Search

The primary objective of the present study is to evaluate the sustainable limit of fly-ash that can be used to replace cement in the concrete used for the beam-column joint subjected to seismic loading. Experimental study were performed on four series of specimens with two specimens on each series to evaluate the impact of High Volume Fly Ash (HVFA) replacement in the concrete instead of cement. The specimens when subjected to reversed quasi-static lateral loading and an axial loading with constant intensity and the failure mechanisms were observed. The crack patterns and the crushing of concrete are found to be similar in all the specimens and no any excessive cracks or spalling were observed in the beam column specimens with HVFA in the concrete. Detailed study on the beam column specimen were performed by evaluating the hysteresis response, lateral strength capacity, lateral displacement characteristic and ductility ratio. It was able to conclude that the HVFA replaced specimens were exhibiting superior performance in all the characteristics than the control specimens when the specimens are cured for 91 days. Thus, from the experimental results, it can be summarized that the replacement of the cement to a significant volume by HFVA has proven with impressive results which are leading the concrete to become more sustainable with reduced carbon emission without compromising the seismic performance of the Specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concrete is the most important component used in the construction industry throughout the world. In the construction industry, there are great demands for coarse aggregate for the production of concrete. The scarcity of blue metal aggregate for making cement concrete is affecting the growth of the construction industry in many parts of the country. Hence, the need to find materials which are affordable and available for partially or complete replacement for coarse aggregate in the production of concrete. This work is focused on the use of debris ceramics in combination as partial and full replacement of coarse aggregate for concrete. As per the IS 10262:2019 standards, M20 grade of concrete designed and used in the study. The mix proportions are arrived at and the materials are taken by weight. For making the mix of concrete, coarse aggregate was replaced by waste ceramic tiles. Concrete cubes are prepared to find the compression strength test. The hardened concrete test is conducted for 7, 14 and 28 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the project is to implement a renewable power system to supplement a building's heating and cooling energy requirements with advanced control methods to increase its efficiency, particularly in areas with vast renewable resources. However, regardless of the selected renewable generating method, the resources are usually intermittent. The inverter used in this system will convert power obtained from wind and solar energy into power that can be controlled and monitored through the Internet of Things. Our proposed model is Internet of Things-enabled solar smart inverter that communicates with the user and equipment via Wi-Fi technology. The user is informed about the amount of solar power, wind power, battery SoC, and power utilized by the load from the battery. And we can switch to one of many sources, which depends on the amount of power consumed by the load. With the help of a mobile application, the user may regulate the linked load remotely. This will improve human comfort while allowing more efficient energy use. The heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems will provide heating and cooling to commercial and residential buildings. The chilled water pipe across the building carries chilled water that takes care of providing heating, ventilation, and air conditioning to the building. The chilled water flow response is determined via flow sensors and differential pressure sensors at various set-point temperatures. From the chilled water pump system response, Siemens Logo PLC with inbuilt TDP and Compared to other embedded and conventional PLC controllers, the advanced ladder logic algorithm-based PLC tuning approach has provided improved set-point altering and tracking capacity. Our experience backs up the hypothesis that the Siemens logo algorithm-based optimum tuning has benefits over all other controllers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microaneurysms (MAs) are the early noticeable lesions in retina, their detection plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy. Here the discriminative features are automatically learned in an unsupervised manner. The stacked sparse auto-encoder (SSAE) is effective at learning high-level features from overlapping image patches during training. Using 10-fold cross-validation and fine-tuning yield an improved F-measure of 97.3% and an average area under the ROC curve (AUC) 96.7% obtained. Experimental validation is performed, both quantitative and qualitative, in the public datasetDIARETDB1. The result achieved a better accuracy compared to other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the minimum quantity lubrication method has become the eye apple of many manufacturing industries. MQL is a cooling procedure in which a very small volume of high quality refrigerant / lubricant is sprayed directly onto the work piece-tool interface. MQL machining has gained popularity over other cooling techniques due to its ability to produce superior surface quality, lower machining temperature, lower tool wear and lower coolant / lubricant consumption. Several researchers are continuing their work on new methods to strengthen the properties of coolants / lubricants. In this paper, efforts are being made to present important work by different researchers on the role of different coolant / lubricant in enhancing MQL environmental capability. A detailed overview of the functions of various processing fluids is presented in this text. such as vegetable oils, mineral oils, synthetic oils and nano-fluid-based machining fluids, in improving the machinability of MQL in spinning, milling and grinding