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Combinatorial skills refer to the ability to analyze and manipulate combinations of elements or objects in various ways to solve problems or achieve specific goals. These skills involve understanding how different elements can be arranged or combined to create new outcomes, often systematically and organized. In this era, these skills should be endorsed in the classroom so that the young generation possesses these skills. However, in reality, students' combinatorial thinking skills still need to improve since the learning model applied in the classroom has yet to foster these skills. The indicators of combinatorial thinking consist of e identifying some cases, recognizing patterns from all cases, generalizing all cases, proving mathematically, and considering other combinatorial problems. This paper will describe the learning activities of RBL-STEM to improve students' combinatorial thinking skills in solving the edge irregular reflexive 푘-labelling problem and its application in image encryption. Let 퐺 be a connected, simple, and undirected graph with a vertex set 푉(퐺) and an edge set 퐸(퐺).A total 푘-labeling is an edge irregular total 푘-labeling of the graph G if even two distinct edges have different weights. The edge weight is the sum of the labels of its incident vertices and the labels of that edge. Bac̆a extended the above notion into an edge irregular reflexive 푘-labeling. The total 푘-labeling defined the function 푓e: 퐸(퐺)→{1,2,3, ..., 푘e} and 푓v: 푉(퐺)→{0,2,4, ..., 2푘v} where 푘 = 푚푎푥{푘e, 2푘v}. For the graph G, the total 푘-labeling is called an edge irregular reflexive 푘-labeling if the condition every two different edges 푥1푥2 and 푦1푦2 of 퐺, 푤푡(푥1푥2)≠푤푡(푦1푦2), where 푤푡(푥1푥2) = 푓v(푥1) + 푓e(푥1푥2) + 푓v(푥2). The smallest value of 푘 for which such labelling exists is called the reflexive edge strength of the graph 퐺, denoted by 푟푒푠(퐺). This research uses a qualitative narrative approach, starting with developing a prototype of the application in image encryption using edge irregular reflexive 푘 labelling and continuing with formulating the stage of learning activities regarding RBL-STEM. The results of this research are in the form of an RBL-STEM learning framework consisting of six stages of learning activities. Based on these results, the following steps will be the development of RBL-STEM maker-space learning materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computational thinking refers to a problem-solving approach that draws on concepts and techniques from computer science to address complex problems and tasks. It is not just limited to computer programming, but it is a fundamental skill set that can be applied to various fields and everyday life. In this era, these skills should be endorsed in the classroom so that the young generation possesses these skills. However, in reality, students' computational thinking skills still need to improve since the learning model applied in the classroom has yet to be able to foster these skills. The indicators of computational thinking consist of problem decomposition, algorithmic thinking, pattern recognition, abstraction and generalization. This paper described the learning activities of RBL-STEM to improve students' computational thinking skills in solving the strong rainbow antimagic colouring (SRAC) problem and its application scheme to analyzing river erosion using spatial, temporal graph neural networks (STGNN). Let G(V(G), E(G)) be a connected, undirected, and simple graph with vertex set V(G) and edge set E(G). By SRAC, we mean that for a bijective function f: V(G)→1,2,...,|V(G)|, the associated weight of an edge uv∈E(G) under f is f(uv)= f(u)+f(v), the function f is called an edge-antimagic vertex labelling if for every edge has distinct weight. If for every two vertices u and v of G, there exists a rainbow u-v geodesic path, then f was called a strong rainbow antimagic labelling of G. This research uses a qualitative narrative approach, starting with developing a prototype of the application scheme in analyzing river erosion using RAC and STGNN and continues with formulating the stage of learning activities in regards with RBL-STEM. The results of this research are in the form of an RBL-STEM learning framework consisting of six stages of learning activities, which have been ready to be used on the RBL-STEM maker space learning materials development for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the success of the pore hierarchy formation strategy on ludoxZSM-5 to obtain Fe-Co/LudoxZSM-5 Hierarchy catalysts, which is initial research on the synthesis of catalysts for use in oxidative desulfurization processes in fuels. The analysis was carried out by computational simulation of data from the results of the Brunauer Emmet Teller (BET) instrument test. This strategy succeeded in demonstrating the construction of a meso/macropore bimodal hierarchical structure as a result of the dealumination process against LudoxZSM-5, and a micro/meso/macropore multimodal hierarchy after the bimetal Fe-Co impregnation treatment. The simulation results also show that the hierarchical ZSM-5 catalyst design strategy is achieved by maximizing the hierarchical factor (HF). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for clean water is increasing along with the growing population, where the demand exceeds its availability. Particularly in urban areas, there is high demand for water but limited availability. One activity that consumes a significant amount of clean water is ablution (16.2 litres/person/day). This study is related to efforts to conserve clean water by using an automatic ablution faucet with a printed circuit board (PCB). The use of PCB aims to make the electrical circuit compact, and the dimensions of the casing used are also smaller. The implementation of the automatic ablution faucet was conducted at Al-Mujahidin Mosque, Kukusan, using three faucets. Data collection was carried out for seven days during each prayer time, with three respondents at each time, using a flowmeter K24, stopwatch, and smart plug as measurement tools. This system is capable of saving water volume up to 44.75%. All measurement results, which subsequently supported operational cost calculations, showed a savings of 25.73%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power level of the input audio signal has a significant effect on the compression algorithms in the estimation process. In this research, the researchers propose a hybrid estimation system consisting of two estimators: the traditional