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Mineral-based products can now be replaced with bio-fluids (vegetable oils). They can be obtained in high quantities from renewable resources. The purpose of this study is to discover if using sunflower seed oil for cooling will increase electric motor performance in the same method that mineral oil can at different load levels. The four-ball tester was used in the investigation. ASTM D4172-B oil was utilized in the experiments. A pumping system was used to test the motor's performance, and the results indicate that sunflower seed oil has appropriate cooling qualities when compared to commercial cooling fluid. Depending on their characteristics, they have the potential to become key sources of bio fluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing bio-oils in liquid pumping unites are considered as a one of the most important parts in the water filtration and pumping stations especially in the area of automatic control. In this paper using bio-oils are being investigated which have high degradability and it is environmentally friendly. The thermal performance features of the liquid pumping unit lubricated with bio sunflower seed vegetable oil was investigated and compared with the performance features with mineral oil (MO10W-30). The study includes, oil temperature, density, power and tourq under different rational speed (1200-1500 rpm) for the pump. From experimental investigations carried out in this study, it can be concluded that biodegradable vegetable oils are adequate alternative to the mineral oil as a renewable bio cooling and lubricate. An automatic pumping unit was implemented (three tanks one as a source and two auxiliary) based on two types of controllers. These two are: PID controller and artificial neural networks. The results in neural back propagation that more accurate than PID controller. The over shoot is improving in artificial network is zero where compare with PID result 0.8 m3/s flow rate [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The revolution of nano materials had arisen in the last few years due to the important role of these materials in different applications nowadays. In this research the role of nano materials and its applications, both wear performance and the coefficient of friction for the mineral base oils were studied at different loads (15N, 30N and 45N) in (Pin-on-Disk) tribometer. It is achieved by adding a nano-gel of Titanium dioxide to the mineral base oil at different concentrations (0.5-2.5 vol.%). An ultrasonic techniquewas employed for a good mixing and to insure a consistency between the nano material and the mineral base oil. The stability of the resultant nano oil and the precipitation time of nano material were investigated, as well as, a significant impacts improvement in wear performance and a reduction in coefficient of friction which gave a good efficiency in about (38.98%), (35.2%) and (33.7%) at the loads 45N, 30N and 15N, respectively. This is due to the coated thin film of nanomaterial that has belted on the metal surface and as a result a reduction in wear rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, droplet generation in microfluidic chips has many applications The monodispersity and uniformity of droplets play a crucial role in most of these applications, ensuring optimal performance and reliable results. The monodispersity is achieved through the dripping regime, while to attain uniformity, precise control of the formation of the droplets is needed. In this numerical study, we used a microfluidic chip with axisymmetric co-flow-focusing geometry. The light mineral oil and water were the continuous and dispersed phases, respectively. At first, we studied how a change in the outer diameter of the chip affects the dripping-jetting transition boundary and found out that decreasing outer diameter results in a larger dripping regime region, therefore we could generate monodisperse droplets in a greater range. Subsequently, in addition to studying the effects of different constant inlet temperatures, our work investigated droplet generation using harmonic fluctuation of inlet temperature such that the frequency of droplet generation matched the frequency of temperature. Hence, we obtained droplets of the same size. Finally, we generated monodisperse uniform droplets using the optimum outer diameter and thermal control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different concentration of Molybdenum Dialkyldithiophosphate is added into Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphate induced bio-lubricant with palm oil as the parent base oil to investigate the effect on friction and wear reduction. The increasing concern on depletion of mineral oil sources and the environmental impact its waste could impose causes the focus on development of lubricant to shift to a new renewable precursor. New formulated bio-lubricant with addition of 0.05wt% MoDTP in 2wt% ZDDP induced palm oil exhibited a superior anti-friction and wear reduction characteristics. From four ball test results, the friction of palm oil added with 0.05wt% MoDTP and 2 wt% ZDDP reduced to 0.072 compared to pure palm oil. The wear scar diameter reduced from 132 µm for pure palm oil to 74 µm with addition of the same additives. The combination of ZDDP and MoDTP at the desirable concentration has reduced the friction and wear scar by forming a polymer layer of phosphates between metal surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the coefficient of friction and wear rate of crude palm oil (CPO) and palm-mineral oil blend as lubricant in roller element bearing application at the room temperature. Contact between a rolling element and raceway in bearing is simply modeled as a pin-on-disc contact. Crude palm-based vegetable oil and its blend with a commercial mineral oil at a ratio of 1:1 by volume were used as lubricant in pin-on-disc contact tribometer. The commercial mineral oil was also evaluated for comparison purpose. Influence of palm-mineral oil composition is highlighted by comparing coefficient of friction and wear rates. The results exhibited that the blend of mineral oil and CPO has lower coefficient of friction and wear rate compared to the pure mineral oil or CPO 100%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document discusses the thermal oxidation stability factor of mineral engine oils at high temperatures. The determination of the coefficient of thermal oxidative stability is also considered. Based on the experiments, graphs of the dependence of evaporability on the time and temperature of evaporation of the 1800 С mineral engine oil, as well as a graph of the dependence of the coefficient of thermal oxidative stability on the coefficient of absorption of light flux and the temperature of testing the 1800 С of the mineral engine oil were built. Based on the obtained values, conclusions were drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trends in the field of transformer application show most of the conducted works have focused only on enhancing mineral oil but limited studies on enhancing palm oil. In this paper, electrical properties of palm oil under different treatment were investigated. This study focused on AC breakdown voltage, dielectric dissipation factor, relative permittivity, resistivity and Raman spectroscopy on the combination of proper treated palm oil as one of the natural esters. Based on the results, sample that endures filtering and drying process possess better performance as an insulating oil. Moreover, the outcome from measurement will be discussed by using Origin Software In comparison, among all of the samples, dried palm oil has the potential in replacing mineral oil since it passes all insulation test proposed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the various machining processes, turning is one of the most common and essential process. This process generates a high temperature due to the frictional interaction of tool with the workpiece material. To reduce this temperature, cutting fluids