link to the corrected article 10.2298/BAH2104255C

In this paper quality of carcasses/carcass sides and meat from 5 different pig genotypes was comparably evaluated. Quality of carcass sides was evaluated prior to slaughtering in vivo (SONOMARK SM 100 M), early post mortem on slaughter line (FOM), by method of two points (ZP - ZWEIPUNKT) as well as method of partial dissection on cold left carcass sides according to EU recommendations. By analysis of obtained results it can be concluded that fatteners of type E (LW x SL) x P had the highest meat yield in carcass sides (61,90; 62,40; 58,85 and 58,89%) by any other mentioned methods of evaluation compared to average meat yield in carcass sides of other investigated genotypes. Average yield of muscle tissue in carcasses of pigs of E genotype (LW x SL) x P (58,89%) established by method of partial dissection was statistically considerably higher (*p

A centralized biogas plant was built in Shikaoi town, Hokkaido, Japan to treat manure from 1320 cattle heads. The biogas plant was designed to operate at a feeding amount of 85.8 t/day, a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 37 days and at a digester temperature of 38 ?C. In this study, the operational performance of biogas plant, utilization of digested slurry and economic balance were investigated. Since the working conditions of the plant became stable, the biogas production was 2,687 m3/day, 92% of produced biogas was consumed in power generation. Average methane concentration in produced biogas was 57.7%. The hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentration was decreased to below 140 ppm as a result of bio-desulfurization and dry-desulfurization. The average power generation was 3,737 kwh/day and from that 54% of produced biogas was consumed in the facility operation, while 46% was sold to Power Company. About 20,260 t of digested slurry were applied onto 602 ha grassland and agricultural fields. From the results of the operational performance of the plant and the economic balance evidence, it is evident that the centralized biogas plant has a positive effect on the local economy.

The control of fermentation process in ensilaged livestock feed is based on the knowledge of biomasses. The important aspects are the suitability for ensilaging (the content of fermentative carbohydrates and buffer capacity of the biomass), providing of the correct level of dry matter and anaerobic environment, wilting, using the chemical additives such as organic acids and their salts, using of biologic additives (inoculants), adsorption of mycotoxins, etc. In purpose of making the process of ensilaging of grasses, legumes and grass-legume mixes, the silages are prepared as bales or silo-tubes. Kontrola procesa fementacije bazira se na poznavanju biomasa u pogledu pogodnosti za siliranje, odnosno obezbeđivanju povoljnog odnosa šećera i pufernog kapaciteta. Biomase višegodišnjih leguminoza i trava neophodno je provenjavati, odnosno povećati sadržaj suve materije u silomasi na najmanje 300-400 g kg-1. Za teško silirajuće biomase (višegodišnje i jednogodišnje leguminoze) koristiti ugljenohidratna hraniva (kukuruzna prekrupa, prekrupa ostalih žitarica, suvi rezanci šećerne repe, melasa, i dr.). Korišćenje hemijskih sredstava iz reda organskih kiselina i njihovih soli. Upotreba bioloških dodataka, inokulanata u smeši sa enzimima (amilaze, celulaze, hemicelulaze i dr.) obezbeđuje dobijanje dobre i stabilne silaže, kao i silaže veće hranljive vrednosti. Korišćenje inokulanata sa homo i heterotrofnim mikroorganizmima u cilju obezbeđivanja aerobne stabilnosti silaža, posebno lakosilirajućih biomasa (kukuruza, sirka, sudanske trave, italijanskog ljulja i dr.).

In this study, nutritional components that are obtained during poultry slaughtering having significance with respect to processing into animal feeds were investigated. By-products obtained during poultry slaughtering are considered very valuable raw materials for production of highly valuable animal feeds and energetic feeds. Recognition of chemical and physical characteristics of the raw materials represents essential prerequisite for conduction of any technological process, for proper raw materials handling as well as for the equipment and machines design that are necessary for acceptance and processing of the inedible slaughterhouse by-products. Authors have found that the nitrogen complex of the examined raw materials contains predominantly proteins. Digestible nitrogen for all investigated raw materials equals approximately with total nitrogen content, indicating that all proteins from these raw materials are accessible for utilization in animal organism, with exception of feathers that need special technological processing. Basic chemical composition, nitrogen fractions and amino acid composition of the inedible by-products from poultry slaughterhouses indicate that the processing of these raw materials could be directed into production of swine and pet feeds production, as well in production of bio fuels and biogas. Blood and feathers anyhow represent significant protein source, and soft wastes, heads and legs, as well as the mixed raw material, besides as protein source, can be regarded as raw fat source. .

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Honey is a thick, sweet, syrupy substance, the product of the honey-bee, Apis mellifera L., obtained from the collected fruit juices and other, processed in the stomach of bees and is a pure product with no additives of any other substance. The paper present physical-chemical analysis for the following parameters, performed on 20 honey samples: sugar content, sucrose content, moisture content, free acidity, electrical conductivity, mineral content, the content of HMF and content of matter insoluble in water. As important indicators of the environment, this paper emphasises the analyses on the presents of antibiotic residues in two types of honey. The importance of establishing these indicators is to protect nature, which is the basis of agricultural development in the Republic of Srpska. The work suggests that the described bee region presents qualitative honey produced by using the natural resources of a designated area as an economic sector for the survival and development of those parts of the Republic of Srpska.

Incubation factors have a great influence on embryonic and postnatal development of broiler chickens. The aim of changing of incubation factors is to obtain the best possible production characteristics of broilers. In previous studies, it was determined that the application of monochromatic green light and thermal conditioning during incubation give the most satisfactory results on the postnatal development of chickens. This paper examines the effects of green monochromatic light and thermal conditioning during incubation on the carcass characteristics of broilers. In this paper four experimental groups were set. The first group was incubated under the standard conditions (37.8 ? C, no light). In the second group incubation temperature were increased, while in the third group incubation was carried out under green monochromatic light. In the fourth group temperature and light conditions of incubation were changed simultaneously. In all groups, changes of incubation factors were made at precisely defined time intervals. After hatching, chickens were grown up to day 42, when they were sacrificed and their carcass characteristics examined. Analysis of results showed that all treated groups have significant higher body weight, weight of drumsticks, thighs and toes. The fourth group have significant higher weight of breasts and wings compared to control group. These results are explained by the influence of the temperature and light changes during incubation on the increased proliferation of myoblasts, the growth of skeletal muscle cells, and the activity of satellite cells, which are reflected in changes of carcass characteristics.

The effects of use of high protein plant feed - Ekofish meal in nutrition of sows in lactation, sucking piglets and weaned piglets were investigated in this paper. Considering our previous positive experiences in use of similar feed in nutrition of weaned piglets and fatteners, objective of this paper was to evaluate the effects of use of high protein feed based on plant proteins in diets for lactating sows, suckling and weaned piglets. Investigated feed was produced according to specific technology in production facilities of the firm Bankom in Serbia. Investigations were carried out on the Experimental pig farm of the Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade-Zemun in Serbia. Obtained results showed that in isonitrogen mixtures the introduction of studied feed as substitute for fish meal had positive effects: by 6,18% lower losses of body mass of sows during lactation, by 1,6 shorter service period, with almost identical gain (difference of 2 g) in suckling piglets, increased consumption of pre-starter by 1,1 kg/litter in piglets during creep feeding, and similar but by 4,73% lower cost of gain with similar feed conversion in weaned piglets. In general, obtained results have shown that use of high protein plant feed can be recommended in nutrition of sows, suckling and weaned piglets. Ispitivani su efekti korišćenja visokoproteinskog hraniva biljnog porekla - Ekofish meal u ishrani krmača u laktaciji, prasadi na sisi i u odgoju. Imajući u vidu naša ranija pozitivna iskustva o korišćenju sličnog hraniva u ishrani odbijene prasadi i svinja u tovu, cilj ovoga rada je bio da se ocene efekti korišćenja visokoproteinskog hraniva zasnovanog na biljnim izvorima proteina u obrocima krmača u laktaciji, prasadi na sisi, i u odgoju. Ispitivano hranivo je proizvedeno po određenoj tehnologiji u pogonima kompanije Bankom u Srbiji. Istraživanja su izvedena na eksperimentalnoj farmi svinja Instituta za stočarstvo, Beograd-Zemun u Srbiji. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da je u izonitrogenim smešama uvođenje ispitivanog hraniva umesto ribljeg brašna imalo pozitivne efekte izražene za 6,18% manjim gubicima telesne mase krmača tokom laktacije, za 1,6 dana kraćim servis periodom, skoro istim prirastom (razlika 2 grama) kod prasadi na sisi, povećanom potrošnjom predstartera za 1,1 kg/leglo kod prasadi tokom prihranjivanja, sličnim ali za 4,73% jeftinijim prirastom uz sličnu konverziju hrane kod prasadi u odgoju. U celini dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da se preporučuje korišćenje biljnog visokoproteinskog hraniva u ishrani krmača, prasadi na sisi i u odgoju.

In this paper, simplified theory of electrophoresis is presented. The effect of certain actors on course of electrophoresis. Presented theoretical elements enable easier work and obtaining of more reliable data. Based on medium used, voltage, direction and dimensions categorization of electrophoresis is presented. Also, possibilities for use of electrophoresis in livestock production, medicine, veterinary science and pharmacy are also presented in the paper. It is stressed that by application of electrophoresis genetic variants related to certain production trait can be determined, which enables better selection in livestock production. Also, by application of this method in investigation of biological material we can find out more about physiological and metabolical processes related to main functions of the organism, nutrition, health condition and genetics.