estimation algorithm when the power of the input signal is low enough to estimate correctly, and an optimized adaptive filter for the high-power input signal. A power threshold is selected carefully to determine the low- and high-power signals. That improvement produces the best estimation for the input audio signal before the main encoding process. The researchers tested from 0 to a 1 per unit threshold for the maximum power for the input audio frames. When the power is less than that threshold, standard linear predictive coding is used for the estimation. When the power is greater than that threshold, an adaptive filter is used. Rice encoding algorithm is used to encode the estimated signal and then produces a compressed audio signal. The optimal threshold was 0.6 per unit. Subjective tests denoted that the proposed hybrid algorithm is efficient, and objective SNR tests denoted that the developments in the compression ratio were more than 0.1 per unit (10%). Relative compression times and fluctuating compression performances were considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bipolar plate acts as a critical element in the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) system, constituting 60-80% of the total weight of a PEMFC stack. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in exploring aluminum alloys for bipolar plates. The only crucial challenge for aluminum bipolar plates is their inferior corrosion resistance in the acid environment of PEMFC. This study aims to enhance the corrosion resistance of AA5052 plates by AAO/Ni-Ag coating for PEMFC application. The fabrication of AAO was carried out by anodizing process in 16% H2SO4 at 25, 0, and -25°C with the current densities of 10 and 20 A/dm2 for 30 minutes. Subsequently, the electrodeposition of Ni-Ag on anodized AA5052 was conducted in a solution containing 240 g/L NiSO4⋅6H2O and 7.5 g/L AgNO3 with the current density of 2 A/dm2 at room temperature for 15 minutes. The corrosion properties of the integrated coating were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic test in a solution of 0.5M H2SO4 with 2 ppm HF at ambient temperature. The findings demonstrated that the incorporation of a protective layer on AA5052 substrates substantially enhanced the ability of bipolar plates to withstand corrosion in the fuel cell's operational conditions in comparison to substrates without any coating. The substrate, when subjected to an anodizing current density of 20 A/dm2 and a temperature of -25°C, exhibited superior performance. Its corrosion rate was 20 times lower compared to an uncoated substrate, and the Nyquist Curves displayed a larger curve and higher impedance value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has implemented a policy to regulate its nickel ore exports, but this has drawn criticism from Europe. Indonesia's restriction on nickel ore exports is viewed as a violation of trade regulations, particularly the principle outlined in Article XI:1 of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which prohibits such restrictions. This study delves into enforcing regulations limiting the quantity of exported goods. It assesses Indonesia's export restriction policies within the framework of international trade law, with a particular focus on GATT. Employing a legal research method, this study examines primary legal documents such as provisions from GATT, the 1945 Constitution, Law No. 3 of 2020 (which amends Mineral Law No. 4 of 2009 on mineral and coal mining), and Ministerial Regulations No. 1 of 2017, supplemented by Ministerial Decree No. 96 of 2019 concerning the export conditions for processed and refined mining products. Secondary legal documents are obtained through library searches, legal journals, reference books, and online resources. The researchers utilize an Analytical and Conceptual approach to develop legal arguments for addressing the legal issues encountered. For legal collection techniques literature, done through a bibliographic study with the tool used is the literature review. More than that, Legal documents are analyzed and synthesized systematic use of deductive logic. This research shows that Indonesia's actions follow Article XI: 2(a), which allows for exceptions to the rule of limiting quantities under certain conditions. The restrictions on nickel exports in Indonesia are intended to protect the environment and prevent resource depletion. Additionally, these measures aim to enhance the domestic battery industry, thereby contributing to the country's economic growth. So, the decisions made by the Indonesian government are in accordance with the rules that apply throughout the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On prime ring R with a commutator [x, y]=xy - yx, ∀x, y E R and symmetric biderivation B can be constructed symmetric generalized biderivation Δ with associated symmetric biderivation B. However, a prime ring with symmetric generalized biderivation Δ does not always become a commutative ring. This article constructs the conditions for two elements in the prime ring which will be calculated by the product of the commutator so that the ring becomes commutative, i.e there is a non-zero ideal I of R such that one of the following three conditions holds for all x, y, z ∈ I: (1). [Δ(x, y), Δ(y, z)]=0, (2). [Δ(x, y), Δ(y, z)]=[x, z] or (3). [Δ(x, y), Δ(y, z)]+[x, z]=0. So, we get the commutativity of prime rings with generalized symmetric biderivations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research focuses on describing the creative thinking processes of boys and girls students in solving statistical problems. Creative thinking is a process of thinking through the stages: 1) synthesizing ideas, namely combining the ideas you have. 2) Building ideas, namely generating ideas related to a given problem by synthesizing previous ideas. At this stage, individual novelty, fluency and flexibility will be seen in solving problems. 3) Planning the implementation of ideas, namely selecting certain ideas to be used in solving a given problem or to be solved. 