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Catechins ar one of the compounds widely found in gambier (Uncaria) and have antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Nanofibers made from polymers and catechins can be applied in wound dressings because they are easily absorbed. Nanofibers are made using the needle-less electrospinning method. Needle-less electrospinning utilizes bubbles that are made as a place for the fiber to come out so that more fiber is produced. The Taguchi method was used as an experimental design with three factors and three levels to get the smallest Diameter. The smallest fiber obtained was 0.1 µm with a voltage, distance, and concentration of 39000V, 5 cm, and 8%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical bonding was one of the concepts that were considered difficult by students because of its abstract nature. Students' conceptual understanding could be different from each other. So, that analysis was needed to determine students' conceptual understanding. This study aimed to investigate basic chemistry students' conceptual understanding of chemical bonding. This study used a descriptive research design with 20 basic chemistry students of Universitas Billfath. Students' conceptual understanding was determined by a four-tier diagnostic test, CBDT (Chemical Bonding Diagnostic Tool). The result showed that only 21.25% of students fully understand, 19.06% partially understand, 10.94% did not understand, and 48.75% had misconceptions about chemical bonding. Students' understanding of chemical bonding must be improved to reduce students' misconceptions. One method that could be used is the conceptual change text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, the thermodynamic power cycle of a mini-truck diesel engine has a thermal efficiency of less than 40%. During operation, its cooling system needs to transfer around 60% of the generated heat to air at the radiator. Nowadays, diesel engines have high performance, producing a large amount of mechanical power, which inevitably leads to a large amount of heat being rejected. Thus, the radiator demands a higher air flow rate. Additionally, fan efficiency is also important since the fan itself draws the power from the engine. Therefore, both performance and efficiency are critical parameters to be considered for the cooling fan. In Thailand, there is another consideration concerning the country's hot and humid environment with its frequent traffic jams in urban areas. This paper presents computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of a mini-truck engine cooling fan operating at two rotational speeds. The resulting fan static pressures and flow rates are compared with (limited) experimental data. The pressure values are roughly 11% different from the experimental data due to the pressure measuring locations. For the flow rates, the difference between the simulations and the experimental data are about 48%. The large differences are due to differences between the experimental method from the fan testing standard and the simplified simulation setup as well as possibly deviations in the 3D model of the fan geometry from the actual piece. Nevertheless, the performance trends from the simulations are consistent. For example, the ratio of the flow rates at the two operating conditions is close to that from the experimental data. Thus, the simulation methods as set up in this work have potential to be used in the design process of engine cooling fans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical process simulation is an established development tool for the design of injection molding processes. However, commercially available simulation software focuses primarily on the filling process in the mold and makes various simplifications. Due to these simplifications, the non-consideration of disturbing influences, as well as the differing boundary conditions within the simulation, the result of the real process often deviates from the simulation result. To enable an injection molding simulation that is closer to reality, the aim of this work was to carry out an analysis of the current discrepancies between a real injection molding process and the simulation of this process. For this purpose, a design of experiments was carried out in the simulation and compared with the corresponding injection molding experiments. Relevant process variables such as the injection pressure or the cavity pressure as well as the parts weight were used as target variables for the analysis to compare the results from the experiments with the simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore students' conceptual understanding skills in learning the sine rule using the context of the Palembang jumputan cloth motif in class X. This study uses the Indonesian Realistic Mathematics Approach (PMRI). The method used in this research is Design Research type validation studies which consists of three stages: preliminary design, experimental design and retrospective analysis. The research subjects were students of class X SMA Negeri 15 Palembang. The hypothetical learning trajectory in this study plays an important role as a research design and instrument. The HLT (Hypotetical Learning Trajectory) that was developed contains a series of learning activities for the sine rule using the context of the motif jumputan palembang. The data collected in the form of video recordings and photos during the learning process, the results of student interviews, student work, discussion results, and field notes at each meeting. The instruments used include documentation in the form of video and photo recordings, interview sheets, student activity sheets, field notes, and the Learning Path Hypothesis (HLB). The media used in this research is Student Activity Sheet (LAS). The results of this study indicate that using the context of the Palembang jumputan cloth motif in learning the sine rule can help explore students' conceptual understanding abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary goal of this research is to collect data for testing the HLT designed for students in small groups and revising later the HLT used in the teaching trial stage. This study used a validation research design using photos, kite products, and document review as data collection techniques. Eight students from Class VII (Stage D) at SMPN 59 Palembang were the research subjects. This research was carried out only in cycle 1. This study generated learning activities that had to be completed later in cycle 2. The results of this study indicate the need for improvement to be revised in Cycle 2 later. In this type of learning, students can learn collaboratively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to present the initial results of the learning trajectory of the pattern of numbers in the context of tajung cloth by using numeracy ability test questions at the evaluation stage. This research design consists of three stages: Preparation for an experiment, Implementation, Retrospective Analysis. The learning trajectory is designed in the context of the tajung Palembang fabric. Data was collected through documentation, interviews, and class observations. The findings show that the context of the tajung cloth helps students easily understand the concept of number patterns and how students find regular patterns in the tajung cloth motif. The learning trajectory consists of two activities. The first aims to introduce the concept of number patterns and look for regularity of repeating patterns. The second aims to help students generalize the concept of number patterns to solve a problem. Finally, the research findings contribute to the further development of the learning trajectory on number patterns and the evaluation questions used in the form of students' numeracy ability test questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to present the initial results of the learning trajectory on the material of straight-line