operations. This paper also addresses the role of machining fluids in the enhancement of machining aspects such as surface strength, machining temp erature, tool wear and cutting insert life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental work was performed to study the effect of hybrid fibres on the strength and durability behaviour of waste glass powder (GP) based High performance concrete (HPC). HPC of M60 grade was designed using the IS method with 15% waste glass powder and four different proportions of hybrid fibres are added with concrete ingredients. Hooked end steel fibres and polypropylene fibres were used in hybrid form. The variables considered were (i) Hooked end steel fibres in volume fractions viz. 0.75%, 0.85% and 1% and (ii) polypropylene fibres viz. 0.15% and 0.25%. Addition of fibres in hybrid form enhanced the engineering properties such as the compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, first crack and failure load under impact. To study the durability, two laboratory tests, water absorption and porosity were carried out for 15% waste glass powder with different proportions of hybrid fibers for different curing periods. The hybrid mix with the combination of 1% steel fibres and 0.25% polypropylene fibres in volume fractions gave better performance based on the strength and durability properties than the other combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design and fabrication of a cost-effective vibrating sample magnetometer are explained. Improvement in the detected signal can be obtained using an operational amplifier circuit. The fabricated spiral detection coil design enhances the induced voltage obtained as shielding flux is reduced. A homemade setup is obtained by taking a woofer as an actuator and plexiglass as the vibrating medium. Lock-in amplifier analyzed the booster enhanced induced voltage signal by the principle of phase detection. Study of amplified and non amplified signals from the Nickel (99% purity) sample was done. Conversion of induced voltage to magnetization was done by calibration incorporating the coercivity and retentivity measurement. Magnetic oxide can be analyzed using this cost-effective designed Vibrating sample magnetometer. The data obtained from the VSM can conclude the successful operation of the designed magnetometer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical double-exponential formulas are known that describe how the amount of cracks and potholes in a pavement grows with time. We show that these formulas can be explained based on natural symmetries (invariances) – such as invariance with respect to changing the measuring unit or invariance with respect to changing a starting point for measuring time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intracellular calcium plays an important role in controlling cellular activities. A fluctuation of intracellular calcium level occurs continuously in the living cells due to the function of different physiological activities. Calcium is a signalling molecule. Different calcium regulating channels are present on the plasma membrane and virus uses these channels for modulation of calcium in the intracellular level in their favour. The virus uses the genetic machinery of a cell for viral multiplication and also for transmission of infection. Calcium modulating therapeutic agents alters the signalling mechanism and this chemical might be a therap eutic chemical for control of viral highjack of the cellular mechanism of viral multiplication. Neuropeptide Y, an endogenous peptide has a wide scope of application as therapy to maintain or rejuvinate calcium modulating effect in the cell. This peptide may be applied to prevent viral entry in to the cells and thus blocks the highjack of normal cellular mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation is carried out to determine the effect of three types of boundary conditions as well as variation in density and viscosity with temperature on electro-thermal-convection (ETC) in a dielectric fluid-saturated porous layer. A Galerkin-type of weighted residual method (WRM) is used to extract the eigenvalues. The electrohydrodynamic boundary conditions are included namely, (i) lower and upper boundaries rigid (R-R), (ii) lower-rigid and upper-free boundaries (R-F), and (iii) lower and upper boundaries free (F-F). The governing parameters of the problem are the Biot number Bi, the ratio of viscosity Λ, the porous parameter Da− 1, the temperature dependent viscosity η and thermal expansion co-efficient increases is to delay the onset, while strength electric Rayleigh number Re increases is to destabilize the system. The electric force Rec , and buoyancy force Rtc adjunct with each other and always found Rec < Rtc. For stress free surface condition advances the ETC compared at rigid surfaces. In limiting cases, some results published previously are recovered from our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional steel reinforcing rebars are susceptible to corrosion as they are exposed to weather conditions. This vulnerability creates a limit to its effectiveness as a reinforcement within concrete structures. Corrosion of steel reinforcement can lead to damage and deterioration of reinforcement in concrete structures, as well as put the overall structure at risk of accumulated damage and ultimately failure. This paper involves an alternative material to longitudinal and spiral reinforcements consisting of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP). The paper explores the shear strength of circular concrete beams reinforced with GFRP rebars. A total of four full-scale concrete beams with a total length of 2500 mm and a diameter of 260 mm were tested to failure in four-point loading setup. The investigated parameters were the type of longitudinal reinforcement (steel vs GFRP), number of longitudinal rebars, and the pitch of spirals. The performance of the GFRP beams is compared to their steel beams counterparts. The comparison involved: failure load, load-deformation behavior, and failure mode. It was observed that flexural cracking patterns are initially manifested, and