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[Display omitted] • SnO 2 /Ti 3 C 2 T x heterojunction was constructed. • A facile RF magnetron sputtering technique strategy was developed. • The composites were evaluated for NH 3 detection at room temperature. • The composites demonstrated good selectivity, repeatability, and long-term stability. Efficient and accurate detection of ammonia (NH 3) by gas sensors at room temperature holds great practical value and significance in industrial production and environmental protection. In this work, we designed SnO 2 /Ti 3 C 2 T x heterojunction nanocomposites via a facile RF magnetron sputtering technique. Benefitting from the surface porosity and few lamellar-structured of the composites, as well as the construction of heterojunctions between SnO 2 and Ti 3 C 2 T x , the SnO 2 /Ti 3 C 2 T x sensor demonstrated a response of up to 13.35 % towards 50 ppm NH 3 at room temperature, which was 3.5 times higher than the Ti 3 C 2 T x -based sensor. Meanwhile, the response/recovery time was reduced to 24.9/86.5 s. In addition, the SnO 2 /Ti 3 C 2 T x sensor exhibited good selectivity, repeatability, and long-term stability. This work should provide an effective strategy for the design of high-performance NH 3 gas sensors at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical calculations were combined with experiments to explore the photoelectric catalytic performance of MSe 2 /SnO 2 (M = Mo,W) nanocomposites. The electronic structures of the composites were studied by density functional theory(DFT) calculation. Compared with SnO 2 material (1.070 eV), the band gap values of MSe 2 /SnO 2 (M = Mo,W) nanocomposites were significantly reduced to 0.133 and 0.008 eV, respectively. Population analysis suggested that the charges transferred between upper MSe 2 (M = Mo,W) and underlying SnO 2 , which could improve the photoelectric catalytic performance of SnO 2 materials. Thus, the MSe 2 /SnO 2 (M = Mo,W) nanocomposites were synthesized by hydrothermal method and characterized by XRD. Electrodeposition was conducted to prepare the corresponding electrodes with Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide (FTO) conductive glass to test the photoelectric catalytic performance. The experimental results showed that the photocurrents of the MSe 2 /SnO 2 (M = Mo,W) nanocomposites were 4.8 and 3.0 μA/cm2, respectively, and the electrochemical impedance was both smaller than that of SnO 2 material. Therefore, the MSe 2 /SnO 2 (M = Mo,W) nanocomposites are good photoelectric catalytic materials. • The MSe 2 /SnO 2 (M = Mo,W) nanocomposites were firstly synthesized by hydrothermal method. • The electronic structures of MSe 2 /SnO 2 (M = Mo,W) were studied by DFT. • The photoelectric performance of SnO 2 was enhanced by MSe 2 /SnO 2 (M = Mo,W) modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present work, SnO 2 nanoparticles were synthesized using simple hydrothermal process, and then a novel PbO 2 /SnO 2 electrode was successfully fabricated using obtained SnO 2 nanoparticles for electrochemical oxidation of 3-chlorophenol (3-CP). The microstructure, element distribution, crystal structure and chemical composition of samples were characterized by the analytical techniques including SEM, EDS, XRD and XPS. The electrochemical performances of electrodes were evaluated using LSV and CV measurements. The ·OH radicals generation capacity of electrodes was determined using terephthalic acid as trapping agent. Moreover, the PbO 2 /SnO 2 electrodes were applied in the electrochemical degradation of 3-CP in aqueous solution. The results show that the doping of SnO 2 nanoparticles reduced the grain size of PbO 2 crystal and improved the content of O ads on the surface of electrode. In contrast with the pure PbO 2 electrode, the PbO 2 /SnO 2 -1.0 electrode (the concentration of SnO 2 in electroplating solution was 1.0 g/L) exhibited higher oxygen evolution potential, stronger direct oxidation capacity and ·OH radicals generation capacity, and superior electrochemical activity for degradation of 3-CP. The intermediates formed in electrochemical degradation of 3-CP were revealed by HPLC and a plausible degradation pathway was proposed. Furthermore, PbO 2 /SnO 2 -1.0 electrode also showed a high reusability for 3-CP degradation. Unlabelled Image • PbO 2 /SnO 2 composite anode was successfully fabricated for electrochemical oxidation. • Electrocatalytic properties of PbO 2 /SnO 2 anode were evaluated. • The degradation intermediates of 3-CP were identified and pathway was elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report results of morphological, structural, optical analysis of ultrasonically sprayed Cu-doped SnO 2 thin films and their applications in conductometric gas sensors to detect small traces of CO molecules. Effects of Cu-doping on morphological, structural and optical properties of SnO 2 nanostructures were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and UV–Vis. Spectroscopy measurements. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that porosity of the film surfaces is increased with increasing Cu-doping. From the XRD patterns, the size of the crystallites and crystal quality of the films are found to be decreased with Cu-doping. UV–Vis. spectroscopy results presented that the transmittance and bandgap can be manipulated with Cu-doping where both are decreased with Cu-doping. The relation between morphology and structure of the films with CO response properties are discussed properly. The gas response of the films with different Cu-doping has been investigated at different CO concentrations at different operating temperatures. From the sensing measurements, it is found that Cu-doping improves the SnO 2 based sensor response to CO gas. Furthermore, the possible sensing mechanism to enlighten the improved gas sensing behavior of the films is proposed. • CO sensing properties of Cu-doped SnO 2 films deposited by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method is reported for the first time. • Size of the crystallites and crystal quality of the films are found to be decreased with Cu-doping. • Cu-doping and temperature improve the SnO 2 based sensor response to CO