equations using the context of the Balaputra Dewa Museum by using numeracy skills test questions at the evaluation stage. This research design consists of three stages: Preparation for an experiment, Implementation, Retrospective Analysis. The learning trajectory is designed in the context of the Balaputra Dewa Museum. Data was collected through documentation, interviews, and class observations. The findings show that the context of the Balaputra Dewa Museum helps students easily understand the concept of a straight-line equation and how students analyze the collection graphs of the Balaputra Dewa museum. The learning trajectory consists of two activities. The first aims to introduce the concept of straight-line equations and find the slope of straight-line equations. The second aims to help students generalize the concept of a straight line equation to solve a problem. Finally, the research findings contribute to the further development of the learning trajectory on the straight-line equation material and the evaluation questions used in the form of students' numeracy ability test questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interventional study design has been adopted widely in design process and research, bringing new insights into design thinking, and innovating new ways of solving design problems through pragmatic and participative approach. However, there is still a lack of studies conducted in intervening design process at earliest stage with systematic approach due to contextual complexity and levels of competencies among designers. In this paper, we develop criteria preference tool for designing project briefs, as a result of analysing 21 designer's preferences in the specific designated task using pre- and post-study. The criteria preference tool provides us vocabularies that help to explain the challenges and priorities, what are influences the formulation of the brief's design direction and what informs the selection and development of the methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, global problems such as environmental problems occur massively. Global problems cannot be solved quickly; a planned step is needed to solve them. One of the steps is through education. Education must be able to facilitate students to care about environmental problems. Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) is one way to solve this problem. We need to integrate ESD in learning, including in mathematics learning. The purpose of this study is to develop a student's worksheet integrated ESD in mathematics learning. The student's worksheet can be used widely if it has valid, practical and in effective criteria. The method used in this research is a Research and Development (R&D) which is carried out with a research design according to Plomp. Based on the results of the study, the validity score of the student's worksheet is 76.25% with valid category. The practicality score is 75,4% with practical category. The effectivity score is 75% with effective category. The scores mean that the student's worksheet is valid, practical, and in effective criteria. So that it can be concluded that the student's worksheet can already be used in learning mathematics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa leaves have been widely used as a functional ingredient in processed food products. Before being applied to food products, processing Moringa leaves into flour can extend shelf life, make it easier to use in food products and make the nutritional content of Moringa leaves in the form of flour more concentrated. In the flouring process, the drying step has been investigated to affect the physicochemical characteristics of Moringa leaf flour. The purpose of this study was to determine the physicochemical characteristics of Moringa leaf flour which was dried at different temperatures and drying times. The experimental design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) with nine treatment variables combined with drying temperatures (35°C, 45°C, and 55°C) with different drying times (5 hours, 6 hours, and 7 hours). The results showed that the combination of temperature treatment and drying time had a significant effect on the value of moisture content, oil absorption, and yield. The combination treatment of temperature and drying time tends to reduce the water content, but it increases the value of oil absorption and the yield of Moringa leaf flour produced. The best drying process was determined based on the observed parameters, namely water content, oil absorption, and yield. The results showed that the drying treatment at 45 C for 6 hours was the best drying condition in terms of high oil absorption value (2.80 mL/g), moisture content (7.89%) and yield (21.03%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the characteristics of the flexural strength of concrete due to the addition of Flekson additives. The approach taken is to make an experimental design with the addition of the additive Flekson. The treatment was given in the form of adding 0 %, 0.5 %, 1.0 %, and 1.5 % and age of concrete tests 1, 3, and 7 days. Flekson levels with three repetitions of each experiment. The analytical method uses a completely randomized experimental design with anova. Then proceed with regression analysis to determine the effect of the strength of the relationship between the addition of Flekson additives on the flexural strength. The results showed that the addition of Flekson additives was able to have a very significant effect on changes in the flexural strength. While the results of linear regression modeling for 7 days were obtained the power equation exponential value is 0.498 and the coefficient is 39.726 with the test results R square is 0.9669. The existence of a negative regression coefficient indicates that the addition causes a decrease in the flexural strength of concrete. However, this decrease indicates that the addition of additives provides a more flexible material condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low energy density, high moisture content, irregular biomass shape (leaf biomass), low carbon content, and high tar content are the main limiting factors. These limitations can be overcome by providing pre-treatment before using biomass as an energy source or fuel. The most common pretreatment is torrefaction. Torrefaction will produce solid, liquid and gas substances. Torrefaction experiments carried out to meet research objectives are based on a Central Composite Design experimental design which is a 2-factor design. The Central Composite Design allows for the estimation of coefficients in a second-degree polynomial regression and quadratic response surface modeling. In this study, there are two factors, namely torrefaction temperature expressed as variable X1, and residence time variable X2. The torrefaction temperature used is 200°C - 300°C, and the residence time is 10 minutes to 20 minutes. The RSM interaction with 13 random runs by Minitab 18 software. Torrefaction of kesambi leaf biomass with a combination of temperature and torrefaction time produces good torrefaction products. The results showed that the optimum conditions for torrefied products based on calorific value response were obtained at a temperature of 300°C and a torrefaction time of 20 minutes with a torrefied product prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to design a system that cuts the cancerous area in the esophageal tissue that is often detected in late stages, using the FCM algorithm. This algorithm has achieved impressive results in determining the tumour area, which is; (sensitivity of 0.98, Accuracy of 0.95, and specificity of 0.92). The proposed system was tested on 200 images, which were downloaded from the Kaggle website. This research showed that is not possible to improve the images before using them in segmentation, due to the type of noise experienced by the data set is not uniform, because the images uploaded to the mentioned