4) Implementing ideas, namely implementing or using planned ideas to solve problems. This qualitative research was conducted on boys and girls students in class VIII A of SMPN 1 Purwosari Pasuruan. Meanwhile, the type of research used is a case study, where an in-depth longitudinal examination is carried out on the creative thinking processes of boys and girls in solving problems using systematic methods of observing, collecting data, analyzing information, and reporting the results. The research instrument is the researcher as main instrument, and test sheets to determine creative thinking processes, observation sheets, and interview sheets as auxiliary instruments. Subjects who have specific criteria will be selected as research subjects. The criteria are students with one boys and girls student, b) Age ranges from 14 years, c) Have relatively equal mathematical abilities with an average of 8.00 - 8.30. After getting a research subject that fits the criteria, a test item with statistical material will be given to discover the creative thinking process. The results showed that there were differences in the thinking processes between male and female students at each stage of their creative thinking. The basic difference is in the steps of idea synthesis and idea building. Male students get ideas based on everyday experiences, while female students are based on the theories in the book. Whereas at the idea-building stage, male students can fulfil the aspects of novelty, fluency, and flexibility. Meanwhile, female students only fulfilled the novelty aspect and did not fulfil the fluency and flexibility aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let R be a unital ring and m ≥ 2 be a positive integer. An element a ∈ R is called an m-potent element in R, if it satisfies am = a. A unital ring R is called m-clean if each of its elements can be written as the sum of an m-potent element and a unit element of R. This article aims to show the existence of m-clean elements in a certain upper triangular matrix ring over integral domain ℤ, by identifying m-potent and unit elements in the ring. So, m-clean elements can be constructed. In this article, we obtained two general forms of all m-potent and unit elements and therefore produced four general forms of all m-clean elements which generalizes some theorems of clean elements in a certain upper triangular matrix ring over integral domain ℤ. Furthermore, we provided some properties of m-cleanness under ring homomorphism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tilapia is sexual dimorphism, with males growing faster than females, so the production of monosexual males is much more profitable. In aquaculture, the male formation process generally uses 17α-methyltestosterone, but this synthetic hormone has a negative impact on the residue and a carcinogenic effect. Therefore, it is necessary to look for natural substitutes, such as steroid extracts of sea cucumber which are safer and more environmentally friendly. The purpose of this study was to determine the performance of male monosexuals in 2 weeks old tilapia (Oreochromis sp) larvae through immersion in sea cucumber of steroid extracts (SCSE) combined with the addition of honey bee. The research was carried out in stages experimentally with the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method. In the first stage, the research was carried out by immersing fish in 2 mg. L−1 of SCSE for 0, 12, 24, and 36 h. From the results of the first phase, further research was carried out with the addition of honey bees in an effort to increase male formation. The addition of honey bee at the dose of 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg. L−1 in SCSE dose of 2 mg. L−1 in order to determine the effective dose of honey in increasing male formation. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued with the smallest significant difference (LSD) test at the level of α=5%. From the results of the initial research, it was known that the length of immersion in SCSE of 2 mg. L−1 had an effect on male sexual formation. The results of the further test showed that the immersion for 12, 24, and 36 h was different from the control (0 h), but the duration of immersion was not significantly different between treatments. The highest male formation was found in the immersion SCSE dose of 2 mg. L−1 for 12 h which reached 51.25%. The results of the next stage through immersion in SCSE dose of 2 mg. L−1 for 12 h combined with honey bee, significantly affected male sexual formation. The addition of 20 mg. L−1 honey was quite effective in increasing the formation of male monosexuals by 83.33%, but it didn't affect the survival and growth of tilapia larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Very high-capacity real-time mobile data stream is a fundamental requirement of future sophisticated applications, particularly in wireless telecommunication and information technology fields. A superb level of received signal availability is the physical layer's fundamental requirement of applications that rely on the wireless transmission system. Typically for the urban environment, which is mostly dominated by non-line-of-sight propagation environments, poor received signal strength becomes an impediment in reaching targeted performances. This condition worsened when implementing network deployment in rich bandwidth TeraHertz (THz) Spectrum as proposed for a 6G wireless system. Recently observed Smart Radio Environment (SRE) scheme proposed integrating Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) in wireless channels between transmitter and receiver to efficiently minimise channel loss. In this paper, numerical simulation is performed to observe the expected received signal strength on the specific application for RIS-aided wireless systems working on the THz spectrum. The presented scenario relies on the path loss model for the RIS beamforming case with only a single value of complex reflection coefficient implemented for all RIS unit-cell components. It also presents RIS reflection coefficient derivation with constrain on the geometrical aspect of RIS in THz spectrum operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine plants have become a source of phytopharmaceutical raw materials as the potency of anticancer drugs which continues to be researched. For example, seagrass is one of the marine angiosperms that is widely distributed in all coastal regions in Indonesia. Bioactive compounds contained in seagrass are known to have the potential as anticancer drugs. Several toxicity methods can be used to clarify the anticancer potency of seagrass are cell culture methods (Microculture Tetrazolium Salt/MTT) [1] and Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). However, exploration of marine plants, especially seagrass as an anticancer from Lampung waters is still minimal. This study aims to determine the bioactive compounds and the anticancer potential based on the LC50 value of ethanol extract of the seagrasses Enhalus acoroides and Cymodocea rotundata