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LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to the Rössle et al and Zhang et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15811 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15902 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to the Xia et al and Vyas papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15732 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15878 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Camilleri et al and Hasler papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15711 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15792. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Kumar et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15677. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linked Content This article is linked to Vuitton et al paper. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13948. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linked Content This article is linked to Lin et al and Zhang et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13774 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13814. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Home parenteral nutrition is established as standard management for patients with chronic severe intestinal failure. Although the treatment is welcomed by many patients, there are psychological consequences of living with a central venous catheter and there are associated restrictions to the lives of patients on home parenteral nutrition. A subgroup of home parenteral nutrition patients may use their central venous catheter for self-harm. Aims To review existing literature relating to abnormal psychological responses to central venous catheters in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition and the psychological meaning of living with a central venous catheter. It also attempts to alert professionals to ways in which patients may self-harm using their central venous catheters. Methods A literature review was performed. Data were obtained both from literature searches and from personal experience at a Psychological Medicine Unit attached to a large home parenteral nutrition centre. Results Patients receiving home parenteral nutrition may use their central venous catheter in various ways to self-harm. Motivation may be conscious or unconscious. Sequelae of such self-harm may be life-threatening. Conclusion This paper concludes with recommendations for best practice with respect to the psychological management of home parenteral nutrition patients in whom central venous catheter abuse is suspected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Reilev et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15648. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Basilisco et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15657 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15697. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Chronic constipation is common in the general population. Some studies have shown that in children cow's milk protein hypersensitivity can cause chronic constipation unresponsive to laxative treatment. Aims To review the literature and summarize the data that point to a relationship between refractory chronic constipation and food hypersensitivity, and to discuss the hypothesis that the pathogenesis of constipation due to food hypersensitivity. Methods A search in the U.S. National Library of Medicine was performed, matching the key words ‘chronic constipation, food intolerance and allergy’. Results Thirty-three papers were found but only 19 of them were related to the topic of this review. Most of the data indicated a relationship between constipation and food allergy in a subgroup of paediatric patients with ‘idiopathic’ constipation unresponsive to laxative treatment. There was only one study in adults that demonstrated the resolution of chronic constipation on hypoallergenic diet in four patients. Conclusions An increasing number of reports suggest a relationship between refractory chronic constipation and food allergy in children. Similar data in adults are scarce and need to be confirmed. Further studies should be performed to obtain firmer evidence for the role of allergy in constipation and clarify the pathogenetic mechanisms involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Truitt et al and Truit and Anderson papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15435 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15494. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Truitt et al and Mitchell and Garg papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15435 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15470. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linked Content This article is linked to Chen et al and Lu and Graham papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15273 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15373. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: The treatment of functional dyspepsia is controversial.: The purpose of this paper is to clarify the initial effect of prokinetic, acid suppression and antianxiety treatment for functional dyspepsia patients.: Sixty-four functional dyspepsia patients withoutHelicobacter pyloriinfection were randomly assigned to 15 mg/day of mosapride, 40 mg/day of famotidine, or 30 mg/day of tandospirone during an 8-week treatment. Individual functional dyspepsia symptoms were evaluated with 4 cm visual analogue scale before and at 2, 4 and 8 weeks after treatment.: Among 64 enrolled patients, 62 completed the study. Within 2 weeks, visual analogue scale score in the mosapride-treated group decreased from 2.29 ±0.14 to 1.57 ± 0.20; in the famotidine from 2.04 ± 0.16 to 1.09 ± 0.12 (mean ± S.E.). Therefore, there were significant improvements of functional dyspepsia symptoms in mosapride- and famotidine-treated patients (P <0.01). Furthermore, famotidine was significantly more effective than mosapride (P < 0.05). On the contrary, visual analogue scale score in the tandospirone therapy was 2.23 ± 0.20 and 2.13 ± 0.22 before and at 2 weeks, respectively, without any significant improvement.: A treatment regimen of famotidine at 40 mg/day had a significant favourable effect on the clinical outcome in functional dyspepsia patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are chemopreventive agents in colorectal cancer. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs do not, however, offer complete protection against adenoma and carcinoma development. There is increasing interest in combining non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with agents that target specific cell signalling pathways in malignant and premalignant cells.This review aims to describe the current knowledge regarding the efficacy of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ligands, cholesterol synthesis inhibitors (statins), epidermal growth factor signalling inhibitors and tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand against colorectal neoplasms and the rationale for combining these drugs with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to improve efficacy in the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer, a PUBMED computer search of the English language literature was conducted to identify relevant papers published before July 2004.Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ligands and statins, both in clinical use, reduce the growth rate of human colon cancer cellsin vitroand in rodents models.In vitro, preclinicalin vivoand clinical studies have shown efficacy of epidermal growth factor signalling inhibition in colorectal cancer.In vitro, tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand induces apoptosis in human colon cancer cells, but not in normal cells. These drugs have all been shown to interact with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in colorectal cancer cells and/or in rodent models.Combinational regimen are a promising strategy for the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer and should be further explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Capsule endoscopy is a new, wireless, endoscopic examination of the small intestine. To date, two small clinical trials have been reported utilizing capsule endoscopy in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, and have shown its superiority to push enteroscopy in diagnosing the cause of blood loss. No outcome studies have been reported. This paper proposes a change in practice guidelines for obscure bleeding. It is our opinion that, in the future, with the advent of wireless capsule endoscopy, the evaluation of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding will be very different from the practice of medicine today. We believe that capsule endoscopy will become the first-line method for the evaluation of patients with obscure bleeding, once upper endoscopy and colonoscopy have been shown to be negative. In patients with active bleeding, capsule endoscopy will confirm the small bowel as the site of bleeding, providing a location, or, if the study is negative for the small intestine, may indicate that the bleeding is either colonic or gastric in origin. In a patient with active bleeding within the small intestine, the capsule will guide further evaluation and therapy. A patient with a small bowel tumour detected by capsule endoscopy will proceed directly to laparoscopic surgery. If the site of bleeding is identified in the proximal small bowel and there is no mass, push enteroscopy will be used to re-identify the site and cauterize it. A distal small bowel site will require surgical intervention, coupled with intra-operative enteroscopy. Should the patient be too sick to undergo surgery, medical therapy utilizing hormonal agents will be considered. A colonic site will be evaluated by colonoscopy. In patients with a more occult or intermittent type of bleeding and in those whose upper endoscopies and colonoscopies are negative, capsule endoscopy will be used similarly to identify a bleeding lesion and thereby direct subsequent testing or treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Lim et al and Ridruejo papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16149 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16171 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Up-to-date information regarding the recurrence rate of Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori) after eradication therapy is not available. Aim To evaluate the global recurrence rate following H. pylori eradication therapy and confirm its association with socioeconomic and sanitary conditions. Methods A systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane library was performed to identify potentially relevant publications using the following keywords: ' Helicobacter pylori' or ' H. pylori' or ' Hp' and 'recurrence' or 'recrudescence' or 'reinfection' or 'recurrent' or 'recurred' or 're-infect*' or 'relapse*.' Results A total of 132 studies (53 934 patient-years) were analysed. Each study was weighted according to the duration of patient-years. The global annual recurrence, reinfection and recrudescence rate of H. pylori were 4.3% (95% CI, 4-5), 3.1% (95% CI, 2-5) and 2.2% (95% CI, 1-3), respectively. The H. pylori recurrence rate was inversely related to the human development index ( HDI) (ie, 3.1% [95% CI, 2-4], 6.2% [95% CI, 4-8] and 10.9% [95% CI, 6-18] in countries with a very high, high and medium or low HDI) ( P <.01) and directly related to H. pylori prevalence (10.9% [95% CI, 7-16], 3.7% [95% CI, 3-5], 3.4% [95% CI, 2-5] and 1.6% [95% CI, 0.5-3] in countries with a very high, high, medium or low local H. pylori prevalence) ( P <.01). Global recurrence rates remained relatively stable between 1990s, 2000s and 2010s but varied across different regions ( P <.05). Conclusions H. pylori recurrence remains a problem closely associated with socioeconomic and sanitary conditions. Methods to reduce recurrence in developing countries are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linked Content This article is linked to Brancaccio et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15188. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linked Content This article is linked to Chen et al and Argueta and Moss papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15273 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15302. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linked Content This article is linked to Kang et al paper. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14275. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is linked to Eriksson et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14268 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14336. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linked Content This article is linked to Gracie and Ford et al and Kruis and Greinwald papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14180 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14193. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linked Content This article is linked to Gracie and Ford et al and Kruis and Greinwald papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14180 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14193. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linked Content This article is linked to Townsend and Newsome et al and Barone et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14179 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14195. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linked Content This article is linked to Seow and Panacionne and Ward and Irving papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14185 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14209. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linked Content This article is linked to Ward et al and Vande Casteele, Gils papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13992 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14049. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linked Content This article is linked to Ward et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13992 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14091. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linked Content This article is linked to Howell et al and Sharma papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13977 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14067. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: One quarter of the world's population has latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Systemic immunosuppression is a risk factor for LTBI reactivation and the development of active tuberculosis. Such reactivation carries a risk of significant morbidity and mortality. Despite the increasing global incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the use of immune‐based therapies, current guidelines on the testing and treatment of LTBI in patients with IBD are haphazard with a paucity of evidence. Aim: To review the screening, diagnostic practices and medical management of LTBI in patients with IBD. Methods: Published literature was reviewed, and recommendations for testing and treatment were synthesised by experts in both infectious diseases and IBD. Results: Screening for LTBI should be performed proactively and includes assessment of risk factors, an interferon‐gamma releasing assay or tuberculin skin test and chest X‐ray. LTBI treatment in patients with IBD is scenario‐dependent, related to geographical endemicity, travel and other factors. Ideally, LTBI therapy should be used prior to immune suppression but can be applied concurrently where urgent IBD medical treatment is required. Management is best directed by a multidisciplinary team involving gastroenterologists, infectious diseases specialists and pharmacists. Ongoing surveillance is recommended during therapy. Newer LTBI therapies show promise, but medication interactions need to be considered. There are major gaps in evidence, particularly with specific newer therapeutic approaches to IBD. Conclusions: Proactive screening for LTBI is essential in patients with IBD undergoing immune‐suppressing therapy and several therapeutic strategies are available. Reporting of real‐world experience is essential to refining current management recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linked Content This article is linked to Mahadevan et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14054 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13960. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linked Content This article is linked to Warners et al paper. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13953. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors reflect on the comments of doctors V. Snowdon and J. Fallowfield to their paper on measuring inflammatory and fibrotic components of portal hypertension. Topics discussed include the development in non-invasive diagnosis of portal hypertension, several methods to assess the fibrous/structural component of portal hypertension including transient elastography, Fibrotest, and shear wave elastography, and measurements of invasive hepatic venous pressure gradient.

Summary: Background: Escalation to anti‐tumour necrosis factor (anti‐TNF) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients on thiopurine is a common clinical scenario. However, the impact of discontinuing thiopurine at escalation is unclear. Aim: To assess the impact of discontinuing versus continuing thiopurine therapy at anti‐TNF initiation. Methods: We used the Danish registries to establish a national cohort of patients with IBD on thiopurine therapy prior to initiating anti‐TNF from 2003 to 2018. We compared patients discontinuing thiopurine therapy within 90 days of anti‐TNF initiation to those continuing. Our primary outcome was a composite of any new oral corticosteroid use, IBD‐related hospitalization, surgery or death. We used Cox regression models to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Of the 10,352 anti‐TNF exposed patients, 2,630 (1590 Crohn's disease (CD) and 1040 ulcerative colitis (UC)) received thiopurines prior to anti‐TNF. After anti‐TNF initiation, 979 patients discontinued thiopurines. Discontinuing thiopurines within 90 days of anti‐TNF initiation, increased the risk of the primary outcome (aHR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.10‐1.36), particularly for IBD‐related hospitalization (aHR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.00‐1.31) and oral corticosteroid use (aHR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.13‐1.44). This increased risk of the primary outcome was seen in both CD (aHR: 1.17; 95% CI 1.02‐1.34) and UC (aHR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.12‐1.55). Conclusions: In a nationwide cohort study of IBD patients, we observed that discontinuing thiopurines after anti‐TNF initiation was associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes, in particular an increase in hospitalizations. Further interventional studies exploring this common clinical scenario are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linked Content This article is linked to Bye et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14075 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14166. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linked Content This article is linked to Bye et al, and Sheridan and Doherty papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14075 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14149. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linked Content This article is linked to Steenbergen et al paper. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13964. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linked Content This article is linked to Wang and Lin, and Kim et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14122 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13981. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linked Content This article is linked to Howell et al and Clare et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13977 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14033. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on different treatment options for several haemorrhoidal diseases. As reported there are several treatments available for the disease including non-invasive options, topical agents and suppositories. The drug and instrumental therapy is used in more than 90 percent cases of haemorrhoidal disease. The article also offers information on its symptoms including bleeding, pain and constipation and the best treatment available for it.