site are in JPG format (compressed images), which are losing many their features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the staple food sources for Indonesian people. Every year demand tends to increase along with the increase in population, so research is needed to increase production. This study aims to determine the effect of concentration and interval of administration of tobacco leaf extract (tobacco filtrate) on the production of rice varieties Ciherang. The research design used a factorial completely randomized design, the first factor was the concentration of tobacco filtrate which consisted of 4 levels, namely 0 ml/l, 1 ml/l, 2 ml/l, and 3 ml/l, the second factor was the interval of administration consisting of 3 levels. i.e. every 5 days, 10 days, and 15 days. Each treatment combination was repeated three times. The yield parameters observed were the number of productive shoots, the weight of rice grain per plant, and the weight of rice grain per plot. The results showed that the weight of rice grain in the plots with B3P1 treatment was 2,378.00 g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of superior cayenne pepper varieties needs to be carried out to meet the increasing needs of the community. One way that can be done in the development of these superior varieties is through mutation induction techniques with gamma-ray irradiation. This research aims to study the growth response and determine the LD50 of cayenne pepper sprouts of Rabani Agrihorti and Prima Agrihorti varieties due to Gamma-ray irradiation. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design, 4 replications consisting of two factors, namely varieties of cayenne pepper (Rabani Agrihorti and Prima Agrihorti) and gamma-ray radiation dose (D0=0 Gy (control), D1=20 Gy, D2=40 Gy, D3=60 Gy, D4=80 Gy). The results indicated that the increased dose of gamma-ray irradiation can reduce the growth of invitro shoots of Rabani Agrihorti and Prima Agrihorti varieties. The LD50 value of the in vitro shoots of the Prima Agrihorti variety (17.51 Gy) was higher than the Rabani Agrihorti variety with the LD50 value at 15.45 Gy the LD50 value of gamma-ray irradiation can be used to create mutants with a high level of diversity, thereby increasing the likelihood of obtaining the desired trait. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technical managing of a typical experiment in engineering or science could be a hard and daunting task. Often, experimentalists are not certain what is first and final steps be included and how the outcomes should be obtained. Fortunately, engineering and science experiments follow a routine procedure. They contain essentially main four process groups. The planning process group includes a statement of a problem, determining the input variables and output responses, and performing the design of the experiment. The run of experiment with quality and safety precautions fall within the execution process group. While the analysis process group detailed the statistical analysis achievement and interpretation. Finally, the experiment results are reported in the reporting process group. The use of the cause-and-effect tool to scan all variables or factors and responses and organize them in the flowchart or map for the overall processes and also define the problem statement in detail was found to be the major factors in the planning of an experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the application of systematic and risk-based approaches to problem solving in the agro-industrial complex, which generally prompted research in the field of various model-based methodologies. Of particular interest to this study is the Quality by Design initiative in the agro-industrial complex. Motivated by their need, this paper reports some of the contributions to analysing the existence and availability of the experimental plan. The analysis of the feasibility and adaptation of the nested sampling algorithm for the probabilistic characteristics of the design space is considered. There is described an initial adaptation of the nested sampling algorithm, common for large Bayesian calculations, for the probabilistic characterization of spatial design, which is a key work for practitioners in the agro-industrial complex. The choice-based approach has been found to be effective with the optimization approach, allowing practitioners to take advantage of the choice-based approach with other methods. A step-by-step technology is given for complex and one-time implementations of the original nested sample for spatial design, which further reduces the computational load, thereby allowing solutions of more complex problems. Design-centring methodology is shown as an alternative coding method for methodological choice, providing the practitioner with a convenient format for communicating with process operators. A particular attention is paid to several pronounced problems that arise in the special design of experiments when there are various levels of model uncertainty, which are often encountered in the early stages of model development. The paper presents the results of the study obtained by developing optimal experimental queries in the presence of restrictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the pertinency of laser drilling operations on GFRP composites has been empirically investigated. The experiments were conducted with the help of CO2-based laser technology. Laser speed and laser power were used as process variables, while the output responses were assessed in the form of kerf width and roundness. Taguchi's design of experiment, L9 orthogonal array has been used to test parametric pairs of combinations. The utility function approach has been used to achieve parametric optimization of the process. The ideal solution of settings has a laser speed of 15 m/s and a laser power of 150 W. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive Manufacturing (AM) Technology is used to construct three-dimensional complex geometrical shapes by depositing material on the heated bed. This technique is becoming popular because it reduces the wastage of raw material and production time. The primary objective of this study is to identify the effectiveness of the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) based 3D printing process parameters on the Flexural Strength and the secondary objective is to identify the maximum and minimum Flexural Strength of the part developed part. The material used in this study is Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS). Four parameters namely, Layer Height, Infill Density, Number of Shells, and Print Speed at three levels are used in the full factorial design (a Design of Experiment technique) to obtain the total number of experiments. A total of 81 samples are printed using a FDM-based 3D printer with ABS as a material and tested using the standard of the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) for testing Flexural Strength ASTM D790-15. These experimental values along with the full factorial design are used in ANOVA to find out the effectiveness of the parameters. Result concludes that, while analyzing the individual parameters Layer Height and Infill Density shows a highly effect the Flexural Strength while the combination of Layer Height and Number of Shells and Layer Height and Infill Density shows the great influence on Flexural Strength when combined effects are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resin 3D printing is widely recognized as first 3D printing technology and also called as VAT photopolymerization technique, that uses Ultra Violet (UV) laser light and photopolymer (PP) resin to build the component layer by layer. Complex components with fine features, correct measurements, great quality, and high-resolution are features of this technique. In fact, the quality of 3D printing has a lot to do with the equipment, materials and slicer. Although this technology has so many advantages, the