from the waters of Pesawaran and South Lampung, Lampung using the Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina) Lethality Test (BSLT) method. The results of this study indicate that seagrass Enhalus acoroides ethanol extract that contained flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and steroids has an LC50 value of 126.77 ppm, while the seagrass Cymodocea rotundata ethanol extract that contained flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and steroids has an LC50 value of 163.18 ppm. The toxicity value of the two seagrasses in this study is relatively low, which is>100 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fresh produce commodities in the agro-industry sector that survive in the current situation. However, this commodity still has many problems, especially in quality and the ability of existing resources, especially farmers as suppliers involved in it, impact the less than optimal performance of the company and its supply chain. This study aimed to examine the effect of collaborative relationships on company performance and the supply chain of fresh produce, which refers to the performance indicator factors of each variable, both at the individual level and at the supply chain level. The research method using purposive sampling and data analysis questionnaires from the results of in-depth interviews and data processing with structural equation modelling. The study results indicate that implementing a collaborative performance system has a positive and significant effect on the individual performance/company performance and their supply chain collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in high demand for fresh vegetables commodities recently can support economic development and the sustainability of farmers' businesses. However, the commodity's development still has many problems for providing products that meet the standards and existing resources among farmers, resulting in poor performance. Therefore, this study examines the effect of collaborative networks, information sharing, and resource sharing on fresh vegetables supply chain performance. It focuses on the agro-industrial in the area of gabungan kelompok tani LA (Gapoktan LA), West Java. Purposive sampling for in-depth interviews and questionnaires for data collection is used. Data were processed using SmartPLS. The study results show that collaborative networks have a significant effect on the variables of sharing information and sharing resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The standard life cycle consists of three stages: standards development, implementation, and maintenance. Standard maintenance is carried out at least once every five years after the standard has been established to ensure it is up-to-date. The national standard for coffee beans is13 years old and must be maintained to control the quality of the product in circulation. This research aims to develop a standardization framework including technical requirements for coffee bean quality to be adjusted based on user experience and needs. These quality parameter recommendations help to design the standard. Determination of the main parameters that represent the experience and needs of each stakeholder is essential in the standardization process. This research was conducted in a qualitative descriptive manner using the Kansei Engineering approach through the Framework for Analysis, Comparison, and Testing of Standards (FACTS) method, which includes four main stages: stakeholder analysis, technical analysis, comparison with international standard parameters, and testing of quality parameters proposed. The result of this research is a framework that can be used to maintain coffee bean standards in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is a country with a region that has great potential in the maritime sector, 70% of its territory consists of 17,508 islands making Indonesia a maritime country with a coastline that stretches 108,000 km. Indonesia has unprecedented Salt Lake products from different locales like Sampang, Cirebon, Rembang, and Indramayu. These resources need to be detected and inventoried in an appropriate manner. Local communities are increasingly cornered and finding it difficult to compete. For the essential ware bunch, by keeping up with the security of the salt product in the public arena, whose capability is indispensable, the salt exchanging framework is directed. The examination objective is to utilize the K-Means Bunching strategy to bunch public salt products. Clustering is a method for data analysis, where each object is identified and grouped based on similarities or similarities in several aspects. The result of the testing the K-Means Clustering technique with the Silhouette Coefficient strategy show that the K-Means Clustering strategy with the nearest distance determined involving Euclidean Distance is a decent decision for research. The Silhouette Coefficient evaluation yielded results with k=2 and the value of 0.721. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conformity to regulatory or standard requirements is demonstrated through conformity assessment activities, such as product testing. Product testing is the process of determining one or more characteristics of materials or processes in accordance with a reference, such as standards or regulations stated in a report or test certificate. As a means of ensuring the quality, safety, and security of a product (goods or services), testing is gaining currency in international commerce. It is anticipated that the acceptability of the testing results will not become a national or international trade barrier. This study seeks to determine the conditions and maturity level of product testing in Indonesia using the Comprehensive Diagnostic Tool-Annex to the PTB Germany's Quality Improvement Toolkit. The instrument was utilized through case studies in Indonesian-accredited testing laboratories. The average score of 3.2 indicates that the current state of testing activity in Indonesia is still not optimal. To facilitate trade, research, and innovation, improvements must be made to the pillars and aspects of Indonesia's infrastructure building blocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geothermal turbine blade can be made by machining process using a 5-Axis Turn-Mill CNC Machine and the raw material is generally SUS 410 stainless steel which tend to be a difficult to cut material. This paper presented the vibration response in Turn-Milling of SUS 410 with different rough milling strategy