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The tourism industry is fragile as it is prone to numerous risks such as the outbreak of deadly viruses, and natural and human-made disasters. These risks have a significant impact on tourists' decisions when choosing a destination and while in a destination. This paper investigates the risks perceived by Australian tourists and how these risks affect their intention to revisit the Pacific Island Country of Fiji. Through a quantitative survey with 301 tourists, augmented by qualitative interviews conducted among management of hotels, as well as the DMO, the results show that tourists continue to perceive Fiji as a relatively safe destination however there are increased in the perceptions of risk concerning disease risk and financial risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines generational travel behaviour and intentions of Portuguese tourists before and after the pandemic. The comparisons established a framework to understand what really has changed. The sample includes 490 Portuguese tourists. Our analysis revealed three clusters which are distinct in terms of generation belonging and distance travelled, among other variables. The results suggest that the willingness to travel is higher than previously, working as a kind of revenge to mitigate the isolation times. Strategical implications for practitioners are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper builds on Shift-Share analysis and aims to provide a methodological framework for studying the inequalities of Greek regions in the tourism industry. The method applied to yearly data of overnight stays, both for foreigners, and domestic visitors, for the periods 2003–2008, 2008–2013, 2013–2018, and results showing that disparities among Greek regions are generally very large for the tourism industry. The overall analysis is a useful tool for tourism management and regional policy. The paper advances Shift-Share analysis to be used as a tool of region classification, and it incorporates one-way ANOVA to examine the relationship between the inequalities concerns the policies from the last development law and tourism specialization in Greek regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to research the main travel-related concerns that senior tourists face when planning a leisure trip. The study comprises 470 tourists, aged 55 or over, who visited the Azores and aims to determine the importance attributed to travel-related concerns and to investigate whether there is an association between socio-demographic characteristics, physical limitations, perceived economic performance, and social status and these concerns. It also intends to identify distinct market segments according to these variables. A quantitative approach allows concluding that senior tourists attach higher importance to the food supply, comfortable accommodation, and climate. Senior tourists are not a uniform market: three clusters were found, which have implications in product planning and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's competitive environment, customer delight plays a crucial role in enhancing customer loyalty and positive word-of-mouth. This paper provides a needs-based analysis of customer delight in hotels among senior tourists, who represent an increasingly important target for the hospitality industry. A total of 38 senior tourists were interviewed. Data were collected utilizing the critical incident technique and analysed through text mining analysis. Four main dimensions of customer delight emerged from the study that represent the fulfilment of different needs: learning, authenticity, exclusivity, and sharing. These findings theoretically contribute to the understanding of guest delight from a senior tourist's perspective and can help hotel managers to design delightful customer experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to develop a theoretical perspective to better understand senior tourist behaviour. The perspective is guided by concepts from research on senior tourism, goal theory of leisure travel satisfaction, and socio-emotional selectivity theory. It examines four central principles: (1) selecting leisure travel goals that have high levels of positive valence, (2) selecting leisure travel goals that are very likely to be attained, (3) engaging in actions that would implement leisure travel goals, and (4) engaging in actions that would allow tourists to experience goal attainment. We describe these theoretical principles and sub-principles in relation to senior tourists to build a research agenda to encourage future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heritage tourism has been growing over the last few years, especially in cities that have been declared World Heritage Sites. This paper presents research that investigates the motivations for tourists to visit Cuenca. Fieldwork was used to create a predictive model to determine visitor satisfaction considering the motivations and the attributes of the city. Furthermore, the paper analyses the attributes a heritage site should have if it is to create a sustainable tourist destination which combines culture and economic growth. The results show that although overall satisfaction with visits to the city is high, tourists enjoy other interesting aspects that should be taken into consideration in order to improve the city’s image as a cultural destination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the travel intentions of tourists in the post-pandemic world. The sample includes 974 respondents from Bulgaria. The findings show that most of the respondents are ready to travel within 2 months after travel is allowed in the country. For their first trip, respondents will travel in the country, by their car and with their family. Hygiene, disinfection and reliable health system in a destination will be the leading factors in travellers' decisions, according to the findings. Women and older respondents have higher health and safety preferences than do men and younger respondents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduced TCM and discussed post-COVID-19 domestic tourism market recovery through this frame to understand Chinese tourists' behaviour during COVID-19. In other words, although TCM practitioners will acknowledge patients' symptoms and empathize with their discomfort, practitioners also believe that disease is a friend - a reminder to reconsider one's lifestyle or way of thinking. According to the World Health Organization ([13]), the COVID-19 outbreak has led to more than 3.5 million cases worldwide and claimed 243,540 lives. A TCM practitioner's perspective: disease is a friend TCM practitioners believe that when a person is sick, their pain is real; however, illness is not an enemy. [Extracted from the article]