dimensional accuracy of printed parts depends on many factors such as layer height, orientation, exposure time. Designers are crucial in conceptualizing a product before it is fabricated, which increases the design's resilience. Manufacturers can use 3D printing to directly build components at this level, but precision must always be maintained. The PP resins are very much prone to the shrinkage after immediate printing and it is not absolutely cured in the machine. It is necessary to do post curing in order to improve structural performance, at the same time the component shrinks, unfortunately, this may result in clearance and fit issues in design perception. Inherent size imperfections are frequent in 3D printed objects, the most common of which being variances in the linear dimension and hole diameter. These two forms of errors were investigated, as well as their effects on the dimensional correctness of a typical part. The experimental results of a preliminary investigation for post-cured specimens printed using the VAT photopolymerization 3D printing technology are presented in this article. The study aimed in predicting the influencing parameters using Taguchi analysis by design of experiments in order to improve the dimensional accuracy (DA) of 3D printed part and a regression equation is developed to predict the better outcomes. Based on the findings of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), it was observed that exposure time and orientation play an important role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydraulic drives are widely preferred in the industry over electrical as they offer low-cost automation. In industrial automation, accuracy in motion sequences, particularly that at the intermittent position of the valve, is essential to achieving the required stroke length. Due to unequal forces on both sides, the position of a hydraulic cylinder with a double-acting single rod is difficult to predict and control. This paper investigates the effect of load, Pressure at blank & rod ends, flow rate on the positioning accuracy of hydraulic cylinder. The full factorial design of experiments using 23 orthogonal array is used for the analysis of data. The ANOVA test was performed for proving conformity of experiment. The experiment also results in finding out the set of input parameters for best stopping accuracy for a given system configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the soaring demand for energy supply, the need for unconventional sources of energy is increasing. The most dependable sources of energy is hydropower. Earlier to harness power from water, generally, large dams were built across rivers to harness the energy, but nowadays micro hydropower plants are considered in more numbers in low-head rivers to produce electricity. The Archimedes Screw turbine is the best option for a hydroelectric power plant with such a low head. This study focuses on the suitable design of the Archimedes screw that can be used for micro hydropower generation. Three different design configurations with varying numbers of blades were taken into consideration. The theoretical design parameters were calculated for those three configurations. The CAD models of these turbines are designed with the aid of CREO. The Ansys fluent analysis was later performed on the turbines to determine the pressure contours and velocity streamlines. Various performance parameters such as power, torque and efficiency were computed for comparison of the turbines. The turbine with three blade configuration was observed to strike an optimum balance between performance and effective hydrodynamic design. Hence, this study proposes that the three-blade Archimedes screwis most suitable for micro hydro power generation sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current economic growth trend of growing urbanization has resulted in massive amounts of municipal trash and global energy consumption, which is a global challenge. Many cities in emerging countries, such as Iraq, have a worsening problem. Hence, the proper municipal waste management (MWM) system and innovating renewable energy alternatives are the primary issues to be addressed in Baghdad City. According the local government of Baghdad city, the daily waste rate produced is about 8 thousand tons, which equivalents to more than 3 million tons every year. Without recycling this quantity of waste can therefore become a danger to the environment. Therefore, this research developed a new framework are developed the experimental laboratory-test rig to study separation of waste, and Preparing a design study in the field of designing a station that converts waste into energy by combustion or anaerobic digestion of waste. The findings revealed that the suggested framework will also contribute to lowering environmental and public health challenges, as well as alleviating the power generating problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dam creates a barrier that restrict or does not allow the cycle of downstream and upstream fish migration between the stilling basin and the upper reservoir. One of the possible solutions is the design of a new fishway or, if possible, the reconstruction of the existing one. The research and design criteria for the new fishway were based on: (1) previous research focused on the most advantageous entrance of the fishway; (2) precise geodetic surveying of the featured location; (3) the bio-ecological input conditions, set by a group that included the official state ichthyology association and bio-ecological supervision; (4) the methodological guidance for "Determination of suitable types of fishways according to typology of waterways" made by the Ministry of Environment. The most important structural part of the designed fishway is the inlet structure for flow distribution and regulation. The research compared possible design criteria according to optimal parameters for fish to migrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interpretation of music articulation in architecture means using the 'language' of music arrangement such as rhythm and harmonization to be applied in architecture, particularly in space arrangement, which are very important as well as architectural works, rhythm and harmonization are very important to be observed by music actors and architecture. This study shows the interpretation of music articulation into an architectural design such as the Cikini Music Center. The research and design methods are design strategy; and the application of music articulation on music center building as the final result from the design process. The conclusion of the research and design results is the Music Center in Cikini that unites music articulation as architectural building articulation. That can be categorized as communication from architectural works of art where a music center has a characteristic which makes this building called a music center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our study was to analyse the COVID-19 impact on college students in Chennai region. Their mental health status and impact of online learning during pandemic time were studied exclusively. An online survey was conducted among college students from four zones of Chennai region. The survey consisted of 500 Pre COVID and 500 Post COVID respondents. The G power of the sample was kept to be 80% in this study. Most of the COVID-19 lockdown responses were found to be statistically significant with a positive correlation between the two groups under study (P<0.005, Chi square, Correlation). About 57% of college students in Chennai had felt that they were under a greater measure on depression and stress. Most of the students had an access to digital of some kind be it laptops or smartphones for study in this region and felt at ease with assessment procedure too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal matrix composites are widely used in number of engineering