to investigate the characteristics of these strategies. Initially, the modal parameters were measured by hammering test. Then, the turn-milling tests were conducted for a long cylindrical workpiece with a flat end mill using raster and vortex strategy extracted from PowerMill software. In this machining process, the axial depth changes gradually as the tool moves along the cutting path. Acceleration signals of machining were obtained by a three-axis accelerometer and analyzed by Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT). The results showed that vortex strategy has a significant lower vibration amplitude than raster's at every radial and axial depth of cut, there is no chatter detected in vortex's frequency domain, while in raster's there is chatter near its natural frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general population is concerned about the usage of the internet as a result of advances in information and technology. News website on the internet are an example of a technology that has been developed to disseminate the most up-to-date worldwide information. When it comes to numbers, newsreaders are more than adequate for obtaining the needed information. However, as a result of the amount of data collected, there will be an information explosion as well as the possibility of information redundancy. One of the methods targeted at supporting the input query in locating the required or relevant information is the search system. In weighing to measure statistics from a collection of papers on the search for information about the Covid 19 vaccine on tempo news, the approaches TF-IDF and VSM (Vector Space Model) are used, followed by tokenizing the text to split it, stopword removal, or filtering to remove extraneous words like conjunctions and others. The next process is sentence stemming, which aims to reduce word inflection to its most basic form. News document 1 (DOC 1) has a weight of 17.242, news document 5 (DOC 5) has a weight of 11.687, news document 4 (DOC 4) has a weight of 9.243, news document 2 (DOC 2) has a weight of 5.737, and news document 3 (DOC 3) has a weight of 0. The precision with which a document's word weighting is calculated can be determined using the Term Frequency (TF) - Inverse Document Frequency (IDF) approach and Vector Space Model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) composite membrane reinforced with titanium dioxide (TiO2) and addition polyethylene glycol (PEG) were analyzed in the study. Bacterial cellulose (BC) pellicle from pineapple peel waste extract. BC pellicle was cleaned with 1% NaOH. BC was mashed with a blender and carried out a high-pressure homogenizer (HPH) method of 5 cycles at a pressure of 150 bar, filtered through a vacuum filter. Composite membrane synthesized 10 grams BNC, 1% TiO2, and 1% PEG. All were mixed and dried in an oven for 14 hours at 80℃. Morphology and crystallinity were analyzed. SEM morphology of BNC membrane added with PEG made fibers look large because they were coated with PEG. BNC/ TiO2 added with PEG surfactant was able to disperse TiO2 evenly. Results of crystallinity membrane contained 4 diffraction peaks angle 2θ: 14.5°,16.8°, 22.6°, and 25.2°. Diffraction peaks BNC with BNC/PEG increase because PEG is a plasticizer making diffraction peaks larger. 1% TiO2 nanoparticles with the addition of 1% PEG caused crystallinity value and crystallinity index to decrease because the low interaction of PEG with TiO2 is hydrophobic, TiO2 is evenly dispersed in an aqueous solution and evenly distributed on the BNC matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supply chains in today's global era generally have complex entities consisting of multi-echelon, dynamic, long chains, and geographically separated entities. Globalization in SC become increasingly complex when dealing with diverse regulatory policies because SC entities are located in different countries, accompanied by varying cultural behavior and human consumption. Complexity in SC networks often results in inefficient transactions leading to increased risk and distrust. These conditions lead to a need to share information that is more transparent, traceable, and verified. The use of blockchain technology as a tangible form of digital technology advancement can be utilized to effectively store traces of information and simplify the entire process of business transactions. This technology appropriate for processing wood distributor companies that have many suppliers and customers, both retailers and individuals who often demand clarity on the origin of woods being sold. Blockchain technology has public access system, can be applied to transparently track the information of wood in realtime between the parties concerned. With blockchain technology, companies can carry out transactions with shorter processing times and access information in a faster time because they're integrated with each other. This paper aims to propose a conceptual framework that defines the capabilities of blockchain technology that allows collaboration between various parties concerned such as aligning all consumer demand with supply of goods from suppliers in real-time in order to improve supply chain management performance of companies engaged in the commercial wood raw material industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to produce liquid smoke using a distillation equipment with a single tube heat exchanger. The test method was to burn coconut shell in a combustion tank. Smoke produced then distilled in a distillation tank, and finally the smoke turned into liquid smoke. The test results showed that 41.1% of the coconut shell material burned and 58.9% not burned. Burning coconut shell produced 14.32% charcoal, 11.62% liquid smoke, 2.56% ash, and 1.89% tar. The volume of liquid smoke produced was directly proportional to time and formed the equation Y = 1.3908X -88.425. The production rate of liquid smoke was strongly influenced by conditions of the combustion flame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snake grass (Clinacanthus nutans Lindau) (Dandang gendis in Indonesian) belongs to the Acanthaceae and has been known by people for curing the various diseases, such as diabetes, dysentery, Aedes aegypti larvicide, herpes simplex antiviral antioxidants, antitumor, etc. Preservation of herbal medicine simplicia for a certain period can cause microbial contamination on simplicia. Gamma irradiation technique at the dose of 5 – 10 kGy is one of the post-harvest handlings of dried herbal medicine simplicia, so that the shelf life of