Search

Objective: The incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) varies between 7% and 21%, and most of these studies were in the thrombolytic era. However, the frequency of new-onset AF during the primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) period is still unclear. We aimed to investigate the frequency of new-onset AF and its effects on long-term clinical events in patients undergoing primary PCI. Methods: A total of 1,603 patients who were diagnosed with STEMI and underwent primary PCI were included in the study. All the patients were monitored for at least 48 hours after the procedure. The primary endpoint of the study was defined as new-onset AF during hospitalization. Results: The median follow-up period of our study was 44 months. New-onset AF developed in 85 (6.1%) patients. CHADs-VASc > 2, KILLIP > 2, and left atrial diameter were found to be independent predictors for the development of new-onset AF. In the AF (+) group, the all-cause and in-hospital mortality rates were found to be significantly higher. New-onset AF development in patients with STEMI was detected as an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality. Conclusion: In the era of primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, new-onset AF rates were found to be lower than the literature data. In addition, new-onset AF was found to be a predictor of in-hospital mortality, and deaths occurred mostly in the early period. Therefore, close follow-up of these patients in the early period and re-evaluation in terms of AF burden when the patient becomes stable are important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the case of a 54-year old patient with Fabry disease due to a p.R220L pathogenic novel galactosidase (GLA) gene mutation and history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). The patient was evaluated via physical examination, blood testing, electrocardiography for left ventricular hypertrophy, transthoraic echocardiography for left ventricular ejection fraction, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The patient's alpha-GLA enzyme and Lyso-gb3 levels were measured.

The article presents a case study related to 45-year-old man presented to our emergency department complaining of typical cardiac chest pain which has started one hour before presentation. Topics include the first electrocardiogram (ECG) finding during myocardial ischemia is the deviation of the ST-segment, and the patient has a smoker and had no family history of cardiovascular disease.