ultimately shear cracking patterns emerge. The GFRP beams provided significantly higher strengths and impeccable protection against corrosion than their steel counterparts. The steel-reinforced beams, however, provide superior ductility and deformation city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work opinions fundamental features of each internally heated (IH) convection and Rayleigh-Bénard (RB) convection, alongside findings on IH convection from numerical simulations. Three configurations of IH convection driven by the aid of the boundary situations. The IH fashions are outstanding by differing pairs of thermal boundary conditions: top and bottom barriers of identical temperature, an insulating backside with heat flux constant at the top, and an insulating bottom with temperature constant at the top. Integral portions critical to warmth shipping are mentioned, inclusive of the mean fluid temperature, the mean temperature difference among the boundaries, and the suggest convective warmness delivery. Integral relations and bounds are presented, and further bounds are conjectured for the IH cases. The outcomes are derived mathematically from the governing equations. Known bounds are on mean temperatures in IH convection and on convective transport in RB convection. The paper also opinions numerical simulations on IH convection, emphasizing quantitative results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional (3D) porous films based on chitosan (CS)/carboxymethyl guar gum (CMGG) polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) containing titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) were prepared as a wound-healing material by the freeze-drying process. The physicochemical properties of these films were evaluated by FTIR, XRD, SEM and EDX analysis. Furthermore, the swelling degree, porosity, in vitro biodegradation and compression strength of these films were examined. The developed films showed the biocompatibility against the C3H10 T1/2 cells and antimicrobial activity towards gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The CS/CMGG/TiO2 films with 2 wt. % of TiO2 NPs exhibited the improved cell migration rate compared to the control CS/CMGG film. These findings indicated that the porous CS/CMGG/TiO2 films could have the potential to be used as a wound-healing material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theoretical analysis is carried out for the problem of ferro-thermal-convection (FTC) onset in a micropolar ferrofluid-saturated porous layer submitted to a Robin type of thermal boundary condition. The boundaries are considered to be lower-rigid at isothermal, while upper-rigid at Robin-type of thermal boundary condition. The higher order Galerkin-type of weighted residual method is used to obtain the eigenvalue. The behavior of the critical stability parameters is discussed in various dimensionless physical parameters akin to the magnetic number, non-linearity of magnetization parameter, Biot number, coupling parameter, Darcy number, spin diffusion parameter and heat conduction of micropolar parameter. The result shows that the onset of thermomagnetic convection is postponed with an increase in N1, Bi and N5 but convection is accelerated with an increase in M1, M3 and N3. Furthermore, some known results are compared with existing results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper includes the study of semiconductor metal oxide-based ethanol gas sensor using ZnO as a sensing material. It gives the information about sensing of ethanol gas using single phased, metal-doped and composite ZnO nanostructures. Different performance parameters viz. response, limit detection of gas (ppm), the response time (Tres)/recovery time (Trec), and operating temperature are studied. From the study, it is concluded that there is an unbalanced tradeoff between the performance parameters of the sensors, i.e. (i) the sensor has a high response value for the high concentration of ethanol gas at high temperature (ii) if the sensor is operating at low temperature, then its response is also low (iii) if the sensor is able to detect a low concentration of ethanol gas, then its response is also low with high temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite materials are of interest since many years as they are used in numerous engineering fields. Metal matrix composites are also studied from fabrication and analysis point of view. The aim of current report is to encompass the study areas of metal matrix composites so far developed. The study starts at fabrication of metal matrix composites followed by constituent elements and properties analysis. Various manufacturing processes are discussed. The frequently used constituent elements and their impact on properties are reported. It is observed that, there are still lot of opportunities available to carry out the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for high strength and light weight materials is ever increasing in industrial sector. Research work on new material development is going on all over the world to meet the industrial requirements. The aim of material development is to produce composites with better structural and mechanical properties. The properties of composite materials depend both on individual components used and also upon the interfacial characteristics of the constituent materials added. Addition of nanoparticles to the composites improves the properties. Properties can be controlled and improved by varying the percentage of nanoparticle loading and type of fibre used. In the present research, hybrid fibre of carbon and kevlar in the form of woven mat was used, and alumina nanoparticles were added to the epoxy to produce hybrid nonocomposites. The prepared hybrid nanocomposites were subjected to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). SEM and XRD analysis indicated proper mixing and uniform distribution of nanoparticles with matrix and strong bonding in the composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acrylonitrile Butadiene styrene (ABS) is the prominent material for prototyping, conceptual modelling of