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Three procedures for protein extraction in longan pulp had been applied to analyze protein pattern and quality of Longan pulp (Dimocarpus longan Lour. cv. Daw) during fruit growth to increase protein expression in proteomic analysis at Maejo university’s farm. There were data points to compare between normal and physiological disorder syndromes during fruit growth (5,10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 weeks, respectively) by one dimensional electrophoresis (1-D gel) technique in reducing condition. The first protein extraction, M1 (95% ethanol) showed obviously 15 protein bands which molecular weights were 14.97, 17.90, 18.30, 21.63, 28.54, 31, 33.96, 35.02, 42, 51.69, 65.69, 71.54, 88.02, 106.86 and 130 kDa, respectively. While M2 extraction (phenol-methanol/ammonium acetate) and M3 extraction (1.5 mM tris-HCl pH 8.0, 5 mM EDTA, 2% SDS) had low protein expression and no sharpness (13 and 12 protein bands, respectively). In different extraction conditions, therefore, M1 was a suitable method because of highest protein bands and obvious protein expression on longan pulp for proteomic analysis. Proteomic analysis of M1 extraction method was used in protein analysis by using LC-MS / MS techniques. It was found that the heat shock protein 83 (81.0 kDa), a family of proteins that was produced by cells in response to exposure on stressful conditions, the elongation factor 1-alpha (49.45 kDa), a selective regulator of translation, and the peroxidase 4 (39.74 kDa), a protein that is involved in the degeneration or aging of cells. These proteins exhibited a darker appearance of the protein bands at 30 weeks. Moreover, a partial glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (34.06 kDa), the protein involved in metabolic processes in glucose degradation, was also founded a darker appearance at 25 weeks and low appearance at 30 weeks of abnormal longan. However, higher proteomic techniques should be studied to confirm this biomarker protein in the further.

This study aims to investigate appropriate utilization of mixing grease waste (GW) from a canteen’s grease trap with bamboo residues charcoal (BC) to produce briquette fuel in the various ratio by weight, 1:2, 2:2, 3:2 and 4:2 (GW:BC). The physical and chemical properties of briquette fuel were analyzed to verify its heating value components as specified by the American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM). The results showed that the mixture of all components could produce charcoal briquette fuel. The GW:BC mixing ratios 3:2 and 4:2 have heating values exceeding the minimum requirement under the Thai Community Product Standard (tcps 238/2004). The briquettes mixing ratio of 3:2 was suitable for utilization. The heating value high to 7,938 cal/g on a dry basis.The charcoal briquette mixed with grease waste can be a feasible alternative energy source for incinerating which minimize to reduce waste.

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of pulp and paper produced from oil palm oil male flower spikes (OPMFS). The evaluation of the pulping process was studied based on the chemical Soda Anthraquinone pulping process. 60 gsm papersheet of oil palm male flower spikes were prepared from unbeaten and unbleached OPMFS Soda-AQ pulp. All optical, physical and mechanical characteristics were investigated according to TAPPI and MS ISO standards. OPMFS pulp recorded value of 6.42 s, 353 ml, 76.5 %, 36.7 % and 9.35 for drainage time, freeness, moisture content, screened yield percentage and Kappa number respectively. OPMFS paper sheet recorded value of 56.99 g/m2, 131.11 µm and 0.43 g/m3for grammage, bulking thickness and apparent bulk density respectively. Unbleached OPMFS paper also recorded 26.49 % and 43.50 % for brightness and opacity. For mechanical characteristics, OPMFS paper recorded 39.10 N.m/g, 8.32 mN.m2/g, 3.15 kPa.m2/g and 38.50 for tensile index, tear index, burst index and folding endurance (no.) respectively. This research demonstrate some potential characteristics of oil palm male flower spikes (OPMFS) paper to be investigated as a newly explored non-wood based raw material for papermaking.

This paper mainly investigate how to use cheaply-priced, safety and sanitate of natural clay or nanosilica as coagulant and adsorbent combined with polyaluminium chloride to treat low temperature and low turbidity water .Wastewater in paper mill was used as the water samples, by measuring the absorbance and the turbidity of the water samples to determine the flocculation effect. The results showed that flocculation effect of water samples with different natural clay and nanoSiO2combined with PAC had the same change tendency. The order of coagulation effects was bentonite > diatomite > kaolin > attapulgite. nano-SiO2as coagulant associated with PAC could attain best coagulation effect with least amount from the analysis of absorbance or turbidity.

In the paper experiments and theory of biogas production using industrial waste from paper production as a co-substrate are described. The main aim of the experiments was to evaluate the sensitivity and applicability of the biochemical conversion using the anaerobic digestion of the mixed biomass in the pilot fermentor (5 m3), where the mesophillic temperature was maintained. It was in parallel operation with a large scale fermentor (100 m3). The research was carried out at the biogas plant in Kolíňany, which is a demonstration facility of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. The experiments proved that the waste arising from the paper production can be used in case of its appropriate dosing as an input substrate for biogas production, and thus it can improve the economic balance of the biogas plant.