applications due to its improved qualities over the conventional materials. This paper aims in optimization of machining responses like surface roughness (Ra), cutting force (Fz), in turning of AA7068/TiC MMCs using particle swarm optimization technique. The control parameters aken into account are wt. % of TiC, cutting speed (V), feed rate (f), depth of cut (d). Experiments were designed and carried out using central composite design (CCD) in design of experiments (DOE) on a lathe machine with three different types of cutting tool inserts viz. KC5410, KCP05, and K30. Quadratic predictive model was developed for the machining responses and their adequacy has been check through ANOVA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gear is the part of the equipment used to transfer power between two consecutive shafts. Gears are effective when the distance between two consecutive shifts is very small. This review paper describes the process of gear hobbing that is most used in the gear manufacturing industry. This paper will contain various technical features for the use of gears and the design parameters of the hobbing process used in industries. Common methods of making gears such as spinning and molding cause limitations in the manufacturer's ability to produce gears with a small number of teeth. In more recent times, two-speed manual transmission systems have been developed that allow standard operating systems and common tools to provide feedback on these parameters. This research article discusses the additional advantages of methods that allow for the design of a new gear design and a competent gear machine. These systems can provide better class gears than traditional methods of pre-heating operation. Even if there is not one method that offers the finest repeated sequence time for each gear, most multitasking machines offer a break to use the most satisfactory customer and operator method. Gear hobbing is most fruitful processes of spur gears. The gear height is a result of the quality of the tools, the accuracy of the working piece, the tool folding and the kinematics of the machine. Measuring what gear quality is possible on a mixing machine with a provided hob helps to simulate the process in advance. This is also an opportunity to order a compulsory price hob according to its function. The main purpose is to mimic the gear process to test the geometry of the active event. To complete this goal, regular hobbing gear simulations were developed. By calculating the planetary friction of the cross sections of mutual the gear and the tool, the resultant geometry of the gear is attained. It is not possible to quantify the various common values of the drilling process such as chip stiffness and cutting volume. Measuring the tool and wrapping patience this deviation will work to adjust the simulation model. This will then mimic improper hobbing and the geometry of the detected gear can be measured using a visual measuring machine. The advantage of improper simulation and the opportunity to measure the load of tools by considering these deviations and applying these effects to additional process designs to reduce the risk of instrument breakage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this project is to develop a statistical model which predicts the leading states of India based on various parameters like health, crime, employment rate, education/ literacy rate taking consideration into how developed the stateis, how much development they did in each time frame, what is their ranking concerning other states and how likely peopleare to migrate to that state. The first step of the study is to identify the major criteria (health, crime, employment rate, education) and then analyze the massive data from different people using the Fuzzy-AHP algorithm. The Fuzzy-AHP algorithm is used to compute the semi-quantitative weightage of the various parameters as listed above. Based on the importance of the various parameters, the different states assigned ranks accordingly. The states were first selected and then assigned ranking according to the criteria mentioned above. The Fuzzy AHP is a user-friendly algorithm that providesflexibility to the user to select the importance of criteria based on their priorities. According to our study, we conclude Daman and Diu is the leading Union Territory of India. It is safer in terms of low crime rates and more developed in the health and education status compared to other states. Our model is better than other existing models because we are usingthe Fuzzy AHP algorithm for weighting the criteria and using experts' opinions to construct the pairwise comparison matrix, which makes our model more reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of experimental designs and the type of model approximation in the formation of metamodels are investigated in this paper. A simple cantilever problem subjected to a bending load was considered for the study. The work used five alternative experimental design approaches and two model approximation types to establish three metamodels for the cantilever problem, namely the volume of the beam, deflection at the free end of the beam, and stress at the fixed end of the beam. The findings of this study demonstrate how the experimental design and model approximation type chosen can have a significant impact on the metamodel's correctness. The performance measures for metamodel studied with linear and quadratic approximation on cantilever beam. The work with application of experimental design oriented metamodeling techniques strongly enhances the efficiency of approximation model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary objective is to check for the improvement in the rate of material removal while milling (CNC) of high-alloy steel (Grade: EN31) and carbon steel. High-alloy steel (EN31) and carbon steel are taken for milling in this study. This investigative study consists of 2 groups. Experiments done in CNC milling were designed and done for Taguchi's design of experiments (L9 orthogonal array) with all experiments repeated once to check the reliability and hence 18 experiments done/group. The sample count/ group is selected in such a way that g power is 80%. Average rate of Material removal (MRR) for plain carbon steel is 0.25 cubic millimeter per second, which is lesser than the average MRR of high alloy steel that is 0.62 cubic mm per sec. Thus results obtained from the independent T-test proved that there exists a significant difference in rate of material removal between samples considered for the investigation (significance of 0.02) difference in the MRR between the groups. Better results were observed for the alloy steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a design of IoT based system for crop monitoring under controlled environment. The system is designed with two nodes namely sensor node and gateway node. The sensor node is developed using Node-MCU with four different sensors namely relative humidity and temperature sensor, soil moisture and soil temperature sensor, and light intensity sensor to monitor key parameters related to soil and environment inside the greenhouse. A power unit for sensor node is designed by integrating with solar panel for uninterrupted operation. The developed node is tested for 24 hours and data got collected and visualized without any data loss using MQTT protocol at gateway node. Gateway node is Raspberry Pi with pre-installed Node Red platform for flow design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the manufacture industry, welding is one of important role in the field of metal engineering and repair. Welding has played a significant role in man's ability to create and build since the Bronze Age. It remains a critical aspect of metal fabrication and manufacturing. In this experiment, Design of Experiment (DOE) technique, overall evaluation criteria (OEC), and ANOVA used to analyse the results. The aim of this study is to determine the best