based on mineral oil are extensively utilized as a lubricant and coolant. However, these cutting fluids have an adverse effect on human health as well as on the ecosystem. So, to accomplish sustainable machining, researchers are forced to pay attention to the development of environmentally friendly cutting fluids, which could also result in a significant improvement in machining performance. This paper describes an experimental investigation executed during the turning operation of AISI 1040 steel using palm oil as a cutting fluid, and the results are compared with dry cutting and mineral oil-based cutting fluid. The effectiveness of palm oil was evaluated by considering tool wear, chip morphology, and surface roughness. Results showed that palm oil as a cutting fluid would have a 55 percent lesser reduction in tool wear compared to dry cutting and 25 percent less compared to mineral oil-based cutting fluid. Palm oil as a lubricant also showed better heat carrying capacity from the cutting zone, which reduces the surface roughness and extends the tool life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Screening of bacteria, potentially producing biosurfactants from different aquatic habitats was performed. A total of thirteen bacterial isolates were obtained in 2% (v/v) crude oil supplemented Mineral Salt Medium (MSM). Efficient biosurfactant bacteria were selected based on two tests for example drop collapse and emulsification index (E 24%). The bacterial isolates S2B1, S2B2, S4B1, S4B2, S5B3, and S6B2 tested positive for both tests. Isolate S2B1 exhibited the greatest Colony Forming Unit (CFU) per ml, the highest E 24%, and the maximum weight for biosurfactant, so it was identified as a potent producer of biosurfactant. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed S2B1 was Micrococcus luteus. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) revealed that M. lutues S2B1 was producing the lipopeptide biosurfactant. The environmental and nutritional culture conditions were optimized for M. luteus S2B1 to produce biosurfactant at the highest levels. The maximum CFU per ml and the highest E 24% were obtained after 72 h of incubation, at pH of 7, and temperature 37 ±4 ° C, when the Carbon (C) source was glucose and ammonium nitrate was a source of Nitrogen (N), both were added in the respective media at 2% (w/v) separately by maintaining Single-factor optimization methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disposal of flushing oil from lubricating industry possesses an environmental threat and incur a huge financial impact to the manufacturer. Hence, it is vital to recycle back the flushing oil to reduce environmental impact, costing, and dependency on nonrenewable energy (petroleum). The purpose of this work is to formulate and analyse multipurpose grease by using flushing oil (waste). In this study, four lithium-based grease was formulated by using gear flushing oil, engine flushing oils, and mineral base oil. Then, the physicochemical characteristics of the formulated greases were analysed by the dropping point (ASTM D-2265), cone penetration (ASTM D-217), oil separation (ASTM D-1742), and rheology tests according to the standard methods. Next, thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis were utilised to investigate the ageing of the formulated greases. The results obtained show that all formulations are comparable in dropping point, NLGI, and oil separation. However, GFO has the highest thermal stability with an onset temperature of 304.5°C, where no oxidation occurs in all formulated greases. Nonetheless, further research is needed to acquire a complete understanding of the processes and develop a competitive multipurpose grease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the cost factor of the edible oils, it became a common practice by the adulterators to adulterate the edible oils like coconut oil, Sunflower oil, Groundnut oil and ghee with low cost oils like Palm and Mineral oils and refilling it in bottles and packets of well known brands. Tests have proved that mineral oil causes hair loss and adulterated edible oils affect the human digestion system and causes gastric problems. Hence an attempt is made to find out whether edible oil is in its pure form or adulterated by using ultrasonic technique. Ultrasonic velocity was measured in six edible oils in their pure and adulterate forms at 1,2,3 and 5MHz frequencies using Ultrasonic Multi frequency Interferometer at room temperature. The present study gives information about the ultrasonic velocity changes when the oil was adulterated and data presented will be highly useful to identify whether the given oil is pure or impure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With climate change being a serious source of concern in modern times, the need for sustainable development begs attention more than ever. An important way of realising sustainable development is by achieving emission neutrality, reducing dependency on fossil-fuels and adopting bio-degradability. Bio-lubricants are one such domain of sustainable development, capable of replacing conventional fossil-fuel based mineral and synthetic oils in use today for lubrication applications in various industrial machineries, automobiles, etc. Cottonseed Oil (CSO) is one such bio-lubricant which has demonstrated its potential as a suitable lubricant in various applications, and this study aims to evaluate its lubrication capabilities experimentally. In this work 3 samples of CSO, differentiated by method of filtration, were analysed on a Rheometer to observe rheological lubricating behaviour. Variation of viscosity with shear rate and that of shear stress with shear rate were observed. Further, the work briefly introduces the possibility of using Ionic Liquids (ILs) as a novel lubricant additive for Bio-lubricants and also touches upon the aspect of changing needs in automobile lubricants with the proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) from agro-waste has not been explored thoroughly by the scientific research world. This synthesis method was brought about as a solution to the problem of the high pollution rate that results from the conventional methods of nanoparticle preparation. Biosynthesis using agro-waste eliminates this pollution by using readily available natural resources whose decomposition further enriches the environment, coupled with safe practices and processes. NPs have been known to enhance the performance of refrigerating systems. In this work, walnut shell ash was used as a reducing agent to synthesise copper oxide NPs. The NPs were mixed with mineral oil to investigate its effects on the refrigeration system and see if it ensured better performance than the conventional mineral oil. Microstructural and spectroscopical tests were carried out on the NPs to verify their properties, such as size and element build. Spectroscopical analysis using an electron microscope revealed 30% of Oxygen, 7% of Carbon and 63% of copper, making Copper the most abundant element. The microstructural analysis put the average size within the accepted nanometric range. The mixing ratio used for this project started with 250ml of mineral oil to 0.50g of the NP, while the concentration of the NPs increased by 0.25g as the samples progressed. The control sample of pure mineral oil was used to get a baseline for which the performance of each sample was based. Coefficient of Performance (CoP) was the parameter used in determining the performance of all the samples and control. The result showed improved performance when specific samples were used when compared to the control. Samples such as 0.75g of NP showed a CoP increase by 23.9%, and 1.25g of NP showed an increase in CoP by 125%. The other samples that showed improvements in various aspects include 0.5g of NP and 1.5g of NP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lubricants can reduce the friction and wear between the surfaces in mutual contact in the machines element. Lubricating greases are semi-solid systems consisting of base