The goal of the paper is to determine a possibility to use methyl cameline esters and their mixtures with diesel oil (in ratios of 95:5, 90:10, 85:15, and 80:20) as fuels for compression-ignition engines (diesel engines). The cameline esters obtained in the result of one-step basic transesterification were characterised in respect of kinematic viscosity at 40°C, density at 15°C, acid number, solid impurities content, sulfur content, ignition temperature, temperature of cold filter clogging, and oxidation resistance at 110°C. It was shown that majority of factors of pure cameline esters analysed in the paper, excluding content of impurities and oxidation resistance, met the requirements of the PN-EN 14214, 2012 standard. Whereas, in case of mixtures of diesel oil with varied addition of esters, it was ascertained that 5, 10 and 15% addition of the biocomponent did not affect significantly the physico-chemical properties of the prepared fuel. In turn, the highest, 20% share of a cameline ester caused a slight increase in viscosity, density, content of impurities and ignition temperature of the obtained mixture. However, it is noteworthy that these factors did not exceed the acceptable values according to the standard. In general, it was also ascertained that the only parameter disqualifying use of these samples as a fuel for compression-ignition engines was too high content of impurities.

Current pulp-processing in pulp and paper based industries are inefficient in removing the lignin as this compound is recalcitrant towards degradation. Transitioning from conventional pulping process into bio-delignification through utilisation of ligninase enzymes is one of the alternatives to improve the ability to fully utilize all components of wood to produce high quality fibres. Extensive research efforts have been focused on increase the production of ligninase enzymes from white rot fungi as a whole organism for industrial applications. However, enzymes activity produced from fungi are rather low as lignin modification is a secondary metabolism in which the enzyme only be expressed under particular conditions. Using genetic manipulations to incorporate genes associate for delignification isolated from different organisms such as tropical Asian wood-feeding insect into bacteria expression system will allow rapid enzyme production. This theoretical framework aims to produce an enzyme with high ligninase activity that will be used for removal of lignin during pulp-processing. These enzymes are thought to be more economically efficient in degrading lignin and involves less use of chemicals thus make this processing more environmentally friendly.Keywords: Biodelignification, Asian wood tropical insect, fungi, ligninase enzyme, bacterial expression system

The aim of this work was to study the potential of the agricultural waste byproduct as a low-cost adsorbent for removal of phosphate ion (PO43-) from synthetic wastewater. The simple preparation of carbonized filter cake (CFC) was performed at 550°C. CFC was also characterized using FTIR, X-ray fluorescence analysis. The adsorptive parameters of batch experiment, such as pH of solution, dosage and contact time were systematically studied in order to the optimization condition. The optimum conditions of pH, contact time and adsorbent dose were to be 6, 60 min, and 2 g/L, respectively. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to calculate the adsorption parameters that was able to describe the equilibrium isotherm and adsorptive mechanism. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of CFC was estimated as 20.32 mg/g. The optimized condition was applied for phosphate removal from synthetic wastewater. The achieved phosphate removal efficiency from synthetic wastewater sample was to be 92.4%. Filter cake is a low-cost byproduct of sugar cane but it can also highly effective remove phosphate ion from aqueous solution. The modification of filter cake surface via chemical reaction as a new adsorbent in order to increase surface sites and high affinity with phosphate ion will also be further studied.

This study used a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution to activate a mixture of water treatment sludge, fly ash, and slag, in order to produce a new alkali-activated controlled low-strength material (CLSM). Fresh properties of this new CLSM were investigated through the tests of workability, setting time, and ball drop time. Test results show that the addition of water treatment sludge (WTS) decreased workability. In addition, the addition of such WTS increased initial setting time and ball drop time, whereas the alkali equivalent (AE) shortened the initial setting time and ball drop time. At a liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S) of 0.9, a WTS content of 10%, and an alkali equivalent of 9%, the fresh properties for the CLSM conforms to the design principles and provisions of the Public Works Department, Taipei City Government, and is ideal for road construction in order to reduce traffic impact.

The depleting Fossil fuels reserves are caused to look into new Renewable energy sources to fulfill Diesel fuel demand in developing countries such as India. Increasing urbanization is lead to the search for new alternative sources like biodiesel. In India demand of diesel fuel in Industry and Transportation sector. To resolve all the above problems, researchers, scientists were produced biodiesel from first, second and third generation biodiesel sources. Among all the sources Algae was the most Oil rich sources. The byproducts in algae to biodiesel conversion process are most valuable than other. In the present work author tried to work in a new approach, i.e. the mixed culture algae particles are emulsified in pure Coconut biodiesel fuel by using TritonX-100 as a surfactant to prepare an emulsified fuel. This fuel sample was applied to DI CI engine to improve performance, emission characteristics. The experimental results were shown that there is the improvement in diesel engine performance; emission characteristics especially break thermal efficiency and NOx emission reduction than diesel fuel due to its clean combustion.

Biomass-derived materials such as kenaf pulp and wood chips are a perfect candidate to produce magnetic paper. Furthermore, by using biomass waste, such as paddy straw, sugarcane, bagasse and durian shell, the cost of producing magnetic paper can be further reduced while giving added value to the waste. This paper investigates the potential of producing magnetic sheet from durian shell. Initially, durian shells were dried before undergoing the pulping process. The resulted sheet was then combined with magnetic particles, the nano magnetite using either lumen loading or in-situ co-precipitation to produce a magnetic composite sheet. After being loaded with magnetic particles, the composite sheets were tested in terms of the homogeneity of the magnetic particles in the samples, degree of loading of the magnetic particles and the magnetic properties of the samples. Results obtained show a great success in producing the magnetic sheet from durian shell waste and nano magnetite particles. It was also found that the lumen loading method gives better magnetic properties compared to the in-situ co-precipitation method.