the commodity can be extended and it not easily damaged by insects and microbial spoilage. However, there is not much information about the acute oral toxicity of irradiated of dried C. nutans leaves. The study aimed to determine the acute toxicity potent of gamma irradiated at 7.5 kGy and un-irradiated C. nutans leaves using male and female DDY strain mice based on the procedure of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM RI). DDY strain mice aged 8 weeks, weight of 24.1 – 39.4g as test animals were fasted for 8 h before and 4 h after being given the test samples. The sample concentration used were 50, 300, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg BW. The observation was done during 14 d, including toxic symptoms, death of test animals, body weight (average daily gain) and manifestations of toxic effects. At the end of the test, the mice were sacrificed and the vital organs were observed for pathological and histological abnormalities. The results showed that the oral administration of the ethanolic extract of C. nutans leaves (from the irradiated and un-irradiated sample as control) at the test dose limit of 2000 mg/kg BW did not show any toxic symptoms or death of the mice. Moreover, gross pathological observation of vital organs did not show reveal any changes at each dose, while the microscopic examination found thickening of the pulmonary alveolus walls, and mild congestion in the spleen and kidney organs. Based on the classification category of the acute toxic class by BPOM RI No. 7 of 2014 and OECD, the findings of the toxicity study were classified as "practically non-toxic". It meant that gamma irradiation up to the dose of 7.5 kGy to extend the shelf life of the G. nutans simplicia did not cause the simplicia to become acutely toxic. However, further study on chemical components and their biological activities are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM RI) Regulation No. 32/2019, one of the traditional medicine classifications is standardized herbal medicine (SHM) which has the requirements that preclinical trials have been carried out on test animals. Among the preclinical tests, acute toxicity tests as well as safety and quality guarantees of traditional medicines are important. To support the safety and quality of traditional medicine from microbial as well as mold and insect contaminations, BPOM RI issued regulation No. 3/2018 regarding the use of gamma irradiation to eliminate/reduce microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of gamma irradiation at a dose of 7.5 kGy on "legundi" (Vitex trifolia L.) simplicia toward lethal dose fifty (LD50) values and histopathology in Swiss Webster mice. The method used in this study was fixed doses with variations doses were D1 (300), D2 (2000), and D3 (5000 mg/kg BW) with 18 mice which were divided into 4 groups. The toxic symptoms were observed for 24 hours after administration with ethanol extract of irradiated and un-irradiated V. trifolia leaves for each sample and continued for 14 days to observe toxic symptoms, animal mortality, changes in body weight and manifestations of toxic effects on vital organs and observed macroscopically. The results showed that the ethanol extract both from an un-irradiated and irradiated samples at 7.5 kGy did not show any toxic symptoms and the death of the test animals. Gross pathological examination of vital organs treated with ethanol extract between un-irradiated and irradiated samples at 7.5 kGy did not find any significant changes. Based on the classification category of the global harmonization system of OECD guidelines 420 (Acute toxic class) and BPOM RI, the findings of toxicity examination were classified as "unclassified" or at least practically non-toxic or relatively harmless. Subsequently, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of V. trifolia L. irradiated with gamma 7.5 kGy as well as unirradiated sample as control is classified as non-toxic and can be used as an alternative method for preserving the V. trifolia simplicia [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar radiation can be calculated using the actual daily solar irradiation time (n), maximum daily sunshine duration on the same day (N), extraterrestrial radiation (Ra), and the coefficient representing the fraction Ra are as = 0.25 and bs = 0.50. This study was developed and tested with a computational approach that relates Rs, Ra to the observed weather variables including the long-term average of the temperature differences Tmax−Tmin (TDavg), the long term average of the mean air temperatures Tmean (Tavg), the long term average of the ratios Tmean/Tmax-Tmin (T/TD) avg, the long term average of the wind speed (ffavg), the long term average of RHmean (RHavg) and rainfall (RR). This study uses daily data relative to 3 weather stations in Semarang City are Central Java Climatology Station, Tanjung Emas Maritime Meteorological Station and Ahmad Yani Meteorological Station referring to data from BMKG. The prediction system was built using Deep Learning. The Deep Learning method used is H20. Based on the results of RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) for a combination of three variables TDavg, ffavg and RHavg as the best predictors. The prediction result with the smallest RMSE value of 0.009 is the Tanjung Emas Maritime Meteorological Station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have been carried out on the mechanical properties of laminated bamboo. The results showed that the material has high tensile and compressive strength but low shear strength. This causes shear failure to the structural elements before the tensile and compressive strengths are reached. If the shear strength of the laminated bamboo can be increased, the structural strength of the laminated bamboo will also increase. This study aims to increase the shear strength of laminated bamboo by using a single-threaded steel rod inclined to the grain. The experiment was carried out by reinforcing laminated bamboo with threaded steel rods with diameters of 8mm and 10mm. The threaded steel rods are installed at 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45° to perpendicular to the grain. The specimen in each treatment group was made of five replicates. The results showed that the reinforcement of inclined threaded steel rods significantly increased laminated bamboo shear. In contrast, the difference in the diameter of the threaded steel rods did not affect increasing the shear strength. The tremendous increase in shear strength is achieved when the threaded