Objective: We aimed to review symptoms, findings, surgical treatment options, short- and mid-term outcomes, and reoperation rate of patients diagnosed with of left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) of an anomalous origin in our institution. Methods: From May 2000 to March 2018, 33 patients who had left coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery were retrospectively examined. The clinical features of patients, diagnostic tools and their efficacy, outcomes of surgical repair, and problems during follow-up were evaluated. Results: Thirty-three patients (22 females, 11 males) were included in the study. At the time of surgery, the median age and weight of patients were 6 months (minimum/maximum, 1-166 months) and 6.5 kg (minimum/maximum, 3-38.5 kg), respectively. The mean follow-up was 5±3.5 years (range, 1-16 years). Dyspnea, tachypnea, diaphoresis, prolonged feeding time, and developmental delay were common presenting signs and symptoms. It was determined that all the patients who were diagnosed at another center reached our center for surgical treatment within 1 month. Twenty-three (69.7%) patients had pathologic Q wave with anterior and/or anterolateral myocardial infarction signs on an electrocardiogram (ECG), whereas 22 (66.6%) patients had ST-T segment changes. Twenty-one (63.6%) patients had cardiomegaly on the telecardiogram. A reimplantation surgery was performed to 22 patients and 10 patients underwent the Takeuchi procedure. In addition to ALCAPA repair, 5 patients needed mitral valve plasty. Atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD) were closed in one patient, and Tetralogy of Fallot was totally corrected in another. At discharge, there was a significant improvement in left ventricular (LV) systolic functions. At the last visit, all patients had normal LV systolic functions except four who had mild dysfunction. The mean follow-up of the four patients was 2.8 years. In the early postoperative period, complications were seen in 10 patients. Five patients died in the early postoperative period, while one patient died 9 months after the ALCAPA surgery because of low cardiac output syndrome that developed after mitral repair. Conclusion: Patients with ALCAPA commonly present with congestive heart failure symptoms. When the diagnosis is confirmed in these patients, surgical treatment should not be delayed. The availability of surgical center and surgery outcomes for ALCAPA diagnosed patients are comparable with other countries, but the delay in the diagnosis of disease is still a problem in our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: It is still debatable whether diagnostic coronary angiography (CA) or percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) increase radiation exposure when performed via radial approach as compared to femoral approach. This question was investigated in this study by comparison of dose-area product (DAP), reference air kerma (RAK), and fluoroscopy time (FT) among radial and femoral approaches. Methods: All coronary procedures between November 2015 and November 2017 were assessed; and 4215 coronary procedures were enrolled in the study. Patients with bifurcation, chronic total occlusion, cardiogenic shock, or prior coronary artery bypass surgery were excluded. These 4215 procedures were evaluated for three different categories: diagnostic CA (Group I), PCI in patients with stable angina (Group II), and PCI in patients with ACS (Group III). Results: Age was significantly higher in the femoral arm of all groups. Among patients in the radial arm of Groups I and II, males were overrepresented. Therefore, a multiple linear regression analysis with stepwise method was performed. After adjusting these clinical confounders, there was no significant difference with regard to DAP, RAK, and FT between femoral and radial access in Group I. In contrast, PCI via radial access was significantly associated with increased DAP, RAK, and FT in Groups II and III. Conclusion: In spite of an increased experience with trans-radial approach, PCI of coronary lesions via radial route was associated with a relatively small but significant radiation exposure in our study. Compared to femoral access, diagnostic CA via radial access was not related to an increased radiation exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The follow-up results of patients operated for atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) during 1996-2016 at Bajkent University are presented. Methods: Data obtained from hospital records consists of preoperative echocardiographic and angiographic details, age and weight at surgery, operative details, Down syndrome presence, postoperative care details, early postoperative and latest echocardiographic findings and hospitalization for reintervention. Results: A total of 496 patient-files were reviewed including 314 patients (63.4%) with complete and 181 (36.6%) with partial AVSD (48.4% of all patients had Down syndrome). Atrioventricular (AV) valve morphology was Pastelli type A in 92.2%, B in 6.5%, and C in 1.3% of patients. The operative technique used was single-patch in 21.6% (108), double-patch in 25.8% (128), and modified single-patch (Wilcox) in 52.5% (260) of patients. The follow-up time was 37.79±46.70 (range, 0-198) months. A total of 64 patients (12.9%) had arrhythmias while in the intensive care unit; pacemaker was implanted in 12 patients. A total of 78 patients (15.7%) were treated for pulmonary hypertensive crisis. The early morbidity and mortality in the postoperative first month were calculated as 38% and 10%, and the late morbidity and mortality (>1 month) were calculated as 13.1% and 1.9%, respectively. The rate of reoperation in our cohort was 8.9%. Conclusion: Although the early morbidity and mortality are low in AVSD operations, the rate of reoperations for left AV valve insufficiency are still high. Although Down syndrome is not a risk factor for early mortality, the co-morbid factors, such as longer postoperative mechanical ventilator or inotropic support, lead to higher risk for morbidity. The frequency of pulmonary hypertension and consequent complications are also high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study is designed to evaluate the recently developed AnTicoagulation and Risk factors In Atrial fibrillation (ATRIA) risk score (RS), which determines the predisposition to thromboembolic and hemorrhagic events in atrial fibrillation, as a predictor of prognosis in patients having acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and to compare the predictive ability of ATRIA RS with GRACE RS. Methods: We analyzed 1627 patients having AMI who underwent coronary angiography