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Celer (Apium graveolens L.) je dvogodišnja biljka iz familije Apiaceae koja ima svojstven aromatični miris koji potiče od etarskog ulja. Pored etarskog ulja celer je bogat i furanokumarinima koji izazivaju alergije kod osetljivih ljudi, ali su i potencijalne komponente za razvoj foto bioinsekticida, posebno u suzbijanju Aedes egypti, ali ı skladišne štetočine Tribolium confusum. Takođe, celer poseduje i alelopatske osobine kao i antimikrobne. Iako je botanički dvogodišnja biljka, kao jednogodišnja se gaji za proizvodnju zadebljalog korena, lisnih drški i listova. Bolesti i štetočine koje se javljaju u usevu celera su najčešće gljivične, ali registrovani su i virusi, bakterije, fitoplazma, nematode i lisni mineri., Celery (Apium graveolens L.) is a biannual plant from Apiaceae family with characteristic odor originating from essential oil. In addition to the essential oil, celery is rich in furanocoumarins which cause allergic reactions in sensitive people. However, they are potential phytotoxic compounds for the development of photo-bioinsecticides, especially Aedes egypti, as well as for the storage pest Tribolium confusum. In addition, celery possesses allelopathic and antimicrobial properties. As an annual plant, celery is grown for its root, Ieaf stalks and leaves. Although diseases and pests in celery crop are mainly fungal, viruses and bacteria, hytoplasmas, nematodes and leaf miners have also been registered.

Marshmallow is a very promising medicinal plant whose uncontrolled exploitation can lead to extinction in the wild. As the quantity of wild grown marshmallow cannot meet the growing needs, it is increasingly cultivated. However, the introduction of some plants to grown cultures causes diseases and pests regularly accompanying this plant to have a higher occurrence rate. Diseases that can appear when marshmallow is grown in the field are certain fungal diseases, such as: rust (Puccinia malvacearum), anthracnose (Colletotrichum malvarum) and some polyphaga (Choanephora cucurbitarum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium sp.). When pests are concerned, the most significant are flea beetles (Podagrica fuscicornis i P. malvae). Also recorded are weevils (Apion validum, A. longirostre, A. radiolus), black weevil (Baris timida), mallow skipper (Carcharodus alceae) and mallow aphid (Aphis malvae). In addition, there are also moths (Gelechia malvella and Hydraecia osseola hucherardi) which can cause significant damage., Beli slez je vrlo perspektivna lekovita biljka čija nekontrolisana eksploatacija može dovesti do istrebljenja u slobodnoj prirodi. Kako količine samoniklog sleza ne mogu da zadovolje narasle potrebe, to se beli slez sve više gaji. Međutim, uvođenjem neke biljke u kulturu, intenzivnije se javljaju bolesti i štetočine koje je redovno prate. Kod belog sleza od bolesti prisutne su: rđa (Puccinia malvacearum), antraknoza (Colletotrichum malvarum) i neke polifagne gljive (Choanephora cucurbitarum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium sp.). Od štetočina najznačajniji su buvači (Podagrica fuscicornis i P. malvae). Pored njih, zabeležene su još i pipe (Apion validum, A. longirostre, A. radiolus, Baris timida) i lisne vaši (Aphis malvae). Takođe, javlja se i slezova krupnoglavka (Carcharodus alceae), kao i moljci (Gelechia malvella i Hydraecia osseola hucherardi), koji mogu takođe da prouzrokuju značajne šete.

Dill (Anethum graveolens L.)is an annual herbaceous plant from the Apiaceae family, with characteristic odor coming from an essential oil, whose main components are carvone and limonene. Dill's fruit and leaf, i.e. its aerial parts, are in common use. This plant is widely used for medicinal purposes and as a spice. In addition, it can be used in organic agriculture, chiefly to increase biodiversity by combining it with other crops, or grown as a protective crop. It was also found that allelochemicals produced by dill have herbicidal effect, while essential oil and extracts have fungicidal and insecticidal effect. Moreover, dill is used in animal nutrition as a natural growth promoter., Mirođija (Anethum graveolens L.) je jednogodišnja zeljasta biljka iz familije Apiaceae, vrlo karakterističnog mirisa koji potiče od etarskog ulja, čije su glavne komponente karvon i limonen. Kod mirođije se obično koristi plod i list, odnosno nadzemni deo. Ova biljka ima široku upotrebu u medicinske svrhe, ali i kao začin. Pored toga, može da se koristi i u organskoj poljoprivredi i to za povećanje biodiverziteta združivanjem sa drugim usevima, ili kao zaštitni usev. Takođe, ustanovljeno je da alelohemikalije koje produkuje ova biljka imaju herbicidni efekat, a etarsko ulje i ekstrakti deluju fungicidno i insekticidno. Uz to, mirođija ima primenu i u ishrani životinja kao prirodni stimulator rasta.

