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Background. Given the importance of women and their role in society, women's recreational sports are considered as one of the major issues in the fields of sports and leisure. Objectives. This qualitative study, which was conducted using an exploratory approach, aims to determine the contextual conditions of Iranian women's recreational sports. Methods. The statistical population of the research consisted of all the experts who had practical and scientific expertise in the fields of recreational sports and women's sports is conducted with a method and was selected using Purposive Sampling and Snowball method. Data collection tools included interviews and note-taking processes. After conducting 17 interviews (with 16 elites and 1 Canon group), the researcher reached theoretical saturation and after the data collection procedure, the data was analyzed using MAXQDA10 software and Qualitative Content Analysis. Results. 1254 initial codes or open codes were extracted after the analysis. To further categorize the data, the codes and raw data were constantly compared based on the similarities and differences, and similar codes were placed under the same category. The initial categorization of codes yielded 51 sub-categories which were further categorized into 22 categories in the next step. The obtained concepts were divided into eight major categories (in stage of selective coding) which consisted of socio-cultural, fundamentals of Islam, political, economic, geographical environments and macro-management, media and advertisement, and sports facility issues. Conclusion. Considering the importance of recreational sports in women, a proper understanding of the context of recreational sports can help the sport managers to apply appropriate strategies to develop it and compensate for its backwardness.

Marketers apply a variety of approaches to attract customers and gain more profits. One method is the utilization of nostalgia marketing. The use of nostalgic sport characters has not been sufficiently studied. This research determined the reliability and validity of the questionnaires presented in the studies Evoked Nostalgia by Pascal et al. (2002), Familiarity with Nostalgic Character by Meyer (2010), and Nostalgic Proneness by Routledge et al. (2008). For this purpose, 310 fans of Ali Karimi, a player and the former captain of Iran's national soccer team (nostalgic character), was considered as the sample. To evoke nostalgic sensations in fans, a movie of the personal and professional life of this nostalgic character was developed and validated. The internal reliability of questionnaires was calculated by Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability for three scales of evoked nostalgia, familiarity with nostalgic character, and nostalgia proneness of fans, respectively. The indices of the measurement model indicated that the elements chosen for measuring the nostalgia variable had the necessary validity and could well measure nostalgia. According to these results, it can be stated that the corresponding scales of nostalgia can be used as reliable and valid scales with detection ability in Iranian fans.