Calcium and phosphorus represent very important nutrients when it comes to poultry diet formulations. In this paper, we will briefly discuss the relevance and nutritional requirements of these minerals in poultry feedstuffs as well as the average amounts in poultry feed commercially sold in the Serbian market. A total of 1,058 samples of standard complete feed mixtures for broilers and laying hens were collected from the Serbian market, produced by the four major Serbian manufacturers (I-IV) of animal feed over a period of five years (2017-2021). The samples were classified into five groups: broiler starter feed (n = 198) - SF, grower feed (n = 239) - GF, and finisher feed (n = 204) – FF; layers feed 1 (n = 204) – LF1, and layers feed 2 (n = 213) – LF2. This research suggests that the mineral composition of poultry feed is highly variable among manufacturers, but also among the batches of the same manufacturers. All manufacturers for the analyte in focus had values for certain batches that were outside the limits set by the Rulebook. In general, the results of our research indicate that the average content of total phosphorus in feed for broilers and laying hens in Serbia was mostly close to the minimum-to-mid value of the defined (and declared) range of permitted concentrations by the Rulebook, while the calcium content was predominantly close to the maximum-to-middle value. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that feed manufacturers more frequently conduct an external analysis of samples of feed components and poultry feed products for the composition of these nutrients. Quality control of animal feed could be advised for poultry farms as well in order to make sure that the feed is actually within the parameters given by the manufacturers’ declaration. Kalcijum i fosfor predstavljaju važne mikronutrijente u hrani za živinu. U ovom radu ćemo ukratko govoriti o značaju i nutritivnim potrebama ovih minerala u ishrani živine, kao i o prosečnim količinama ovih nutrijenata u hrani živine koja se može komercijalno naći na tržištu Srbije. Sa tržišta Srbije prikupljeno je ukupno 1.058 uzoraka od četiri velika srpska proizvođača stočne hrane u periodu od pet godina - od januara 2017. do decembra 2021. Uzorci su klasifikovani u četiri grupe: Potpune smeše za tov pilića I (n = 198) - SF, Potpune smeše za tov pilića II (n = 239) - GF, Potpune smeše za tov pilića III (n = 204) - FF, Potpune smeše za nosilje jaja za konzum I (n = 204) – LF1, i Potpune smeše za nosilje jaja za konzum II (n = 213) – LF2. Ovo istraživanje ukazuje na to da je mineralni sastav hrane za živinu veoma različit među proizvođačima, ali i među šaržama istog proizvođača. Nekoliko šarži proizvođača I (kod grupa SF, GF, FF) i IV (kod FF grupe), čak i kada se primene pravila za dozvoljena odstupanja za smeše iz Pravilnika o kvalitetu hrane za životinje, nisu bile prihvatljive po kvalitetu, jer je njihov sadržaj kalcijuma bio veći od dozvoljenog za analiziranu smešu hraniva. U pogledu sadržaja ukupnog fosfora, rezultati pojedinih šarži za kategorije GF i FF proizvođača II bili su niži i po primeni računice za dozvoljena odstupanja za smeše prema Pravilniku, pa se kao takve, smatraju neprihvatljivim. Na osnovu rezultata ove studije može se preporučiti da se češće vrše eksterne analize uzoraka hrane za živinu na sastav ovih nutrijenata, kao i komponenta koje ulaze u ove smeše. Kontrola kvaliteta stočne hrane može se savetovati i uzgajivačima živine kako bi se uverili da je hrana koju daju životinjama zaista u okviru parametara datih u deklaraciji proizvođača.

Visual assessment and recognition of milk performance traits of cows are preliminary indicators of milk yield, longevity, as well as reproductive abilities of the animal, which is very important from the aspect of economy of milk production. Deficiencies in udder traits lead to poorer production, difficult milking and premature weaning of cows from the herd. The paper examines the frequency of desirable scores for a certain trait in first-calving heifers distinguished by way of keeping (heads reared by individual producers/holdings and heads reared on the farm) and by origin (domestic and imported animals), as well as the influence of these two factors on the observed traits. Five udder traits were analyzed: front udder length, rear udder length, rear udder height, central ligament, and udder depth on a total of 954 first-calving Simmental heifers. Observed by the way of rearing, higher frequency of desirable scores for all udder traits were achieved by cows reared on the farm, while according to the origin of cows, higher frequency of desirable scores for all udder traits was achieved by imported cows compared to domestic cows. The influence of factors of housing/keeping and origin, examined by ?2 test on all examined linear scores (frequency of scores) of udder traits was statistically very highly significant (p?0.001), while the analysis of variance (F test) showed very high significance (p?0.001) of interaction of origin and method of rearing on the traits of the central ligament and the udder depth, and significance (p?0.05) on the height of the rear udder, however, no statistical significance (p>0.05) of this interaction was established on other linear scores of udder traits (length of the front and rear udder).

Enriching table eggs with certain nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids is an ongoing topic. Therefore, the aforementioned research was carried out with the aim of examining the possibility of feeding laying hens with ground flax seed, flax cake and flaxseed oil and their influence on the ratio of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids of table eggs, as well as on certain production parameters. The experiment was set up in a production facility with 192 consuming laying hens 27 weeks old. The laying hens were divided into 4 groups: control group; group fed with flax cake (10%) + flax oil (2%); a group fed with 5% ground flax and a group fed with 10% ground flax. Each group had 8 cages with 6 laying hens, a total of 48 laying hens per group. The production parameters presented in this paper are as follows: number of eggs per laying hen , egg weight and yolk weight. Egg quality indicators were determined at the end of the 5th and 10th week from the start of the experiment, namely: pH of egg white and yolk, polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids ratio, as well as omega-3 and omega-3 fatty acids ratio. The results of the study showed that the inclusion of flax cake, flax oil and ground flaxseed had no negative effects on the shown production parameters and that there was a positive effect of these nutrients on the ratio of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in table eggs.

Crossbreeding serves as a predictable and cost-effective method to genetically increase lamb body weight by mating two or more breeds of sheep. The crossing over breed comes to a far greater number of combinations of genes and thus is more likely to express favorable allele carriers of economically important traits. The phenomenon of heterosis has used since the beginning of the last century. However, its genetic basis has remained unclear. From the very beginning of the knowledge of heterosis to the present day, there are several theories, but neither theory able to answer all questions that arise regarding the apparent strength of the F1 generation offspring. Not assert anything about the genetic or molecular phenomenon that causes heterosis. It has been increasingly experimentally confirmed that heterosis is the result of highly complex interactions within the genome as well as between the genome and the environment. In Serbia, some activity of domestic researchers regarding crossbreeding of sheep after the Second World War has been recorded up to date. It found out that crosses have a higher body weight than the maternal base in the F1 generation. In other words, they had better fattening capacity than purebreds. However, the results are not always in line with expectations due to the influence of various known and unknown factors. This review paper aims to draw attention to the phenomenon of heterosis through experience in its application in Serbia, in the hope that this biological phenomenon would clarify in the near future by applying modern scientific understandings and technologies.

This paper presents results of determination of certain quality parameters and its phenotypic correlation in eggs originated from extensively reared gray variety of Guinea fowl. A total of 150 egg collected by sampling 30 eggs in each of five analyzed laying months were used for egg quality evaluation and statistical analysis by methods of descriptive statistics and simple linear correlation. Average egg weight, shape index and shell thickness was 38.14 g, 76.03% and 0.49 mm, respectively. Average shell, yolk and albumen weight was 5.83, 12.16 and 20.23 g, respectively, and its proportion was 15.23, 32.10 and 52.69%, respectively. Average values of yolk height, diameter, index and color were 16.54 mm, 39.95 mm, 41.50%, and 13.76, whereas values for albumen diameter, index and height as well Haugh units were 59.30 mm, 9.62%, 5.67 mm, and 82.58, respectively. Majority of examined quality parameters showed significant correlation with other parameters. Egg weight was positive correlated (p

Visual evaluation and recognition of dairy traits of cows are preliminary indicators of milk yield, longevity, and reproductive ability of the individual animal, which is very important from the aspect of the economics of milk production. The deficiencies in the fundament traits lead to poor production, poor health and premature culling of cows from the herd. The paper examines the frequency of preferred scores of a certain trait in the first calving heifers according to the housing method (animals reared by individual agricultural producers and farm animals) and their origin (domestic and imported animals), as well as the impact of these two factors on the observed properties. Four fundament traits were analysed: the position of the hind legs, the development of the hocks/joints, the pastern joints and the height of the feet on a total of 954 first-calving Simmental heifers. Observed by the housing method, the higher frequency of the preferred scores for all of the fundament traits, was achieved by the farm cows, while according to the origin of the cows, the higher frequency of the preferred scores for all of the fundament traits was realized by imported animals in relation to domestic cows. The influence of the factors of the housing method and origin of animals examined by χ2 test on all the tested linear scores (frequency of scores) of the fundament traits was statistically very significant (p≤0.001), while the analysis of the variance (F test) determined high significance (p≤0.001) of the interaction between the origin and housing method on the height of the feet, as well as significant effect (p≤0.05) on the position of the hind legs, while on other linear scores of the fundament traits it did not exhibit statistical significance (p>0.05). Vizuelna procena i prepoznavanje mlečnih karakteristika krava su preliminarni pokazatelji mlečnosti, dugovečnosti, kao i reproduktivnih sposobnosti grla, što je veoma važno sa aspekta ekonomičnosti proizvodnje mleka. Nedostaci u osobinama fundamenta dovode do slabije proizvodnje, lošeg zdravstvenog stanja i preranog isključenja krava iz zapata. U radu je ispitivana učestalost poželjnih ocena određene osobine kod prvotelki podeljenih po načinu držanja (grla kod individualnih proizvođača i grla sa farme) i podeljenih po poreklu (grla domaćeg odgoja i grla iz uvoza), kao i uticaj ova dva faktora na posmatrane osobine. Analizirane su četiri osobine fundamenta: položaj zadnjih nogu, razvijenost skočnog zgloba, kičični zglobovi i visina papaka na ukupno 954 prvotelke simentalske rase. Posmatrano prema načinu držanja, veću frekvenciju poželjnih ocena za sve osobine fundamenta iskazane u ocenama ostvarile su krave sa farme, dok su prema poreklu krava, veću frekvenciju poželjnih ocena za sve osobine fundamenta iskazane u ocenama ostvarile krave poreklom iz uvoza u odnosu na krave domaćeg porekla. Uticaj faktora načina držanja i porekla grla ispitivani χ2 testom na sve isptitivane linearne ocene (frekvenciju ocena) osobina fundamenta bio je statistički vrlo visoko značajan (p≤0,001), dok je analizom varijanse (F test) utvrđena visoka značajnost (p≤0,001) interakcije porekla i načina držanja na visinu papaka, kao i značajnost (p≤0,05) na poziciju zadnjih nogu, dok na ostale linearne ocene osobina fundamenta nije ispoljila statističku značajnost (p>0,05).