gas. • A possible sensing mechanism to enlighten the improved gas sensing behavior of the films is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polysulfides-adsorptive and conductive host for sulfur (S) cathode is highly required for Li S batteries. Herein, we present a unique ternary S/C@SnO 2 composite consisting of a 3D tubular core-shell structure in which a carbon matrix as the core is coated by a porous SnO 2 shell. Sulfur is coated on carbon inside the tubes. The S/C@SnO 2 exhibits a good electrochemical performance including a stable capacity of 730 mAh g−1 after cycling for 500 times at 0.1C, along with a fading rate as low as 0.07% per cycle. The capacities recover well during two rounds of rate-performance measurements, exhibiting a recovery rate exceeding 96.3%. The composite also delivers stable capacities when cycling at different charge vs. discharge rates. The polysulfides-adsorptive capability of the SnO 2 shell as an efficient protection shield is demonstrated through density functional theory calculation, which confirms a high surface-energy of SnO 2 towards Li 2 S 4 , Li 2 S 6 , and Li 2 S 8. The porous carbon matrix inside the SnO 2 tubes provides a good conductivity for sulfur and spaces for the volume-change of sulfur. Those features of the ternary S/C@SnO 2 enable it to be a promising cathode candidate for Li S batteries. Unlabelled Image • A unique ternary sulfur/carbon@tin dioxide composite is reported. • Polysulfides-adsorptive shell and conductive core are achieved. • Ternary composite exhibits a high performance for Li S battery. • First-principle modeling confirms a high surface energy of SnO 2 shell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SnO 2 is regarded to be promising for both Li-ion and Na-ion batteries. Thus, it is imperative to fabricate SnO 2 -based anode with improved lithiation reaction kinetics using simple but effective method. Herein, we develop a one-pot hydrothermal route to fabricate two-dimensional SnO 2 nanosheets and the graphene supported SnO 2 nanosheet composite with decreased SnO 2 nanosheet of about 5–10 nm. The ultrathin nanosheet structure anchored on graphene supporting can effectively accelerate the conversion/alloying reaction. Electrochemical researches demonstrate that the reaction kinetics of the lithiation/delithiation reaction can be significantly enhanced by the graphene supported SnO 2 nanosheets. As a result, a capacity of 817.2 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles in the potential window of 0.01 to 3 V are achieved at 500 mA g−1. The full cell performance and the sodium storage performance are both demonstrated to be good. These promising results suggest that such strategy to fabricate two-dimensional SnO 2 -based anode is of great interest for next-generation Li-ion and Na-ion batteries. • 2D SnO 2 nanosheets are prepared by a one-pot hydrothermal route. • The reaction kinetics are enhanced by graphene supported SnO 2 nanosheets. • The obtained materials show excellent lithium and sodium storage performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Branched nanowires (NWs) are a novel class of composite materials with increased surface area relative to their pristine one-dimensional counterparts. Accordingly, they are good choice for gas sensing studies. In this study, p-n, TeO 2 -branched SnO 2 NWs were produced by a two-step catalyst-assisted vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth technique for gas sensing studies. First, SnO 2 NWs were synthesized from highly pure Sn powders, and TeO 2 branches were subsequently added. The fabricated samples were well characterized in terms of morphology, crystallinity, and chemical composition. Gas sensing results exhibited the enhanced NO 2 sensing capability of TeO 2 branched SnO 2 NW sensors relative to pristine SnO 2 NWs. In particular, the maximum responses (R g /R a) of pristine and TeO 2 branched SnO 2 sensors to 10 ppm NO 2 were 6.34 and 10.25, respectively. Furthermore, dynamics of TeO 2 branched sensor at the optimal temperature was faster. Superior sensing properties of TeO 2 branched SnO 2 NWs were related to the high surface area of the branched sensors and creation of p-n heterojunctions on the surfaces of this sensor. We believe that branching is a good way to realize gas sensors for practical usages. • We fabricated p-n heterojunction TeO 2 branched SnO 2 NWs by a two-step gold-assisted VLS growth method for NO 2 gas sensing. • Superior sensing was related to the high surface area of the branched sensors and creation of p-n heterojunctions. • Sensor responses of pristine and TeO 2 branched SnO 2 sensors to 10 ppm NO 2 at 100 °C were 5.26 and 10.25, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal oxide semiconductors are widely used as gas sensing materials; thus, improving their gas sensing properties is of some interest. The microstructure of a SnO 2 film was controlled using the thermal evaporation technique at a relatively high process pressure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis were used to characterize microstructures, crystallinity, particle size, and the surface area that was dramatically altered as a function of the process pressure. In all cases, SnO 2 films had interconnected network structures with open pores; continuous grain growth was observed through the neck between the SnO 2 nanoparticles. The responses of sensors fabricated at different depositional pressure were evaluated by monitoring changes in the electrical resistance of CO gas. The gas sensor deposited at 0.2 Torr showed a high response and short response time owing to its high porosity (97%) and nano-sized particles (8.4 nm). The results confirm that porosity and particle size play key roles in determining the gas response. Unlabelled Image • Various SnO 2 films were prepared by thermal evaporation at high pressure. • SnO 2 films had an interconnected network structure between nanoparticles. • SnO 2 films had open pores and porosity of over 70%. • Nanoporous SnO 2 films exhibited a high gas response and a short response time. • Porosity and particle size play a key role in determining the gas response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Tin