This paper discusses the effects of different retention agent such as: CPAM, APAM, PAE+CPAM, cationic starch with high degree of substitution and modified starch on the reversible thermochromism materials in anti-counterfeiting paper retention rate, and then determined the optimum dosage of retention agent in the slurry. According to the anti-counterfeit paper color value, the mechanism of reversible thermochromism paper was studied. The experimental results show that when the slurry with retention agent, the reversible thermochromism materials in the anti-counterfeit paper retention increased significantly. This suggests that retention agent in pulp fiber has played the role of bridge and link, thus ensuring the security of reversible thermochromism paper.

This paper focuses on the study of a series of photoinitiators (PIs) present in a set of two paper and board samples which have different composition, grammage and thickness. The chemical compounds released by the paper packaging can contaminate food and may affect the safety and health of consumers.To evaluate if the paper and board could be used as food packaging material, partition coefficients (Kpaper/air) between paper and air of six kinds of PIs in white carton board and kraft paper were determined. The results indicated that Values of Kpaper/air from 1 to 4843 were obtained at different temperatures. Kpaper/air decreases with temperature increasing, and the value is proportional to grammage and thickness of the paper samples. The lower of the grammage and the thickness,the lower of Kpaper/air value will be. The Kpaper/air value of 2-ethylhexyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EHDAB) is the lowest, and the Kpaper/air value of 4-methylbenzophenone (MBP) is the highest.It shows that the Kpaper/air value depends on the boiling point of the chemical compounds, the chemical properties and the type of the paper sample.

In this study a high viscous liquid fuel, approximately 20 times more than that of diesel, produced from non- edible oil seed jatropha curcaswhich has been considered as an alternative fuel for the compression ignition engine is reduced through trans-esterification process. During this process, the raw jatropha curcas oil is preheated to 60°C and treated with methanol 20% by volume along with potassium hydroxide (KOH) by 0.568% of the oil weight as alkaline catalyst at 60°C reaction temp to produce Methyl Esters of Jatropha Oil (JOME). Similarly, the above method is followed to produce Ethyl Esters of Jatropha Oil (JOEE) with preheating at 70°C. In addition, 2% glycerol is added to the mixture to improve the reaction rate. The lower viscous fuel biodiesel (JOME and JOEE) produced by trans-esterifying of jatropha oil is blended with pure diesel 50% by volume. An experimental investigation have been carried out without altering the CI engine to examine the performance parameters in terms of brake thermal efficiency, total fuel consumption and brake specific fuel consumption for several engine load from 0 Kg to 8 Kg. The study also includes, separation of crude biodiesel from glycerol, washing of crude biodiesel, examination of calorific value using bomb calorimeter, viscosity measurement using redwood and brookfield viscometer, engine emission test and cost comparison for production of one litre of JOME and JOEE. It is inferred from the above study that the blends of JOME with diesel have closer performance to diesel when compared to the blend of JOEE with diesel. But, on comparison of their exhaust emission, the JOEE showed reasonable lower exhaust emission CO and NOx in spite of its higher calorific value when compared with JOME. The study also revealed that the biodiesel can be adopted as an alternative fuel for existing diesel engine without any modification.

Natural indigo dye was applied on silk fabric by using pad-batch and pad-dry techniques in the present of thiourea dioxide and sodium hydroxide. Alum (AlK(SO4)2), ferrous sulfate (FeSO4), and stannous chloride (SnCl2) were used as mordants. The colour of each dyed fabric was investigated in terms of the L*, a*, b* and K/S values. The effects of different dye concentrations with the use of applying padding techniques in the dyeing process was investigated. The colour fastness to washing, light, rubbing, water, and perspiration of dyed silk fabrics was performed according to the present ISO standard. Silk fabric was dyed by using a natural indigo colourant, applying one with metal mordant and one without giving the silk fabric a blue shade. However, a greenish blue shade was found as a dyeing result by adding a ferrous sulfate mordant. The fastness properties of washing, water, perspiration, and rubbing were very good level. However, a fair rating level was observed using a light fastness dyeing technique.

Soil contamination with used lubricating oil from automobiles is a growing concern in many countries, especially in Asian. This research was conducted on a laboratory scale. The plant used in this research was Spathiphyllum spp. in comparison with controlled (no-plant). The size of reactor used in this research was set at 20 cm width, 20 cm length, and 40 cm height with working volume of the reactor was 0.016 cm3. Moreover, a pH value was controlled in a range of 7 to 8. The soil contaminated with used lubricant oil collected from automobile shop in Nonthaburi province. Soil contaminated and treated soil were extracted by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometer (GC–MS). The results showed that Spathiphyllum spp. could be growth during time operation. Spathiphyllum spp. has a potential in reclaiming hydrocarbon-contaminated soil such as Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene (BTEX) approximately 20 to 60 days operation.

Spent coffee grounds (SCGs) are created in a large amount as a processing waste during making the coffee beverages. Due to its properties, this waste is attractive for different applications such as biofuel production, antioxidant capacity, and renewable materials. In this study, the SCGs were firstly washed by distilled water to remove impurities and contaminations. The washed SCGs were dried in an electric oven at 120 °C for 24 h. The dried SCGs were carbonized at various temperatures from 600-1400 °C for 4 h in normal atmosphere by electric furnace to produce the SCGs powders. The as-received powders were characterized to obtain composed elements and phases by Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX/EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. X-ray analysis results indicated that the obtained SCGs powders were dominated by carbon-rich phase with stronger bonding at higher carbonizing temperature. This finding was recommended that the SCGs could be considered as a possible candidate of the environmentally friendly materials to prepare and develop the biomass fuel generation.