The paper presents the results of a comparative examination of the beef quality obtained from females of two genotype groups: domestic Simmental breed (A) and its crosses with Charolais breed. The sample included a total of 20 heads, 10 in each group. Cattle were slaughtered at the same age with uniform body weights. After slaughtering, warm carcass sides were individually weighed, with and without kidney fat. After cooling, the left carcass sides were cut into the basic parts according to the Rulebook and the three-rib cut was cut off from the back part (9-10-11 rib). The content of tissues in the three-rib cut was statistically different among the groups, the content of muscle tissue was significantly higher (p

The key element of the system regulating food intake has proven to be the Leptin. It act as hunger centre in the hypothalamus and affects the regulation of appetite. It has also been shown that Leptin gene influence milk performance in sheep, cattle and reproduction performance in beef cattle. Genetic characterization to assess the existing biodiversity and differences among the important livestock breeds is an essential pre-requisite to facilitate the conservation program in an effective and meaningful way. This paper sought to study the diversity analysis of Leptin gene in some ruminant and non-ruminant animal species. A total of twenty three (23) Leptin gene sequences belonging to eight (8) species: Cattle (3), Sheep (3), Goat (3), Swine (3), Horse (2), Camel (3), Mouse (3) and Rabbit (3) were retrieved from Genbank (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Sequences alignment, translation and comparison were done using ClustalW of the MEGA 6.0. The minimum distance matrix (Dxy) value (0.02) was observed between the sequence of cattle and goat while the maximum Dxy value (2.72) was seen between cattle and sheep in ruminant species. In non-ruminant species the highest Dxy value (17.61) was seen between rabbit and camel while the minimum Dxy value (0.18) was observed between mouse and camel respectively. The smaller the distance matrix value, the closer the sequence of the species and the lesser the genetic distance among or between species whereas the larger the Dxy value, the higher the genetic distance among and between species investigated. This finding could provide basis for selection when considering evolution and differentiation among species.

The study aimed at characterizing the Japanese quail using biochemical markers. Blood protein polymorphism of one hundred and sixty-six (166) Japanese quails of both sexes comprising of 83 each of mottled brown and white quails were analysed using cellulose acetate paper electrophoresis. Six loci which includes hemoglobin (Hb), transferrin (Tf), albumin (Alb), carbonic anhydrase (CA), alkaline phosphatase (Alp) and esterase-1 (Es-1) were tested. All the loci tested were polymorphic with each locus having two co-dominant alleles controlling three genotypes. Allele B was predominant at Hb, Tf and Es-1 locus with frequencies 0.90, 0.55, and 0.77, respectively while Allele A was predominant at Alb and Alp locus with frequencies 0.83 and 0.58 respectively. The Allele A had generally lower frequencies than B at the CA loci having values of 0.43 - Brown, 0.38 - White and 0.40 - overall. The mean observed heterozygosity (Ho) was 0.48 with brown and white quails having Ho values of 0.47 and 0.49 respectively, and the expected heterozygosity was observed to be higher in white quails (0.39) than in the mottled brown (0.31). The genetic distance (0.0534) between white and brown quails in this study showed little genetic differentiation between the brown and the white quails. Dendogram generated from the genetic distance values indicated that the two strains had common origin.

Whey is lately used as functional food, and whey proteins and albumens are considered to have therapeutic influence on diseases associated with oxidative stress. Whey proteins contribute to the reduction of the level of transaminases in blood, especially of alanine transaminase. In this paper we examine some components (total proteins, albumens from whey proteins, minerals: potassium (K), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), from whey and their inhibition effects to transaminases (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and ? glutamyl transferase (? -GT)). The increased level of transaminases in serum is an indicator of an illness of the liver. Additionally, several samples of whey were examined by using a photometric and spectrophotometric method. The results from examination of ALT, AST and ? -GT in vitro show that whey performed inhibition on the activity of these enzymes: ALT 10.71%, AST 8.51% and ? -GT 18.16% in pathological serum, and in serum with normal values, whey performed inhibition on ALT 39.33%, AST 29.08% , ? - GT 39.59%. The examination of the whey composition shows that the proteins represented in sufficient quantity to make reduction of enzymes and of the mineral potassium (K) is the most common. From the obtained results can be concluded that whey impacts on the reduction of transaminases and performs inhibition of enzyme activity in the in vitro test.

The aim of this paper was to estimate the effect of rearing systems (floor and organic) on the chemical composition of meat of laying hens. The tested genotypes were Isa Brown hybrid and dual purpose breed New Hampshire. Based on the results of this research can be concluded that the rearing system, generally, did not caused statistically significant differences in any of the parameters examined chemical composition of meat. On the other hand, the breast meat - white meat and thigh and drumstick - dark meat of New Hampshire genotype had significantly higher fat content compared to the Isa Brown hybrid. It must be noted that in the breast meat reported significant interaction genotype x rearing system. The other parameters of the chemical composition of meat were not significantly different between reared genotypes. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispita uticaj sistema gajenja na hemijski sastav mesa kokoši nosilja iz alternativnih sistema gajenja: podnog i organskog. Ispitivani genotipovi su bili linijski hibrid Isa Brown i rasa kombinovanih proizvodnih sposobnosti New Hampshire. Na osnovu rezultata ovih istraživanja može se zaključiti da sistem gajenja, generalno posmatrano, nije uzrokovao značajne razlike ni u jednom od ispitivanih parametara hemijskog sastava mesa. Sa druge strane, i meso grudi - belo meso i meso bataka i karabataka - tamno meso, New Hampshire genotipa je imalo značajno veći sadržaj masti u odnosu na Isa Brown hibrid, s tim što se mora napomenuti da se kod mesa grudi, javila i značajna interakcija sistem gajenja x genotip. Ostali ispitivani parametri hemijskog sastava mesa nisu se značajno razlikovali između ispitivanih genotipova.

The conducted research was aimed at constructing equations of selection index that would be used in the selection of the Holstein-Friesian breed animals in Serbia. The construction of the selection index includes the most important milk traits observed in standard lactation: milk yield (MY305), milk fat content (% MF305) and protein content (% MP305). The variance and covariance necessary for the construction of selection index are calculated using the mixed model by the method of least squares. The economic value of traits is expressed as a ratio of relative changes in costs per unit of traits included in the selection index. Livestock included in the research produced, in the first standard lactation, an average of 7681 kg of milk with 3.58% milk fat and 3.28% protein. The equation of the selection index presented in the paper is selected from the group of equations of selection index, as an equation with the highest correlation between the equation and the aggregate genotype, which amounted to 0.2156. Sprovedeno istraživanje imalo je za cilj konstruisanje jednačine selekcijskog indeksa koja bi se koristila u odabiru grla holštajn-frizijske rase u Srbiji. U konstrukciju selekcijskog indeksa uključene su najvažnije osobine mlečnosti posmatrane u standardnoj laktaciji: prinos mleka (PM305), sadržaj mlečne masti (%MM305) i sadržaj proteina (%MP305). Varijanse i kovarijanse neophodne za konstrukciju selekcijskog indeksa izračunate su primenom mešovitog modela metodom najmanjih kvadrata. Ekonomska vrednost osobina je izražena kao odnos relativne promene troškova po jedinici osobina uključenih u selekcijski indeks. Grla obuhvaćena istraživanjem prosečno su proizvela u prvoj standardnoj laktaciji 7681 kg mleka sa 3,58 % mlečne masti i 3,28% proteina. Jednačina selekcijskog indeksa prikazana u radu odabrana je iz grupe jednačina selekcijskog indeksa, kao jednačina sa najvećom korelacijom između jednačine i agregatnog genotipa, koja je iznosila 0,2156. .