and/or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) be- tween January 2011 and February 2015. The primary endpoints included all-cause mortality, non-fatal MI, and cerebrovascular events during follow-up. Results: Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the ATRIA RS>3 was an independent predictor of major adverse cardiac events in patients with AMI [hazard ratio, 2.00, 95% confidence interval, 1.54 to 2.60, p<0,001]. The area under the curve (AUC) for ATRIA RS and GRACE RS was 0.66 and 0.67 (p<0.001, and p<0.001), respectively. We performed a pair-wise comparison of receiver operating characteristic curves, and noted the predictive value of ATRIA RS with regard to primary endpoints was similar to that of GRACE RS (By DeLong method, AUCATRIA vs. AUCGRACE z test=0.64, p=0.52). Conclusion: ATRIA RS may be useful in predicting prognosis in patients having AMI during long-term follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Recent conflicting studies on the renal effects of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) after cardiac surgery have been published. The aim of this study was to evaluate the renal effects of NAC using neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) blood levels in elderly patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methods: This randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study was conducted among geriatric patients (>65 years) scheduled to undergo CABG. A total of 60 consecutive patients were randomly assigned to 2 groups. The first group received I.V. NAC (n=30) and the second group received placebo (n=30) at induction of anesthesia and then for 20 h. NGAL values were determined and conventional renal function tests were performed. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0 (IL, Chicago, USA). A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant Results: Plasma creatinine levels at 24 h postoperatively were significantly higher in the placebo group than in the NAC group (1.41±0.63 vs. 1.13±0.35; p<0.05). The mean serum NGAL levels at 3 h postoperatively were higher in the placebo group than in the NAC group (104.94±30.51 vs. 87.82±25.18; p<0.05). NGAL levels were similar between the groups at all other measurement time points. Plasma creatinine levels of ≥1.5 mg/dL or >25% of the baseline value at any time during the study period were observed in 27% of patients in the NAC group and 37% of patients in the placebo group; the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: In the present study, we found that I.V. NAC infusion in elderly patients undergoing CABG reduced the incidence of acute kidney injury as determined by blood NGAL and creatinine levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and uric acid (UA) are inflammatory markers in cardiovascular disease. However, there are not enough data on infarct-related artery (IRA) patency in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We aimed to investigate the association of NLR, PLR, and UA with IRA patency before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in STEMI. Methods: The study was designed as a retrospective study. Three hundred and twenty-four consecutive patients with STEMI were divided into two groups according to pre-PCI Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction flow grade (TIMI). Patients with a TIMI flow grade of into the spontaneous reperfusion (SR) group, while patients with TIMI flow grade of 0, 1 and 2 were placed into the non-SR group. The χ² and independentsamples t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, multivariate logistic regression analysis, and receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were used for the statistical analysis. Results: PLR, NLR, and UA values in the SR group were lower than in the non-SR group (p<0.004, p<0.001, p<0.001, respectively). In the multivariate analysis, serum UA level and PLR were found to be independent predictors of pre-PCI IRA patency. In the ROC curve analysis, PLR >190, UA>5.75 mg/dL, and NLR>4.2 predicted non-SR. The sensitivity and specificity of the association between low IRA TIMI flow grade and PLR were 88% and 84%, 72% and 66% for UA, and 74% and 44% for NLR, respectively. Conclusion: We determined that PLR and UA are novel predictors of IRA patency before PCI. We suggest that PLR and UA may be used in riskstratifying STEMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, we aimed to explore the association between platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and the severity of atherosclerosis in coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: Clinical and laboratory data of 388 patients who underwent coronary angiography were evaluated retrospectively. Gensini score, which indicates the severity of atherosclerosis, was calculated for all of the patients. Patients with CAD were categorized as mild and severe atherosclerosis, according to their Gensini score. Eighty patients with normal coronary arteries formed the control group. Mean PLR values of the three study groups were compared. Also, PLR value was tested for whether it showed a positive correlation with Gensini score. Results: The mean PLR of the severe atherosclerosis group was significantly higher than that of the mild atherosclerosis and controls groups (p<0.001). Also, PLR was positively correlated with Gensini score in CAD patients. A cut-off value of 111 for PLR predicted severe atherosclerosis with 61% sensitivity and 59% specificity. Pre-procedural PLR level was found to be independently associated with Gensini score, together with WBC, age, and low HDL level, in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Our study suggests that high PLR appears to be additive to conventional risk factors and commonly used biomarkers in predicting severe atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 29-year old male patient presented with a hemodynamically significant ventricular tachycardia. Despite a comprehensive examination, the correct diagnosis was unfortunately established after two years. We discuss why the correct diagnosis was initially overlooked in physical examination, electrocardiogram, echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and which findings led the cardiologists to misdiagnose the patient. We have organized this report in a format that the information is presented to a consultant physician by a resident physician to simulate the way such information emerges in the real life as we have encountered. The consultant physician responds as new information is presented, expressing his reasoning with the reader. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess access site pain levels of patients undergoing coronary catheterization via transradial route. Methods: We performed a prospective and randomized study in which 408 patients underwent coronary angiography (CAG) and/or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) via transradial approach (TRA) and 428 patients underwent CAG and/or PCI via transfemoral approach (TFA). Pain levels of patients were assessed with Visual Analog Scale (VAS) after catheterization and at 30 days. Student-t, Mann-Whitney U and chi-square tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: Patients in the TRA group showed higher VAS scores than those in TFA group after catheterization [CAG alone, 3 (2-5) vs. 1 (1-3), p<0.0001; PCI, 4 (2-6) vs. 2 (1-3), p<0.0001, respectively]. One month later, patients in TRA group also showed higher VAS scores than those in TFA group [CAG alone, 1 (0-1) vs. 0 (0-1), p<0.0001; PCI, 1 (0-2) vs. 0 (0-1), p<0.0001, respectively]. By the ROC analysis in TRA group, a level of BMI <24.3 kg/m2 predicted unacceptable pain with a 87.3% sensitivity and 91.6% specificity [area under curve (AUC): 0.875, 95% CI: 0.839-0.906, p<0.0001], while a wrist circumference <16.7 cm predicted unacceptable pain with 84.6% sensitivity and 89.8% specificity (AUC: 0.900, 95% CI: 0.867-0.928, p<0.0001). Conclusion: The current study suggests that a radial approach for CAG and PCI in patients with a low BMI and small wrist circumference may cause more access site pain as compared with a femoral approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anatolian Journal of Cardiology / Anadolu Kardiyoloji Dergisi is the property of KARE Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The objective of our study is to determine the mean values of right ventricular (RV) dP/dt and to compare it with other right ventricular function parameters by echocardiography. Methods: This observational study consisted of 112 healthy subjects who had trivial tricuspid regurgitation. Full echocardiographic examination was performed. RV systolic function was assessed by using myocardial performance index (RV MPI), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), myocardial acceleration during isovolumic contraction (RV IVA), RV fractional area change (RV FAC), tissue Doppler-derived tricuspid lateral annular systolic velocity (Tri S') and RV dP/dt (dP/dt). Pearson correlation test was used in examining the correlation between parameters. Differences between correlations were compared with Fisher's z transformation. Results: The mean of RV dP/dt (0.5-2) was 1016±421 mmHg/s (95% Cl=891-1142) and the mean of RV dP/dt (1-2) was 1524±573 mmHg/s (95% 01=1354-1694). RV pulse Doppler MPI and RV tissue Doppler imaging MPI were negatively correlated with RV dP/dt (0.5-2) (r=-0.482 and r=-0.504, p<0.01). Tri S' was positively correlated with RV dP/dt (0.5-2) (r=0.667, p<0.01) and with the RV dP/dt (1-2) (r=0.312, p<0.05). TAPSE was positively correlated with RV dP/dt (0.5-2) (r=0.585, p<0.01) and with the RV dP/dt (1-2) (r=0.323, p<0.05). RV IVA was positively correlated with RV dP/dt (0.5-2) (r=0.512, p<0.01). FAC (%) was not correlated with both RV dP/dt (0.5-2) and RV dP/dt (1-2). Conclusion: The results of our study were as follows: 1) we described the mean of RV dP/dt (0.5-2) and RV dP/dt (1-2) in healthy population; 2) the correlation between dP/dt (0.5-2) and RV function parameters was better than between dP/dt (1-2) and RV function parameters. (Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2013; 13:103-7) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anatolian Journal of Cardiology / Anadolu Kardiyoloji Dergisi is the property of KARE Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship of tirofiban, added to the treatment of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), with changes in the TIMI risk index (TRI) of TIMI flow, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels. Methods: This single-center, prospective observational cohort study included 102 consecutive patients who were admitted with the diagnosis of acute STEMI (70 male; 54.9±10.4 years). Primary PCI was applied to all cases with STEMI, who applied to our hospital in the first 6 hours due to chest pain complaints. Tirofiban was administered to one group (n=55) (male: 36; 54.1±11.3 years), while the other group was not given tirofiban (n=47) (male: 34; 55.9±9.1 years). The primary end-point was TIMI flow 2 or 3 for reperfusion after primary PCI. Chi-square test, paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed rank test, Spearman correlation analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were used for statistical analysis where appropriate. Results: BNP level remained the same in the tirofiban group, whereas a significant increase was observed in the group that was not treated with tirofiban (105.9±126.8 versus 261.3±202.3 pg/ml p<0.001). The hs-CRP level tended to rise significantly in both groups despite the treatment (tirofiban group - from 0.67±0.66 to 0.90±0.44 mg/L, p=0.015, non tirofiban group - from 0.51±0.43 to 1.08±0.74 mg/L, p<0.001). BNP and hs-CRP values remained the same in cases with TIMI 2 flow in the tirofiban group, whereas a significant increase was detected in the post-treatment BNP (before 97.8±122.3 after 281.6±217.3 pg/ml, p=0.011) and hs-CRP (before 0.65±0.69; after 1.33±0.80 mg/L, p=0.028) values in the group not treated with tirofiban. In patients with TIMI 3 flow, BNP (tirofiban group before 146.5±114.2; after 184.4±139.4 pg/ml, p=0.011, non tirofiban group before 172.1±297.9; after 295.9±384.9 pg/ml, p<0.001) and hs-CRP levels (tirofiban group before 0.66±0.58; after 0.92±0.65 mg/L, p=0.011, non tirofiban group before 0.81±0.74; after 1.45±1.23 mg/L, p<0.001) were found to be similarly reduced in both treatment groups p<0.05. Three patients with minor hemorrhage did not need blood transfusion. Conclusion: It was concluded at the end of them PCI application in STEMI that the addition of tirofiban treatment in patients with ≥TIMI 2 flow and anterior location MI could decrease the expected rise in BNP and CRP values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anatolian Journal of Cardiology / Anadolu Kardiyoloji Dergisi is the property of KARE Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anatolian Journal of Cardiology / Anadolu Kardiyoloji Dergisi is the property of KARE Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anatolian Journal of Cardiology / Anadolu Kardiyoloji Dergisi is the property of KARE Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Increased YKL-40 levels in patients with isolated coronary artery ectasia (CAE): an observational study" by Erdoğan and colleagues in the 2013 issue along with the reply from the author of the same article.