oxide (SnO x) is a promising oxide semiconductor due to the distinct properties of n-type SnO 2 and p-type SnO based on its stoichiometry. However, the stoichiometry control of SnO x remains challenging due to the thermodynamic instability of SnO. In the study, we focus on establishing the controllable stoichiometry of SnO x via atomic layer deposition (ALD) and subsequent treatment. The controllable synthesis of SnO 2 and SnO is investigated by multiple analyses involving the chemical composition, crystal structure, and band structure. The ALD SnO x is composed mostly of Sn4+ O bonds with intrinsic oxygen vacancies and is transformed into crystalline SnO 2 phase via post-annealing. The refractive index (~1.8) and optical bandgap energy (~3.6 eV) of ALD SnO x correspond to those of SnO 2. Post-deposition treatment with H 2 plasma enables the effective transformation of SnO 2 into SnO due to the easy penetration of H+ ion into the film and de-bonding of Sn O via ion bombardment. The transformed SnO exhibits a significant amount of Sn2+ O bonds with a refractive index of 2.8 and optical bandgap energy of ~2.9 eV. Specifically, the transformed SnO exhibits promise as an oxide semiconductor because it exhibits excellent stability with respect to re-oxidation into SnO 2 or further reduction into Sn metal. The present study advances practical applications that require a stable p-n junction through n-type SnO 2 and p-type SnO in various forms of device architectures. Highlights • Formation of SnO 2 and SnO was controlled by atomic layer deposition and post-process. • Chemical composition, crystal structure, and band structure of SnO x were analyzed. • As-deposited SnO x exhibits typical characteristics of SnO 2. • Post-deposition treatment with H 2 plasma effectively transforms SnO 2 into SnO. • Transformed SnO is stable against re-oxidation or reduction during post-process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The nano-heterostructures of TiO 2 /SnO 2 and TiO 2 /CuO thin films have been investigated towards NO 2 detection. Thin films have been deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering of metallic targets in Ar + O 2 atmosphere. The properties of samples have been characterized by means of X-ray diffraction in grazing incidence GIXRD, X-ray reflectivity XRR, scanning electron microscopy SEM, optical methods and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS. It has been shown the SnO 2 and CuO surface is well developed, with uniformly dispersed polycrystalline nanoparticles of TiO 2. The addition of TiO 2 thin layer increased the response of SnO 2 nanostructure towards NO 2. A very high resistance change ~4500 has been demonstrated for TiO 2 /SnO 2 at 150 °C for 4 ppm of NO 2 , while for the SnO 2 sensor the resistance change has been ~2300. The TiO 2 /SnO 2 sensor responses to CO and H 2 reducing gases were significantly lower. Such extremely good sensing properties of the n-n heterostructure to NO 2 may be assigned to the formed interfaces and higher surface-to-volume ratio. However, TiO 2 /CuO n-p heterostructures reveal much smaller responses to NO 2 , what may be attributed to the effect of charge compensation. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Thin film nano-heterostructures were deposited by magnetron sputtering. • SnO 2 and CuO surfaces are well developed, with uniformly dispersed TiO 2 nanoparticles. • TiO 2 /SnO 2 nano-heterostructure selectively responds to very low NO 2 gas concentrations at low temperatures. • In case of n-p heterostructure the responses to gas may compensate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Zn-doped SnO 2 thin film was grown by dual source spray pyrolysis deposition (Co-SPD). • The Zn incorporation rate into the SnO 2 was improved by using the Co-SPD process. • The Zn-doped SnO 2 films showed enhanced infrared transmittance even at elevated temperatures. Recently, SnO 2 has attracted much attention for optoelectronic applications in infrared (IR) spectral ranges due to its high transparency in the ultraviolet to IR wavelength spectral range and high electrical conductivity. The transition metal-doped SnO 2 based on the ultrasonic-assisted spray pyrolysis deposition (SPD) method has been widely used for various optoelectronic applications. However, the SPD process has suffered from inefficient doping of foreign elements due to difficulties in controlling the single precursor source solutions and complicated solution dynamics. To overcome these problems, the co-SPD process supplying the host and dopant solutions separately was suggested for the deposition of the Zn-doped SnO 2 thin films. The Zn-doped SnO 2 thin films deposited by co-SPD showed insulating electrical properties due to the efficient incorporation of the Zn element as an oxygen vacancy scavenger and acceptor to annihilate the free charge carriers. Also, the Zn-doped SnO 2 films showed an IR transmittance of over 80 %, maintained at a temperature of up to 500 ℃. Thus, the co-SPD process can be a promising approach to achieve highly doped oxide films with high IR transmittance even at elevated temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • TSAPS effectively inhibited the oxygen vacancy on SnO 2 surface, which leads to oxygen vacancy decreased from 68.40% to 45.26%. • The unencapsulated SnO 2 /TSAPS-based flexible device can maintain 84% of its initial efficiency after 3000 bending cycles, while the control one sharply decrease to 9%. • Surface and bulk defects in perovskite have been greatly restrained after TSAPS modification, resulting in enhanced PCE from 15.22% to 18.63% for flexible PSCs. Flexible perovskite solar cells (F-PSCs) are currently a research hotspot due to their lightweight, solution processability, and low cost. However, oxygen vacancies in SnO 2 would deteriorate the crystallization of perovskite, especially in F-PSCs due to the low temperature of SnO 2 preparation with flexible substrates, thus inducing poor performance and decreased bending resistance. Here, trichlorobenzene sulfonic acid potassium salt (TSAPS) is used as an effective oxygen vacancy restrain additive on the SnO 2 surface for F-PSCs. The oxygen vacancies are reduced from 68.40% to 