The paper analyzes the 2760 gilts four different genotypes, two of which are pure bred Landrace (429 gilts) and Yorkshire (421 gilts) and two hybrid F1(YxL) (999 gilts) and F1(LxY) (911 gilts), tested in the period from 2010 to 2011.Analyzed by the following traits of intensity growth: weight at weaning (WW), daily gain at suckling (DGS), weight in rearing (WR), daily gain at rearing (DGR), weight in test (WT), daily gain on test (DGT), weight of gilts (WG) and life gain (LG). Due to the manifestation of heterosis effect, hybrid gilts in rearing made any higher body weight of about 3 kg, while the age of 160 days on average had a higher body weight by 7.0 kg compared to the pure breed gilts, which resulted in higher daily gain in different phases of rearing. Degree of heritability for analysis traits of intensity growth is of medium to high. Heritability (h2) for daily gains were larger (0.640 for DGS, 0.858 for DGR and 0.859 for DGT) in relation to the heritability for achieved body weight (0.584 for WW, 0.558 for WR and 0.816 for WT) in different phases of rearing. Between the most observed traits were found positive genetic and phenotypic correlations. The negative correlation found between WR, DGR and WT, DGT (rg= -0.055 to -0.108; rp = -0.010 to - 0.033), between WW, DGS and DGR (rg= -0.301 respectively -0.466; rp = -0.234 respectively -0.271). [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR 31032]

The aim of this paper is was to investigate the effects of soybean oil, flax and rapeseed oil on the body weight, fatty acid composition of lipids and sensory characteristics of chicken breast meat. At the beginning, six groups with 40 one day old chicks Cobb 500 hybrid line, with five replications was formed. Chickens were fed with three mixtures of 21, 20 and 18% protein, respectively. The experiment lasted 42 days. The use of different types of oils in the diet did not exhibited statistically significant (P>0.05) differences in body weight of chickens. The control group achieved final body weight of 2704g and 2695g, and the experimental groups in a row 2735, 2645, 2735 and 2670g. The use of flax oil and rapeseed oil changes the fatty acid composition of lipids. Replacing rapeseed with soybean oil reduces the percentage of palmitic, stearic and linoleic acids, and increases the share of oleic and linolenic acids in the abdominal fat pad. The inclusion of flax oil in the diet of chickens in an amounts of 4% and 8% increase the amount of linoleic acid to 63% and 203%, which was statistically highly significant (P

The paper investigated the production properties of three sorghum genotypes: NS-Džin (forage sorghum), Zora (Sudan grass) and Siloking (interspecies hybrid) in terms of different nitrogen rates used in side dressing in 2009 and 2010. The subject of study was green biomass and dry matter yield in the stages of intensive growth and tasseling. The results have shown that there have been significant fluctuations in production indicators between the genotypes. In the total average, the lowest yield was recorded for the Sudan grass (85.41 t ha-1). Significantly higher yields were recorded for the interspecies hybrid (90.22 t ha-1) and the forage sorghum (93.51 t ha-1). Although the effect of nitrogen rates depended on weather conditions, i.e. rainfall distribution, the optimal nitrogen rate in both years was 180 kg ha-1. U radu su proučavane produktivne osobine tri genotipa sirka i to: NS-Džin (krmni sirak), Zora (sudanska trava) i Siloking (interspecijes hibrid) u zavisnosti od upotrebljenih količina azota za dopunsku ishranu biljaka tokom 2009. i 2010. godine. Ispitivani su prinos zelene mase u fazama intezivnog porasta i metličenja. Između ispitivanih genotipova postoje značajna variranja u pokazateljima produktivnosti. U ukupnom proseku najmanji prinos dala je sudanska trava 85,41 t ha-1. Značajno viši prinos bio je kod interspecijes hibrida (90,22 t ha-1) i krmnog sirka (93,51 t ha-1). Iako je efekat upotrebljenog azota zavisio od vremenskih uslova, odnosno od rasporeda padavina, u obe godine optimalna količina azota bila je 180 kg ha-1.

Concern on animal welfare has become an important issue in Europe for a decade now. In commercial poultry husbandry, there are many trials to standardize the production in order to reduce the economic loss caused by poor welfare at marketing age. As it known, factors such as density, group size, space availability, maturation, lighting, feeding, and transportation can have effects on welfare of turkeys. However, to ensure a better quality of live for the birds as well as the industry as good performance, reducing the mortality and condemnations it is important to have another point of view as different kind of indicators. This paper reviews the available scientific literature related to the turkeys? welfare according to the main relevant physiopathology indicators by taking into a count whether they are feasible or not for being used. We addressed foot pad dermatitis and breast skin lesions as being the most relevant indicators so far. They may be relevant to improve the welfare assessment indicators of turkeys. However, measurements of corticosterone, enzyme activities, cytokines, and hematological profile seemed to be flourishing indicators to be applied more often. In this way associating the indicators that were previously studied to these new ones, it is assumed that animal, producer, industry and consumer may have a suitable bond between them (poultry chain) according to their different interests.

Measuring beahaviour has already been a debated issue. The aim of this paper is to compare direct observations and observations by videotapes in three different Italian chicken breeds (Valdarnese Bianca, Bionda Piemontese, Robusta Maculata), in order to provide indications about the most suitable method in behavioural studies. The three breeds were reared in an experimental poultry house (10 birds=m2, standard intensive broiler production density). Fifty birds/breeds (sex ratio 1:1) were housed in litter floor pens and fed the same diet (ME 11.8MJ=Kg, CP 18%). The comparison between direct and indirect observation showed significant differences for almost each behavioural category. Activity and resting behaviour were generally well visible in both types of observations while feeding and mainly interaction were better identified with the direct observation.

The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of multiphase feeding, i.e. the effect of different mash feeds with multi-phase protein reduction, on growth, main carcass parts and nitrogen content in faeces of broiler chickens. The experiment was conducted on 1216 chickens of Ross 308 provenience, separated by sex. The experiment lasted for 42 days and the standard technology was used. The groups differed in a type of a mash (treatment) given in the starter period, as follows: T1 (control group) was given a mash with 23% crude proteins from day 1 to day 21; T2 - a mash with 23% proteins from day 1 to day 7, followed by a mash with 21.5% proteins given from day 7 to day 21; T3 - a mash with 23% proteins from day 1 to day 14, followed by a mash with 21.5% proteins given from day 14 to day 21; T4 - mashes changed every three days, having 23%, 22.55%, 22.10%, 21.65% , 21.20%, 20.75% and 20.30% of crude proteins, respectively. Slaughtering performance was investigated on a total of 64 broiler chickens, with eight male and eight female chickens used separately for each of the treatments. Nitrogen content in faeces was determined using the pooled sample of faeces. The obtained results showed some differences in the average daily growth of the male and female chickens when comparing the control (T1) and the experimental groups. Those differences were not statistically significant. However, when comparing the male-only groups, it was determined that the experimental group T4 had statistically significantly higher growth than T2 and T3 group. The effect of the multi-phase feeding programme on the breast, thigh and drumstick share of both male and female broilers was not significant. The applied multi-phase feeding programmes resulted in a reduction in the nitrogen content in the faeces. Considering the obtained results, it can be concluded that the multi-phase feeding programmes had no negative effect on the growth and slaughtering performances of broilers. This goes in favour of these programmes, since they can result in some positive economic and environmental effects of production. Cilj rada je ispitivanje uticaja multifazne ishrane, odnosno različitih smeša za ishranu brojlera u kojima je sadržaj proteina višefazno smanjen, na prirast, osnovne delova trupa i sadržaj azota u fecesu. Ispitivanje je izvedeno na 1216 pilića provenijence Ross 308, razdvojenih po polu. U oglednom periodu od 42 dana primenjena je standardna tehnologija. Razlika između grupa (tretmana) bila je u tipu smeša za ishranu u starter periodu, a prema sledećem programu: T1 (kontrolna grupa) - ishrana smešom sa 23% sirovih proteina u trajanju od 1. do 21. dana; T2 - ishrana od 1. do 7. dana smešom sa 23% i od 7. do 21. dana sa 21,5% proteina; T3 - ishrana od 1. do14. dana smešom sa 23% sirovih proteina i od 14. do 21. dana sa 21,5% proteina; T4 - ishrana smešama sa dinamikom promene na svaka 3. dana, odnosno sa 23% , 22,55% , 22,10%, 21,65% , 21,20%, 20,75% i 20,30% sirovih proteina. Ispitivanje klaničnih osobina, obavljeno je na ukupno 64 brojlera, odnosno na po 8 pilića oba pola, za svaki tretman. Sadržaj azota u fecesu određen je na zbirnom uzorku fecesa. Prema dobijenim rezultatima, kod pilića muškog i ženskog pola, utvrđene razlike u prosečnom dnevnom prirastu, između kontrolne (T1) i oglednih grupa nisu bile na nivou statističke značajnosti. Međutim, poređenjem oglednih grupa međusobno, kod pilića muškog pola utvrđeno je da je ogledna T4 grupa ostvarila statistički značajno veći prirast u poređenju sa T2 i T3 grupom. Uticaj programa multifazne ishrane na prinos i udeo grudi, bataka i karabataka, kod pilića oba pola, nije bio signifikantan. Primenjeni programi multifazne ishrane rezultirali su izvesnim smanjenjem sadržaja azota u fecesu. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da programi multifazne ishrana brojlera nisu imali negativan uticaj na prirast i klanične performanse, što ide u prilog njene primene, s obzirom da se ovim programima mogu ostvariti pozitivni ekonomski i ekološki efekti proizvodnje.

Problem statement: Only limited information exists on nutrients in salmonoids meat in Bulgaria, which may to be different and vary to a greater extent than the nutrient composition of other fish items. The present paper is aimed to determine the proximate composition, macro and trace elements of Atlantic salmon`s meat. These data could be helpful in judging the value of nutrient composition data as a base for dietary recommendations. Organisms: 12 species of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Approach: The aim of this study was to determine the proximate composition and levels of iron, potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, selenium and zinc in Atlantic salmon cultivated for the first time in Bulgaria. The content of protein, fat and ash and concentrations of iron, potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, selenium and zinc were determined by automatic systems and electro thermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) after microwave digestion. Mean values and their respective coefficients of variation were calculated from the measured concentrations. Conclusion: In order to provide an accurate overview and to be able to calculate reliable dietary intakes, it is important to know the fish composition data.