welding quality using DOE method and ANOVA analysis. Control and noise factors used to conduct the experiment. The specification of weld defect used such as crack, slag, holes, welding line, porous, over spatter, and pin hole. The result shows that sample no 7 is the best quality with average value is 0.22. The control factor that significantly influence the quality are plate thickness, amperage, electrode, and welding method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional marine propellers and shaft driven propellers are associated with many problems, for example: entangled dirt, cavitation, and limited machinery and debris damage - fishing nets and cables. If flotsam meets the propellers, damage to the blade edge area can occur. If it is not repaired, cavitation, clogging, and early propeller failure can occur. The removal of such impediments via a shaft-less alternative propulsion technology is being researched. In recent years, shaft-less rim driven thruster (RDT) has emerged as an appealing marine propeller in the shipping industry, as it can provide benefits over traditional ships. Decreased vibrations and sound, better on-board pleasure and propulsion efficiency, variable installation and site arrangement, low weight, and compact size are all features of propulsion systems. Furthermore, the hub-less RDT has a higher efficiency than the hub-type RDT. The hub-less RDT has high thrust, high torque, but small thrust ratio. The efficiency of the propeller decreases with the decrease in number of blades. To solve all these problems, the design and analysis of propeller blades for shaft-less thrusters is carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research problem is the decline in the price of citronella leaf distillation, especially during the rainy season, high water content will cause citronella oil to be less good and slow down the process of distilling citronella leaves. Rainy weather factors greatly affect the distillation process. To simplify the drying process, a dryer is needed so that the fragrant citronella oil is of good quality to be distilled and the selling price of the fragrant citronella leaves is stable. The purpose of the study was to identify, design and implement a citronella dryer. The method used in the research for identification and design is the Kansei Engineering method through distributing questionnaires through respondents. Conclusion is desires of appropriate product designs according to respondents include designs that can provide added value economically for both farmers and refiners, Develop innovative product design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gapstick is a high explosive (HE) sensitivity test recently developed at Los Alamos. The experiment design was motivated by the traditional gap test and consists of a series of HE and inert pellets in a rate stick configuration. The inert pellets are made increasingly longer so that eventually the attenuated shock is unable to initiate the next HE pellet. While the gapstick is a mechanically simple experiment it poses several challenges for numerical simulation. In particular, accurately modeling the HE initiation and detonation phenomena requires a reactive burn model with sufficient mesh resolution to capture the reaction scales. In this work, the Scaled Uniform Reactive Front (SURF) and Arrhenius Wescott-Stewart-Davis (AWSD) burn models are used for simulations of a PBX 9501 (95 wt% HMX, 5% binder) gapstick. The material model for the inert pellet material, Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF), has a direct influence on the shock propagation and a new equation of state (EOS) calibration for PVDF is developed using available Hugoniot data. Despite some challenges, the simulations are able to reasonably predict shock transit velocities and detonation failure in the gapstick. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite fairly unanimous agreement on the goals of design research, there had been concerns in the past years about what some theorists described as a division in research interest. This came along with the emergence of two different streams of design research: one that aims at increasing design understanding and one that focus on improving the design process, changing existing situation. Theorists suggest that changing the current design situation requires not only knowledge of what exists, but also of what would be desirable and how to change the existing situation into the desired. Although, most available theories express the dual goals of design research, see [4], they have not been able to show what changing existing situations actually needs. More recently, however, the division in design research is beginning to change and a new systematic thinking is now emerging. It suggests that changing the current design situation requires more than what is previously thought; it requires its own methodology in which design understanding and design improving are both essential components of systematic theory creation and validation process. This is the goal of this study; it aims to introduce the new systematic approach of design research that is based on the ECC methodology suggested by Bashier (2021). This paper shows how the evaluation-creation cycles (ECCycles) methodology is structured to address the dual goal of design research by systematically combining the processes of theory creation and validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to develop a sustainable architectural environment, we must first of all research and learn how sustainability can be reached in a specific context and following a specific topic. Thus, architectural education has a vital role in preparing future generation to address such issues and to advance them. Architectural education must not only be creative, but also innovative and at the forefront of contemporary approaches in order to prepare future generations for demands that are just beginning to shape or to anticipate future needs. Sustainability is a subject under continuous consideration and as it becomes a requirement in the real world, so it should, in this context, be addressed in every project even during university studies. However, it should not become a checklist as it frequently is – introducing sustainable aspect into a project in order to gather enough points. As the educational context allows less conformist approaches through projects that can be creative, imaginative in a way that sometimes puts aside present-day technical capabilities, regulations, finances (being even utopian), it also opens sustainability to exploration. In such approaches lays innovation and one can only open students' mind, teach them how to raise the right questions, encourage them to look for less expected answers and solutions, not show them how to "do" innovation. Every project is a challenge for an architectural student, as they learn to design spaces while answering to a more or less detailed brief. However, those spaces must not be just that – students must build their way through sets of research and design questions, searching for an architectural solution that meets various criteria in various proportions (given the conceptual vs. buildable today request for example). Sustainability, through its components – economic, environmental, social – should be implemented by fully understanding its extent and taken into consideration when appropriate during the endeavour through the research questions. What we are proposing in this article is a sampling of a train of thought in an architectural educational context, taking as reference points given sites and the specific questions they raise. The paper wishes to both show the depth research should reach in the final years of architectural studies and the possibility of taking into consideration sustainable elements. We are calling it a sample because, unlike a template, it does not impose a list of issues to be addressed or a list of requirements to be