The plywood production from coconut coir fiber and water hyacinth was investigated to reduce the residue and be increased of value and to reduce the use of natural wood by using coir and water hyacinth which are pressed to be plywood production. LA - 35A TOA glue and natural powders were used for plywood adhesive. The plywood tests were found in this research. The water absorption, density, and bending strength test as per Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS A 5905) were evaluated in this research. The results showed that coconut coir fiber was suitable for plywood production and contained 1.93 percent of moisture content, 0.52 g per cm3 of density, and 86.5 percent of water absorption and 11.9 MPa of bending strength. The result showed that water absorption value of plywood made from coconut coir fiber and water hyacinth was quite high and this product suitable for use only indoor furniture. Moreover, these research was studied the biodegradation of plywood products that made from coconut coir fiber and water hyacinth.

Biomass biodegradable packaging material as a new green packaging material is a hot research area of packaging material. In order to obtain its life cycle environmental property, the life cycle environmental impact of biomass biodegradable packaging materials was studied in this paper. Firstly, the life cycle assessment theory and Eco-indicator99 method were used to establish the life cycle assessment model for biomass biodegradable packaging material; Secondly, objective and scope of the assessment are identified through the research on characteristics of life cycle stages of biomass biodegradable packaging material; Finally, Simapro software is used to do the biomass biodegradable packaging materials LCA and the comparative analysis with the corrugated cardboard, kraft paper, modified starch biodegradable plastics packaging materials.

This paper primarily presents on carbon dioxide mitigation by marine microalgae. Among the potential marine microalgae,Nannochloropsis oculatahas been identified as a promising species which can be utilized to reduce carbon dioxide concentration via photosynthesis process. The growth ofN. oculataand lipid synthesis for biodiesel production is influenced by various aspects. The aspects that are focused in this paper include light source and intensity, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, and photobioreactor design. Besides, emerging technologies that are able to increase the efficiency of carbon dioxide reduction were also highlighted. As a whole,N. oculatamight play a key role in reducing the global carbon dioxide emission as well as enhancing the biodiesel production.

A model of risk trend assessment for metro tunnel crossing underground pipelines is proposed in this paper based on the partial connection number. This paper fully considered the certainty and uncertainty of the index and used "partial connection number method" to analyze the risk developing trend and its sort of metro tunnel crossing underground pipelines. A case study was performed on a metro tunnel engineering of Shenzhen Line 9. The results showed that this model considered the dynamic characteristics of risk, enriching the contents of risk assessment of underground engineering, which can provide a reference for the risk management.

Many machining operations e.g. turning, milling or grinding are dependent on the application of water-based metalworking fluids (MWF) which contribute significantly to their high level of performance. MWF in-use are exposed to a microbial contamination, which leads to a deterioration of water-based MWF components and can cause a premature failure of the whole coolant system. Expensive monitoring and the addition of biocides are needed to maintain the MWF quality and to reduce the microbial load, regardless of the potential risk for health and environment. To overcome these limitations, the paradigm shift of using microorganisms as a replacement for conventional MWF is investigated in this paper. Microbial cell components and some microbial inclusions are comparable to conventional MWF components like e.g. fatty acids or sulfur compounds. Due to this fact, it is possible to create a regenerative system on a microbiological basis for the substitution of conventional MWF components. In preliminary tribological investigations the basic lubrication properties of microorganisms and their potential as a replacement for conventional MWF were shown. The presented approach intends to investigate the influence of microbial cell counts, cells size and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on the lubrication behavior respectively. The results of the tribological tests show that especially microorganisms with a big cell volume or a high EPS productivity exhibit superior Brugger-values (up to 174%) compared to a highly concentrated conventional MWF (emulsion 10%) and indicate the great potential of microorganisms as a replacement for conventional MWF.

Searching for new sources of energy in order to minimize the dependence on fossil fuels and also to preserve the environmentmeets thenecessityfor finding effective solutions to the problem of waste generated in different production levels.In juice pulp processing industrylarge volumes of waste are produced daily and can contribute, with its burning, for energy production. Once it is necessary the removal of moisture from the residue, this study evaluate the conventional drying and microwave drying of the biomass generated by peels of orange, mango and passion fruit with initial mean moisture content higher than 75%. The experiments were performed in oven at a temperature of 150°C and the average time for an almost complete withdrawal of peels studied was 130min. For drying by microwave with power of 900W, the average time required for the total reduction in moisture was 8.5min. The drying Page model was adjusted by non-linear regression to data obtained with correlation coefficients in all cases greater than 0.955. The higher heating value was rated equal to 16,25kJ/g, 19,62kJ/g, 16,35kJ/g for the peels of orange, mango and passion fruit, respectively. The average energy consumption for the drying process in the oven was 81,25kJ/gevaporated water and 12,07 kJ/gevaporatedwaterin the process by microwave, which indicates that drying using microwave is a very interesting option.

Heat treatment is one of the environmental friendly ways to treat timber that will lead to the improvement of timber natural quality and equip the timber with new properties. It is an eco friendly and alternative treatment method that will modify the properties of timber by using high temperature instead of using chemical preservatives as common practice. This paper presents the effect of heat treatment on physical properties which is density for two types of Malaysia hardwood namelykapurandkeruing. Specially design electronic furnace was used as an oven for the heat treatment process. The result shows a reduction in density after heat treatment, however the difference is not merely significant. Lower in density indicates a weight loss which theoretically caused by moisture content loss thus leading to the increment of movement stability.