The aim of this paper was to determine the microclimatic conditions (ambient temperature and relative humidity) in dairy farm, as well as to evaluate the effect and significance of temperature - humidity index (THI) values on the daily milk yield. The observation of microclimatic parameters was conducted in the period from 9.03.2012 to 6.05.2012. The study included 136 Holstein Friesian cows. The estimation of the effect of THI on daily production of dairy cows was defined by applying fixed-effect statistical model. Average ambient temperature during measuring months amounted to 15.6°C (ranging from 7.2° C to 24.6°C), while the average value of relative humidity was 56.33% (ranging from 40.30% to 81.80%). During the study, the mean value of THI was 58.93 (ranging from 47.08 to 70.13) and didn't exceed the critical comfort level of 72. All tested fixed-factors were statistically affected the daily milk yield (p lt 0.01). For each unit of increase in the value of the THI, the amount of milk decreased by 0.05344 kg. This confirmed the importance of regular recording of THI values and microclimatic conditions as a unique indicator of thermal stress in dairy farm. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se utvrde mikroklimatski uslovi (ambijentalna temperatura i relativna vlažnosti vazduha) i ispita uticaj različitih vrednosti temperaturno - humidnog indeksa (THI) na dnevnu proizvodnju mleka muznih krava. Period posmatranja mikroklimatskih parametara je sproveden u vremenu od 9.03.2012 do 6.05.2012. Ispitivanje je obuhvatilo 136 grla holštajn frizijske rase krava. Za procenu uticaja THI na dnevnu proizvodnju mleka korišten je statistički model sa uticajima fiksnih faktora. Prosečna temperatura ambijenta u toku ogleda je iznosila 15,6°C (kretala se od 7,2° C do 24,6°C) dok je prosečna relativna vlažnost vazduha iznosila 56,33% (kretala se od 40,30% to 81,80%). Za vreme istraživanja prosečna vrednost THI je iznosila 58,93 (kretala se od 47,08 do 70,13) i nije prelazila kritičan nivo komfora od 72. Svi ispitivani fiksni faktori su statistički značajno uticali na prinos mleka (p lt 0,01). Za svaku jedinicu porasta vrednosti THI, količina mleka se smanjivala za 0,05344 kg. Potvrđena je važnost redovnog praćenja THI i mikroklimatskih uslova kao jedinstvenog pokazatelja termalne stresogenosti sredine u kojoj borave krave muzare.

In order to obtain good cheese quality, the milk has to possess good physical-chemical properties and should originate from healthy cows. Since milk fat and milk protein are the main constituents of cheese, their proportion in milk is of particular importance for the product yield and quality. This paper describes studies on the protein to fat ratio of milk and the consequent influence on the chemical composition and yield of semi-hard cheese, commercially called "Montenegrin naturally dried cheese". The tests were conducted on six bulk milk samples and six cheese samples. The milk parameters were analysed by the Milkoscan 400 unit whereas chemical analysis of cheese and whey were carried out with the Milkoscan FT 120 device. The average composition of the cheeses was: 29.27% fat, 21.90% protein, 55.27% total dry matter and 0.78% sodium chloride. The mean value for the content of dry matter without fat was 26%, whereas the fat content of the cheese dry matter was 53.18%, the moisture content in cheese 44.73% and moisture content in fat-free matter 63.24%. There was a medium positive correlation between the ratio of fat to protein in milk and fat content in cheese (r = 0.60309), the ratio of fat to protein in milk and dry matter of cheese (r = 0.57103), weak positive correlation between the ratio of fat to protein in milk and cheese protein (r = 0.48067) and medium negative correlation between the ratio of fat to protein in milk and moisture content in cheese (r = -0.57103). Medium negative correlation was found between the ratio of protein to fat in milk and content of cheese fat (r = -0.56416), the ratio of protein to fat in milk and cheese protein content (r = -0.51899), the ratio of protein to fat in milk and dry matter of cheese (r = -0.53118) and medium positive correlation between the ratio of protein to fat in milk and moisture content in cheese (r = -0.53118). Ratio fat to protein in milk and the actual yield of cheese was determined as medium positive (r = 0.66459) and the ratio protein to fat in milk and the actual yield of cheese as medium negative correlation (r = -0.67807). The protein to fat ratio in milk influences the decline of fat, protein, dry matter and yield of cheese and increase moisture content in cheese.

Objective of the paper was to investigate the effect of sire breed and sex of their progeny as well as to study methods for assessment of carcass side quality. Quality of carcass of the progeny was determined according to Rulebook (1985) and share of meat on left carcass sides determined by dissection according to methodology recommended by EU (Commission Regulation EC No 3127/94 and Commission regulation EC No 1197/06) on 84 pigs-progeny of investigated sires. Animals investigated in this study were descendants of dams of F1 genotype Swedish Landrace x Large White (the first one designated is the dam) and two boars Duroc breed (n=36 progeny) and three boars Pietrain breed (n=48 progeny). Of total number of progeny, 42 animals were male castrates and 42 animals were female. It was established that sire breed influences (P lt 0.01) only the fat thickness on the rump (BFTR), whereas sires of Duroc breed influenced (P lt 0.05 to P lt 0.001) pre-slaughter mass (PSM), fat thickness in the middle of the back (BFT), share of meat in carcass sides EC No 3127/94 (EC 94) and share of meat in carcass sides EC No 1197/06 (EC 06). Sires within Pietrain breed exhibited effect on (P lt 0.05 to P lt 0.001) BFTR, EC 94 and EC 06. All investigated traits were influenced by sex (gender) (P lt 0.05 and P lt 0.001) except PSM, whereas the effect of genotype (P lt 0.001) was present only on PSM. Season of birth influenced only EC 94 and EC 06 (P lt 0.001). By implementation of new methods of assessment of meatiness (EC 94 and EC 06) was determined to have a higher proportion of meat (13.33% respectively 16.46%) relation to the Rulebook (1985). Predmet istraživanja ove studije je utvrđivanje uticaj rase očeva, očeva, genotipa, pola i sezone rođenja na fenotipsku i genetsku varijabilnost pojedinih osobina kvaliteta polutki trorasnih hibrida. Utvrđeno je da između očeva dve rase (durok : pijetren) postoji mala razlika za procenjenu mesnatost (+0.53% JUS 85; - 1.33% EC 94 i -0.13% EC 06) potomaka koja nije statistički značajna (P>0.05). Posmatrajući očeve unutar rase durok utvrđena razlika između očeva br. 1 i 2 za procenjenu mesnatost potomaka EC 06 iznosila je 5.12% (P lt 0.05). Veća razlika (od 5.58%; P lt 0.01) za procenjenu mesnatost EC 06 utvrđena je između potomaka oca br. 3 i 4 rase pijetren. Između ispitivanih trorasnih genotipova nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike (P>0.05) za debljinu slanine i procenjenu mesnatost. Ženska grla su imala tanje slanine (-2.5 mm BFT i -1.37 mm BFTR) u odnosu na muška kastrirana grla samim tim imala su veće vrednosti za procenjenu mesnatost (+0.63% JUS 85; +2.66% EC 94 i +2.65% EC 06). Potomci ispitivanih očeva koji su rođeni u jesen imali su veću procenjenu mesnatost (+0.6% JUS 85; +5.07% EC 94 i +5.83% EC 06) i tanju slaninu (-1.54 mm BFT i -2.05 mm BFTR) u odnosu na grla koja su rođena u proleće. Sezona rođenja uticala je (P lt 0.001) na procenjenu mesnatost EC 94 i EC 06.

This paper presents the harmful rodents in alfalfa in Serbia in the first decade of this century. We also review the products registered and assessed the efficiency of conventional (acute) rodenticides, anticoagulant and rodenticides based on environmentally friendly active ingredients. In addition to anticoagulants of second generation, whose mechanism of action is based on a synthesis of the factors preventing blood coagulation, in the latest of the eighties, and in early of nineties introduced products based on vitamin D3-cholecalciferol. Their mechanism of action is based on the mobilization of calcium from bone and tissue and calcification of blood vessels, kidney, liver, heart muscle leading to delays in the work of these bodies. The last decade of the last century have been recorded and products based on trace element selenium (Se), the mechanism of action is based on the replacement of thiol functional enzymes SS groups. Also presents the possibility of application of ecological cellulose product in the field. In the world, so far, cellulose based rodenticides are only registered in municipal buildings. Its mechanism of action is based on interference with the absorption of water leading to dehydration in rodents. Rodents do not develop resistance to products based on vitamin D3 and selenium, a cellulose product is favourable toxicological and eco-toxicological point. U radu su prikazani štetni glodari u usevima lucerke u Srbiji u prvoj deceniji ovog veka. Dat je i pregled registrovanih preparata, uz ocenu efikasnosti klasičnih (akutnih) rodenticida, antikoagulanata i rodenticida na bazi ekološki povoljnih aktivnih supstanci. Pored antikoagulanata I i II generacije, čiji se mehanizam delovanja zasniva na sprečavanju sinteze faktora koagulacije krvi, u svetu su osamdesetih, a kod nas devedesetih godina prošlog veka uvedeni preparati na bazi vitamina D3- holekalciferol. Njihov mehanizam delovanja je zasnovan na mobilizaciji kalcijuma iz kostiju i tkiva i kalcifikaciji krvnih sudova bubrega, jetre, srčanog mišića zbog čega dolazi do zastoja u radu ovih organa. Poslednje decenije prošlog veka registrovani su i preparati na bazi oligoelementa selena (Se) čiji se mehanizam delovanja zasniva na zameni SH grupa funkcionalnih enzima S-S grupama. Pored toga, prikazana su ispitivanja mogućnosti primene ekološkog preparata na bazi celuloze u polju. U svetu su, do sada, registrovani samo za suzbijanje glodara u komunalnim objektima. Njegov mehanizam delovanja zasnovan je na interferenciji sa apsorpcijom vode što dovodi do dehidratacije u glodara. Glodari ne razvijaju rezistentnost na preparate na bazi vitamina D3 i selena, a preparat na bazi celuloze je povoljan sa toksikološkog i ekotoksikološkog stanovišta.