oil, a thickener and an additive. Nowadays, semi-solid lubricants or grease are generally derived from mineral oil derived from petroleum. The depletion of petroleum reserves and demands for reducing environmental pollution generated led to attention to develop and use of alternative lubricants. Vegetable oils are a potential source of environmentally friendly, biodegradability and renewability for grease production. This paper attempts to review the potential of vegetable oil as an alternative based oil for the production of environmentally friendly bio grease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of studies of model contaminated diesel fuels of motor oils produced by the Lukoil company and having various basic bases are presented. The aim of the study is to evaluate the change in the characteristics of oxidized engine oil with different diesel fuel content on a Fourier infrared spectrometer. The study subject is mineral motor oil Lukoil Standard 10W-40, synthetic motor oil Lukoil Lux 5W-40, and semi-synthetic motor oil Lukoil Super 10W-40. Hydrotreated summer diesel fuel with a sulfur content of up to 10 ppm was used as a pollutant. For the test, 7 samples of mineral, 7 samples of synthetic and 7 samples of semi-synthetic motor oils were taken. Oxidation of samples of fresh and contaminated motor oils was carried out using an apparatus for determining the stability of oils against oxidation APSM-1. Then the characteristics of samples of fresh and oxidized motor oils were evaluated on a Spectrum Two FT-IR spectrometer manufactured by PerkinElmer Inc., USA. This FTIR spectrometer is equipped with a specialized cuvette for solving problems in the analysis of lubricating oils. The result of the research is the data on the change in the characteristics of motor oils of different base bases with varying degrees of contamination with diesel fuel. The study can be the basis for developing recommendations for improving the maintenance of internal combustion engines for enterprises that have vehicles with diesel engines at their disposal to increase the resource of power units and reduce operating costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A paradigm shift occurs in history's environmentally conscious society, as hazardous cutting fluids are being phased out and biodegradable oil-based cutting fluids are introduced. Vegetable oils are potential ecologically friendly metal cutting fluids and have the potential to provide significant relief from a wide range of health problems caused by synthesized cutting fluids, including itchy skin, harmful particulates, ingestion, and so on. Critically, the current article evaluates the possibility of achieving the goal. We can accomplish long-term green production by utilizing environmentally friendly vegetable oil cutting fluids. According to this research series, vegetable oils could be used for synthetic fluids. This alternative may prove to be a cost-effective and effective method of achieving environmentally friendly machining. Bio-degradable oil has a high viscous index, a more excellent pour point, an increased flash point, superior mechanical properties, and is environmentally friendly. Even though biodegradable lubricants are one of the most environmentally friendly options for lubrication, their properties are slightly inferior to conventional mineral oil. Incorporating effective additives into the base stock of biodegradable oil is a popular solution to this problem. It results in a considerable improvement in the lubricant's thermal, tribological, and anti-oxidation characteristics. Nanoparticles are an effective additive that can be used to improve the properties of biodegradable lubricants. They are becoming increasingly popular. This paper discusses biodegradable oils, nanoparticles, and the improvement of biodegradable lubricant qualities due to the use of nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petroleum refinery effluents are among the most important pollutants of the natural ecosystem and are wastes resulting from the processing of crude oil, fuel, and intermediate petrochemical industries. There are many organic pollutants that result from petroleum processes associated with heavy oil extraction. Organometallic pollutants represented by compounds of both nickel and vanadium are among the most important pollutants of crude oil, which requires various processing processes, including chemical treatment which was selected as an effective method. From the literature follow-up, the protoprophrin complexes are among the most important nickel and vanadium complexes, which are frequently encountered in the petroleum refinery associated with oil extraction operations. The chemical treatment via acid as sulfuric acid (6M) (H2SO4) and ferrous sulphate followed by the adsorption process are some of the important methods used to dispose of the contaminated mineral oil. On the other hand, the experiment was carried out by taking samples of wastewater and remedied chemically. Both techniques' adsorption process via the red clay as solid phase were kept in a static phase. The experiment was carried out to conduct both Nickel and vanadium protoprophrin complexes. The organometallic complexes of each nickel and vanadium were prepared in this study and then diagnosed by infrared spectroscopy. The adding of the ferrous sulphate as an agglomerate agent was important led to the formation of the bigger molecules easily removed from the media by simple filtration. The results of the research showed the removal of metal complexes from polluted wastewater in a period ranging between 20-30 minutes and at a moderate pH.(7). As a result, the chemical treatment before and after the adsorption process via the column and the batch methods onto the red clay as solid phase as efficient adsorbents in the removal of these pollutants. The chemical method conceder a quick and efficient method to process and be presented successively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drilling difficulties through reactive shales have been forced oil companies to use oil-based drilling fluids to stabilize borehole shales and risk completion impairment. On the other hand, drilling with water-based drilling fluid is easy to clean up and substantially increases drilling risks. The development of emulsified drilling fluids has offset some of the undesirable characteristics of water-and oil-based drilling fluids. Although several studies have investigated the possibility of developing invert emulsion-based drilling fluids, without sacrificing the cost-effectiveness of oil-based systems, little attention has been paid to o/w emulsion for reactive shales. This experimental work aims to formulate stable mineral oil/water emulsions and examine their potential to inhibit montmorillonite swelling in aqueous solutions. Numerous stabilities and swelling tests were performed to reach the stated goal, and the results were quantified in terms of the swelling index. A recipe of span 80 and Tween 80 with an HLB value of 10.5 was used to form a stable emulsion. The investigations show that mineral oil/water emulsion increased the performance of water-based mud (WBM) by inhibiting shale hydration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legislative restrictions exist on using mineral oils for loss lubrication of marine propellers. A key question is finding a functionally suitable and economically acceptable substitute for mineral lubricants. The answer will make it possible to fundamentally limit the impact of international shipping on the marine ecosystem. This work presents the results of an experimental study of four types of base fluids and the influence of seawater on their properties. The results show that base fluids based on vegetable oils have a high viscosity index, i.e., their viscosity changes slightly with temperature. However, at the same time, they contain a relatively large amount of free fatty acids, which promote corrosion (high total acid number). The viscosity of saturated and unsaturated synthetic esters is more temperature