45.26% after TSAPS modification. Meanwhile, the interfacial defects are suppressed by the synergistic passivation of individual ions in TSAPS, thus the carrier extraction and transportation are effectively improved. As a result, the PCE of the F-PSCs greatly increased from 15.22% to 18.63%. In addition, the unencapsulated SnO 2 /TSAPS-based flexible device can maintain 84% of its initial efficiency after 3000 bending cycles, exhibiting superior mechanical stability, while the control one decreased to only 9%. This work demonstrates a dependable method for improving the quality of the interface between the ETL and perovskite layer, resulting in enhanced bending resistance and performance for flexible PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • SnO 2 @rGO/CNTs/S composite is prepared and used as Li-S battery cathode material. • SnO 2 works as the adsorbent to weaken the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides. • CNTs and rGO work as the conductive network to enhance the Li-S battery electrochemical performance. Abstract In this paper, SnO 2 was introduced in to suppress the "shuttle effect" of lithium-sulfur battery for its efficient adsorption for lithium polysulfides, and a three-dimensional conductive network constructed by reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was used to improve the composite conductivity and mechanical properties. Thus, a SnO 2 @rGO/CNTs/S composite was prepared to use as the lithium-sulfur battery cathode material. The obtained samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The electrochemical performance was characterized by cyclic voltammogram, constant current charge∗discharge, rate performance, cycle life and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy after being assembled into lithium-sulfur battery. The results show that the obtained composite has a promising electrochemical performance: the initial discharge capacity is 1205.4 mAh g−1 at 0.1C and there is a reversible capacity of 958.6 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although metal oxides exhibit high electrical conductivity and high transparency in the visible wavelength range, they suffer from low transmittance in the infrared (IR) spectral range. This paper reports the deposition of Sm-doped SnO 2 thin films with high IR transparency by modulating the electrical and optical properties. The Sm-doped SnO 2 thin films grown by spray pyrolysis showed a directional columnar structure and a change in crystal structure from tetragonal to orthorhombic with increasing Sm doping content. The undoped SnO 2 thin film exhibited intrinsic n -type conductivity with a high background charge carrier concentration, which resulted in low IR transmittance of <20%. As the Sm doping content increased, the charge carrier concentration decreased drastically, resulting in an increase in IR transmittance of SnO 2 thin films from 18.8 to 85.2%. The Sm element acted a critical role in controlling the electrical and optical properties of SnO 2 thin films by acting as a reducing agent and dopant. [Display omitted] • Sm-doped SnO 2 thin film was grown by spray pyrolysis deposition method. • Infrared transmittance of SnO 2 thin films was enhanced by doping the Sm element. • An enhancementnt mechanism of IR transmittance was suggested based on the crystalline and defect modifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The adsorption and permeation behavior of formaldehyde and acetone in Na-ZSM-5 zeolite was investigated using molecular simulation. • DFT was used to calculate the adsorption properties of gas molecules on the Na-ZSM-5 cluster model. • A gas-sensitive mechanism of formaldehyde in SnO 2 /Na-ZSM-5 composites was modeled by molecular simulation and DFT calculations. • A sandwich-like zeolite sensor was prepared to verify the accuracy of the simulation results. Computational methods and experimental validation were used and corroborated to investigate the formaldehyde sensing mechanism of SnO 2 /Na-ZSM-5 zeolite composite. The structure-transport properties of fo€rmaldehyde and acetone gas molecules in Na-ZSM-5 were investigated with molecular simulation (MS) and Monte Carlo (MC) techniques. Formaldehyde molecules "co-adsorbed" with water at the polar center of the zeolite framework, some molecules permeated through the zeolite and adsorbed on the surface with hydroxyl groups, enriching the local concentration of formaldehyde. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation showed that formaldehyde has greater adsorption energy and net charge transfer on the zeolite compared with acetone. The oxygen vacancies of SnO 2 in the composite enhanced the sensitivity to formaldehyde. The synergistic effects of the zeolite and the oxygen vacancies of SnO 2 significantly enhanced formaldehyde sensitivity and selectivity for the sensor. The experimental results were in good agreement with the computational simulation conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] We report the deposition of nanostructured transparent thin films with the same thickness. [•] The effect of annealing was improvement of the stoichiometry and morphology of samples. [•] The samples have a strong orientation after the main planes parallel to the substrate. [•] The crystallites orientation, granulation and columnar growth are more evident in the ZnO:Al sample. [•] Conductivity and transparency of the samples make them suitable as transparent contact electrodes for solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Large scale SnO2 assembles grew on a flexible carbon cloth by a simply thermal evaporation method. [•] The morphology and microstructure of the as-synthesized SnO2 assembles were investigated in detail. [•] The growth mechanism of the as-synthesized SnO2 product was proposed based experimental results. [•] Room temperature photoluminescence property of the as-obtained product was also studied. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] The deposited novel double layer film is found to have good thermal stability. [•] Double layered system possesses lesser R sh than that of single layered films. [•] Structural, optical and electrical results are well corroborated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] SnO2 hollow microspheres are prepared with a facile hydrothermal method. [•] The SnO2 microspheres are constructed from self-assembled SnO2 nanorods. [•] The sensor based on such SnO2 microspheres exhibits excellent selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The Sb substitutes for Sn cause significant distortions in the local structure around Sb atoms. [•] Surface enrichment of Sb atoms led to loss as well as augment of free conduction electron. [•] Sb substitution for Sn atoms induces additional Sb-5sp surface states at the higher energy side of the top valence band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] BDD and SnO2 electrodes showed great difference in electrocatalytic activity. [•] The service life of BDD electrode was much higher than that of SnO2 electrode. [•] Oxygen chemical state was the main reason affecting the electrocataltyic activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Waterweed-like SnO2 nanowires with uniform morphologies have been synthesized via a two-step VLS mechanism. [•] Nanowhiskers with enlarged surface-to-volume ratio can be grown on nanowires accurately. [•] The waterweed-like SnO2 nanowires can be applied in potential applications in lithium-ion batteries. [•] The emsssion peaks of the waterweed-like SnO2 nanowires show strong orange emission and small red shifts. [•] The PL results show that the waterweed-like SnO2 nanowires has bigger intefrated intensity ratio (1.25) than pure SnO2. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Laser-induced forward transfer of different SnO2 precursor films for sensor applications were investigated using time resolved imaging, from 0 to 2μs after the onset of the ablation process. Transfers of SnCl2(acac)2 and SnO2 nano-particles, both with and without a triazene polymer dynamic release layer (DRL), were investigated and compared to transfers of aluminum films with a triazene polymer DRL. Shockwave speed and flyer speeds at high laser fluences of Φ =650 mJ/cm2 and at the lower fluences, suitable for the transfer of functional and well defined pixels were analyzed. No influence of the use of a triazene polymer DRL on shockwave and flyer speed was observed. Material ejected under transfer condition showed a velocity of around 200m/s with a weak shockwave. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Antimony doped tin oxide thin films were deposited on glass substrates by sol-gel dip coating technique. X-ray diffraction pattern showed the deterioration of the crystallinity of the films with increase in antimony doping concentration. Atomic force microscopy studies showed an inhibition of grain growth with increase in Sb concentration. The rms roughness value of SnO2:Sb thin films are found to 1% of film thickness which makes them suitable for optoelectronic applications. The film surface revealed positive skewness and high kurtosis values which make them favorable for tribological applications. The lowest resistivity (about10−5 Ωm) was obtained for the 5mol% Sb doped SnO2: Sb films. These films acquire n-type conductivity due to non- stoichiometry (oxygen vacancies and interstitial tin atoms) and by the addition of Sb. The optical properties of the films have been studied from transmission spectra. An average transmittance of >80% (in UV–vis region) was observed for all the films. Optical band gap energy of SnO2:Sb films were found to vary in the range of 3.69–3.97eV with the increase in Sb doping concentration. Photoluminescence spectra of the films exhibited an increase in the emission intensity with increase in antimony doping concentration which is due the combined effect of charge balance and decrease in grain size. The enhancement of PL intensity in the antimony doped SnO2 thin films make it suitable for generation of solid state lighting in light emitting diode. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A new approach of chemical bath deposition (CBD) of SnO2 thin films is reported. Films with a 0.2μm thickness are obtained using the multi-dip deposition approach with a deposition time as little as 8–10min for each dip. The possibility of fabricating a transparent conducting oxide layer of Cd2SnO4 thin films using CBD is investigated through successive layer deposition of CBD-SnO2 and CBD-CdO films, followed by annealing at different temperatures. High quality films with transmittance exceeding 80% in the visible region are obtained. Annealed CBD-SnO2 films are orthorhombic, highly stoichiometric, strongly adhesive, and transparent with an optical band gap of ∼4.42eV. Cd2SnO4 films with a band gap as high as 3.08eV; a carrier density as high as 1.7×1020 cm−3; and a resistivity as low as 1.01×10−2 Ω cm are achieved. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Flower-like SnO2 single crystals were successfully synthesized using hydrothermal method and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and UV–vis diffuse reflectance (DRS). As-synthesized flower-like SnO2 single crystals exhibited higher photoactivity (about 2.2 times) than granular SnO2 for degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye. The trapping experiment showed that the holes (h+) and hydroxyl radical (the main active species in the photodegradation process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: SnO2 crystals with various morphologies were prepared by a facile hydrothermal method in the simple solution systems of SnCl2 and SnCl4, respectively. This process was carried out under mild conditions and required no high-temperature heat treatment. The morphological evolution with the preparation conditions was investigated. Various self-assembled hierarchical structures including microspheres assembled with nanoparticles, oriented nanocones, and flower-like, cabbage-like structures consisting of single-crystalline nanosheets were obtained by varying the solvent and the introduction of polyethylene glycol. A possible mechanism for the formation of the spherical hierarchically structures assembled by cone-like nanocrystals was proposed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Transparent conductive SnO2:F thin films with textured surfaces were fabricated on soda–lime–silica glass substrates by spray pyrolysis. Structure, morphology, optical and electrical properties of the films were investigated. Results show that the film structure, morphology, haze, transmittance and sheet resistance are dependent on the substrate temperature and film thickness. An optimal 810nm-thick SnO2:F film with textured surface deposited at 520°C exhibits polycrystalline rutile tetragonal structure with a (200) orientation. The sheet resistance, average transmittance in visible region, and haze of this film were 8Ω/□, 80.04% and 11.07%, respectively, which are suitable for the electrode used in the hydrogenated amorphous silicon solar cells. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Zinc Selenide (ZnSe) thin films have been deposited on SnO2/glass substrates by a simple and inexpensive chemical bath deposition (CBD). The structural, optical and electrical properties of ZnSe films have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX), optical absorption spectroscopy, and four point probe techniques, respectively. The films have been subjected to different annealing temperature in Argon (Ar) atmosphere. An increase in annealing temperature does not cause a complete phase transformation whereas it affects the crystallite size, dislocation density and strain. The optical band gap (E g) of the as-deposited film is estimated to be 3.08eV and decreases with increasing annealing temperature down to 2.43eV at 773K. The as-deposited and annealed films show typical semiconducting behaviour, dρ/dT >0. Interestingly, the films annealed at 373K, 473K, and 573K show two distinct temperature dependent regions of electrical resistivity; exponential region at high temperature, linear region at low temperature. The temperature at which the transition takes place from exponential to linear region strongly depends on the annealing temperature. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A simple and efficient way of making highly sensitive SnO2 nanowire-based gas sensors without an individual lithography process was studied. The SnO2 nanowires network was floated upon the Si substrate by separating the Au catalyst layer from the substrate. As the electric current is transported along the networks of the nanowires, not along the surface layer on the substrate, the gas sensitivities could be maximized in this networked and floated structures. The sensitivity was 5–30 when the NO2 concentration was 1–10ppm. The response time was ca. 20–60s. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this work, we experimentally showed that the spontaneous segregation of MgO as surface excess in MgO doped SnO2 nanoparticles plays an important role in the system''s energetics and stability. Using X-ray fluorescence in specially treated samples, we quantitatively determined the fraction of MgO forming surface excess when doping SnO2 with several different concentrations and established a relationship between this amount and the surface energy of the nanoparticles using the Gibbs approach. We concluded that the amount of Mg ions on the surface was directly related to the nanoparticles total free energy, in a sense that the dopant will always spontaneously distribute itself to minimize it if enough diffusion is provided. Because we were dealing with nanosized particles, the effect of MgO on the surface was particularly important and has a direct effect on the equilibrium particle size (nanoparticle stability), such that the lower the surface energy is, the smaller the particle sizes are, evidencing and quantifying the thermodynamic basis of using additives to control SnO2 nanoparticles stability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Tin dioxide (SnO2) nanoparticles having 3nm size were synthesized by irradiating pure tin metal using high power Nd:YAG laser in deionized water. Formation of nano-SnO2 crystallites was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and AFM study. UV–vis absorption spectral studies showed a peak at 240nm. FTIR spectrum showed a band in the range of 400–700cm−1 which was assigned to Sn–O antisymmetric vibrations. Photoluminescence spectrum of synthesized SnO2 nanoparticles showed peak corresponding to 3.175, 2.901 and 2.613eV respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Nanocrystalline SnO2 thin film was prepared by cathodic electrodeposition–anodic oxidation and its structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM, UV–visible absorption and nitrogen adsorption–desorption by BET method. The obtained film has a surface area of 137.9m2/g with grain sized of 24nm. Thus the prepared SnO2 thin film can be applied as an electrode in dye-sensitized solar cell. The SnO2 electrode was successfully sensitized by Erythrosin dye and photoelectrochemical measurements indicate that the cell present short-circuit photocurrent (J sc) of 760μA/cm2, fill factor (FF=0.4), photovoltage (V oc =0.21V) and overall conversion efficiency (η) of 0.06% under direct sun light illumination. The relatively low fill factor and photovoltage are attributed to the reduction of triodiode by conduction band electrons and intrinsic properties of SnO2. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The extensive investigation of the annealing effect in nitrogen atmosphere on the structural optical and electrical properties of chemically deposited CdS films on SnO2 has been performed. The as-deposited film shows 2.45eV band gap (E g) and decreases with increasing annealing temperature. The film annealed at 623K having pure hexagonal phase (a =4.14Å, c =6.71Å for [100] plane) and E g =2.36eV shows 10 times higher conductivity for all temperature range, and shows two different activation energies E a =0.114eV and E a =0.033eV for the temperature range 395K≤ T ≤515K and 515K≤ T ≤585K, respectively. The structural parameters such as dislocation density, strain and optical parameters such as absorption and extinction coefficient are calculated and compared for all the films. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • rGO-SnO 2 nanocomposites were prepared by a simple refluxing method. • SnO 2 nanoparticles growing on the surface of rGO formed a sandwich structure. • rGO-SnO 2 nanocomposites showed an enhanced H 2 detection with low concentration. Sandwich-structured rGO-SnO 2 nanocomposites comprising of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets and SnO 2 nanoparticles were prepared by a simple refluxing reaction, and its hydrogen sensing performance was investigated. The structural characterization confirmed that the ultra-fine cylindrical SnO 2 nanoparticles with length of ∼ 15 nm and diameter of ∼ 5 nm were loaded on the surface of rGO nanosheets. BET surface area of rGO-SnO 2 nanocomposite enhanced as the amount of GO increased. Additionally, the increase in the amount of GO effectively inhibited the disproportionation reaction of Sn2+ during the annealing process. When the mass ratio of GO to SnO 2 was higher than 1.0 wt%, the disproportionation reaction of Sn2+ was completely suppressed and all Sn-related products were changed into SnO 2 phases. The 1.0 wt% rGO-SnO 2 nanocomposites based gas sensor showed the highest response of 11.88 to 500 ppm H 2 at 225 °C, with fast response/recovery times of 2 s/19 s and a detection limit of lower than 5 ppm. Especially, the sensor showed good reproducibility, selectivity, moisture resistance, and long-term stability. H 2 sensing mechanisms of rGO-SnO 2 nanocomposites were discussed based on the experimental data and gas-sensing reaction theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The coating structure and the chainlike structure of Si@SnO 2 anode material is facile prepared. • Si@SnO 2 displays high discharge performance and excellent cycle stability. • The effect of SnO 2 on the conductivity of silicon materials was studied by EIS. • The volume expansion relieved by the coating structure and the chainlike structure of silicon materials is studied. • The potential of tin-based materials for applications other than lithium storage in negative electrodes is developed. The Si material of the highest theoretical capacity (4200 mAh.g−1) cannot be commercially applied in real life owing to its vast volume expansion during the charge–discharge process and low electrical conductivity. Here, we introduce a Si@SnO 2 material with a coating structure, in which SnO 2 is coated on the surface of the silicon material. The coating structure can effectively alleviate the volume expansion stress of the silicon material. The Sn produced by the reaction of SnO 2 with Li during the first cycle has good conductivity, thereby improving the electrochemical performance of the silicon material. The electrochemical performance of the material is excellent. At the current density of 0.2A.g−1, the first coulombic efficiency of the battery reaches 84.1%, and the specific discharge capacity of the battery can be reached at 1926mAh.g−1 after 200 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this work, the nanocomposites, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) coated with nanosized uninterrupted SnO2, were prepared controllably by a facile solvothermal method. The obtained nanocomposites have a thin overlayer which is made of nanoparticles with a diameter of ∼3nm. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The obtained SnO2/CNTs have an excellent electrocatalytic oxidation performance for the X-3B, a kind of dye. The parameters affecting the electrocatalytic activity were investigated in details. The excellent catalytic property of the SnO2/CNT electrodes can be explained as follows: (1) high specific surface area gives more active sites for X-3B oxidation; (2) the formation of thin, uniform, and uninterrupted coverage of SnO2 nanoparticles on CNTs raises the potential of oxygen evolution and the current efficiency; and (3) the CNTs increase the conductivity of the electrodes, which results in the increase of the current efficiency. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Field emission studies of a bunch and a single isolated RuO2:SnO2 wire have been performed. A current density of 5.73×104 A/cm2 is drawn from the single wire emitter at an applied field of 8.46×104 V/μm. Nonlinearity in the Fowler–Nordheim (F–N) plot has been observed and explained on the basis of electron emission from both the conduction and the valence bands of the semiconductor. The current stability recorded at the preset value of 1.5μA is observed to be good. Overall the high emission current density, good stability and mechanically robust nature of the RuO2:SnO2 wires offer advantages as field emitters for many potential applications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In solution, hypochlorous acid (HOCl) reacts with organic matter and notably with protein side-chains. In this study, HOCl was produced by an electrochemical way, by oxidation of chloride ions at a transparent tin dioxide electrode in the presence of a protein, the bovine serum albumin (BSA). A thick irregular layer is formed at the electrode when HOCl is produced at the SnO2 surface. Indeed, SEM analyses show that an important deposit is formed during the anodic polarization of SnO2 in the presence of chloride ions and proteins. Actually, two phenomena take place on the one hand the chlorination of the proteins due to the reaction of HOCl with some protein side-chains and on the other hand the aggregation of proteins onto the SnO2 surface. The present X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study points out the cross-linking of BSA molecules via formation of inter molecular sulfonamide groups. It also shows that the BSA chlorination is due on the one hand to the formation of sulfonyl chloride groups (–SO2Cl) and on the other hand to formation of chloramine groups (Cl). The Cl2p and S2p photo-peak intensities allowed us to quantify the chloramines. It is found that, one BSA entity immobilized onto the SnO2 surface contains about 50 chloramine groups. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The nanobaskets of SnO2 were grown on in-house fabricated anodized aluminum oxide pores of 80nm diameter using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition at an RF power of 60W. Hydrated stannic chloride was used as a precursor and O2 (20sccm) as a reactant gas. The deposition was carried out from 350 to 500°C at a pressure of 0.2Torr for 15min each. Deposition at 450°C results in highly crystalline film with basket like (nanosized) structure. Further increase in the growth temperature (500°C) results in the deterioration of the basket like structure and collapse of the alumina pores. The grown film is of tetragonal rutile structure grown along the [110] direction. The change in the film composition and bonded states with growth temperature was evident by the changes in the photoelectron peak intensities of the various constituents. In case of the film grown at 450°C, Sn 3d5/2 is found built up of Sn4+ and O–Sn4+ and the peaks corresponding to Sn2+ and O–Sn2+ were not detected. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Controlling the surface chemistry of oxide systems has emerged an effective tool to obtain desirable nanostructures and macro properties. A relatively simple way to achieve this is by using dopants that are prone to segregate to the surfaces of the powders. In this work, we delineate the effect of Mg and Fe on SnO2 nanopowders focusing on the surface modifications caused by surface segregation. The effects of increasing the temperature of calcinations are particularly addressed to evaluate the surface modifications at high temperatures. The powders were studied by infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential measurements, X-ray diffraction, and specific surface area measurements. Since sintering is a high-temperature process strongly dependent on surface characteristics, we drawn a relationship between the final densities after sintering and the surface chemistry of the doped powders. Doped SnO2 pellets were sintered to over 95% of the theoretical density within a few seconds (fast firing) when significant surface modifications were observed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We investigated the influence of the ZnO coating on the properties of one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures of SnO2. We have employed X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy to characterize both as-synthesized and ZnO-coated products. We observed that deposition process of ZnO by using an atomic layer deposition technique resulted in the SnO2 core/ZnO shell structure. The photoluminescence of the ZnO-coated products exhibited broad bands in the UV and green region, suggesting a possible contribution of the emission from the ZnO outlayers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Tin oxide (SnO2) is an important oxide for efficient dielectrics, catalysis, sensor devices, electrodes and transparent conducting coating oxide technologies. SnO2 thin film is widely used in glass applications due to its low infra-red heat emissivity. In this work, the SnO2 electronic band-edge structure and optical properties are studied employing a first-principle and fully relativistic full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FPLAPW) method within the local density approximation (LDA). The optical band-edge absorption α(ω) of intrinsic SnO2 is investigated experimentally by transmission spectroscopy measurements and their roughness in the light of the atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. The sample films were prepared by spray pyrolysis deposition method onto glass substrate considering different thickness layers. We found for SnO2 qualitatively good agreement of the calculated optical band-gap energy as well as the optical absorption with the experimental results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Pure and Au-doped mesostructured SnO2 thin films were successfully prepared by using non-ionic surfactant Brij-58 (polyoxyethylene acyl ether) as organic template and tin tetrachloride and hydrogen tetrachloroaurate(III) trihydrate as inorganic precursor. Thin films were deposited onto the glass substrates at 450°C by simple spray pyrolysis technique. The novel mesostructured tin oxide thin films with different Au concentration exhibit highly selective response towards CO. The correlation of the Au incorporation in the mesostructure with particular morphology and gas sensing behavior is discussed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET surface area and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Epitaxial SnO2 thin films were prepared by excimer laser annealing of amorphous SnO2 films on a (001) TiO2 substrate. The amorphous SnO2 film was prepared by a metal organic deposition (MOD) using di-n-butylbis (2,4-pentanedionate) tin at 300°C. When using a KrF excimer laser with fluence of 50 to 150mJ/cm2, polycrystalline SnO2 films were formed on (001) TiO2 substrate at 25°C. At fluences of 200 and 250mJ/cm2, (002) oriented SnO2 films were obtained. When using a XeCl laser with fluences of 150 and 200mJ/cm2, the (002) oriented SnO2 films were obtained. Using the XRD φ scanning measurement, it was found that oriented SnO2 films were epitaxially grown on the (001) TiO2 substrate. The formation of the epitaxial SnO2 on the (001) TiO2 substrate was found to depend on the pre-irradiated amorphous SnO2 film thickness, laser fluence and laser wavelength. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Tin oxide (SnO2) thin films were prepared on various substrates by the excimer laser metal organic deposition (ELMOD) and the thermal metal organic deposition (MOD) processes. When the amorphous SnO2 film prepared at 300°C on (100) Si, and (1010) sapphire substrates was irradiated by the KrF excimer laser at a fluence of 200mJ/cm2 and 25°C, polycrystalline SnO2 films were obtained. When the amorphous SnO2 film prepared at 300°C on the (100) SrTiO3 and (100) TiO2 substrates was irradiated by the KrF excimer laser at the same conditions, a (110) oriented SnO2 film on the SrTiO3 substrate and a (100) oriented SnO2 film on the TiO2 substrate were obtained. Using the pole–figure measurements, a SnO2 film on TiO2 substrate was found to be epitaxially grown. On the other hand, when a thermal MOD process was used, all the product films on their substrates were of the polycrystalline phase whereas the orientation of the films depended on the substrate. Polycrystalline and epitaxial growth of the SnO2 films by the ELMOD process are also discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]