Aspergillosis is frequent fungal disease of different avian and mammal species, caused by infection by the fungi of genus Aspergillus. The disease is characterized by inflammatory changes in the respiratory system and sometimes has generalized onset when more organ systems are affected. In this paper, we examined a flock of turkey poults, 21 days old, at one farm in Serbia. Clinical signs of central nervous system in the form of ataxia, torticollis, paresis and paralysis of legs and wings were observed. The mortality rate in the flock was 7,2 %. In ten out of twelve necropsied turkey poults multiple yellowish-white granulomas, one to three millimeters in diameter on lungs were found. In nine out of twelve necropsied turkey poults solitary yellowish-white granuloma, three to five millimeters in diameter on sagital section of the cerebrum or cerebellum were found. Mycological finding revealed fungi Aspergillus fumigatus. For the evaluation of histopathological changes in lung and brain and demonstration of fungal hyphae, three stain methods were used: haematoxylin-eosin (HE), Grocott methenamine silver and periodic acid Schiff (PAS) method. Microscopic examination of lung and brain has revealed the presence of granulomatous foci and caseous necrosis with surrounding region of proliferation including giant cells, macrophages, heterophils and lymphocytes and outer capsule of connective tissue. The fungal hyphae were hardly or not visible in HE stained sections, while septed and arborized hyphae were easily demonstrated by Grocott and PAS stain predominantly in central parts of granuloma. For diagnostic of mycotic infection is necessary to use different histochemical methods for evaluation of histopathological changes and detection of etiological agent, including isolation to obtain etiological diagnosis.

Animal welfare is a hot topic among consumers, producers and researches nowadays. The major welfare problems of dairy cows are mastitis, lameness, and any conditions which lead to impaired reproduction, inability to express normal behaviour, emergency physiological responses or injury. This paper summarizes preliminary results of project taken in 27 Hungarian dairy farms evaluating general animal welfare. The most important areas for improving animals? wellbeing are related to facilities and comfort of resting. Findings include slippery floors, cows struggling laying and standing in cubicles. Other measures include hair loss, hocks, neck rail injuries and number of thin cows (Body Condition Score 1 and 2). Mouldy silage and low quality of other feedstuff was also found. In conclusion, preliminary results confirm strong demand for monitoring farms and discussions with managers and farmers about welfare measures needed to be taken on farms immediately.

Serbia is one of the countries with the continuous import of breeding sows and boars. Boars are usually imported at the age of 4 to 6 months, in the period when the quality of the breeding males cannot be determined due to sexual immaturity (prepubertal and pubertal age). In this paper, the method and results of semen quality control in 40 imported young boars are described, and also the method of documenting the cause for action claim. In the case of suspicious semen quality it is necesseary to perform at least 3 consecutive controls in one month intervals in order to establish a final estimation of quality and usability of semen. Of 40 imported boars, 4 boars (10%) were subject of complaint due to: azoospermia (1 boar), absence or reduction of total and progressive motility, present sperm agglutination (2 boars), and increased number of pathological forms of spermatozoa (78%, 1 boar). Increased proportion of sperm with unstable chromatin structure (SCSA test - 33.2% and 37.1%) was established in two boars. To initiate the complaint it is necessary to have a sales contract that provides possibility for the reclamation, recognized methods of semen quality control and trustful business relationship between all interested parties. Srbija se svrstava u red zemalja sa kontinuiranim uvozom priplodnih nazimica i nerastova. Nerastovi se uglavnom uvoze u dobi od 4 do 6 meseci, u periodu kada se kvalitet priplodnjaka ne može pouzdano utvrditi usled polne nezrelosti (prepubertetsko ili pubertetska dob nerastića). U ovom radu opisan je postupak i rezultati kontrole kvaliteta semena kod 40 mladih nerastova iz uvoza, kao i način dokumentovanja razloga za pokretanje postupka reklamacije. Kod sumnjivog kvaliteta semena potrebno je izvršiti najmanje 3 uzastopne kontrole u razmaku od po mesec dana, kako bi se donela konačna ocena o kvalitetu semena i upotrebljivosti nerasta za priplod. Od 40 uvezenih nerastova, 4 su reklamirana (10%) usled: azoospermije (1 nerast), odsustva ili smanjenje ukupne ili progresivne pokretljivosti, uz prisustvo aglutinacija spermatozoida (2 nerasta), i povećanog broja patoloških formi spermatozoida (78%; 1 nerast). Kod dva nerasta zabeležen je povećan udeo spermatozoida sa nestabilnom strukturom hromatina (SCSA test - 33,2% i 37,1%). Za pokretanje reklamacije neophodno je imati kupoprodajni ugovor koji predviđa mogućnost reklamacije, priznate metode kontrole semena kao i izgrađen poslovni odnos poverenja zainteresovanih strana.

In this paper the effect of extruded rapeseed meal on the performance and sensory quality of the breast meat of broilers was investigated. The experiments were performed with hybrid line ROSS 308. The control group was fed soybean meal, and two levels of extruded rapeseed meal were added in experimental groups, 4% and 8% during a period of 42 days. Final body masses of chicken in the experimental groups were lower for 1.79% and 3.05% than the control group. Conversion of feed was satisfactory in all groups, and the best in the control group. Including extruded rapeseed meal in the meal did not show negative effect on the sensory quality, the smell and the colour, of fresh breast meat. Sensory quality (smell, taste and sensitivity) of heat-treated breast meat of the chickens in the control and experimental groups was marked as "very good", or optimal.

Objective of this study is to determine the correlation between slaughter traits of kids of Balkan goat breed. Research was carried out in underdeveloped region of Serbia, on altitude of approximately 850 m. Semiintensive breeding system, of housing and care of goats was applied. Results of the study of slaughter properties are presented in this paper, also correlation between certain measures on carcass and carcass sides established in 96 kids of Domestic Balkan breed (gender ratio 50:50), slaughtered at the age of 90 days. Average dressing percentage of warm carcass with head and offal of investigated kid population was 58.19%, whereas the value of the dressing percentage of cold carcass with head and offal was 45.19%. Male kids had statistically significantly (at the level of P (lt) 0.05 and P (lt) 0.01) higher values of carcass mass and linear carcass and carcass side measures compared to female kids. Data on established correlation coefficients between slaughter traits of Domestic Balkan kids reflect presence of highly positive and statistically significant (P (lt) 0.001) correlative dependence. Linear regression coefficients of pre-slaughter body mass of kids, as well as coefficients of determination of linear regression (from 0.41 to 0.99) indicate that this trait has very significant effect on all dressing percentages and carcass and carcass side measures. Considering the expression of slaughter traits and correlation between them in kids of Balkan breed, obtained results should be used for formulating of future programs designed to improve the production of meat from autochthonous goat breeds. Cilj ovog rada je da se utvrdi povezanost (korelacija) između klaničnih parametara jarića balkanske rase koza. Istraživanja su izvedena u nerazvijenom području R Srbije na nadmorskoj visini od oko 850 m. Primenjen je poluintenzivan sistem odgoja, smeštaj i nege koza. U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja klaničnih karakteristika i utvrđena korelaciona povezanost osobina pojedinih mera na trupu i polutkama, kod 96 jaradi domaće balkanske koze (sa odnosom polova 50:50) koja su zaklana u uzrastu od 90 dana. Prosečan randman toplog trupa sa glavom i iznutricama kod jaradi ispitivane populacije iznosio je 58,19% dok je vrednost randmana hladnog trupa sa glavom bez iznutrica bila 45,19%. Muška jarad su imala statistički značajno teža i imala su veće linearne mere trupa (na nivou P (lt) 0,05 i P (lt) 0,01) u poređenju sa ženskim. Podaci o koeficijentima korelacije između ispitivanih klaničnih karakteristika jaradi domaće balkanske koze, odražavaju postojanje visoko pozitivne i statistički značajne (P (lt) 0,001), korelativne zavisnosti. Linearni regresioni koeficijenti telesne mase jaradi pred klanje, kao i koeficijenti determinacije linearne regresije (od 0.41 do 0.99), ukazuju na to da ova osobina veoma značajno utiče na sve randmane i mere na trupu i polutkama. Imajući u vidu ispoljenost i povezanost ispitivanih klaničnih karakteristika kod jaradi balkanske rase koza, dobijeni rezultati treba da se iskoriste u formulisanju budućih programa unapređenja proizvodnje mesa kod autohtnonih rasa koza.

Production in the farm directly depends on the quality of gilts. For this reason it would be necessary to replace non-productive sows. By monitoring and control of the growth intensity in the performance test make possibility to provide selection effect and get gilts adequate age and weight at insemination. The present paper analyses of growth traits from birth until the end of the performance test. The investigations included 205 gilts, of which 104 Landrace and 101 Yorkshire, which were obtained from 7 sires (4 of Landrace and 3 of Yorkshire breed). The gilts that had a smaller weight at birth, showed a smaller daily gain and body weight realized at the end of the test. Lactation duration of 32 days, weight at weaning was not less than 7 kg. During the test of 85 days, the realized average weight was 76 kg, with a gain of 0.90 kg for Landrace gilts, while Yorkshire had smaller one (71 kg) and so smaller daily gain (0.84 kg). With an average age of gilts of 160 days, Landrace gilts reached weight 108 kg, with an average life gain of 0.67 kg, while the Yorkshire gilts reached weight of 101 kg, with an average life gain of 0.62 kg. Tests of significance showed that the sire, breed and weight at birth have a highly significant impact on most of the observed traits and represent a significant source of phenotypic variability in growth traits of tested gilts.