dependent. However, their total acid number is significantly lower, making them suitable candidates for these applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In industries and all mechanical machines lubricating oil plays a very important role for reducing friction. Lubricating oil worked as life support to all engines and machines. These lubricating oils are made up from environmentally hazardous mineral based oils which create environmental pollution. Due to environmental pollution global warming, acid rain and ozone depletion are increases and causes huge loss of environment and human health. Huge demand of petroleum oils in industries, domestic as well as agricultural sector results depletion of petroleum oil reservoir. Petroleum oil based lubricants are comes in contact with air, water and soil which causes environmental pollution and decreases the quality of air, soil and water. Thus due to all above effects, it is very important to search alternatives for petroleum based lubricant. Vegetable oils are very good alternative to petroleum base oils due to their ecofriendly characteristics. Vegetable oil also shows high viscosity, high lubricity and renewable properties. Increase in acid value with respect to temperature is the limitations of vegetable oils for their use as base oils for lubricants. The present research work is to overcome these limitations by preparing binary blends of vegetable oils. From the above research it is found that oxidative stability of vegetable oils improves by simple blending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metalworking fluids are important in the manufacturing industry. Metalworking fluids are widely used for their ability to reduce friction, act as heat removal agents and protect against wear. The most common metalworking fluid is mineral base oil. However, the used of mineral-based oil as metalworking fluid raise concern in environmental and health issue due to its toxic properties and it is non bio-degradable. Thus, the research on vegetable oil was studied to replace mineral-based oil. Non-edible vegetable oil can be considered a promising substitute for traditional metalworking fluid. The use of non-edible oil as metalworking fluid can reduce the competition in using edible oil as metalworking fluid and for food. This review article intends to inform readers about the current trend in the use of non-edible vegetable oils as metalworking fluid. This study includes an up-to-date and detailed assessment of the newest research on the usefulness of non-edible oils and their modified forms, blended oils and nanoparticles as additives. This paper also includes the study on Calophyllum Inophyllum oil as a potential metalworking fluid that is found abundant around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, due to the scarcity of fossil fuels, mankind is looking forward to the alternative fuel to boom the production of energy fuel so that there will be a reduction of use for non-renewable resources. Then there we get the introduction to biofuels. As the name itself has got you the meaning, it's the fuel energy extracted from the different plants. Most famous in India is Jatropha c. oil, Mahua Oil, Karanja Oil, etc. they are being mixed with the base oil or mineral oil to provide the essential physical, chemical properties, mechanical properties, etc for the process. And then we get to know about lubrication. The process of providing a film between two relatively moving bodies is called lubrication [1]. Lubrication needs to be taken in serious notes as this helps in different factors like reducing wear [2], blocking the flow of heat from the combustion chamber to the crankshaft, adsorbing the wear out particle from the relatively moving machine parts, etc. So, increasing the effectiveness of the lubricant, we can directly increase the longevity of the machinery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of photodynamic therapy vital tissues (tumor-melanomas) when exposed to irradiation diode laser, depend in the prior knowledge, on the status of the tumor and its level in the biological tissue. Increase absorbance contribute in the improvement of this treatment, in this research tumors of malacotic carried out in the skin of Syrian golden hamsters at its lower back ,by local application of chemical carcinogens(7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene 'DMBA') solved in acetone and mixed with heavy mineral oil, tumor statue and its level during a specific time period was diagnosed, to improve the efficiency of laser therapy, the tumor region injected by Photo sensitizer (cardio green 'ICG') at different concentrations, the optimal concentrations of ICG where determined. (Glycated chitosan ' GC') used as immunoadjuvant which has an important role in practical local melatonin tumor treatment, where treated by diode laser with wavelength 808nm and power 1W. This study gives efficiency and safety in treatment of pigmented lesions and melanomas, localized tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating kinds of vegetable oil was done to substitute products with petroleum base because they have environmentally friendly features as well as they become vital sources for bio-fluids. The vegetable oil is useful because it is available as a renewable source. Moreover, the lubricants having bases of vegetable oil nature have designated potential for decreasing carbon dioxides as well as hydrocarbon emissions once they operate within an interior combusting engine also within industry process. Two methods for using vegetables' fluids as bio-fluids, the first is by direct using of neat vegetables' fluids with no blending and the second is by using specific rate of blending the vegetable oils along with the commercial fluids. Regarding the current work, investigating the mixing rate effects of mineral oil with double kinds of vegetable fluid was done on the thermal characteristics then a comparison was done with commerce oils using machine of four-ball type. Corn fluid (CON) and castor fluid (CAS) got blended separately at volumetric rate that ranges between 20 up to 80% with commercial mineral oils. Each experimentation work conforms to ASTM D4172. According to the outcomes, a number of blends of corn and castor fluids along with commerce oils reduced the scar diameter and increase the flash temperature parameter (thermal performance) compared to mineral fluid. Both blends exhibit lower friction's constant in comparison with oils of commercial lubricants. One could conclude that some blends of corn or castor fluid with commerce oils have well-performance in comparison with commerce oils or neat corn or neat castor fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy is an alternative energy to anticipate the decrease of fuel oil. The vegetable oil based fuels are expected to reduce the dependence on unrenewable fuels. Calophyllum inophyllum oil is naturally organic, has similar physical properties with a mineral oil base. It was extracted from Calophyllum inophyllum plant which is abundant and called Nyamplung in Indonesia. So it is important to conduct research using callophlyum inophylum oil to produce an alternative biofuel. The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of methanol volume ratio and temperature on yield and properties of biodiesel. The methanol volume ratio was set up in a range of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% while temperature was 400C, 500C, 600C, 700C, and 800C. The results show that methanol volume ratio and temperature have an effect on biodiesel yield. The maximum yield of 83,7% was reached at methanol volume ratio of 20% and temperature of 60°C. The characteristics of biodiesel at that point are density value of 882 kg/m3, acid number value of 0.493 mg-KOH/G, and Iod number 22.84 G-I2/100g. These properties have fulfilled the standard quality of biodiesel according to SNI-7182:2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research is to assess the effect of the cutting coolant composition on the roughness and