Selen (Levisticum officinale Koch.) je višegodišnja lekovita, aromatična i začinska biljka iz familije Apiaceae. Eksperimentima je ustanovljeno da je selen dobar diuretik i ekspektorans, takođe deluje antikancerogeno i antioksidativno. Koristi se kao začinska biljka i kao povrće. Ima veliki potencijal primene i u organskoj poljoprivredi. Cvet selena bogat je polenom i nektarom i zbog toga privlači veliki broj insekata među kojima su posebno značajni predatori i parazitoidi štetočina, te se zbog toga ova biljka često gaji kao zaštitni pojas. Pored toga, utvrđeno je da ekstrakt selena deluje alelopatski (inhibira klijanje semena korovskih biljaka - Lepidium sativum i Cardaria draba), insekticidno (na Tribolum confusum.i Locusta migratoria) i antimikrobno (na bakterije Bacillus subtilis, Mucobacterium fortuitum i M. aurum, kao i na gljive Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger i A. ochraceus). S obzirom na veliki potencijal primene, u ovom radu je izneta tehnologija proizvodnje selena sa osvrtom na bolesti i štetočine koje mogu predstavljati problem pri gajenju., Lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch.) is a perennial medicinal and aromatic plant from Apiaceae family. It is well established that lovage is a diuretic and expectorant, as well as that it has anticancerogenic and antioxidative properties. It is used both as spice and as vegetable. It also has great potential for use in organic agriculture. Lovage flower is rich in pollen and nectar, and thus attractive to many insects, among them predators and parasitoids of pests. Lovage is, therefore, often grown as protection crop. In addition, it is established that lovage extract has allelopatic (reducing germination of weeds Lepidium sativum and Cardaria draba), insecticide {on Tribolium confusum. and Locusta migratoria) and antimicrobial properties (on bacteria Bacillus subtihis, Mucobacterium fortuitum and M. Aurum, as well as fungi Candida albicans, Aspergillus ruger and A. ochraceus). Bearing in mind the great potential of lovage uses, this paper focuses on its growing technology, as well as on pests and diseases affecting lovage crop.

Mirođija (Anethum graveolens L.) je jednogodišnja zeljasta biljka iz familije Apiaceae, vrlo karakterističnog mirisa koji potiče od etarskog ulja, čije su glavne komponente karvon i limonen. Kod mirođije se obično koristi plod i list, odnosno nadzemni deo. Ova biljka ima široku upotrebu u medicinske svrhe, ali i kao začin. Pored toga, može da se koristi i u organskoj poljoprivredi i to za povećanje biodiverziteta združivanjem sa drugim usevima, ili kao zaštitni usev. Takođe, ustanovljeno je da alelohemikalije koje produkuje ova biljka imaju herbicidni efekat, a etarsko ulje i ekstrakti deluju fungicidno i insekticidno. Uz to, mirođija ima primenu i u ishrani životinja kao prirodni stimulator rasta., Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) is an annual herbaceous plant from the Apiaceae family, with characteristic odor coming from an essential oil, whose main components are carvone and limonene. Dill's fruit and leaf, i.e. its aerial parts, are in common use. This plant is widely used for medicinal purposes and as a spice. In addition, it can be used in organic agriculture, chiefly to increase biodiversity by combining it with other crops, or grown as a protective crop. It was also found that allelochemicals produced by dill have herbicidal effect, while essential oil and extracts have fungicidal and insecticidal effect. Moreover, dill is used in animal nutrition as a natural growth promoter.