The use of betaine can influence the resistance, production performance and quality of broiler carcass, and potentially it can reduce the need for choline and methionine in food due to the mutual correlation of these three substances in the organism. Objective of the paper was to investigate the effect of full substitution of added DL-methionine with betaine in diets for broilers on production and slaughter parameters in conditions of optimal amount of choline in the feed. Study was carried out on 1725 one day old broiler chickens of Cobb 500 hybrid divided into 3 groups: Control group (C) fed complete forage mixtures with usual addition of DL methionine and two trial groups where methionine was substituted by 1g (B1group), and by 2g of betaine per kilogram of mixture (B2 group). Research results indicate that the full substitution of supplemented methionine with betaine in feed can have positive and negative impact in broiler fattening. Negative effects on final body mass, gain and feed conversion were determined in broilers fed mixtures where 1g of synthetic methionine was replaced with 1g of betaine preparation, and at the same time positive influence on mortality was observed, especially in broilers fed diets containing 2g of betaine. Production index showed no significant differences between trial groups, as well as studied broiler carcass quality parameters. Upotreba betaina može imati uticaja na otpornost, proizvodne performanse i kvalitet trupa brojlera, a potencijalno može smanjiti i potrebu za holinom i metioninom u hrani usled međusobne povezanosti ove tri supstance u organizmu. Cilj rada je da se ispita uticaj kompletne zamene dodatog DL-metionina betainom u obrocima brojlera na proizvodne i klanične parametre u uslovima optimalne količine holina u hrani. Istraživanje je izvedeno na 1725 jednodnevnih brojlerskih pilića hibrida Cobb 500 podeljenih u 3 grupe: kontrolnu grupu (C) hranjenu potpunim krmnim smešama sa uobičajnim dodatkom DL metiona i dve ogledne grupe kojima je umesto metionina dodavan 1gram (B1grupa), odnosno 2g betaina po kilogramu smeše (B2 grupa). Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju da potpuna zamena dodatnog metionina betainom može imati i pozitivne i negativne efekte u tovu brojlera. Utvrđen je negativan uticaj na završnu telesnu masu, prirast i konverziju hrane kod brojlera kojima je u smešama 1g sintetičkog metionina zamenjen sa 1g betainskog preparata, ali i pozitivan uticaj na smanjenje mortaliteta, posebno kod brojlera sa 2g betaina u hrani. Proizvodni indeks se nije značajnije razlikovao između oglednih grupa, a takođe i ispitivani parametri kvaliteta trupa brojlera.

Radiometric control of products involved in the food chain is an important part of ongoing quality control of products related to food and feed. Content of primordial and anthropogenic radionuclides in some products directly determines their quality and further methods of usage. The most common way of intake of radionuclides in the human body is ingestion (80 %) through contaminated food and water. The foods of animal origin are largely represented in the human diet. Therefore radiation control of animal feeds and animal products will contribute to producing food for human nutrition without or with low risk for health. This paper presents the results obtained by gamma spectrometric analysis of mineral additives and mixtures for pig nutrition, from imported and domestic production. In most samples examined, activity levels of natural and radionuclides made during production were in accordance with the regulations. A certain number of tested mineral supplement samples had increased levels of activity of 238U (640- 2100 Bq/kg), which was not in accordance with applicable regulations. Radiometrijska kontrola proizvoda uključenih u lanac ishrane je važan segment stalne provere kvaliteta proizvoda vezanih za ishranu ljudi i životinja. Sadržaj primordijalnih i antropogenih radionuklida u nekim proizvodima direktno određuje njegov kvalitet i dalji način upotrebe. Najčešći put unošenja radionuklida u ljudski organizam je ingestija (80%), putem kontaminirane hrane i vode. Kako su namirnice životinjskog porekla zastupljene u velikoj količini u ishrani ljudi, kontrola hrane za životinje i proizvoda animalnog porekla omogućila bi ishranu ljudima bez rizika. U radu su prikazani rezultati dobijeni gamaspektrometrijskom analizom mineralnih dodataka, pred smeša i gotovih smeša za ishranu svinja iz uvoza i domaće proizvodnje. U većini ispitivanih uzoraka nivo aktivnosti prirodnih i proizvedenih radionuklida je bio u skladu sa propisima. Jedan broj ispitanih uzoraka mineralnih dodataka iz uvoza i domaće proizvodnje imao je povećan nivo aktivnost 238U (640 - 2100 Bq/kg), što nije u skladu sa važećim propisima.

The purpose of this paper is to detect any changes in fatty acid and cholesterol content of goat colostrum in the period of 0-72 hours after kidding. For that purpose, samples of colostrum from 16 goats, belonging to local populations in north-eastern Romania where collected. Samples were preserved by freezing and then subjected to chemical analysis. Preparation of solutions for fatty acids analysis was based on the principle of methylation, by combining alkaline methylation (NaOCH3/MeOH) with acid (BF3/MeOH). For cholesterol we used the principle of fat saponification, using potassium hydroxide, followed by filtration and separation of cholesterol with hexane. Detection of cholesterol and fatty acids content was performed by gas chromatography device. Caprinic acid (C10:0), myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16: 0), stearic acid (C18:0) and oleic acid (C18:1) quantified more than 75% of the total fatty acids determined 72 hours after birth. Among short-medium-chain fatty acids, capronic acid (C6:0) was found in highest proportion (average concentration of 5.7% of total fatty acids), but at the same time, presented the most obvious oscillation range from 0 to 72 hours (6.56% at birth, 2.45% and 7.59% from 12 hours to 72 hours), with the differences between mean values being significant (p

The coccidiosis is the most remarkable widespread parasitic poultry disease. Due to its clinical or subclinical course which is even more significant, high economical losses are evident. The health and the economical implications of coccidiosis are emphasized in intensive poultry farming. In this paper investigation was performed on the most frequent deviations in application of preventive means against the coccidiosis. The data were analyzed during the period from the year 2005 to 2010. In order to locate possible factors that could contribute to the decreased prophylactic effects of anticoccidials, the flocks of broiler chickens, laying hens and parents were clinically examined and critical steps in farming technology were evaluated in detail. The type of equipment and its performance, and the duration of empty resting period between flocks were noted as the predominant technical determinants. Also some oversights were found in the design of programs for the control of coccidiosis, including the previously used coccidiostats and their efficacy in chicken flocks, the availability of drugs on market and the important elements of epizootiology of the disease. By permanent hygiene practice on poultry farms the infectious pressure may decrease. Anticoccidial drugs are mostly applied and are considered very efficient. However, since coccidia can acquire resistance to antibiotics and residual coccidiostats in consumer meat are found occasionally, their prophylactic use may be limited. The immunoprophylaxis is the most promising method so far. The use of anticoccidial vaccines in poultry stimulates its own immunological capacities and moreover, it enables the production of safe food and products. In recent years there is an increasing interest for the immunoprophylaxis in our country. In our region, the vaccination against coccidiosis is performed in about 90% of parent flocks and in 10 to 20% of commercial layers. However, development of the immune response against coccidia is complex and immune suppression can occur by different factors such as stress inducing conditions, bacterial (salmonella) and viral (Reo, IBDV, MDV, CAV) infections, aflatoxicosis and other. The noted deviations in preventive measures applied to combat coccidiosis were clearly defined. The obligative introduction of HACCP in intensive poultry production implicate planned solutions for the control of coccidiosis.

This paper presents the results of the variability and correlation of body measurements and milk production of domestic Balkan goat breed that is reared in the mountain range Sharplanina, depending on the lactation. Studied animals were monitored and lactation, or order of kidding (I, II, III and IV and the next lactation together). Control of milk production, included a total of 290 goats in different lactations (first-81 animals, the second-69 heads, 71 heads third-and fourth and following along latkacije-69 heads). In order to determine the measure of body development in adult goats, one takes values for height at withers, body length, chest depth, chest width, the width of the cross and body weight. The variability of the analyzed characteristics is presented descriptive parameters and the effect of lactation is determined by a factorial analysis of variance. The determined average values for milk production and measures of body development are located within those identified for this population of goats. During these tests showed statistically significant correlation dependence (P lt 0.05) between all studied variables, except when it comes to length lactation period and individual measures of body development. The correlation coefficient between length of lactation and established measures of body development. are low and reflect the existence uncorrelation dependence, and their values range from 0.08 to 0.11, while they were unjustified and statistically (P> 0.05). U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja varijabilnosti i povezanosti osobina telesne razvijenosti i mlečnosti domaće balkanske rase koza u zavisnosti od laktacije po redu (I, II, III a IV i naredne laktacije zajedno). Kontrolom proizvodnje mleka bilo je obuhvaćeno ukupno 290 koza u različitim laktacijama (prva- 81 grla, druga- 69 grla, treća- 71 grla, a četvrta i naredne latkacije zajedno- 69 grla). U cilju utvrđivanja mera telesne razvijenosti odraslih koza izmerene su vrednosti za visinu grebena, dužinu trupa, dubinu grudi, širinu grudi, širinu krsta i telesnu masu. Varijabilnost analiziranih osobina opisana je parametrima deskriptivne statistike, a uticaj laktacije po redu je utvrđen jednofaktorijalnom analizom varijanse. Utvrđene prosečne vrednosti za proizvodnju mleka i mere telesne razvijenosti bile se u okviru onih koje su utvrđene za ovu populaciju koza. Ispitivanjem su utvrđene statistički značajne korelacije (P lt 0,05) između svih posmatranih parametara, izuzev kada je u pitanju dužina laktacionog perioda i pojedinih mera telesne razvijenosti koje statistički nisu bile značajne.