corrosion resistance of the part surfaces after machining. Three types of commercial cutting coolants having a concentration of 10% were selected as the tested compositions. The first composition (sample 1) is a balanced mixture of mineral oils, emulsifier, corrosion inhibitor and other components (analogous to "Emulsoifiers type" compositions). The second composition (sample 2) is a semi-synthetic cutting coolant containing about 15% mineral oil, as well as a corrosion inhibitor, biocidal additives, an emulsifier and other components. The third composition (sample 3) is a synthetic cutting coolant that does not contain mineral oils. The coolant flow rate was 10 L / min in all the experiments. Research to determine the roughness of the machined surface was carried out on the 16R25 screw lathe. The following cutting conditions were selected for machining the workpiece: a cutting depth of 0.25 mm; a spindle speed of 590 rpm; a feed of 0.2 mm / rev.; a cutting rate of 85 m / min. The protective efficiency of the coolant was assessed using the gravimetric method for determining the rate of corrosion of metals, which has two main applications: determining the increase in weight due to the formation of corrosion products on the surface of the sample and determining the loss of weight after removing the corrosion products formed. The second option was used in the research. Corrosion products were removed using special solutions. The tested samples were flat plates having a size of 50x50x3 mm and made of St3 GOST 380-2005 steel grade and M1 GOST 859-2001 copper grade. The investigated cutting coolant compositions reduced the height of microroughness on the surface of parts after turning. The most effective formulations were based on a synthetic cutting coolant (sample 3), which do not contain mineral oils. The greatest anticorrosive protective effect for the surfaces of steel parts was possessed by the compositions of cutting coolants based on synthetic cutting coolants (sample 3). It was revealed that compositions based on mineral oils (samples 1 and 2) upon contact with copper stimulated the corrosion process, therefore they were not recommended for use in the machining of parts made of copper and copper alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of the experimental research aimed at evaluating the effect that the heating of composite diesel-fuel oil produces on the fuel pressure at the high-pressure injection pump adapter output, as well as on the speed and the time of the fuel pressure wave transmission through the fuel pressure line. The research was conducted with a fixed regulating rod at different injection pump camshaft rotation rates (rounds per minute), from starting (200 RPM) to rated (1100 RPM) in increments of 100 RPM. The high-pressure injection pump operated on the mineral diesel fuel of the JT-0,2-40 line and various composite diesel-fuel oils. Prior to the research the injection pump had been adjusted for the cyclic injection (72±1,5 cmm per cycle), which corresponds with the.D-243 diesel operation on mineral diesel fuel. The data analysis results show that with the increase in the injection pump camshaft RPM and the rapeseed oil content of the composite diesel fuel at 30° centigrade, the fuel pressure at the injection pump adapter output experiences a steep rise, which is moderated upon the application of heat. The same tendency is observed with the change in the speed of the fuel pressure wave transmission through the fuel pressure line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The insulating oil is the most critical element of the transformers. For better performance of the transformers, the dielectric properties (AC Breakdown voltage (AC BDV), DC BDV, dielectric losses, and insulation resistance) should be in a considerable range. In the present scenario, mineral oils are used as dielectric insulation oil in the transformers, which is very hazardous to the environment as well as has a limited resource. In the present work, the dielectric behavior of blended ester oils (Natural and Synthetic) and mineral oil at different temperature levels have been investigated by using a 100 kV motorized AC/DC breakdown voltage test set and loss tangent, permittivity, and resistivity test set. The results revealed that the blend of coconut oil and synthetic oil (M4) gives better dielectric properties, i.e., AC BDV increases by about 51%, and DC BDV increases by 61% as compared to mineral oil. Thus, it is established that blended ester oils can be an alternative to traditionally used mineral oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a distribution transformer, a suggested thermal model is analyzed. In order to attain temperature distribution in three-phase transformer (250 KVA 11/.416 KV core type, mineral oil) by 'COMSOL Software,' a 30 simulation was performed by a transient analysis in the light of Finite Element Method (FEM). Meanwhile, using the proposed model, the oil type effects on the HOST are examined. Two types of nano particles (Al2O3) and (CuO) with a volume concentration of 0.3, 0.5, 0.8 percent, where the maximum temperature decreased by around 9 °C to 0.8 percent of Al2O3, were used to measure the effect of nanoparticles on the heat transfer process by replacing the insulation oil with nano fluid. In contrast to realistic calculation, the current model has successfully achieved the expectation of temperature distribution at every location in the transformer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of the study of the influence of oxidative processes on the viscosity-temperature characteristics of mineral motor oils Rosneft M-10G2k and Lukoil Super 15W-40 SG/CD at temperature control temperatures of 180,170 and 160 degrees Celsius are presented. The potential resource and the criterion of the viscosity-temperature characteristic, determined by the product of the optical density and the viscosity index, are proposed as an indicator for justifying the maximum permissible temperature of the working capacity of motor oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lubricants are used to reduce friction between contacting surfaces, especially involving mechanical parts. There has been considerable effort to develop a lubricant that will aid sustainable process and efficient performance. Because of their environmental friendliness, biodegradability, less toxic, and good lubricity, vegetable oils are considered a better substitute for mineral oils. However, their thermal and oxidative stability of vegetable needs to be improved for efficient lubrication. This research is aimed at developing and performance evaluation of vegetable oil-based nanolubricants with maghemite nanoparticles at different volume concentrations for sustainable lubrication. Maghemite nanolubricants were prepared by dispersion of the maghemite (γFe2O3) nanoparticles into vegetable oil at a different level of inclusions (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 vol.%). The result indicated an improvement in the thermophysical properties of the nanolubricants with increased concentration, while an increase in temperature decreases their enhancement. The kinematic viscosity of coconut oil is enhanced with an increase of volume fractions that enable them to form a protective thin film under higher temperature operation. At the temperature of 80 °C, an increase of 30.68% was observed in the viscosity of nanolubricant over the pure base oil. The highest thermal conductivity enhancement over the base fluid is 7.33%, corresponding to a ratio of 1.079 times improved performance at a concentration of 0.3 vol.