In recent years, there have been a number of interests on the Palm Oil (PO) and Coconut Oil (CO) as a potential alternative dielectric insulating fluid in transformers which stimulate different types of studies on these oils properties. Among the important studies is the lightning impulse properties. This paper presents the investigation on the lightning impulse breakdown voltage of PO and CO under non-uniform electric field. The PO used in this study is Refined, Bleached and Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) Olein type. The influence of the testing methods, rising-voltage and up-and-down are investigated at 2 gap distances for both oils. It was found that the lightning breakdown voltage performance for some of the RBDPO and CO are comparable to MO.

This paper presents the results of heat and compression effects on moisture content and water absorption properties in the manufacturing of disposable plate made from Pineapple Leaf Fiber-based material (PALF). The plate was made of PALF and sugarcane bagasse waste as an alternative to polystyrenes, designed to promote the green technology effort on food packaging material. Two different specimens were produced with different compositions of PALF/sugarcane bagasse series N2T8 ( 20 wt% of Pineapple leaf fiber and 80 wt% of sugarcane bagasse ) and series N8T2 ( 80 wt% of Pineapple leaf fiber and 20 wt% of sugarcane bagasse). The specimens were produced using a hot press machine set at compressing temperatures of 50°C, 100°C and 150°C with constant pressure of 0.024 MPa for 10 minutes. Moisture content and water absorption tests were carried out on the specimens to determine the moisture content and water absorption properties. The lower water absorption was obtained for specimen N8T2 because PALF potential to water resistance. This range of properties is expected to be good enough for the requirement of disposable plate and it has the potential as a suitable raw material for strength and lightweight in the manufacturing of disposable plates.

In this paper, storage effect on biodiesel properties for high blending ratio and the emission are evaluated. The blend level of biodiesel is denoted as B, followed by the percentages of pure biodiesel. The samples used are conventional diesel (STD), B80, B90 and B100 were stored at ambient temperature (24 °C) for nine week. The properties of biodiesel, acid value, flash point, viscosity, density and water content were measured according to ASTM D6751 biodiesel fuel standard. Results show there are no significant effects on it properties while stored in long duration at ambient temperature. Meanwhile, increasing biodiesel ratio is found to enhance the combustion process, resulting in decreased the HC for emissions.

This paper represents the results of using phycoremediation technology in treating the wastewater produced from food stall activity by using microalgae of Scenedesmus sp. in removal of heavy metals. Phycoremediation has advantages over physic-chemical approaches as it is can completely degrade organic pollutants without destroy the surrounding flora and fauna. Aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of microalgae Scenedesmussp to assimilate the pollutant load based on the optimum time and concentration. Characteristics of food stall wastewater need to be identified and analyse before phycoremediation process taken place. The wastewater sampling was collected at food stall during peak time i.e. at 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. Microalgae Scenedesmus sp. to be injected to the batch reactor based on five (5) different concentration cells. The results shows that the optimum removal of heavy metals are dominant by concentration no. 1 (C1) compare to other concentration in the treatment i.e. removal of Ferum by 88.22% and 69.63%, Copper by 60% and 53.85% at both sampling time while removal of zinc is dominant by concentration no.4 (C4) by 75.61% and 76.63% respectively.

Biomediated soil improvement, a promising new branch of microbial geotechnology; which involved multi disciplines has successfully attracted abundant attentions among researchers, geotechnical engineers, and other industries practitioners. Few of the researches were conducted to examine the potential implementation of this technique on tropical residue soil. However, the uncertainties outcomes and inconsistency of bio mediated soil improvement, especially on the clayed soil have made this technique remained at the laboratory stage. Therefore, this paper intended to provide better understanding of this technique by investigating the relation between the bacteria, cementation reagents, and tropical residue soil. The residual soil was mixed with facultative anaerobe bacteria, Bacillus Subtilis before it was compacted into a prefabricated PVC mould. The soil samples were treated with different treatment condition such as (1) control or untreated, (2) treated with cementation solution, (3) treated with bacteria only, and (4) treated with bacteria and Cementation reagent. A worth noting finding showed that the sample treated with bacteria and nutrient only has produced the highest increment of shear strength. This phenomenon might have been caused by the effect of the chemical reagent to the mineralogy of residue soil. The presence of the chemical reagents is believed to have weakened the shear strength of the tropical residual soil.

A portable electronic nose (e-nose) using low-cost dynamic headspace and commercially metal oxide gas sensors has been developed. This paper reports evaluation on the performance of the e-nose to classify vegetable oils (sunflower and grape seed oils) and animal fats (mutton, chicken and pig fats). The e-nose consists of a dynamic headspace sampling, a gas sensor array and a real-time data acquisition system based on ATMega-16 microcontroller. The dynamic headspace can divided into two chambers, i.e. sample and gas sensor array room. It is also equipped with three small fans for adjusting sensing and purging processes. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used for measurement data analysis after all features being extracted. The first two principal components were kept because they accounted for 91.1% of the variance in the data set (first and second principals accounted for 72.9, 18.2% of the variance, respectively). This results show that the e-nose can distinguish vegetable oils and animal fats. This work demonstrates for the future that the e-nose with low-cost dynamic headspace technique may be applied to the identification of oils and fats in halal authentication.