Aim To systematically review the literature evaluating hypnotherapy in the management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Methods Electronic databases were searched (Cochrane Library, Medline, CINAHL, AMED, Embase, PsycINFO, CISCOM, TRIP and the Social Science Citation index), bibliographic references scanned and main authors contacted. No restrictions were placed on language or publication year. Eligible studies involved adults with IBS using single-component hypnotherapy. All studies, except single case or expert opinion, were sought and all patient-related outcomes eligible. Results Out of 299 unique references identified, 20 studies (18 trials of which four were randomized, two controlled and 12 uncontrolled) and two case series were eligible. These tended to demonstrate hypnotherapy as being effective in the management of IBS. Numbers of patients included were small. Only one trial scored more than four out of eight on internal validity. Conclusion The published evidence suggests that hypnotherapy is effective in the management of IBS. Over half of the trials (10 of 18) indicated a significant benefit. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of high internal validity is necessary to establish the effectiveness of hypnotherapy in the management of IBS. Until such a trial is undertaken, this form of treatment should be restricted to specialist centres caring for the more severe forms of the disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: There is much debate about the influence of pre-treatment with a proton pump inhibitor onHelicobacter pylorieradication. The few studies investigating the influence of pre-treatment on triple and quadruple therapies did not find differences in eradication rates. However, the high eradication rates make it difficult to study factors associated with therapy failure in small populations. In order to overcome this problem we performed a meta-analysis.: The literature was searched in order to identify randomized clinical trials comparing modern triple/quadruple therapies forH. pylorieradication without pre-treatment with a proton pump inhibitor with exactly the same regimen with pre-treatment. The overall risk difference (with − without pre-treatment) was calculated by pooling the risk differences of the individual studies weighted by the inverse of their variances.: Nine studies, investigating a total of 773 patients, were identified. There was considerable variation regarding therapy regimen and duration. Pooled eradication rates were 81.3% (312 of 384) for patients with pre-treatment and 81.2% (316 of 389) for patients without pre-treatment. The (weighted) overall risk difference was 0.1% (95% CI:−5%; 5%).: Pre-treatment with a proton pump inhibitor does not influenceH. pylorieradication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Disease outcome in Crohn's disease might have changed during the last four decades. Disease outcome measurement in Crohn's disease has methodological difficulties because of patient selection and lack of proper definition of diagnostic and outcome measurement criteria. Aim: To assess possible changes in disease outcome in Crohn's disease during the last four decades. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed using the MEDLINE search engine and major international conference libraries. Articles and abstracts were selected according to stringent inclusion criteria. Results: Forty articles and nine abstracts complied with the inclusion criteria. Seven studies with a median follow-up time between 11.1 and 17 years showed standard mortality ratios in Crohn's disease ranging between 2.16 and 0.72 with a tendency of decline during the last four decades. One study with 11.4 years mean follow-up time showed a statistically significant increased relative risk for colorectal cancer that was not confirmed by three others. Sixteen publications applied in the disease recurrence category. Probability of first resective surgery ranged between 38 and 96% during the first 15 years after diagnosis. The overall recurrence and surgical recurrence rates after first resective surgery ranged between 50 and 60, and 28 and 45% respectively during the following 15 years without an apparent time trend. Conclusion: This structured literature review provides no hard evidence for change in disease outcome in Crohn's disease during the last four decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an index related to papers that appear in the December 2003 issue of the journal "Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics."