% inclusion over the pure base oil. The tribological properties showed that the wear scar diameter and coefficient of friction decrease with an increase of concentration. Thus making the addition of maghemite nanaoparticles in biolubricants a promising nanolubricant for sustainable machining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using optical microscopy, evaluation of the ohmic resistance of oil layers in tribocontact, and tribological studies, the results of the influence of the particle size of soft rocks of the serpentine group: antihorites, lizardites, and chrysotiles on the anti - wear properties of liquid lubricants-LUKOIL Standard 10W40 mineral oil and synthetic Castrol SLX 5W40. The optimal size of serpentine particles is 3...5 microns. The inefficiency of serpentine modification of Castrol SLX 5w40 synthetic oil is proved based on the results of wear intensity testing and measurement of the ohmic resistance of the oil layer in tribocontact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intensified developments of the vegetable-based metalworking fluids have been growing rapidly due to the environmental and health issue of the utilization of the mineral based oil. The vegetable oils are a great potential substitution of the mineral based oil which has been explored in recent years due to their high biodegradability, renewability and low toxicity in comparable with mineral oil. Non-edible vegetable oil had attracted an attention of the researches in contrast with edible oil which significantly compete with the human food supply. The main focus of this study was to evaluate a new formulation of vegetable-based nanofluid from chemically modified jatropha oil (MJO) blended with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), graphene and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles at 0.05 wt.% concentration. The physicochemical testing was carried out in term of kinematic viscosity, viscosity index and flash point and was compare with commercial synthetic ester (SE). The analysis of MJO mixed with nanoparticles in the perspective of it tribological has been performed through a four ball tribo testing to determine the coefficient of friction, mean wear scar diameter, friction torque, surface roughness and volume wear rate. The results showed that the tribological performance the MJO+0.05wt.% CuO exhibit lowest value in of coefficient of friction and friction torque followed by MJO+0.05wt.% graphene, MJO+0.05wt.% hBN and SE. Nevertheless, the MJO+0.05wt.% graphene and MJO+0.05wt.% hBN provided the significant improvement by providing the lowest value of the mean wear scar diameter and surface roughness respectively. It concluded that the modified jatropha oil enriched with nanoparticles had a great improvement on their tribological performance, hence it's a highly potential substitution of the SE for machining process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the minimum quantity lubrication method has become the eye apple of many manufacturing industries. MQL is a cooling procedure in which a very small volume of high quality refrigerant / lubricant is sprayed directly onto the work piece-tool interface. MQL machining has gained popularity over other cooling techniques due to its ability to produce superior surface quality, lower machining temperature, lower tool wear and lower coolant / lubricant consumption. Several researchers are continuing their work on new methods to strengthen the properties of coolants / lubricants. In this paper, efforts are being made to present important work by different researchers on the role of different coolant / lubricant in enhancing MQL environmental capability. A detailed overview of the functions of various processing fluids is presented in this text. such as vegetable oils, mineral oils, synthetic oils and nano-fluid-based machining fluids, in improving the machinability of MQL in spinning, milling and grinding operations. This paper also addresses the role of machining fluids in the enhancement of machining aspects such as surface strength, machining temp erature, tool wear and cutting insert life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the effects of water emulsion and CH3NO2 (nitromethane) additive on the combustion performance and emission characteristics using biodiesel blends are investigated on single cylinder diesel engine. The emulsification technique is used to reduce the oxides of nitrogen emission. Biodiesel is produced from cotton seed, neem oil and blended with mineral diesel to form different blend compositions with Nitromethane as an additive. Blends 10, 20, 30, 40 and 100% diesel are the blending proportion. The experiment was undergone in single-cylinder diesel engine coupled with an exhaust gas analyzer. For making emulsion, surfactant blends were screened for their effectiveness in stabilizing water in biodiesel emulsion system. The Biodiesel was mixed with water in different the ratios to investigate the stability & characteristic of fuel. Effective results were obtained with blend of SPAN 80/TWEEN 80. A high-speed mixing homogenizer technique was used to obtain the resultant water in biodiesel emulsion containing blend of SPAN 80/TWEEN 80. Effective results were foreseen on the combination of B20 proportion with CH3NO2 blend in specific fuel consumption and envisioned amount of reduced emission behaviour was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nyamplung tree or calophyllum inophyllum is widely spread and plentiful in Indonesia. Its seed is rich of oil (65-75% oil content) and potentially developed as non-edible oil. However, in fact it is not commercially yet. At the moment, some research has been carried out by using its oil for biodiesel, basic ingredients for soap, beauty products and medicines. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the feasibility of calophyllum inophyllum oil for cutting fluids. Previously, some vegetable cutting oils have been tried and they are potentially succeed as a replacing mineral oil. Previously, some vegetable cutting oils have been tried and they are potentially succeed for replacing mineral based ones. The calophyllum inophyllum oil is made from their seed in several steps: (i) drying for 4-6 hours, (ii) milling, (iii) drying with oven temperature of 65°C for 21 days, (iv) pressing in a press machine, (v) extraction mechanically and then (vi) separation by washing in a-4000 rpm centrifugal machine for 30 minutes. The examined characteristics are viscosity, flash point, and pour point. The test methods that used for each physical properties are in accordance with standards ASTM D445-04 and ASTM D 2270, ASTM D 93-02a, ASTM D 97-05 respectively. The observation results showed the characteristics of the oil are (i) viscosity of 58,887 cSt (at 40°C) and of 11,879 cSt (at 100°C), (ii) flash point of 104°C, (iii) pour point 176°C. If compared to mineral cutting fluids, the physical characteristics of calophyllum inophyllum oil are not much different. It implies that calophyllum inophyllum oil can be used as a new environmentally friendly cutting fluid. The utilization of calophyllum inophyllum oil for cutting fluids will be able to elevate the economic potential of the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the factors that accelerate the aging process of the oil-paper insulation of the condenser type and shorten its service life. Attention is drawn to the fact that the breakdown of flat insulation made of condenser paper occurs at the location of the inclusion, which approximately corresponds to the field of uniform field. An example of damage to the insulation of a current transformer due to its aging and moisture is given. This work was analysed the influence of thickness and density of paper, grade of mineral oil on short-term electrical strength. The characteristics of the insulating papers of the permeable composition largely determine the electrical strength of the paper-oil insulation.Since paper-oil insulation consists of a series of successive layers of paper and oil, it is advisable to present such insulation by the equivalent scheme shown in fig. 1, in which the thickness of the paper-oil dielectric is divided into two layers: paper (fiber) and mineral oil, connected in series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutting fluid is an essential and basic part of manufacturing process especially in metal cutting works. It performs various functions such as friction reduction, heat curtailment, surface enhancement