design and intangible model manufacturing and variety of applications can be observed for automobiles sector and medical sub divisional areas like surgery for real model experience. ABS as a manufacturing material have huge positive impact in prototyping and modelling sector because of its opaque behaviour and properties, as the benefits that one can have an research on flow of material through the sections of the model (through flow lines) and can be easily visible through the cross-section. Now a days the manufacturer from the world market having an eagle eye on the technologies and the methods to enhance the properties of the product. To cope up with the requirement of market and demands in the more robust and desirable material, research is come in to the focus in hybrid/composite material to replace it basic/pure material. The researcher can count the production of the thermoplastic and thermosetting on injection moulding as manufacturing process. In view of this, goal of the present study was to explore the areas in which the effects and the standings mechanical properties can be observed with respect to injection molding parts.Experiments were carried out on injection moulding machine with three different composition of ABS-copper composite and plane ABS as main material. The ASTM standards are followed for the preparation of the composite material's test specimens for tensile, flexural and impact tests with the inclusion of % by weight of surfactant material. On the basis of experimental and statistical analysis, studies shows that the different % inclusion of the material i.e. composite as well as plane ABS, has significant influence on the mechanical properties through injection moulded specimens and parts. This study will definitely lead the study and research of the designing world and engineering field to new extent with the new development in the part manufactured using ABS and specific composition can be results in enhanced standings in mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world faces many energy issues and electricity is one. The effects of global warming in the world provides an avenue to harness solar energy rather than reliant on fossil fuel. We extracted the abundant solar energy from the sun through solar panel modules and have them converted to electricity, these renewable energy was controlled with sensors; the sensors are able to power on the light when human motion is detected and shuts down when there is none. It reduces wastage of electricity and global warming because energy used is a renewable energy instead of fossil fuel. The concept will bring into bear the power of IoT (Internet of things) devices, which works, in many ways like (temperature control, lightning detection, voltage stability etc.). IoT devices controlled remotely and they can automatically shut down power when not in use to curtail energy wastage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coating based on a composite mixture of 50Ti-50HA (mass, %) was obtained by detonation spraying. The rational model of detonation spraying and the composition of the 50Ti-50HA mechanocomposite (mass, %) were determined experimentally way. The surface M orphology, phase and element composition of coatings were st udied by scanning electron microscopy, energy -dispersion analysis, x-ray diffractometer, and Raman spectroscopy. The results of the elemental analysis showed the formation of a composite coating with HA content with a Ca/P=1.53 ratio, close to the indicator of bone tissue. Based on the results of Raman spectroscopy and x-ray phase analysis, it can be said that HA and titanium correct the harmonious composite component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Till now very less literature is available for the compound K2MgF4, that too most of them are related to theoretical studies. We have attempted to synthesize this compound in our lab and studied its luminescence property by incorporating rare earth ion Eu2+ into its lattices. We have described synthesis process along with its XRD results confirming the formation of phase pure K2MgF4 compound in our sample. Further, may be first PL results on Eu2+ activated K2MgF4 have been reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites (NFRC) has now become significant domain of research due to presence of variety of plant fibres as reinforcements, which are readily available and bio-degradable. There are many studies on using natural fibres as reinforcements for polymer composites. These natural fibre reinforced polymer composites are finding itself as a viable alternative to synthetic fiber based composites. They are also explored for many industrial applications which possess equivalent and certain superior properties than conventional polymer composites. Thermoplastic composites show better machinability as it does not exhibit delamination factor. Vetiver fiber scientifically known as Chrysopogon Zizanioides shows good mechanical properties. Coconut shell powder has been proven to be a good filler material for NFRC's. Machining becomes requisite to facilitate the production and assembly of parts and product respectively. Composites machining poses a new challenges due to its presence of multiple distinct elements. In this paper a comprehensive study is done on the drilling behavior of different compositions of Polypropylene composites and Polyethylene composites. Vetiver Fiber is used as the natural fiber reinforcement and Coconut Shell Powder is used as the filler. The specimen would be prepared using Injection Moulding process. Empirical models will be developed to find the relationship between drilling factors namely, Spindle speed, Feed rate and Drill Geometry and the response variables namely, Thrust Force, Torque, Surface Roughness and Cylindricity. Further, all the compositions will be compared to find out the best composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper theoretically investigates the effects of different velocity, temperature and magnetic potential boundary conditions on the linear stability criteria of ferro-thermal-convection (FTC) in a layer of porous medium with uniformly