steel rod is installed at 45° to the grain, which is 42.71% of the shear strength without shear reinforcement. The following important conclusion is the reinforcement of inclined threaded steel rods can significantly increase the slip modulus of laminated bamboo. The most significant increase in slip modulus is achieved when the threaded rod is installed at 45° to the grain, which is 1451.769% of the slip modulus without shear reinforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction cementitious materials or construction-based materials, such as cement paste, mortar, and concrete, are one of the most utilized materials in building construction today. This material's advantages include its high compressive strength, durability, lower labor costs, and applicability to a wide range of building applications. In its use, this material is susceptible to shrinkage, which produces a decrease in the material's volume because of reduced moisture content and loss of water during the hardening process. In a mixture of cement-based construction materials with a low water-cement ratio, superabsorbent polymer (SAP) is known to be one of the materials with "healing agent" capabilities. In addition, the usage of this material can automatically cover cracks. This study aims to examine the use of superabsorbent polymer in improving the durability of cement-based construction materials, as well as the problems that could occur if this material is applied in Indonesia. Several techniques, including data collection techniques, data reduction, data analysis, data presentation, and drawing conclusions, are used to conduct a literature review. The result of this research is a literature review on the definition of SAP, its durability, and its challenges in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The financial crisis is caused by the overbalance of the exchange rate of domestic currency against foreign currency. The 1997/1998 ASIAN financial crisis and the 2008 global financial crisis have provided a considerable impact on the Indonesian economy. This study aims to construct a time series model that can detect financial crisis in Indonesia using combination of Markov Switching (MS), Dynamic Conditional Correlation (DCC), and Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH). In this study we consider the difference in real BI rate with real Fed rate and deposit rate as indicators to observe the changes of financial crisis. The indicator of the difference in the real BI rate with the real Fed rate and the real deposit interest rate is detected to have a causality relationship and is cointegrated so that it can be explained using the multivariate vector error correction (VEC) model. The VEC model contains heteroscedasticity effects that can be overcome by using a volatility model. The method used for the detection of financial crisis was a combination of volatility models and Markov switching. The results showed that the Markov switching model dynamic conditional correlation generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity or MS-DCC-GARCH (2,1,1) can detect the crisis in 1997/1998. Based on the predicted value of smoothed probability in 2020, there was no sign of financial crisis in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transportation sector is an important sector to support the national development. As most of the energy demand in the transportation sector is used for motor vehicles in the road transportation, estimating the energy demand for motor vehicles is an important task in energy management. In this study, the conversion is carried out by converting conventional gasoline-fueled vehicles into electric vehicles. Replacement is done by removing the driving engine and replacing it with a motor that is automatically added to the battery as an energy source. The placement of the existing components affects the center of gravity where all the weight of the car is centered at one meeting point. The era of electric vehicles will not necessarily eliminate ICE vehicles. If the regulations state that ICE vehicles cannot be used anymore, many ICE vehicles will become carcasses. The solution to converting these vehicles into electric vehicles is one solution. LCGC or low-cost green car is a small vehicle with a high population in Indonesia. The large number of population and the possible high cost of electric vehicles are the background of research on converting these vehicles into electric vehicles. The vehicle used initially was an ICE vehicle with a power of 65 HP/ 6000 RPM and a torque of 86 Nm/3600 RPM. Conventional vehicle conversion (power 65 HP / 6000 RPM and torque of 86 Nm / 3600 RPM) is one solution considering the large population of conventional vehicles and the possibility of expensive electric vehicles being the background for the research on the conversion of these vehicles into electric vehicles. Charging the battery is done with a fast process with a duration of about 3 hours for a charge of 5-7 volts (65-72 volts) with a battery capacity of 150 AH times 6 pieces and the capacity of its use with a motor load of 118 A real capability obtained about 4 hours operation. The results of the calculation of the power and torque generated by the motor, the maximum power of the motor is 61.13 kW at 5000 rpm motor rotation and the resulting torque is 116.75. Selection of the transmission ratio that is very suitable for use in two-speed transmissions is the transmission ratio 1.96 for 2nd gear and 1.25 transmission ratio for 3rd gear based on calculations and from the results of analysis and calculations, the optimal value is the combination. Between 2nd and 3rd gears, the value of torque and power to speed optimization has the highest value so that the vehicle is only capable of traveling at 65.30 km / h at two speeds and the vehicle is also capable of traveling at 49.98 km / h in second gear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aligning with the government's target to increase the renewable energy mix to 31% by 2050, the usage of biomass waste in Indonesia has increased as an alternative to fossil fuels through combustion and has been considered to be carbon neutral. Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) is a solid waste produced by the palm oil industry. The ash extract from the combustion of EFB contains a high amount of alkali metals including potassium, a crucial element to produce fertilizer. Indonesia is still a net importer of fertilizer, therefore the utilization of extracted potassium from the ash would be beneficial to reduce the import quantity of fertilizer. However, potassium is commonly present as a mixture with sodium salts that have the same solubility range in water at room temperature. Some organic compounds, specifically alcohols, can decrease the solubility of many kinds of salts. This research is therefore focused on understanding the effect of alcohol added to the potassium recovery, in the form of KCl, from its solution containing NaCl through crystallization with alcohol addition whilst obtaining the solubility of the salts in alcohol concentration and temperature variations. The largest reduction of KCl solubility was obtained by the addition of propanol up to 50%-wt. of solvent, resulting in an 88.01% decrease. To identify the recovered crystal, the experiment used Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) instrument. The highest purity and yield of KCl were obtained through the addition of propanol up to 50%-wt. of solvent, which was 88.85% and 52.65%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of water hyacinth in the Jatiluhur, Cirata, and Saguling reservoirs has been considered alternative solid fuels based on its chemical characteristics, the balance between growth and harvesting, affordable production equipment, and economic analysis. A series of production unit consists of drying, size reduction, and pelletizing. The chemical properties of water hyacinth pellets met the standards for biomass pellets. Depending on the covered surface area of the reservoirs, up to 120 small and medium enterprises may be established for the conversion of water hyacinth to solid fuel in the form of pellets, at the capacity of 1.5 tons/day. Based on economic analysis, it is economically feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DME has been acknowledged as an environmentally friendly household fuel. DME and LPG have similar characteristics, both chemical and physical properties, so that it can use the existing LPG infrastructure. According to The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM), DME will be produced via coal gasification, followed by methanol production and dehydration to DME. In this study, kinetic modeling has been proposed on the experimental results of the direct synthesis of DME from syngas with a composition of 65% H2, 28% CO, and N2. The kinetic parameters have been calculated for a mixed catalyst: XAB as a catalyst for methanol synthesis and 5%P/γ-Al2O3 (5P/Al) catalyst as a catalyst for methanol dehydration. The synthesis was carried out on batch process at an initial pressure of 20 bar (P20-15) and temperature of 200, 240, and 280 oC. The reaction order for the direct synthesis of DME was zero (n = 0). The Arrhenius Equation's kinetic parameter for the DME synthesis in this research was activation energy (Ea) of 8,644.07 J/mol and pre-exponential factor (A) of 4.5042 mol/min. The reaction rate constant for each temperature in the range of 200–280 oC was not significantly different, the temperature was more affected by the equilibrium of the reaction, and the reaction was not on the kinetic regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palm oil industry generates substantial amount of biomass, which of them is palm kernel shell (PKS) that can be utilized by industries, as a renewable energy source. The steady growth of palm oil industry warrants the long term availability of palm kernel shell, which opens up opportunities for the industrial sector to move away from fossil fuels while attempting to improve environmental performance. Prior to utilize PKS in the industrial scale, a series of technical, environmental, and economical feasibility studies needs to be carried out. In our factory, PKS has been used as a partial substitution of natural gas. Five stoves fueled with PKS each at capacity of about 65 ton/day are operated to supply hot gas for the spray drying of ceramic powder. From technical viewpoint, besides identifying thermophysical properties and quality parameters, thermal efficiency and drying performance have been selected as key determinants to prove palm kernel shell feasibility. Despite it is technically feasible, the supply reliability of palm kernel shell is still low. This study attempts to investigate supply characteristics of palm kernel shels and how those characterictics lead to supply uncertainties, as challenges that need to be overcome prior to realize the potential of palm kernel shell as an industrial fuel. Various factors, that impacting supply uncertainties were identified through field observations, in-depth interviews, and secondary data gathering based on a case study in the ceramic tile industry. Some recommendations have been made related to supply chain improvements along with enabling policies and regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TORCH infection is described as perinatal infections caused by toxoplasma (To), rubella (R), cytomegalovirus (C), and herpes simplex virus (HSV). Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is the most prevalent postnatal symptom of TORCH infection and may progress to severe and profound SNHL, in which cochlear implant (CI) may be considered. This scoping review will map data on cochlear implantation performance in TORCH-deafened children. Twenty-six articles were reviewed. Most of the studies included (61.5%, n = 16) were CMV studies, implying that CMV infection was still the primary etiology for sensorineural hearing loss associated with TORCH infection syndrome. CI is a viable option in the treatment of congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV), leading to improvements in hearing and language. However, when compared to Cx26 mutation as control, poorer performance was reported for cCMV. CI is also recommended for congenital rubella due to increased speech production, which results in a higher quality of life and the ability to attend regular school. CI was associated with several positive outcomes in toxoplasmosis, including age-appropriate speech perception and social-emotional development. These positive outcomes, however, are only possible with adequate environmental and parental support. No research regarding CI outcomes on patients of hearing loss for specific HSV infection. Nevertheless, CI was recommended for its rehabilitative outcomes. Being one of the first reviews in this context, CI is recommended especially if it is done as early as possible. Nevertheless, prevention measures such as TORCH infection screening and ABR testing are required, particularly in low-and-middle-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]