etc. In spite of several technical benefits, cutting fluids such as mineral oils, petroleum based fluids, synthetic fluids etc. contaminates the working environment including human health. Here the necessity arises for bio-friendly cutting fluids where research works are in full swing. Natural cutting fluids considered to be highly eco-friendly and creates healthy workplace in the engineering industry. The current paper overview the prospects of biodegradable cutting fluids for manufacturing Processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in tissue engineering application for medical intervention has created a need for three-dimensional (3D) cellular microenvironment in the form of cellular microencapsulation. Cellular microencapsulation can be used in several applications such as in vitro drug screening as well as cellular transplantation. It is important to note, however, that despite all the benefit from the cells, the capsule itself also has a major role. Significant impact and even clinical risks can present if the capsule is not biocompatible or even toxic. Hence, careful consideration on the materials and more importantly the fabrication process of the capsule is needed. In this work, we presented a method for cellular encapsulation using oil immersion technique. Briefly, suspension of K562 cells and collagen was injected into the mineral oil on a cell strainer. Microcapsule then washed with PBS and immersed with culture medium. Photomicrograph analysis was performed to evaluate the shape as well as to measure the volume of the microcapsule. Immunohistochemistry staining with Propidium Iodide (PI) was used to confirm K562 entrapment within the microcapsule. Cellular microencapsulation using oil immersion technique resulted in a rounded sphere. The increased volume of cells-hydrogel suspension resulted in bigger diameter and volume of the capsule. Due to the nature of the immersion process, a layer of oil could be found outside the capsule. The volume of the oil on the border of the capsule also increased with higher hydrogel-cells suspension. PI-stained K562 cells were found within the microcapsule, confirming that K562 cells were indeed entrapped within the microcapsule. In conclusion, oil immersion technique provides a quick, easy, and feasible method to produce cellular microencapsulation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An acid composition of prolonged-action based on an inorganic acid adduct, a polyol and a surfactant has been developed at the Institute of Petroleum Chemistry, SB RAS. Introduced into the injection well, the composition exerts a prolonged positive effect on the oil recovery in the area of its influence. The increase in oil production rates and decrease in water cuts are accompanied by changes in viscosity of extracted oil and mineral composition of produced water. The appearance of components of a new composition and products of its hydrolysis in the produced fluids suggests the inclusion of still virgin zones, changes in filtration flows, and desorption of heavy-oil components from reservoir rock after its break-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional additives are used to improve the operating characteristic of petroleum products. Additives improve coefficient of friction, oxidation resistance and other characteristics. Carbon nanotubes are the most promising material that will achieve this effect. For engine oil, one of the main characteristics is its density. Insufficient value of the density of the engine oil leads to a rapid flow of fluid into the crankcase, insufficient lubrication of all engine gaps. As a result of poor lubrication there is increased wear of parts and mechanisms. The effect of adding carbon nanotubes to mineral motor oil on its density was studied. The density of the oil product was measured using a general purpose hydrometers with a measuring range of 820-890 kg/m³ and a dividing price of 2 kg/m³. The concentration of carbon nanotubes varied from 0.1 to 0.5 %. Mineral motor oil density was measured before and after aging. The addition of carbon nanotubes to motor oil-based composite mixtures results in a positive effect on the lubricant density value. For mineral motor oils, it is most effective to add carbon nanotubes in an amount of 0.01 or 0.5%. For semi-synthetic oils, the optimal amount of carbon nanotubes is 0.01 and 0.1%. For synthetic oils, the addition of carbon nanotubes in ratios of 0.01; 0.1; 0.5% increases the density value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the properties of motor oil modified with carbon nanotubes was carried out. As the object of testing were selected motor oils on a mineral basis; on a partially synthetic basis; on a synthetic basis. The method of obtaining a modifying additive for the fuel and lubricant was carried out by thermostating the samples of motor oils (100±0.01 g) in a glass cup at a constant mass of T = 30 – 40°C. In the course of the research, the introduction of carbon nanotubes taken in various mass additives 0.1; 0.1; 0.5% by weight in all three types of motor oils was carried out. Based on the data obtained, the impact of carbon nanotubes on the friction coefficient of hydrocarbon oils was analyzed. The most effective to reduce the friction coefficient for synthetic and semi-synthetic oils was the concentration of nanotubes of 0.5 %. For mineral-based engine oil, the concentration of 0.1% carbon nanotubes was the most effective. The decrease in the friction coefficient can be explained by the deposition of carbon nanotubes on the worn surface, which improves the anti-friction properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reduce the effect of environmental degradation due to the use of mineral oils and fossil fuels, a substituent bio-oil is used. Here we use non edible plant oil as a replacement for the mineral oil, which averts any fuel-food crisis. Physical properties of the oil was determined first hand. The present study deals with the thermal and rheological properties of Rubber Seed Oil (RSO). Rheological property being one of the important factor of a lubricant, the density and viscosity of the oil was determined first hand. Thermogravimetric analysis was done and the results show that RSO was stable up to 250ºC. Additives including Polypropylene (PP) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) were added in different percentages by weight for improving the Rheological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mineral oils and their derivatives are being consumed in an exponential rate as of now and they can be relied upon for a decade at the maximum. Commercial oils possess the required characteristics of a lubricant, but lacks in its environmental acceptability and economic impacts. Bio-lubricants are in a rise to be an alternative to these commercial oils. Oils from renewable sources such as vegetable oils are in need to be formulated. Among the base stock for bio-lubricants, Rubber seed oil showed to be of great importance, as it contains high amount of unsaturated fatty acids. Rubber seed abundantly found in Kerala is processed into oil and was made to undergo tests on Physico-chemical properties. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, both Proton and Carbon was done, so as to authenticate the oil is made from rubber seed. Fatty acid profile of rubber seed oil was obtained by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy, and compared against the standard values. Other tests including Acid value, Iodine value, Saponification value and Corrosive stability was conducted thrice and the average was calculated. Limiting factors of rubber seed oil included its low temperature properties, high acid value and low viscosities. Additives are added in various compositions to improve these properties of the oil. Study was conducted on how the rheological property and oxidative stability varies with addition of Rice bran oil, Curcumin and Ascorbyl palmitate in various proportions. The optimum concentration of the additive was selected and final formulation was tested. The results showed promise in developing Rubber seed oil as a lubricant base stock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New requirements for a better sustainable energy policy around the world is easy to observe, many projects in sustainable energy are developed wherein the academia works together the authorities and commercial firms such as electrical grid utilities. In distribution transformers one of the suggested solutions is to replace mineral oils used as dielectric and coolant for natural ester fluids, they provide improved technical properties making them a safe substitute of mineral oil. Natural esters are based on clean technology in order to guarantee requirements from utilities. The main goal of the present paper is to present a technical-economic analysis obtained from five years of applications of oil-immersed transformers using natural ester fluids in Colombia. The methodology considers forty-four oil-immersed distribution Transformers, a half use mineral oil and the other side use natural ester, operating under the same load regime. Results evidenced the feasibility of implementing this technology because the costs are very similar and the reduction of risks and environmental impact is considerable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study focuses on evaluation of the suitability of some non-edible vegetable-based oils as lubricants for conventional metal forming operations in general and non-conventional processes such as severe plastic deformation in particular. Four non-edible oils were chemically extracted using a Soxhlet extractor and hexane solvent from mango seeds, water-melon seeds, African cherry seeds and avocado peer seeds. Comparison was made between performance of these environmentally benign oils and a mineral based SAE 40 Oleum super monograde oil in the equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) of a cylindrical AA 6063 aluminum rod through a channel angle φ of 90° and outer angle ψ of 20° at different extrusion speed. The results show that mango oil has the best load reduction for all extrusion speeds tested, better than SAE 40, followed by avocado oil, then watermelon oil with cherry oil given the least performance. It was found, regardless of any of these oils tested, that as extrusion speed increases, there is a reduction in the load and hardness of the material tested. Comparing the unECAEed specimens with the ECAEed specimens, hardness decreases in all the ECAEed specimens tested. Further, from the hardness measurement, it was found that specimens ECAEed with vegetable-based oils probably produced better grain homogeneity than specimens ECAEed with SAE40, which perhaps account for their slightly higher hardness values. Also, although the viscosity of the SAE 40 is better than mango and avocado oils, these vegetable-based oils performed excellently well when used as lubricants during equal channel angular extrusion of AA 6063 aluminum and show promising potential as alternative to mineral oil, SAE 40. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Spanish Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) through its Plataforma Solar de Almería (PSA), started a program for testing outdoor every individual component of parabolic trough collectors (PTC), i.e. structure, mirrors, absorber tubes, etc., reproducing real solar conditions as well as in laboratories using accelerated aging chambers or appropriate test loops. A very important part pending of testing in an ad-hoc facility were the collectors' inter-connections (ball joints, flexible hoses and hybrid interconnections). In that sense, CIEMAT-PSA and the German Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR) agreed to erect a common test bench at PSA. The so called Rotation and Expansion Performing Assembly (REPA) enables specific test as well as accelerated full lifecycle tests under realistic conditions, using silicone or mineral oil based HTFs at temperatures up to 450°C. It was erected and commissioned at PSA and it will start its operation late 2017. The REPA test facility is the result of merging CIEMAT activities in task 14.4 of the European project SFERA-II and DLR activities within the work package 6 of the national German project StaMeP. In a solar power plant with parabolic trough collector (PTC), one of the main technical constraints in the solar field is dealing with the absorber tubes thermal expansion and collectors rotation motion.The non alignment between the collector focal line and the rotation axis is a key point in the construction of this type of solar field. As consequence, the connection interface between the receiver tubes of adjacent PTC in one side and between headers and both loop ends in the other, must be accomplished using elements tested in real conditions able of absorbing that stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rotary swaging is a cold bulk forming process for manufacturing of complex bar and tube profiles like axles and gear shafts in the automotive industry. Conventional rotary swaging is carried out under intense use of lubricant usually based on mineral oil. Besides lubrication the lubricant fulfills necessary functions like lubrication, flushing and cooling, but generates costs for recycling, replacement and cleaning of the workpieces. Hence, the development of a dry process design is highly desirable, both under economic and ecological points of view. Therefore, it is necessary to substitute the functions of the lubricant. This was realized by the combination of newly developed a-C:H:W coating systems on the tools to minimize the friction and to avoid adhesion effects. With the application of a deterministic structure in the forging zone of the tools the friction conditions are modified to control the axial process forces. In this study infeed rotary swaging with functionalized tools was experimentally investigated. Therefore, steel and aluminum tubes were formed with and without lubricant. Different structures which were coated and uncoated were implemented in the reduction zone of the tools. The antagonistic effects of coating and structuring were characterized by measuring the axial process force and the produced workpiece quality in terms of roundness and surface roughness. Thus, the presented results allow for further developments towards a dry rotary swaging process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Fluid Film Bearings (FFBs) operating in hydrodynamic boundary regime can provide moderate load carrying capacity, negligible wear and friction. However in extreme operating conditions i.e. at high load and low speed, asperities of journal and bearing surfaces come in contact with each other resulting in high wear and friction. During the contact of the asperities, the temperature of the lubricant increases due to frictional heating, resulting in reduction of the viscosity of lubricant. Variation of lubricant viscosity results in low load carrying capacity of the FFB and therefore resulting in detoriation of FFB performance. In the present work it is hypothesized that, by adding multi-functional Multi Wall Carbon Nano-Tubes (MWCNT) (having high thermal conductivity and anti-friction properties) as nano-additive in the base mineral oil, the aforementioned problems can be overcome. To validate the proposed hypothesis, five different samples of lubricant is considered: Sample 1: Base oil, Sample 2: Base oil +0.05% MWCNT, Sample 3: Base oil +0.05% MWCNT +0.5%surfactant, Sample 4: Base oil +0.1% MWCNT +0.5% surfactant, and Sample 5: Base oil +0.15% MWCNT +0.5%surfactant. To evaluate the performance of the developed lubricants, experiments were performed on the reduced scale conformal block on disc test setup. The experimental condition and dimension of the block and disc were decide for the Sommerfeld number equal to 0.0025, which indicates mixed lubrication regime. The performance of lubricant is evaluated by measuring the frictional force and temperature rise of the lubricant during the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]