This paper segments a sample of 918 Porto wine cellars visitors based on their wine product involvement. A segmentation methodology was applied to the wine product involvement of wine tourists. Three clusters were identified with high, medium and low wine product involvement levels. The relevant theoretical contribution of this study was to provide new evidence of segmentation based on product involvement studies in the wine tourism market field in an area were empirical studies still remain scarce. The findings offer managerial implications regarding the wine tourists' identification and how to better adapt the visits. This is also the first study demonstrating wine tourist profiling and segmentation specifically applied to involvement with the Porto wine product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of smart technology in tourism and hospitality captured the industry's attention. Senior tourists' encounters with smart services reveal how smart systems influence their travel experiences, tourism participation, and travel-related behaviour. A conceptual framework based on psychological reactance theory is developed in this paper. The factors of perceived threats to freedom when forced to use smart services, perceived constraints to using smart services, psychological reactance, attitudes towards smart services, intentions to use smart services, and intentions to switch from current service provider reflect Chinese senior tourists' general aversion to using smart services while travelling and offer valuable managerial implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyse, on the basis of information gathered from 3,048 questionnaires, the factors which determine the daily expenditure in the destination of tourists in 14 emerging urban-cultural destinations in Andalusia (Spain), using an OLS regression model. The results confirm that tourist expenditure is explained by a set of factors related to the socio-economic profile of the tourist, the characteristics of the trip, the activities of the tourist in the destination and the degree of satisfaction with the destination. Knowledge of these aspects allows tourism policy to be oriented towards maximizing the revenue generated by the tourist in the urban-cultural destinations analysed, which are in the first stages of their life cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is abundant scientific literature on tourist expenditure and the factors which determine spending. The purpose of this paper is to systematize, present and analyze the results obtained from a comprehensive review of scientific literature on the variables that affect tourist expenditure for different tourism typologies. It has been possible to discover which factors influence expenditure in the different types of destination, which is of enormous interest for two reasons. Firstly, research opportunities have been identified with respect to the variables and types which have not been closely studied. Secondly, this research will facilitate decisions by policymakers and destination managers, providing information about the factors which generate greater spending and which are those that they should act to strengthen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourists' motivations are deeply rooted in the cultural values of the native country's culture. This study examined Chinese outbound leisure tourists' motivations and analysed their relationship to Chinese cultural values. These motivations were identified using means-end chain-based laddering interviews with 60 respondents from three major Chinese cities. Analysis identified 15 motivations at the values level which were grouped into three themes: self-enhancement, nurturing the soul, and harmony relationships. These cultural values influence how and why Chinese tourists travel overseas. This paper contributes to the tourism literature by establishing a set of cultural values based on the respondent's own answers, and by relating tourists' motivations and cultural values identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the relationship between the sub-dimensions of consumer confidence (financial situation, general economic situation, unemployment expectations and savings) and the various categories of outgoing tourist expenditures (accommodation, entertainment, excursion, food, shopping and travel within the country) across 22 European countries. Due to the low frequency of national time series data, the panel data regressions are used to estimate the relationships between the variables. The findings show a positive association between consumer confidence and outgoing tourist expenditures. More specifically, we find that tourists with low levels of confidence in their employment are likely to spend less on excursion and shopping activities, while tourists with higher levels of confidence in their future savings spend more on entertainment, excursions and shopping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism based on cultural issues is growing fast in recent years. This type of tourism promotes the diversification of demand and supply at destinations, while keeping and valuing the local culture. Improving our knowledge on cultural tourism could help to foster the sustainability of destinations. Despite efforts devoted to define the “cultural tourist”, still little is known about her/his particular behaviour. The objective of this paper is twofold. First, identifying the profile of cultural tourists versus visitors not pursuing any cultural activity. Second, and building on econometric modelling, comparing the behaviour of these two groups in terms of factors influencing expenditure and trip satisfaction. All these findings are putted in context regarding the literature on tourism sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an urgent need to redirect tourist policies and products towards a more economically and environmentally sustainable model. The main objectives of this paper were to identify the profile of hiking cultural tourists; to segment the hiker profile using the intensity of the sports activity undertaken, and according to the pursuit of various cultural activities during their stay; and finally, to model the factors of being a cultural tourist. Based on a sample study composed of hikers, four groups were distinguished based on their physical capabilities and propensity towards risk, as soft and hard hikers and soft and hard cultural tourists. The analysis reveals different characteristics and patterns of associated behaviour, justifying the development of differentiated commercial strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the relationships between tourism, migration, and peace in the context of the present refugee crisis. It focuses on the case of Lampedusa, an island that is not only an important tourist destination but also a major gateway for migrants trying to reach Europe. In 2016, it hosted the first exhibition of the “Museum of Trust and Dialogue for the Mediterranean.” Lampedusa is the only local community that was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, and in 2017, its mayor received the UNESCO Peace Prize. The research shows how the island is still in search of a balance between local identity and global processes, and discusses its possible role as a social laboratory for peace and mutual understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the influence of socio-demographic characteristics of domestic leisure travellers on evaluation of service experience equity in three hotels offering hedonic service in Kaduna city, Nigeria. Data for this research were obtained using 284 questionnaires, and the results of this research indicate a non-existence of an association between educational status and the dimensions of service experience equity while gender, age, marital status, type of occupation, and income level significantly affect at least one dimension in varying proportion. On the overall, income level of leisure travellers has the highest significant main effect on evaluation of service experience equity in the hotels. Moreover, higher income earners tend to show high expectation, and preference for quality, alluring hedonic service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the spending literature in the field of hospitality and tourism management to achieve a better understanding of the evolution of this stream. The paper uses a bibliometric approach and is based on 124 papers published in seven leading hospitality and tourism journals from 1990 to 2011. The findings have revealed that the weight of spending literature appeared less than expected. The amount of spending research was primarily published in tourism journals, and in particular in the Journal of Tourism Research, followed by Annals of Tourism Research. In contrast, hospitality journals contributed marginally to the debate. Two fields of analysis emerge as primary research areas: determinants of tourist expenditures and measurement of economic impacts. The former stream contains a large number of research studies. The sample is primarily composed of empirical papers, while theoretical work remains at a consistently low level. Empirical evidences are primarily related to North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tour guides are recognized key players in the tourism industry. However, existing research on the tour guiding is unevenly distributed and Africa is notably underrepresented. This paper examines issues related to the labour conditions experienced by tour guides, particularly safari guides in Arusha, Tanzania. Thematic analysis was utilized to evaluate the content of the semi-structured interviews conducted with safari guides and a wide range of other tourism stakeholders located in Arusha, Tanzania. The findings indicate inadequate working conditions endured by safari guides. The tourism industry in Tanzania needs to incorporate labour rights standards within its core business practices in order to positively contribute to human capacity building, guest/provider relationships, and future sectorial growth. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents case study findings of exploratory research on the growth of Event Tourism in Dubai, UAE. Dubai targeted tourism as a growth industry in the 1990s and is now emerging as a world-class event destination. The research takes an epistemological approach in exploring theoretical knowledge of tourism events along with practical knowledge of their development and delivery. Utilizing a typology of Dubai events and a narrative of their growth, a conceptual framework is developed to guide related research into the behaviour of event tourists. Findings show Dubai has applied a diverse strategic approach in developing a strong brand image and events have significantly contributed to this as a brand extension, a key brand element, and as a co-branding partner. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper will investigate the characteristics of the supply of dark tourism in London, UK through an examination of the identified main dark sites in London, UK. Our methodology is based on web analysis of the presence of marketed and non-marketed dark tourist sites in London, their web visitation, the level of their commercialization and the characteristics which place them in the various scales as categorized in current literature. We identified that London offers a much more entertainment-focused tourism experience rather than accurate historical and authentic sites which utilized major aspects of dark tourism for purposes such as commemoration or remembrance. The authors found this surprising given London’s long and often dark history. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the literature, tourism is defined as a production system that is composed of an array of economic activities aimed at producing and selling tourist products, the tourist product itself and the institutions that regulate the system. Although it is very fruitful, it suffers from a weakness from a spatial perspective. The first aim of this paper is to spatialize tourism production systems in a more systematic and multidimensional way by discussing the intertwined role of place, territory, scale, and networks. Second, the paper aims to show how and why the process of tourism place making, especially in the case of Antalya, is narrowly intertwined with the scaling, territoriality, and global production networks of a tourism production system. (Re)scaling, territory, and networks have played an important role in Antalya's tourism production system, which institutionally complement each other and form a coherent whole. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper explores variation in motives among outbound holidaymakers traveling to typical summer season destination areas in Greece and Spain. The study reveals differences in self-reported motives between visitors to the two countries and also some differences in relation to their gender, level of education and previous experience of these destinations. Four holiday interest structures are identified: 1) place experience and contemplation; 2) family togetherness, romance and relaxation; 3) beach life and pleasant climate; and 4) nightlife and new acquaintances. The data are derived from a national year-long survey of international charter flights from Norway. By way of conclusion, the paper suggests some alternative perspectives on popular summer holiday trips from Northern to Southern Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the relationship between inbound tourism and exports of agro-food products with respect to Portugal and its major tourism and trade markets by recurring cointegration and causality tests. The results confirm that there is a relationship between the variables in supporting the argument that international tourism may contribute to overcoming informal barriers to trade and promoting exports of agro-food. They also confirm that internationally sold products may act as a tourism marketing tool, stimulating curiosity in foreigners about such products’ country of origin. The results reveal that the dynamics differ according to the partner that is analysed. This paper ends with theoretical and empirical implications and a discussion of the potential factors that may contribute to these differences. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines the impact of tourists' perceived service quality on cognitive image they have towards the built environment dimension in Bangladesh. A survey was conducted through self-administered questionnaires among tourists visiting Bangladesh. Factor analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to find the influence of perceived service quality on cognitive image. The findings of the study indicate that perceived service quality factors are highly significant for the built environment dimension of the cognitive image that respondents have towards Bangladesh. The findings also reveal that there are high correlations among perceived tour services quality, perceived hospitality services quality, and built environment dimension of cognitive image. The study concludes that the cognitive image that the tourists have towards a destination is modified by their perceptions of service quality experience during their visit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In developing countries, community-based tourism has been put forward as an alternative to traditional mass tourism. This paper presents the results of fieldwork carried out on the island of São Vicente (Cape Verde). The fieldwork involved surveying both tourists who visit the area, in order to evaluate their opinion and perception of the area, and managers of small- and medium-sized tourism enterprises, in order to analyse the quality of the services offered by tourism enterprises managed by the local community and to study the potential of the tourism resources in the area. The main results of the research endorse the high quality of tourism services offered by local businesses and highlight the community's hospitality. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

International inbound tourists consume electricity of a destination either directly or indirectly. Despite the recognition of potential effect of international tourism on electricity consumption, not many papers have investigated the existence of such relationship empirically. This research note intends to fill the existing literature gap by determining such relationship with time-varying volatility models using the data of Singapore. A GARCH-M(1,1) model is selected. This model indicates that industrial production and total international inbound tourists have positive effects on electricity consumption. The model also suggests that the variability of electricity consumption has a positive effect on electricity consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geographical characteristics of the site where a rural house is located determine its tourist affluence. By using a hedonic prices model, this paper estimates the influence of some spatial and environmental variables in the rental prices of rural houses in Gran Canaria, Spain. Geographic information systems (GIS) data are used to measure the geographical attributes associated with the house, such as the land use and the nearby population density. Other factors traditionally included in hedonic models are also analysed, such as the structural characteristics of the house and distance to some points of interest. The methodology allows us to obtain an estimation of the economic value of the location and environment surrounding a rural house. Spatial econometrics was applied to study the correlation of rental prices. Results indicate that environmental diversity and remoteness positively affect prices. Some recommendations are extracted from the results, which could help to orientate the tourist diversification policies applied to the island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical tourism has shown an exceptional growth worldwide during the last few years. Such growth has involved an increase in the number of the international medical tourists, and the emergence of competitive medical tourism destinations. Arguably, the success of each destination in entering the medical tourism business will greatly depend on its ability to develops comprehensive and competitive accredited medical tourism business. This paper outlines the strategy development stage of a national project for the development of Egyptian medical tourism. Based on a preceding phase, benchmarking the Egyptian medical tourism sector against international key players, the strategic approach involved a number of tasks: identifying Egypt's competitive advantages, debating different scenarios for the sector development, setting short and long term Egyptian medical tourism goals and drawing main pillars for the medical tourism development. Pillars identified by research findings are: an enabling environment, product development, human resource development and marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the introduction of the Open Door and Reform Policy in the late 1970s and the ensuing period of social upheaval and re-structuring during the 1980s, the China outbound travel phenomenon exhibited some distinctive characteristics which are not readily explainable using the established tourism theories. The literature has generally characterized international leisure travel as discretionary consumption prompted by motivators (e.g. reasons for travel), and facilitators (e.g. discretionary income and available leisure time). Drawing upon an examination of Guangdong residents and their attitudes to the travel phenomenon during the 1980s, this exploratory paper proposes a model of outbound tourism behaviour which explores the interrelationship between migration and tourism and incorporates the concept of socio-political change occurring in the source market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]