distributed internal heat sources. The lower and upper boundaries are considered to be either rigid or free. At the lower boundary a thermally perfect insulator condition is used and at the upper boundary a general thermal boundary condition is appealed. The principle of exchange of stabilities is valid and a Galerkin technique based on the weighted residual method (WRM) has been used in general to extract the critical eigenvalue which is either the gravity thermal Rayleigh number Rt or the magnetic thermal Rayleigh number Rm. When both boundaries are insulating the expression for the critical eigenvalue is obtained using a regular perturbation technique. It is found that the critical Rt or Rm are high for rigid-rigid (R-R) boundaries and the least for free-free (F-F) boundaries. The influence of inverse Darcy number (Da−1), Biot number (Bi) and the Brinkman number (Λ) is to delay, while that of internal heating (N s) and the non-linearity of fluid magnetization (M3) is to speed up the onset of FTC in a porous medium. The previously published results are recovered as particular cases from the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper an evolution model constructed to step up the collector efficiency. Experiments are conducted on fabricated Parabolic solar thermal collector (PSC) by telling three different absorber tubes (Copper tube coated with Ni-Al, vacuum tube and Nano fluid tube) and three heat transfer fluids (water, Ethylene Glycol +Water(60:40) and copper oxide Nano particles Nano fluid)one at each time. The setup was installed on SVU College of engineering building at Tirupati of 13.6288° N latitude and 79.4192° E longitude. In experimentation, heat transfer fluid temperature was collected at every one hour gap. With help of this temperature and incident radiation on aperture area, the maximum and minimum efficiencies of collector are evaluated in a day. Analysis is done on experimental results by using Factorial method and ANOVA. The optimized combinations are identified. Here Simulation is done for the purpose of judging the utilization of resources, hence the Optimized combinations of heat absorber tubes and Heat transfer fluids are used in Simulink of Mat lab. Finally observed that fabricated model of solar thermal collector has had improved efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the performance of RCC short columns strengthened with lateral confinement under uni-axial compression. The work is carried out in two phases of study casting forty-two number of RC columns. In the first phase of study, two variables volumetric ratio and spacing lateral ties considered and their influence on ultimate load carrying capacity of short columns are examined. In the second phase of study, effect of industrial waste exhausts like FA and GGBS on similar columns casted in first phase is studied. The column specimens are tested for uniaxial compressive loading in increments up to ultimate failure load on UTM of capacity 1000 kN. It was reported from the study that the volumetric ratio, spacing of steel reinforcement increases, the ductility as well as strength of short columns increased. The incorporation of flyash and GGBS in place of cement also enhanced the ultimate load carrying capacity of the columns with constant volumetric ratio and spacing stirrups in the second phase of work. The failure occurred in zone of rupture at both ends of short column and a brittle mode of fracture was observed. Further, the study reported that the decrement in spacing of ties tends to decrease the zone of rupture in all specimens of short columns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with how different design of the Tire wheel affects the displacement distribution, equivalent (von-mises) stress, strain and safety factor of the wheel. It is difficult to estimate these all data by using elementary mechanical approximations. For this purpose, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is generally used in the design stage of product development. The 3-dimensional Models of the wheel was designed in modeling software SOLIDWORKS 2019 and further it was imported to the ANSYS 16.0 by using parasolid format, the finite element analysis of the model was done by meshing the models using solid mesh. The static condition was chosen for the analysis system. Wheel was constrained in all degree of freedom at the bolt. The 0.241317 MPa pressure was applied on the outer rim surface of the wheel. In the analysis structural steel material was used and to find life and safety factor fatigue module was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase in the cost of production of satellites and the drastic increase in the amount of space junk getting accumulated, small satellites is bound to have a major role in satellite technology in the mere future. The altitude of a small satellite in low earth orbit is between 15x103m to 106m.[25] This altitude starts at thermosphere and extends to the outer limits of the atmosphere and below the van Allen radiation belts. The satellite will be exposed to radiations such as solar, earth albedo and earth infrared radiations[21]. Current technology uses active systems like fluid loops and passive protection such as Multilayer Insulation Blankets(MLI) and insulation paints to control the temperature variations. This paper proposes a method to combine the existing technology of thermal control with the utilization of Aerogel and Graphene. Aerogel has a very low thermal conductivity which can be implemented for the insulator sheets for satellites and graphene can be used in fluid loops due to its excellent thermal property. These materials also possess lower densities compared to traditional alternatives used in satellites and thus can prove to be vital role in thermal stability of small satellite in the satellite development field.