In Romania the main direction of sheep breeding was until two decades ago, wool production, while the milk and meat productions were left in the background. After the 1990s, particularly after the accession of Romania to the European Union, sheep production redirected toward milk and meat production focusing on the identification of the most adequate techniques to increase these productions. One solution to restore this sector is to produce suckling lambs or fat lambs, competitive on the foreign markets. Within this context, the objective of our paper, part of a larger program, is to use industrial crosses to improve meat production in the local sheep breeds. We present here the results of crossing the local Teleorman Black Head (TBH) with imported meat rams: Suffolk and German Black Head (GBH). The studies monitored the performance of the (milk) hybrids F1 compared to the local breed lambs. 60 lambs assigned to three groups (20 lambs per group) were weaned at 2 months, when control slaughtering was used to determine: the slaughter house and commercial yield, proportion of carcass parts, proportion of butchery parts, meat to bone ratio for each part, carcass measurements, chemical composition of the meat, fatty acids and cholesterol included. At birth, the local breed lambs had 4.77 kg and a gain of 0.253 kg and reached 18.31 kg at slaughter. GBH hybrids lambs weighed 4.76 kg at birth, a gain of 0.277 kg and reached 20.63 kg at slaughter; Suffolk hybrids lambs weighed 5.36 kg at birth, 0.322 kg daily weight gain and 24.92 kg at 2 months. The slaughterhouse yield, the meat to bone ratio and carcass dimensions were better in the hybrids than in the local breed. The Suffolk and German Black Head rams transmitted to their progeny a higher speed of growth, a conformation specific to the meat breeds and a better dressing in muscles, a higher slaughter yield and a better meat to bone ration than the local breed lambs.

The paper gives an analysis of the state in milk production from the aspect of total produced quantities of milk and total purchased quantites of milk by the diaries in EU. The number of farms engaged in cattle production has been analyzed, along with the farms engaged in milk production. Trend in development of cattle breeding in EU is going in the direction of decreasing the number of farms raising the breeding stocks of dairy cows and to the simultaneous increase in the number of cows per farm for milk production with constant increase of the quantity of milk produced per cow. In 2008 the number of cows per farm in EU27 was on average 9.8 cows, in EU25 on average 16.6 cows, with great variation among member countries observed. Average milk yield in total cow population in 2008 in EU15 was 6646 kg, in EU25: 6357 kg and in EU27: 6133kg. In Serbia the average milk yield in registered cows of Simmental breed is about 4500 kg, and in Holstein Friesian breed around 8700 kg. It is important to emphasize that in Serbia there is a far less number of cows under controlled milk yield (around 5.5% Simmental cows in total number), and that there is a decline observed in the number of cattle in Serbia in the last decade per average rate of 2-3 % annually. Analizirano je stanje u sektoru proizvodnje mleka u EU i Srbiji sa aspekta ukupno proizvedenih količina mleka i ukupno otkupljenih količina mleka od strane mlekara. Analiziran je broj gazdinstava koja se bave govedarskom proizvodnjom, kao i gazdinstava koja proizvode mleko. Nivo ukupne proizvodnje mleka u zemljama EU27 u poslednjih nekoliko godina je oko 148 miliona tona, dok je u Srbiji prisutno smanjenje proizvodnje mleka i u 2009-oj godini proizvodnja je iznosila 1,478 miliona tona, a u 2008-oj 1,7 miliona tona. Od ukupno proizvedenih količina mleka u EU27 otkupi se od strane mlekara preko 90%, dok se u Srbiji otkupljuje oko 50% mleka. Trend u razvoju govedarstva u EU ide u pravcu smanjenja broja gazdinstava koja gaje zapate mlečnih krava i istovremenog povećanja broja krava po gazdinstvima, koja se bave proizvodnjom mleka uz stalno povećanje količine proizvedenog mleka po kravi. I pored ukrupnjavanja gazdinstava koja se bave proizvodnjom mleka, prisutan je trend smanjenja broja muznih krava (zbog postignutih visokih prinosa mleka po kravi kod specijalizovanih mlečnih rasa, kao i postojanja zaliha mleka), što kao posledicu ima porast populacija goveda namenjenih proizvodnji mesa, koja se gaje u sistemu krava-tele. U 2008. godini broj krava po gazdinstvu iznosio je u EU27 prosečno 9,8 krava, EU25 prosečno 16,6 krava, sa velikim variranjem između država članica. Prosečna mlečnost ukupne populacije krava u 2008. godini u EU15 iznosila je 6646 kg, EU25: 6357 kg i EU27: 6133 kg. Prosečna mlečnost umatičenih krava simentalske rase u Srbiji je oko 4500 kg, a holštajn frizijske rase oko 8700 kg, dok mlečnost celokupne populacije krava u Srbiji (kontrolisana grla i procenjene mlečnosti krava) iznosi između 3000 i 3500 kg. U Srbiji je, prema popisu iz 2002. god., 97,61% gazdinstava raspolagalo sa 1 do 5 krava i pri tome su posedovali 87% od ukupnog broja krava u Srbiji. U poslednjih 10 godina broj gazdinstava koja gaje goveda se smanjivao, isto kao i broj goveda (po godišnjoj stopi od 2 do 3%). Takvo stanje se direktno odražava na smanjenje ukupne proizvodnje mleka (koja ima negativan trend) kao i proizvodnje goveđeg mesa.

The aim of this paper was to investigate the carcass and breast meat (nutritional, technological and sensory) quality of chickens (line ROSS 308) fed extruded corn. It was concluded that a diet with extruded corn increases chilled carcass weight and the share of breast meat in chilled carcass. Also, the breast meat of experimental group contains more protein and less free fat comparing to the control group. Based on the parameters and criteria for defining the quality of chicken breast meat (pHu and L*) revealed that the meat of both groups averagely corresponded to PSE quality. According to results of sensory analyzes cooked breast meat of experimental group had significantly (P < 0.05) preferable juiciness and tenderness.

The main aim of the animal production is to produce animal proteins of high value in a sustainable manner. However, sustainability is not easy to define. It is a complex phenomenon, which includes integration of economic, social, and environmental dimensions of the certain production, within a given socio-economic context. In this respect, poultry production meets first two dimensions - it provides affordable dietary item for consumers and profit for producers. It additionally generates up and downstream investment opportunities and it contributes to the development of the local economy. However, with the concentration of poultry production and increase in operation size, considerable environmental problems have occurred. During the last several decades, the environmental impact of the poultry production has received an ever-growing attention. Nowadays, producers are under heavy pressure, from different fronts, to minimize the impact of their production on the environment and to adopt welfare friendly practices. The major challenges, which will affect animal production in the future, will likely deal with the environment. In this paper, the environmental impact of poultry production and the differences in this respect between the different production systems are presented.

The purpose of the paper was to examine weight loss and correlation between total bacteria count and the somatic cells count and weight loss of semihard naturally dried cheese, product of dairy plant ZZ“Cijevna“ in Podgorica. Weigt loss was calculated on the base of difference in mass of cheese at the beginning of ripening and after specified period of ripening, exposed in percents. Examination of weight loss was done on total six product series of cheese during 60 days of ripening on temperature 14,20C and RH of 89%. Obtained average values for weight loss of cheese were: after 10 days 4.723%, 20 days 8.789% and after 30 days of ripening 11.020%. Weight loss of cheese in period of ripening 10-20 days was 4.266%, in period 20-30 days 2,445% and in period of ripening 30-60 days 5.507%. The total bacteria count in milk was determined on apparatus BactoScan FC 100 and the somatic cells count on apparatus Fossomatic 5000. The middle positive correlation between somatic cells count in milk and weight loss of cheese in period 1-10 days of ripening (0.69156), as well as middle positive correlation (0.767336) between total bacteria count and weight loss of cheese 1-10 days of ripening were determined. The obtained results show that weight loss of cheese was highest in period 1-10 days of ripening and that there is significant influence of hygienic quality of milk on weight loss of cheese and economy of production.

Stocking density is considered one of the most important factors for the welfare of broilers. This paper is continuation of the study in order to obtain full evaluation of the impact of different broiler stocking densities on production performance, condition of the broiler legs and body feathering, as welfare indicators but also indicators of the productivity and quality of produced chickens. The effect of three stocking densities (20, 15 and 10 birds/m2) was investigated in 4 repetitions on broilers of genotype Hubbard at the age of 3 and 6 weeks. At the age of 6 weeks stocking density of 20 birds/m2 resulted in significantly lower growth of broilers, higher mortality and higher incidence of leg lesions and problems with body feathering, compared to stocking densities of 15 and 10 birds/m2. Gustina naseljenosti se smatra jednim od važnijih faktora za dobrobit brojlera. Rad predstavlja nastavak istraživanja u cilju potpunijeg sagledavanja efekata različitih gustina naseljenosti brojlera na proizvodne performanse, stanje nogu i telesnog pokrivača, kao indikatore dobrobiti ali i proizvodnosti i kvaliteta proizvedenih pilića. Ispitan je uticaj tri gustine naseljenosti (20, 15 i 10 grla/m2) u 4 ponavljanja na brojlerima genotipa Hubbard u uzrastu 3 i 6 nedelja. Gustina naseljenosti se, na osnovu ispitanih indikatora, ne može smatrati faktorom koji utiče na dobrobit pilića u uzrastu od 3 nedelje. U uzrastu od 6 nedelja gustina naseljenosti od 20 grla/m2 je rezultirala značajno manjim porastom brojlera, većim mortalitetom i većom frekvencijom pojavljivanja problema sa nogama i telesnim pokrivačem u odnosu na gustine od 15 i 10 grla/m2.