Malaysia has an abundance of agro waste material that have not been fully utilized to a maximum production. Thus, the finding of a new alternative fiber in non wood material will be favorable in paper production. Pineapple (Ananas Comosus) is the common tropical plant, which consists of coalesced berries. This pineapple is leading member of the family of Bromeliaceae and it came from genusAnanas. Fiber bundle from pineapple leaf can be separated from the cortex where it reveals the pineapple leaf fiber in multi-cellular and lignocelluloses pattern. This leaf has a ribbon-like structure and cemented together by lignin, pentosan-like materials, where it contributes to the strength of fiber [7]. All parts in pineapple from fruits to leaves could be consumed to give a health benefit for human life. Pineapple had been used as textile fiber, anti-inflammatory and also anti-helminthic agent. According to the FAO online database, the Malaysian country had consumed 255,000 tones per year and in third position in the world of consuming pineapple production. Pineapple is mainly produced as canned fruits and also coarse textiles in some Southeast Asian countries. Leaves of pineapple had been used as coarse textiles because of the fiber composition and structure inside the leaves [3]. All fibrous in non wood materials especially pineapple leaf consists of cellulose, holocellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin along with some extraneous material called extractives such as gum and resin. Previous research indicates pineapple leaf fiber contained higher cellulose content than wood fiber. Pineapple leaf fibers also consist of lignin [23], an adhesive component that binds the cellulose and hemicellulose. Pineapple leaf fiber had the lowest lignin content than other alternative fiber, which is favorable during chemical processing [12]. The chemical composition aspects have been considered in the previous literature, such as banana stem, coconut and oil palm and had been reported extensively. Pineapple leaf reported has a lowest lignin (10.5%) rather than banana stem (18.6%), oil palm (20.5%) and coconut (32.8%) that suggest can undergo bleaching more easily and have high fiber strength [12]. Besides that, pineapple leaf contains high holocelulose content (87.6%) than banana stem (65.2%), oil palm (83.5%) and coconut (56.3%) [11]. Those properties depend on the content of chemical composition in the pineapple leaf fiber, which is cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin content [15].

‘Sonication - cryptic growth’ technology can reduce 30-80% excess sludge in wastewater treatment systems. Various mechanisms contribute to the sludge reduction but the role of each one is unclear. This paper quantitatively studied the potential mechanisms in ‘sonication - cryptic growth’. The operation condition was: every day 20% sludge was sonicated under 1.2 Wml-1 for 15 min and then returned to the wastewater treatment reactor for cryptic growth. The results showed that under such conditions, ‘sonication - cryptic growth’ reduced the excess sludge by 57.3% and the effluent met the national discharge standard. Multiple mechanisms were involved in the process. Detailed analysis showed that the ‘lysis-cryptic growth’ mechanism was the most important one and accounted for 49.1% of sludge reduction. Biodegradation of residual sludge was the second important one and contributed 19.5%. Other potential mechanisms included the altered microbial community, longer sludge retention time, and accumulation of persistent materials. But organic load increase had virtually no impact.

Sugar industry is one of the vital sectors in improving the economy of any country. But, sugar industries are striving hard to increase their profitability due to high cost of sugar production accompanied with low selling price. Without resorting to radical restructuring of sugar plant, but through proper planning, annual savings can be improved. One of the artifices to address this issue is through improving the quality of sugar so that selling price can be increased which in turn generates more revenue to the plant. The Juice Sulphitation process, as applied in the manufacturing of sugar, is a subject of such wide-spread interest. The mixed juice from the mills contains soluble and non-soluble suspended non-sugars. These impurities are to be precipitated by the judicious and controlled addition of Milk of Lime (CaO) and subsequent neutralization by Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) gas. This paper attempts to improve the quality of sugar by optimizing the quantity of lime (in the form of milk of lime) and sulphur (in the form of SO2 gas) added in the juice sulphitation process of a sugar plant. Two factor factorial experimentation was adopted to obtain an optimal combination of lime and sulphur quantities. Data of Transmittancy test on sugar juice was collected by varying the quantities of lime and sulphur. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) table was plotted which explored the significant effects of individual treatments and interaction effects. Further to this, comparison of treatment means was carried out to find out the best treatment combination values for achieving the optimal quality of sugar from sugarcane.

In order to develop good antibacterial-fire retardant bamboo pulp/cotton tufted carpet, the paper selects the antibacterial agent and flame retardant, the antibacterial finishing agent adopts FK732 and FK822, the flame retardant adopts DM-07, the flame retardant finishing and antibacterial finishing process is optimized, the optimization of the finishing process is determined. Antibacterial performance and flame retardant performance of tufted carpet are tested by the authoritative organization, bacteriostatic rate is greater than 99.9%, tufted carpets have good anti-mite effect and good flame retardant performance.

The light inspection on surface finishing of most product measurement is an important feature in the industries. In this study, a lab module tester for examination on the different type quality of tissue paper quality was done. The light reflectance element was used in this study to differentiate the quality of tissue paper. The laser diode and photodiode was used as manipulator to differentiate the tissue paper and photo detector to detect the reflected light from the surface of tissue paper. The both of laser diode and photodiode were placed in a light box. Different level of intensity reflected from the surface material will have different voltage output. The result showed that the total ply high quality tissue paper has a higher reflected voltage output compared to low quality tissue paper.