[26][30] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of a microstrip patch antenna of rectangular shape has been presented in this article. Its operation has been demonstrated at low frequencies of resonance. The designed antenna is compact with resonant frequencies of 1.96 (Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)), 3.08 and 3.82 GHz (Wireless Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)). The antenna resonates at a -10dB impedance bandwidth, uses a FR4 Epoxy as substrate which has a dielectric constant of 4.4. The transmission lines used for the excitation of the rectangular patch have a specifically designed length and breadth. The gain, radiation pattern and S-Parameters are obtained as results via simulation in the ANSYS HFSS Software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the proposed paper, a microstrip patch antenna is studied with single band features for usage in applications within the low satellite frequency. Suggested Antenna involves a rectangular radiation patch and ground plane of antenna is abridged at its corners. The antenna impedance bandwidth ranges after 7.22 to 9.03 GHz range.The recommended antenna is of close size 36mm × 34mm × 1.6mm. VSWR < 2 for entire carrying out frequency spectrum range is achieved along with good antenna efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major portion of thermal energy in the industry is drained as residual heat to the environment. This excess energy is used for power generation. It becomes a higher preference because non-renewable sources are declining. One of the ways to employ this heat is using TEGs. The thermoelectric modules can recover useful energy by transforming waste heat to electricity. Our project aims to focus on this Waste of Heat. It is predicted that only one-third of the energy is used while the rest two third is jilted as waste heat. Wastage of heat can be seen in every house, while cooking a lot of energy is wasted on the surroundings. Thus, this paper focuses on the recovery of that waste heat from house hold gas stoves. Thermal to electrical energy changeover can be easily performed using a thermoelectric generator. Hence, a stove-powered TEG (SPTEG) appears to be an appealing solution, but in reality, there is a chance for decreased output due to non-homogenous temperature dissipation on the surface. To rectify the above-mentioned problem here, it focusses on the series and parallel connection and the effect of pressure on the thermoelectric generator module. The proposed model can be further developed to gain electrical energy in a wide area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper theoretically investigates the effects of different velocity, temperature and magnetic potential boundary conditions on the linear stability criteria of three models of internally heated (IH) distributions on Brinkman-Bénard ferro-thermal-convection (FTC) in a layer of porous medium with uniformly distributed internal heat sources. Here the system uses three IH configurations in the theoretical studies of FTC which is connected with three pairs of thermal boundary conditions: upper and lower surfaces of fixed temperature (IH1), upper and lower surfaces of insulating case (IH2), and an insulating lower surface with fixed temperature at the upper surface (IH3). The resulting thresholds are reported to three velocity boundary conditions like (i) lower and upper boundary no-slip (rigid-rigid, R-R), (ii) lower no-slip and upper free-slip (rigid-free, R-F), and (iii) lower and upper boundary free-slip (free-free, F-F). The principle of exchange of stabilities is valid and a Galerkin technique based on the weighted residual method (WRM) has been used in general to extract the critical eigenvalue of the gravity thermal M Rayleigh number and the magnetic thermal Rayleigh number.The governing parameters of the problem are viscosity ratio (Λ) and inverse of Darcy number (Da−1) effect is to stabilize the IH-FTC, while strength of magnetic number (M1) and non-1 M linearity of fluid magnetization (M3) effect is to destabilize the system. The model of IH2 advances the FTC compared IH1 and 3 IH3. In limiting cases, some previously published results are recovered from the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The onset of penetrative Ferro-Thermal-Convection (FTC) in a ferromagnetic fluid via internal heating studied for high porosity anisotropic horizontal porous layers. The eigen value problem is solved using a Galerkin technique based on the weighted residual method. The boundary conditions are included lower and upper boundary rigid-isothermal case. The governing parameters for the problem are the ratio of thermal diffusivity (η) increases is to postponement the onset of FTC, while strength of magnetic number (M1), non-linearity of fluid magnetization (M3), Darcy number (Da) and strength of internal heat source (Ns) increases is to destabilize the system. The buoyancy and magnetic forces complement with each other and always found Rtc < Rmc. The critical Rayleigh number Rtc for the case of η = 1 and η ≠ 1 obtained by the analysis agreed well with of Shiina and Hishida [1] in the absence of magnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental investigation is carried out to analyze the Combustion, performance and emission characteristics with single cylinder Compression Ignition (CI) engine, for Diesel and Jatropha biodiesel as a fuel with Alumina (Al2O3) and CMNT Nanoparticles. The characterization of Nanoparticles is done with XRD and TEM to determine its size. Nanoparticles in the amount of 25 ppm and 50 ppm are added with the help of mechanical agitator and magnetic stirrer. The physiochemical properties of the fuel blends like the flashpoint, Calorific value, and Cetane number are increased due to the addition of Nanoparticles. The addition of Nanoparticles showed reduction in ignition delay period, improved net heat release rate and better combustion characteristics. For the full load condition the performance of the engine, BTE is increased for JBD20+AL50CMNT50 blend by 7.37% and 0.67% in comparison of JBD20 and D100 blend, respectively. The most significant reduction in emission parameters like NOx is reduced by 651 ppm for JBD20 to 479 ppm and CO emission 0.11 % to 0.08% by volume for Alumina and CMNT 50ppm blend with JBD20. Results infer that JBD20+AL50CM NT50 have the highest Brake thermal efficiency , and the emission parameter