respected, but it is rather an open list of issues to be considered in an organic manner, following different routes (subjects of interest, themes, topics) in search of depth and coherence – which we consider to be essential values in architectural education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this research was to create a collection of Android Reader-Response-Strategy-based reading materials for character development that mirrored the National Education Ministry's five primary character ideals. The development research design for this study was ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). One-on-one evaluations, small group evaluations, and a field trial were all part of the formative assessment. Three students participated in one-on-one testing, nine students in small group testing, and an actual class in a field trial. The validity was examined by a content expert, an instructional design expert, and an Android application design expert. The created product's mean validity score was 3.37, which was classified as very highly valid. One-on-one and small-group evaluations were used to assess the feasibility. The practicality of one-to-one assessment was 3.31, which was extremely high, and the practicality of small group evaluation was 3.28, which was also very high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite fairly unanimous agreement on the goals of design research, there had been concerns in the past years about what some theorists described as a division in research interest. This came along with the emergence of two different streams of design research: one that aims at increasing design understanding and one that focus on improving the design process, changing existing situation. Theorists suggest that changing the current design situation requires not only knowledge of what exists, but also of what would be desirable and how to change the existing situation into the desired. Although, most available theories express the dual goals of design research, see [4], they have not been able to show what changing existing situations actually needs. More recently, however, the division in design research is beginning to change and a new systematic thinking is now emerging. It suggests that changing the current design situation requires more than what is previously thought; it requires its own methodology in which design understanding and design improving are both essential components of systematic theory creation and validation process. This is the goal of this study; it aims to introduce the new systematic approach of design research that is based on the ECC methodology suggested by Bashier (2021). This paper shows how the evaluation-creation cycles (ECCycles) methodology is structured to address the dual goal of design research by systematically combining the processes of theory creation and validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to develop a sustainable architectural environment, we must first of all research and learn how sustainability can be reached in a specific context and following a specific topic. Thus, architectural education has a vital role in preparing future generation to address such issues and to advance them. Architectural education must not only be creative, but also innovative and at the forefront of contemporary approaches in order to prepare future generations for demands that are just beginning to shape or to anticipate future needs. Sustainability is a subject under continuous consideration and as it becomes a requirement in the real world, so it should, in this context, be addressed in every project even during university studies. However, it should not become a checklist as it frequently is – introducing sustainable aspect into a project in order to gather enough points. As the educational context allows less conformist approaches through projects that can be creative, imaginative in a way that sometimes puts aside present-day technical capabilities, regulations, finances (being even utopian), it also opens sustainability to exploration. In such approaches lays innovation and one can only open students' mind, teach them how to raise the right questions, encourage them to look for less expected answers and solutions, not show them how to "do" innovation. Every project is a challenge for an architectural student, as they learn to design spaces while answering to a more or less detailed brief. However, those spaces must not be just that – students must build their way through sets of research and design questions, searching for an architectural solution that meets various criteria in various proportions (given the conceptual vs. buildable today request for example). Sustainability, through its components – economic, environmental, social – should be implemented by fully understanding its extent and taken into consideration when appropriate during the endeavour through the research questions. What we are proposing in this article is a sampling of a train of thought in an architectural educational context, taking as reference points given sites and the specific questions they raise. The paper wishes to both show the depth research should reach in the final years of architectural studies and the possibility of taking into consideration sustainable elements. We are calling it a sample because, unlike a template, it does not impose a list of issues to be addressed or a list of requirements to be respected, but it is rather an open list of issues to be considered in an organic manner, following different routes (subjects of interest, themes, topics) in search of depth and coherence – which we consider to be essential values in architectural education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this research was to create a collection of Android Reader-Response-Strategy-based reading materials for character development that mirrored the National Education Ministry's five primary character ideals. The development research design for this study was ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). One-on-one evaluations, small group evaluations, and a field trial were all part of the formative assessment. Three students participated in one-on-one testing, nine students in small group testing, and an actual class in a field trial. The validity was examined by a content expert, an instructional design expert, and an Android application design expert. The created product's mean validity score was 3.37, which was classified as very highly valid. One-on-one and small-group evaluations were used to assess the feasibility. The practicality of one-to-one assessment was 3.31, which was extremely high, and the practicality of small group evaluation was 3.28, which was also very high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Texture identification and classification is an ever existing problem in the image processing scenario over the past and the present decades. A statistical design of experiments approach for texture identification and representation has been successfully attempted for a larger grid size of an image. There were four groups of feature vectors (FV) suggested for texturedescriptors. The first FV consisting of off - the main diagonal elements in the interaction groups which are considered to be the feature descriptors in a larger grid under consideration while using the design of experiments based approach. In this paper, the proposed texture descriptor has been demonstrated to work efficiently for the classification of texture images in a supervised manner. The global descriptor (FV) is used for representing the texture content in the image to be classified. The main idea of classification demonstrated in this proposal, between the texture images and the reference image is that the texture from the same group will have zero difference or near zero in the distance measure between the corresponding global descriptors(FV). The integrated absolute difference (IAD) has been used for identifying the closeness between regions and the reference texture through respective FVs. The proposal has been successfully applied for a number of texture images collected from various standard textural albums and the results are reported with the available results. The scheme is being extended for identifying the texture classification with other FVs and in an unsupervised manner also. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Texture segmentation is an ever existing problem in the image processing context. A statistical design of experiments based texture identification and representation has been successfully attempted for a larger grid size of an image. There were four group of feature vectors (FV) suggested for feature descriptors. The first FV consisting of off-the main diagonal elements in the interaction groups which are considered to be the feature descriptors while using the design of experiments based approach. In this paper, the proposed texture descriptor has been demonstrated to work efficiently for the segmentation of texture images into meaningful texture regions based on the textural contents. The global descriptor (FV) is used for representing the texture content of the regions in a textured image to be segmented. The main idea of segmentation employed in this proposal is that the distance between the adjacent textured regions represented by their corresponding feature vectors will be very minimum than that of between two different types of textures. The integrated absolute difference (IAD) has been used for identifying the closeness between regions by their FVs. The proposal has been successfully applied for a number of target texture images to be segmented. The target images are generated by combining texture images collected from various textural albums. The over and under segmentation results are obtained based on the thresholds chosen to confirm the valid difference. All the results are demonstrated. The scheme is being extended for performing the texture segmentation with other FVs and their hybrid version when both untextured and textured regions are present in an image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology is rapid growth in this 21st-century learning, where it also transforms the education system towards interactive and immersive learning tools. Augmented Reality (AR) can be integrated into the classroom to increase student's engagement and motivation in learning as they can gain knowledge through visualizations and immersion into the subject matter. Therefore, this study aims to design and develop an AR application known as ARCloud, focusing on the Cloud Computing topic and testing its functionality for teaching and learning processes. The research design of this study is implemented the design and development research (DDR) method, which indicates that this ARCloud application had been built using a systematic planning system through the ADDIE model. This model has five phases: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The ARCloud has been developed using Unity software. In addition, the learning setting built in the ARCloud application has been structured based on Merrill's Principles of Instruction model. In the evaluation phase, the ARCloud was evaluated by experts from the creative multimedia field from several higher learning institutions. The results obtained from the expert evaluation indicated that all of them agreed and gave many positive responses to this ARCloud application which meets all the requirements for multimedia application designs. Finally, the development of this ARCloud application for Cloud Computing learning topic can positively impact the target users. It provides awareness to educators and students that immersive learning tools such as AR applications are more effective and interesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work concentrates on different blend plans of the pervious concrete according to IS10262-2009 and IS456-2000 in order to accomplish blend plans of M20 concrete by changing water to ratio of cement proportion and various extent of fine totals. The analyses were completed using tierce water-cement proportion i.e 0.420, 0.460, and 0.500 and coarse to fine total aggregates were saved equivalent to 6.0:1.0, 5.5:1.5 and 5:2. The experimental work pointed toward accomplishing an extent which gives sufficient compressive strength as well as is adequately permeable to deplete water through the blend. Because of broad test works, it was reasoned that blend having water-cement proportion 0.460 with coarse total to fine total proportion of 5.5:1.5 was permeable enough as well as shown compressive forte equivalent to 20.287 MPa in 28 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning educational boards are one of the most significant devices in the education of students in universities. This technique, considered for the particular creation of the experimental setting, enables students to learn basic skills quickly and attain successful careers. This paper designs and tests an educational training board to educate students how to set-up the equipment in medical systems. The educational training board consists of many sensors and actuators like electrocardiogram (ECG), heart rate, motion processing unit (MPU), servomotor, DC motor, relay, and ultrasonic sensor (UUS). In addition, to record data and appearance information techniques, there is a mini oscilloscope and LCD. The experimental results were successfully used by 87 students to motivate learners and apply a variety of medical sensor applications. The difference ratio of the educational boards' depending on the opinions of the students is about 8.3%. The educational training board has been aimed at actual experiments. This work has generally involved the progress of an experimental system for several courses to address inadequacies in the teaching of medical sensors. Therefore, this board is an opportunity to teach students to monitor and record signals and learn to avoid mistakes during work and operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning during the pandemic is still carried out online, so students must have self-regulated learning. Self-regulated learning requires students to be actively involved in education, metacognitively, motivationally, and behaviorally. We evaluate students' self-regulated learning in STEM-based Electromagnetic lectures. This study used Zimmerman's framework of self-regulated learning. We use a time-series experimental design with an Online Self-Regulated Learning Media intervention, an instrument for monitoring self-regulated learning. We find that the intervention we used increased self-regulated learning with a medium N-gain category. Time-series measurements of pre-course self-regulated learning show that the average forethought phase score fluctuated and decreased. Meanwhile, the results of post-course self-regulated learning are the average score of the performance phase and self-reflection phase decreased. The results indicate that students are still adapting to regulate their preparation for learning through self-regulated learning and need to improve self-regulated learning. Hence, as educators, we must guide our students to do self-regulated learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to numerical designs, it is necessary to perform experimental assessment and verification within the design of railing panels. This particularly suitable and desirable in cases where the use of materials other than those traditionally used is envisaged, e. g. in the form of cement fiber boards. For these purposes, it is appropriate to develop an external stand for this testing. Given the diversity, it is appropriate to design this stand as modular as possible to include the largest possible portfolio of geometric layouts. The proposed experimental stand was designed using the FEA to meet the requirements of the ČSN EN 1991-1-1 standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]