The layer-by-layer deposition technique was adopted in this paper to improve the physical strength properties of alkaline peroxide mechanical pulp (APMP). The cationic starch (CS), anionic polyacryamide (APAM) and cationic polyacryamide (CPAM) were chosen and used to build-up polyelectrolyte multilayers on surface of APMP fibers. The improvements of physical strength of pulp through adsorption of different polyelectrolyte onto fibers were discussed and compared. The results showed that when the APMP fibers were treated with CPAM, the breaking length and burst index were 53% and 83% respectively, higher than that of untreated pulp. The optimal treatment conditions are 60 mgCPAM/g pulp, 1.5% pulp concentration and 9min treatment time. The pulp deposited by CPAM-APAM polyelectrolyte multilayer gave a highest physical strength compared with pulp with other multilayer deposition such as CS-APAM. At the whole beating degree range investigated in this paper, the CPAM-APAM deposition on fiber surface can improve the physical strength properties significantly, especially when the beating degree is at 40oSR. In addition, the improvement of physical strength can be remained even after pulp refining.

Binder is the essential component of coating color recipe. The amount and type of latex binder has a significant effect on both the structure and chemical-physical properties of coated paper, which affect critical surface properties, e.g., print gloss, roughness, ink setting rate via liquid absorption, and print mottle The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of coating solid on the binder distribution in the method of numerical analysis by Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope (LSCM). In this study, Rhodamine B was used to stain the binder and as the probe to characterize z-directional distribution of the binder using LSCM. The results implied that it was reliable and effective method using LSCM to characterize the z-directional distribution of binder and analyze the influence of coating solid on binder distribution in the z-direction. It could be concluded that the coating solid played an important effect on binder distribution in coated paper and low coating solid with more water accelerated binder migration to the interior of base paper, sample with 60% coating solid is good to binder distribution and coating layer forming.

Due to the decline of the world's forest resources, non-wood fiber sources are becoming increasingly important as raw materials in fiber-based industries, One source of such non-wood fiber isS. alterniflora(Common Cordgrass) and related species, which are large-sized grasses, about 1-1.5 m tall, with leaves 20-60 cm in length). These grasses have invaded many coastal areas in China and can result in huge economic losses. Studies have shown that the fiber composition of S. alterniflora is: cellulose 35.9%, hemicellulose 34.2%, lignin 15.9%, ash 2.98%. The length of S. alterniflora fibers, which are shorter and narrower than bamboo fibers, makes it difficult to utilize S. alterniflora in chemical pulps. However, thermomechanical pulping of S. alterniflora stems can be used to prepare pulps which can then be suitably mixed with chemical pulps and used to manufacture a variety of molded pulp products The raw material for the pulp molding products is used S. alterniflora pulp mixing with other chemical pulp like bamboo pulp, off-cuts from the paper making factory, printing factory, corrugated factory and other paper product factories. The pulp molding products can be collected and reused again, which could control the rapid spread invasive species of S. alterniflora effectively. Even if it is abandoned in nature, it will be biodegraded into fertilizer within a few months.

Mechanical pulping is a kind of high yield pulping that comes with the comprehensive utilization of plant material. Mechanical pulp has lots of benefits, such as simple process, low pollution, good bulkiness, fine stiffness, excellent optical performance and good printability. However, it also has disadvantages of lower paper physical strength and higher refining energy. In this paper, AU-MTPE90 enzyme and acid xylanase were used to modify the masson pine mechanical pulp before refining. The effects of modification on the shape parameters of masson pine mechanical pulp fiber and pulp properties were studied. The results showed that after modified by AU-MTPE90 enzyme and acid xylanase，the drainability of the refined pulp increased, the average fiber length increased and the fines percent decreased. The curl index and kink index increased slightly after modified by AU-MTPE90 enzyme，while the kink index decreased after modified by xylanase.

Nowadays, pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) is getting more attention in research area since its showed the enhanced properties to be utilized in few industries. From the previous studies, it has been proved that, PALF is mechanically sound as a composites reinforcement agent and its showed the good contribution in pulp and papermaking production. Due to its enhanced properties, PALF now is commercialized as an alternative textile fiber. PALF is silky, fine and textile grade. Apart from being used as an alternative fiber for home textile and apparel, PALF meet the basic requirement to be used as technical fibers. Instead of having a good strength, PALF also have a reasonable length as well as can be pliable. All of these are the main principle of rope making fibers hence make PALF have huge potential to be used as rope making fibers. This paper will present the possibility of converting PALF into textile yarns and then into rope yarns for cordage and rope making. The methodology involved is included PALF extraction, PALF spinning, and PALF twisting. Finally, this paper will present the expected approached for the upcoming work area.

To analyze the main causes of electric power equipments failure, this paper based on distance correlation definition, proposed a method about correlation identification between the multi-factor and equipments failure. Firstly, this paper sets the related factors influencing the equipments failure as numerical value, based on distance correlation definition, calculate the correlation between each factors and equipments failure, so as to determine the power of the main causes of equipments failure. At last, through 220 kV transformer fault case validates the effectiveness of the proposed method.

The prediction of color appearance is the basic theory and technology in modern color science field. The aim of this study is to evaluate the color appearance of packaging and printing atlas. This paper took high gloss double-sided coated paper color printing atlas as the experimental samples. The color samples are measured using ACS color-matching instrument under different light sources (D65, A and TL84), then based on color science and visual psychophysics methods, establishing the datasets of the samples’ color appearance. We use mathematical statistics methods, correlation coefficient R2 and coefficient of variation CV, to evaluate the visual prediction results in the color atlas, under three different light sources.