like CO, HC and NOx lowest emission among all the prepared blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indian government has set indicative targets of reducing import dependency by 10% by 2022 and blending of 5% biodiesel in a diesel by 2030, utilizing biofuels produced from indigenous feedstocks in their Biofuel policy declared in 2018. The hybrid biodiesel from non-edible oil and waste oil has the potential to achieve 5% biodiesel blending in a diesel by 2030. Biodiesels produced from jatropha and waste cooking oils were blended in different volume ratios from 5 to 25% of each and blended with diesel. A total of 5 samp les of hybrid biodiesel blends were prep ared and their performance and emission study were carried out on a single-cylinder DI diesel engine. The average reduction in brake power for J5W5, J10W10, J15W15, J20W20, and J25W25 was 2.48, 5.47, 0.81, 3.2, and 2.54% respectively as compared to diesel owing to the lower calorific value of the hybrid biodiesel blends. The blend J10W10 gives the highest average BTE (25.25%) and the lowest average increase in BSFC (2.84%). Blend J25W25 shows a maximum 14% average increase in NOx emission and blend J15W15 gives maximum average reduction (18%) in smoke opacity emission. The performance of hybrid biodiesel in an unmodified diesel engine is comparable to diesel and has the potential to replace diesel fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serendipity plays a major role in scientific progress. Often unintentionally, things lead to consequences which pave road for further developments. Here, we report high thermoelectric figure of merit of a gram-scale synthesized, compositionally graded nanocomposite made by unintentional graphite inclusion in nanocrystalline 2%Al doped ZnO (AZO) hot pressed sample. This facile inclusion has led to significantly high thermoelectric figure of merit of this Al doped zinc oxide system. The hybrid compositionally graded samples obtained using hot uniaxial pressing contained nanosized AZO particles with graphitic carbon inclusions together having density of 4.3 gm/cc i.e. 80% of theoretical density of ZnO. Al has been found to substitute at Zn site in the ZnO lattice as seen from XRD. This led to a giant electrical conductivity of about 600 S/cm. Moreover, the thermopower values are about 50 µV/k which is rather low for pure oxides. Nonetheless, it also showed significantly low thermal conductivity (< 7 W /m.K). Together, all these parameters could give the figure of merit as 0.09 at 1000 K, which is at least two orders of magnitude higher than the values expected of polycrystalline zinc oxides reported in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With no effective replacement, plastics have become integral part of today's world. But plastics have numerous ill-effects on our environment. The best way to reduce harmful effects of plastics is by increase in its recycling. Existing methods are very inefficient, since only 8-9% of plastics are recycled. Segregation of waste is one of main reasons for reduced recycling. Therefore for much better recycling, building up of efficient mini-extruder was required. This mini-extruder which is portable and can be accommodated in any location will boost recycling by reducing segregation process. Design of this extruder is different from existing extrusion machine with different partsand their placements. Methodology followed for design is discussed. Calculations for different parts are carried out; capacity and efficiency of mini-extruder are found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present experimental work electroless Ni-P/Ni-P-SiC nanocomposite coatings is developed and the effect of heat treatment on the hardness and wear behavior of Ni-P/Ni-P-SiC nano-dispersion platings is discussed. The as-plated plating of Ni-P-SiC shows amorphous character of these platings. On heat treatment upto 6000C in steps of 2000C, the platings show decrease in amorphous character and enhancement in crystallization due to formation of intermetallics of Ni-P and Si-P alloys. Above 400°C grain growth in SEM images is also observed. These changes have been suggested to cause increase in hardness, friction coefficient and wear resistance of these platings. However grain growth in case of 6000C heat treatment results in lowering hardness which has been attributed to higher grain boundary area, as compared to amorphous state, formation of galvanic cells between Ni matrix and intermetallics, reduction in the amount of phosphorous in the plating and disbonding between the mild steel substrate and the plating because of their differential thermal expansions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased price and utility of fossil fuels require an alternate source of energy, as fossil fuels are non-degradable causing environmental pollution. So biodegradable lubricants were developed as an alternative to the existing one. Bio-lubricants prepared from vegetable oils are expensive and eco-friendly. The production lubricants from waste cooking oils are inexpensive compared to their virgin oil lubricants. In the present study, the bio-based lubricants were synthesized from polyol like trimethylolpropane (TM P) and waste cooking oil fatty acid by esterification method in the presence of an acid catalyst. Because the waste cooking oil may contain a huge amount of free fatty acids, so it cannot directly be used with the base catalysts. The conversion efficiency of the esterification process is affected by the molar ratio of reactants and the amount of catalyst. The best conversion efficiency was obtained 89% from a molar ratio of 3.5:1 waste cooking oil fatty acid and TMP in presence of 1.5 wt% of para toluene sulfonic acid (pTSA) at 120-130 °C for 5 h. The synthesized TMP based ester was characterized by 1HNMR and IR, Physico-chemical properties such as density, specific gravity, acid value, kinematic viscosity at 40 °C & 100 °C, viscosity index, cloud point, pour point, flash point, fire point and copper strip corrosion were studied by standard ASTM methods. TMP based ester was showing better lubricant properties compared to commercial