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) originated from Mediterranean area. His ap­pearance is very similar to dill, but unlike it has a sweet taste and odor similar to anise. Fennel has two varieties: var. vulgare also called bitter, and var. dulce or sweet fennel. In organic farming has a much greater significance var. vulgare, which is a perennial species that are grown for fruit. The essential oil of the fruit has antifungal, virostatic, insecticidal and nematicidal properties, and is therefore very suitable for the synthesis of potential biopesticides that could have wide application in organic agriculture. Fennel in flowering produces large quantities of pollen and nectar, so it attracts a large number of beneficial insects for which it is often used for joint planting with other plants, but also as a buffer in organic agriculture. This plant has long been known as a healing, both in human medicine and in veterinary medicine and animal nutrition. Mainly used as a natural antibiotic and stimulator of growth, particularly in poultry, but has great significance in beekeeping, fish and sheep breeding., Komorač (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) potiče iz Sredozemlja. Izgled mu je veo­ma sličan mirođiji, ali za razliku od nje ima sladak ukus i miris sličan anisu. Komorač ima dva varijeteta: var. vulgare koji se još naziva gorki, i var. dulce ili slatki komorač. Za organsku poljoprivredu mnogo veći značaj ima var. vulgare, koji je višegodišnja vrsta koja se gaji zbog plodova. Etarsko ulje plodova poseduje antifungalne, virostatičke, insekticidne i nematocidne osobine, te je stoga veoma pogodano za sintezu potencijalnih biopesticida koji bi mogli da imaju široku primenu u organskoj poljoprivredi. Komorač u cvetanju produkuje veliku količinu polena i nektara, pa privlači veliki broj korisnih insekata, zbog čega se često ko­risti za združenu setvu sa drugim biljkama, ali i kao zaštitni pojas u organskoj poljoprivredi. Ova biljka je od davnina poznata i kao lekovita, kako u humanoj medicini, tako i u veterini i ishrani domaćih životinja. Uglavnom se koristi kao prirodni antibiotik i stimulator rasta, posebno u živinarstvu, ali ima veliki značaj i u pčelarstvu, ribarstvu i ovčarstvu.

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is aromatic plant from Apiaceae family. Fennel fruits (Foeniculi fructus) usually contain 2-6% of essential oil, with trans-anethole which is main component with 60-90%. The fruits are widely used in medicine and nutrition, but also in organic agricultural production. In the world and in our country it was found a large number of diseases, including fungal which are more abundant, than bacterial and phytoplasmas on the fennel. It was determined and the appearance of insects and parasitic flower dodder (Cuscuta sp.)., Komorač (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) je aromatična biljka iz familije Apiaceae. Plodovi komorača (Foeniculi fructus) obično sadrže 2-6% etarskog ulja, čija je glavna komponenta trans-anetol koji čini 60-90%. Imaju široku upotrebu u medicini i ishrani, ali i u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji. Na komoraču je u svetu i kod nas zabeležen veliki broj bolesti, među kojima su gljivične najbrojnije, ali se javljaju i bakterioze i fitoplazme. Utvrđena je i pojava insekata i parazitne cvetnice Cuscuta sp.

Komorač (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) je aromatična biljka iz familije Apiaceae. Plodovi komorača (Foeniculi fructus) obično sadrže 2-6% etarskog ulja, čija je glavna komponenta trans-anetol koji čini 60-90%. Imaju široku upotrebu u medicini i ishrani, ali i u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji. Na komoraču je u svetu i kod nas zabeležen veliki broj bolesti, među kojima su gljivične najbrojnije, ali se javljaju i bakterioze i fitoplazme. Utvrđena je i pojava insekata i parazitne cvetnice Cuscuta sp., Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is aromatic plant from Apiaceae family. Fennel fruits (Foeniculi fructus) usually contain 2-6% of essential oil, with trans-anethole which is main component with 60-90%. The fruits are widely used in medicine and nutrition, but also in organic agricultural production. In the world and in our country it was found a large number of diseases, including fungal which are more abundant, than bacterial and phytoplasmas on the fennel. It was determined and the appearance of insects and parasitic flower dodder (Cuscuta sp.).