The effects of aluminum foil packaging materials on color reproduction were mainly studied from the following two aspects in this topic: (1) through the study of CIEl976 chroma space, color difference evaluations of 7 kinds of colors for aluminum foil were compared with that of coated paper, based on the established color libraries of coated paper. (2) Four different spectrophotometers of X-Rite were used to measure L*、 a*、 b* of different colors, analyzing the effects of different spectrophotometer on color reproduction. Research has proved that: (1) the method which color was transferred to the aluminum foil, according to the established color libraries of coated paper, is feasible, and there was no difference between two colors on aluminum foils by visual inspection, the chromatic aberration was less than 1. (2) From the measurements, aspheric photometers like X-Rite939, Spectroeye, X-Rite500 cannot be used for color measurement on aluminum foil, the error is bigger than SP64, and accuracy is lower. (3) Through the total color difference analysis of four instruments on magenta, the ball SP64 portable spectrophotometer is the most suitable equipment for color reproduction on aluminum foil packaging materials.

The size and the number of folds severely affect the performance of the diesel fuel filter. Computational fluid dynamics method was applied to diesel filter internal flow simulation, and flow pressure lost was test to verify the simulation result. CFD result shown that, when the filter paper angle less than 3°, the internal flow resistance of fuel filter grown rapidly. The flow resistance decreased slowly when filter paper angle of greater than 6°. If filter paper angle was less than 3 °, effective filter area of filter decreased sharply, and filtration efficiency was lower than limit. The filter paper dust capacity increased rapidly, when filter paper angle was greater than 4.5 °, which prolonged filter life. In order to ensure the flow resistance, filtration efficiency and service life, the angle of the filter paper should be between 3 ° to 4.5 °.

This paper proposed a new method of describing street glare. Glare is a typical light environment, it is affected by streetlights and street surface conditions. It impact on street safety. This paper based on survey of Tianjin, Changsha, Zhengzhou street area, included optical lights types, height of light bulbs, distance between tow lights, street surface brightness, illumination and other factors examination and record. Survey date had been used to set 36 street lighting simulated models and compare with the calculation. The output for the analysis is a series of maps reflecting the relationship between street glare environment and its factors. The case study proved that street lighting environment is closely associated with streetlights bulbs brightness and its installation site. The results show that high level of light brightness will lead to high level of glare and higher light bulbs will increase glare.

In order to obtain surface characteristics of vacuum aluminized paperboard, this paper illustrated the structure of vacuum aluminized paperboard. By setting coated paper and gold card paper as the contrast materials, it mainly studied several major surface characteristics of vacuum aluminized paperboard, such as glossiness, smoothness, ink absorbency and paper surface efficiency, which has provided reference for production and application of vacuum aluminized paperboard.

Random Access Procedure is a bridge between idle mode and connection mode in LTE system, and the algorithm of PRACH baseband signal we use will influence the performance of LTE system. A kind of High effective algorithm of PRACH baseband signal is introduced in this paper based on the research and analysis on the present PRACH baseband generation algorithm .By comparing and simulation, we find the algorithm introduced in this paper is feasible and effective. And this algorithm has been used in the RF conformance test system in LTE system.

According to the characteristic of high ammonia nitrogen concentration of Huaihe River in winter, a pilot-scale test was studied in this paper. This paper compared the start-up and operation performance of zeolite biofilter, quartz sand + activated carbon biofilter and zeolite + activated carbon composite biofilter in lower temperature. The results show that three kinds of biofilters for NH4+-N have high remove effects. Average removal rate of zeolite biofilter, quartz sand + activated carbon biofilter, zeolite + activated carbon composite biofilter for NH4+-N were 73%,64% and 78% and effluent NH4+-N concentration were 0.31mg/L,0.24mg/L,0.21mg/L. Average CODMn removal rate of three kinds of biofilters were 5%,13% and 28%. Zeolite + activated carbon composite biofilter does not exist to NO2-N accumulation phenomenon and showed good ability to start-up and running.

Graphene is a material that has been heavily investigated in many researches due to its beneficial characteristics such as large surface area, low manufacturing cost, high electro conductivity and incredible mechanical strength. Applying the graphene in water-based solvents however can cause agglomeration due to its hydrophobic properties. Researchers have composited the graphene with other materials in overcoming its hydrophobicity. In this research, graphene was nanocomposited with thionine to make it disperse well in water-based solvents while preserving its intrinsic properties. The nanocomposition process involves mixing of both graphene oxide with thionine and were reduced by hydrazine hydrate while reflux heating. The produced mixture was then filtered to obtain the Thionine-Graphene nanocomposite. The obtained sample was then characterized to confirm the composition of both graphene and thionine. Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy was operated to investigate the chemical bonds and hence concluding the presence of both graphene and thionine in the sample. The preservation of the intrinsic properties of graphene was also investigated through observing the absence of functionalized graphene bonds. Post-investigation reports that the chemical bonds from both of the materials, graphene and thionine were detected confirming the successfulness of the nanocomposition.

This research reports the effects of rice husk ash and brick waste on the properties of construction brick. Clay is the raw material for producing brick. Both rice husk ash and brick waste are waste materials which can be added to clay to produce better quality brick with lower cost. Bricks of size 77mm x 38mm x 26mm were produced by stiff mud process. Three different sized rice husk ash and brick waste were used in different amounts (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by volume) as a partial replacement of clay while preparing the bricks. Some properties like drying and firing shrinkage, bulk density, and cold crushing strength were measured. There was decrease in drying and firing shrinkage, slight reduction in bulk density and decrease in cold crushing strength with increasing the rice husk ash and brick waste particle percentages.