Linked Content This article should be linked to Nee and Lembo, and W. E. Whitehead et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13920 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13839. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Intestinal bacteria produce metabolites and by‐products necessary for homeostasis. Imbalance in this equilibrium is linked to multiple pathologies including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The role of the gut microbiota in determining treatment response is becoming apparent, and may act as biomarker for efficacy. Aim: To describe knowledge about the intestinal microbiota on disease severity and treatment outcomes in IBD Methods: Descriptive review using PubMed to identify literature on the intestinal microbiota in IBD Results: Severe IBD has a less diverse microbiota with fewer commensal microbiota communities and more opportunistic pathogenic bacteria originating from the oral cavity or respiratory tract. IBD treatments can alter gut microbiota composition, but in vitro/in vivo studies are needed to prove causation. A diversification of the microbiota is observed during remission. Patients with a more diverse baseline microbiome and higher microbial diversity show better response to anti‐tumour necrosis factor‐α, vedolizumab and ustekinumab therapy. Higher abundance of short chain fatty acid‐producing bacteria, fewer mucus‐colonising bacteria and lower abundance of pro‐inflammatory bacteria have also been associated with a favourable outcome. Predictive models, based on a combination of microbiota, clinical data and serological markers, have good accuracy for treatment outcome and disease severity. Conclusion: The intestinal microbiota in IBD carries a set of promising biomarkers of disease activity and prediction of therapeutic outcome. Current insights may also help in designing microbiota modulation strategies to improve outcomes in IBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Increasing evidence supports the role of the gut microbiota in the aetiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a highly effective treatment against recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection in randomised controlled trials (RCTs), and may be beneficial in ulcerative colitis. However, its efficacy in IBS is uncertain. Aim: To perform a systematic review and meta‐analysis to examine this issue. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, EMBASE Classic, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and clinicaltrials.gov through to March 2019. RCTs recruiting adults with IBS, which compared FMT with placebo, were eligible. Dichotomous symptom data were pooled to obtain a relative risk (RR) of remaining symptomatic after therapy, with a 95% CI. Results: The search strategy identified 322 citations. Five RCTs were eligible for inclusion, containing 267 patients. Overall, 92.2% of included patients had IBS‐D or IBS‐M, and only 7.8% IBS‐C. When data were pooled for all patients, irrespective of stool type, the RR of IBS symptoms not improving was 0.98 (95% CI 0.58‐1.66). Placebo capsules administered orally were superior to capsules containing donor stool in two pooled trials (RR = 1.96; 95% CI 1.19‐3.20). FMT from donor stool delivered via colonoscopy was superior to autologous stool in two pooled RCTs (RR = 0.63; 95% CI 0.43‐0.93). FMT from donor stool via nasojejunal tube showed a trend towards a benefit over autologous stool in one trial (RR = 0.69; 95% CI 0.46‐1.02). Conclusions: Fresh or frozen donor stool delivered via colonoscopy or nasojejunal tube may be beneficial in IBS. Larger, more rigorously conducted trials of FMT in IBS are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: The approval of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib in 2007 marked a milestone in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, as sorafenib was the first systemic therapy to show a survival benefit in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Since then many drugs failed in the first‐ and second‐line setting and it took almost another decade until further tyrosine kinase inhibitors succeeded in phase III trials. Aim: To summarise the evolving field of systemic therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods: We reviewed recently published studies identified from PubMed and data presented at recent meetings. Main search terms included hepatocellular carcinoma, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, immunotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, sorafenib, regorafenib, lenvatinib, cabozantinib, ramucirumab, and nivolumab. Results: We discuss the evolution of targeted therapies since the approval of sorafenib including failures and recent advances. We also elaborate the unmet need of biomarkers to guide treatment decisions and discuss the emerging field of immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusions: The tyrosine kinase inhibitors sorafenib (first line) and regorafenib (second line) have been approved for hepatocellular carcinoma, and the immune checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab obtained conditional approval for sorafenib‐experienced patients in the United States. With lenvatinib in the first line, and cabozantinib and ramucirumab in sorafenib‐experienced patients, three more targeted therapies reached their primary endpoint in phase III trials and may soon be added to the treatment armamentarium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]