oil (ISO VG 32) lubricant produced from mineral-based oils. Thus, it can be used as a bio lubricant base stock for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tungsten nanoparticles of size in the range of 40 to 150 nm with a concentration of 0.25 g/l, are dispersed erratically into an electroless Ni-P matrix for depositions of Ni-P-W nanocomposite coatings on a steel substrate (MS) having grade AISI104. After deposition the thickness of the coatings is found in the range of 10 to 15 micrometer. The scanning electron microscope attached in permutation of energy dispersive spectroscopy furthermore X-ray diffraction techniques were used to analyze surface morphology, elemental symphony and phases of coatings correspondingly. The results obtained by above experimental studies reveal successful synthesis of tungsten nanoparticles as white small globules into an electroless Ni-P matrix. Furthermore the as-deposited Ni-P-W coatings have revealed amorphous structure and while heated platings (300°C) have shown semi-crystalline structure. Further the Ni-P/Ni-P-W coatings were investigated for microhardness by a microhardness tester with respective technique. The results of the microhardness studies substantiate that insertion of tungsten nanoparticles into electroless Ni-P matrix enhances the microhardness. The phase transformation initiation of amorphous nickel is headed toward nickel phosphide and crystalline nickel partially at 300 °C which is responsible for improved microhardness of nanocomposite Ni-P-W electroless coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wastage of street light electricity has become a major criterion in the places where there is less volume of traffic in other hand the traffic volume is so high that the proper alert system is not provided to reduce the traffic and in some the roads are in a maintenance stage which are not being alerted or warned to the authority without any notice or inspection. To address the above-mentioned issue, this paper proposes an internet-of-things (IoT) based intelligent, in which this system acts as a composite solution for all these problems just by using microprocessors which saves maximum amount of electricity and reduce traffic coagulations. The street light management system was developed with the help of internet-of-things in which it was programmed to alert the system to turn on/off the lights which could save a very large amount of electricity in less vehicle passing roadways. Traffic congestion control system was developed by the signal operation time based on the measured values of traffic congestion density. Further tests were conducted to examine the reactivity of the sensors to the applied algorithm and mini models are done to provide a bigger range of the efficient prototype. Moreover, a novel technique of measuring the density of traffic congestion was created at the road crossing and the vehicles which passes through a roadway was noted and the weight at which it is crossed is taken into account and it warns with the help of special modules to provide a maintenance alarm to the engineers which will prevent the roads from getting into further deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe Environmental problems arises across the world due to accumulation of paper waste as landfills large quantity of resources are being utilised by the construction sector, creating a huge demand for construction materials. This paper presents an experimental study carried out by utilising waste paper in concrete Bricks which is a new innovation composite material. An experimental study on compaction strength, weight, water absorption characteristics subjected to sun dried and water curing methods of casting were studied in details. It was observed that usage of paper in concrete has good strength, toughness, has reduction in weight of the brick considerably and also had a low thermal conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil stabilization is a method used to increasing the soil mass stability and chemical modification of soils to improve their engineering properties. Stone column method is extremely used to lessen the time taken for prime consolidation. The objective of the study is to improve the soil strength by partially replacing of waste plastic and to compare its efficiency with ordinary stone column. Ground improvement technique by means of stone column is adopted in the clayey soil and to check the compatibility with other techniques. In the above stone column technique, by varying the percentage of plastic waste material by in part replace the aggregates and analyze the load versus settlement behavior of clay soil. The load taken by the clay soil property is improved by replacing waste plastic material by aggregate column. The utmost load taken for 25 mm is to be calculated. The engineering properties like (ϒd max) and (qu) of plastic waste replacement must always be on the higher side. Waste plastic is used for replacing the aggregates column and to decrease the plasticity index. Hence a comparative study is made to calculate the efficiency of plastic waste aggregate column technique with conventional method of improving ground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper carried out the research on the axial load carrying capacity of the (CFDST) concrete filled double skin cold formed column with steel inner tube when subjected to compressive loading. CFDST column involves two concentric tubes with sandwiched concrete between them. The steel provided at the outer skin section impart stiffness and strength, the inside skin increase the ductility and in between the concrete contribute local and overall stability to the system. Finite element analysis of sandwich structure with cold formed steel is done using ANSYS. The results acquired from the finite element analysis are compared with the section capacities predicted by using simplified models. Performance compared between the CFDST column and CFST columns were presented. Good agreement in the results was found between the finite element analysis and theoretical investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]