Komorač (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) potiče iz Sredozemlja. Izgled mu je veoma sličan mirođiji, ali za razliku od nje ima sladak ukus i miris sličan anisu. Komorač ima dva varijeteta: var. vulgare koji se još naziva gorki, i var. dulce ili slatki komorač. Za organsku poljoprivredu mnogo veći značaj ima var. vulgare, koji je višegodišnja vrsta koja se gaji zbog plodova. Etarsko ulje plodova poseduje antifungalne, virostatičke, insekticidne i nematocidne osobine, te je stoga veoma pogodano za sintezu potencijalnih biopesticida koji bi mogli da imaju široku primenu u organskoj poljoprivredi. Komorač u cvetanju produkuje veliku količinu polena i nektara, pa privlači veliki broj korisnih insekata, zbog čega se često koristi za združenu setvu sa drugim biljkama, ali i kao zaštitni pojas u organskoj poljoprivredi. Ova biljka je od davnina poznata i kao lekovita, kako u humanoj medicini, tako i u veterini i ishrani domaćih životinja. Uglavnom se koristi kao prirodni antibiotik i stimulator rasta, posebno u živinarstvu, ali ima veliki značaj i u pčelarstvu, ribarstvu i ovčarstvu., Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) originated from Mediterranean area. His appearance is very similar to dill, but unlike it has a sweet taste and odor similar to anise. Fennel has two varieties: var. vulgare also called bitter, and var. dulce or sweet fennel. In organic farming has a much greater significance var. vulgare, which is a perennial species that are grown for fruit. The essential oil of the fruit has antifungal, virostatic, insecticidal and nematicidal properties, and is therefore very suitable for the synthesis of potential biopesticides that could have wide application in organic agriculture. Fennel in flowering produces large quantities of pollen and nectar, so it attracts a large number of beneficial insects for which it is often used for joint planting with other plants, but also as a buffer in organic agriculture. This plant has long been known as a healing, both in human medicine and in veterinary medicine and animal nutrition. Mainly used as a natural antibiotic and stimulator of growth, particularly in poultry, but has great significance in beekeeping, fish and sheep breeding.

Biljke iz fam Apiaceae sadrže etarska ulja, a njihovi cvetovi su bogati i polenom i nektarom, što ih čini odličnom pašom za pčele, ali su privlačni i za veliki broj drugih korisnih insekata kao što su predatori i parazitoidi štetočina. Zbog toga se ove biljke gaje oko useva kao zaštitni pojas ili čak združeno sa drugim kulturama. Posledica toga je smanjenje brojnosti mnogih štetnih insekatskih vrsta kao što su: Bemisia tabaci, Tuta absoluta i druge. Etarska ulja ovih biljaka deluju insekticidno na skladišne štetočine i na larve komaraca, ali i akaricidno na grinje kućne prašine. Utvrđeno je i nematocidno dejstvo, kao i alelopatsko, što se počelo koristiti i u komercijalne svrhe u organskoj biljnoj proizvodnji. Na primer, u Holandiji je iz kima registrovan preparat na bazi karvona, pod nazivom Tent, koji inhibira klijanje krompira. Etarska ulja iz navedenih biljaka inhibiraju rast gljiva: Alternaria alternata, Penicilium italicum, P digitatum i Botrutis cinerea, što može da se iskoristi za proizvodnju ekološki bezbednih proizvoda u tehnologiji prerade voća i povrća. Takođe, ova ulja imaju i baktericidno dejstvo na Escherichia coli i Bacillus megaterium, što ih čini potencijalnim baktericidima za tretiranje semena u organskoj proizvodnji. Utvrđeno je i virucidno dejstvo., In addition to the fact that plants from family Apiaceae contain essential oils, their flowers are rich in nectar and pollen, which makes them excellent pasture for bees, but they are attractive for a large number of other useful insects such as predators and parasitoids of pests. Therefore, these plants grow around of crops as well as protective girdle, or even combined with other crops. The result is a reduction of many insect pests such as Bemisia tabaci, Tuta absoluta and other. In addition, essential oils of these plants operate insecticide to storage pests and the larvae of mosquitoes and acaricide to house dust mites. In addition to insecticide, was determined and nematocide effect, as well as alleopathic, which was first used for commercial purposes in organic practices. For example, in the Netherlands is registered product based on carvone from caraway called Tent that inhibits sprouting of potatoes. Essential oils from these plants inhibit the growth of fungus: Alternaria alternata, Penicilium italicum, P digitatum and Botrutis cinerea which can be used for the production of environmentally friendly biocides in postharvest technology of fruit and vegetables. Also, these oils have bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus megaterium, which makes them potential bactericides for seed treatment in organic production. The virucidal effect of essential oils from Apiaceae plants was found, also.

Celery (Apium graveolens L.) is a biannual plant from Apiaceae family with characteristic odor originating from essential oil. In addition to the essential oil, celery is rich in furanocoumarins which cause allergic reactions in sensitive people. However, they are potential phytotoxic compounds for the development of photobioinsecticides, especially Aedes egypti, as well as for the storage pest Tribolium confusum. In addition, celery possesses allelopathic and antimicrobial properties. As an annual plant, celery is grown for its root, leaf stalks and leaves. Although diseases and pests in celery crop are mainly fungal, viruses and bacteria, phytoplasmas, nematodes and leaf miners have also been registered., Celer (Apium graveolens L.) je dvogodišnja biljka iz familije Apiaceae koja ima svojstven aromatični miris koji potiče od etarskog ulja. Pored etarskog ulja celer je bogat i furanokumarinima koji izazivaju alergije kod osetljivih ljudi, ali su i potencijalne komponente za razvoj foto bioinsekticida, posebno u suzbijanju Aedes egypti, ali i skladišne štetočine Tribolium confusum. Takođe, celer poseduje i alelopatske osobine kao i antimikrobne. Iako je botanički dvogodišnja biljka, kao jednogodišnja se gaji za proizvodnju zadebljalog korena, lisnih drški i listova. Bolesti i štetočine koje se javljaju u usevu celera su najčešće gljivične, ali registrovani su i virusi, bakterije, fitoplazma, nematode i lisni mineri.

Lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch.) is a perennial medicinal and aromatic plant from Apiaceae family. It is well established that lovage is a diuretic and expectorant, as well as that it has anticancerogenic and antioxidative properties. It is used both as spice and as vegetable. It also has great potential for use in organic agriculture. Lovage flower is rich in pollen and nectar, and thus attractive to many insects, among them predators and parasitoids of pests. Lovage is, therefore, often grown as protection crop. In addition, it is established that lovage extract has allelopatic (reducing germination of weeds Lepidium sativum and Cardaria draba), insecticide (on Tribolium confusum and Locusta migratoria) and antimicrobial properties (on bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium fortuitum and M. Aurum, as well as fungi Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and A. ochraceus). Bearing in mind the great potential of lovage uses, this paper focuses on its growing technology, as well as on pests and diseases affecting lovage crop., Selen (Levisticum officinale Koch.) je višegodišnja lekovita, aromatična i začinska biljka iz familije Apiaceae. Eksperimentima je ustanovljeno da je selen dobar diuretik i ekspektorans, takođe deluje antikancerogeno i antioksidativno. Koristi se kao začinska biljka i kao povrće. Ima veliki potencijal primene i u organskoj poljoprivredi. Cvet selena bogat je polenom i nektarom i zbog toga privlači veliki broj insekata među kojima su posebno značajni predatori i parazitoidi štetočina, te se zbog toga ova biljka često gaji kao zaštitni pojas. Pored toga, utvrđeno je da ekstrakt selena deluje alelopatski (inhibira klijanje semena korovskih biljaka - Lepidium sativum i Cardaria draba), insekticidno (na Tribolium confusum i Locusta migratoria) i antimikrobno (na bakterije Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium fortuitum i M. aurum, kao i na gljive Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger i A. ochraceus). S obzirom na veliki potencijal primene, u ovom radu je izneta tehnologija proizvodnje selena sa osvrtom na bolesti i štetočine koje mogu predstavljati problem pri gajenju.

Gajenje alternativnih biljnih vrsta, kao što je spelta (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta), doprinosi održavanju agroekoloških sistema gajenja, što naročito ima značaja u organskoj proizvodnji. Novija istraživanja su pokazala da na zrnima pšenice dominiraju mikroorganizmi iz roda Alternaria. Značaj Alternaria spp. se ogleda ne samo u narušavanju kvaliteta zrna pšenice, već i u tome što mnoge vrste ovog roda produkuju toksične metabolite koji su štetni po zdravlje ljudi i životinja. Cilj ovih istraživanja je bio da se oceni intenzitet zaraze roda Alternaria na pet genotipova spelte, kao i da se uporedi intenzitet zaraze na oljuštenim i zrnima sa plevičastim omotačima, uz determinaciju dominantnih vrsta Alternaria spp. Utvrđeno je da je genotip 1 bio najmanje zaražen i da su oljuštena zrna imala manji stepen zaraze za oko 50% u odnosu na zrna sa plevičastim omotačima. Plevičasti omotači su se pokazali kao fizička zaštita od patogena. Determinisane su vrste A. tenuissima i A. alternata, od kojih je dominirala A. tenuissima (90%)., Growing alternative cereals, such as Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta, encourages agro-ecological system of cultivation, which is of great importance in organic production. Recent studies have shown that fungi of the genus Alternaria dominates on wheat kernels. Besides pathogenicity and reduction of quality of kernels, several Alternaria species are known producers of toxic secondary metabolites - Alternaria mycotoxins, which might be harmful for human and animal health. The aim of this work was to evaluate the intensity of Alternaria spp. infection on spelt kernels, hulled and dehulled and to determine Alternaria species. It was found that dehulled kernels were up to 50% less infected compared to hulled kernels. The results indicate that the glumes protect the kernel inside from fungal penetration. Determinated species were A. tenuissima and A. alternata, with predominance of A. tenuissima (90%)