The article presents a case study of a 19-year-old man with a sudden onset and increasing cough, shortness of breath, and vomiting. The patient had a history of infective endocarditis which is treated through aortic and mitral valve replacement with mechanical prosthesis. On transthoracic echocardiogram, it was shown that the patient has extreme mechanical aortic valve dehiscence. The systolic-diastolic rocking motion of the prosthesis was assessed with echocardiography and fluoroscopy.

The article presents a rare case of iatrogenic aortopulmonary window (APW) formation with congestive heart failure as a complication of balloon pulmonary angioplasty in a 5-year-old patient. The APW formation, particularly the aorta-pulmonary artery communication, was repaired by surgery five days after the angioplasty. Also mentioned are the possible complications of pulmonary angioplasty procedures like aneurysms, thrombosis, and vessel dissection or rupture.

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Can Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio Predict Recurrence After Electrical Cardioversion in Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation?" by A. Aribas and colleagues in the December 7, 2012 issue, including a response from one of the authors of the article.

The article presents a case study of a 55-year-male presented with follow-up for myocardial infarction (MI) with no atrial fibrillation (AF). Topics discussed include gastric bleeding due to use of warfarin and acetylsalicylate, decision for giving novel oral anticoagulant (NOAC) Apixaban and performing control echocardiography after one month which revealed absence of apical thrombus image, and clinical benefits of apixaban in patients with left ventricular thrombus (LVT).

The article presents a case study of a 21-year-old male diagnosed with cardiac hydatid cyst (HC) using multimodality imaging. He underwent myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, physical examination, and two dimensional transthoracic echocardiography. It mentions that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography was performed to characterize the lesion.

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Effect of lifestyle modifications on diastolic functions and aortic stiffness in prehypertensive subjects: a prospective cohort study" by Alpsoy S and colleagues in the 2013 issue and also presents a response by the author of the article in the same issue.

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Effect of nebivolol on endothelial dysfunction in patients with Behçet's disease (BD); a prospective single-arm controlled study" by Akkaya H and colleagues in the 2013 issue and also presents a response by the author of the article in the same issue.

A letter to the editor in response to the article "Evaluation of right ventricular functions in patients with nasal polyposis: an observational study" by E. Simşek and colleagues that was published in a 2013 issue is presented and a response from the author for the same is also presented.

A letter to the editor in response to the article "Epicardial adipose tissue is independently associated with increased left ventricular mass in untreated hypertensive patients: an observational study" by T. Erdoğan and colleagues in a 2013 issue and a response from the author are presented.

The article offers information on a study on right ventricular (RV) functions in pulmonary embolism (PE). It was found in the study that by several noninvasive methods including computed tomography, radionuclide methods and magnetic resonance imaging, the right ventricular function can be assessed. It also informs that echocardiography can be considered as a diagnostic tool for testing RV function of the patients.

The article presents a case study of a 25-year-old-male patient with palpitation and shortness of breath. Topics discussed include sinus rhythm, parachute mitral valve (PMV) and dilated coronary sinus (CS) revealed in electrocardiogram and echocardiography, application of three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3D TTE) for revealation of morphological features and use of 3D- echocardiography for treating cardiac abnormalities.

The article presents a case study of a 78 year old man who was referred for transthoracic echocardiography. Transesophageal echocardiography was performed and it showed lipomatous hypertrophy of internal septum (LHAS). Three dimensional transesophageal echocardiography showed morphological features of pathology. Photographic images of the examination are also shown. Brief information on LHAS is also presented.

The article presents a case study of a 33-year-old man who was suffering with shortness of breath. The man already had passed through aortic valve replacement. Several complications were observed during his physical examination before treatment. He was treated with an Amplatzer duct occluder device which used a 3- dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3DTEE) technique.

The article focuses on the case of a 45-year-old woman who was referred for Tc-99m sestimabi scintigraphy due to angina, palpitations, and septal aneurysm diagnosis on echocardiography. A lower mediastinum abnormal activity-associated normal uptake in the myocardium was shown using single photon emission computerized tomography. Diagnostic cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, also shows a harmony of the abnormal activity in the lower mediastinum and right atrium.