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This article describes the technology for producing granular adsorbents based on activated carbon from carbon materials, which are formed after pyrolysis of tires of mining machines used in the mining and metallurgical industry. Optimum parameters of granulation of powdered technical carbon material were selected. The pargas method was used as a traditional activation method of raw materials selected as carbon material. A block diagram of activated carbon-based adsorbent is proposed. The issues of temperature dependence of activation of granules of different diameters of these adsorbents have been studied. The dependence of granulated active adsorbent consistency level on granule size was investigated. It was determined that the stability of granulation varies according to the thermal and gas activation process and the size of the adsorbent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an internal mixer, natural rubber / ethylene propylene diene monomer (NR/EPDM) rubber blend was compounded with onium modified montmorillonite (organoclay), and the mixture was then vulcanized using a traditional crosslinking system (sulphur-based crosslinker). In this work, a compatibilizer consisting of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) with 50 mol percent epoxidation (ENR 50) in 10 phr (parts per hundred rubber) was utilised. Two commercial fillers were utilised for comparison: silica (SiO2, grade: vulcasil-S) and carbon black (CB: grade-N330, high abrasion furnace (HAF)). On a Monsanto MDR2000 Rheometer, cure properties were measured. The lowest values for torque minimum (Ml), torque maximum (Mh), scorch time (ts2), and optimum cure time (tc90) were found in the organoclay (OC) filled vulcanizate. Tensile and tear strength properties of the NR/EPDM composites were determined during mechanical testing. In comparison to SiO2 and CB filled composites, the improvement of elongation at break, tensile strength and tear strength characteristics in OC filler-filled vulcanizates was much developed. OC demonstrated the maximum stiffness in terms of reinforcing effectiveness, followed by SiO2 and CB loaded composites. The failure mechanism of the resulting NR/EPDM composites has been changed as compared to the gum vulcanizates, according to scanning electron microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various studies devoted to the issues of quality assurance, reliability and durability of sealing units used in various machines and mechanisms have considered. The results of a study of the process of completing parts that form a sealing joint are presented. The connection of the primary shaft of the gearbox of the YaMZ-239 engine with a cuff was chosen as the object of study. A technique has been developed and tested for completing the parts of the «shaft-seal» joints, including the calculation of the number of groups and the appointment of shaft repair dimensions and the selection of cuffs according to the criterion of maintaining the least tightness in the joint. The technique is applicable for restoring all joints of the «shaft-seal» type, if a standard reinforced rubber cuff according to GOST 8752-79 is used as a seal. Before calculating the repair dimensions, it is necessary to analyze the wear values of the shafts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technological aspects of polymer processing are very closely related to rheological behavior, because the most processing technologies of polymeric materials are based on the processing of these materials in the melt, where the polymer flow occurs, resp. to polymer deformations. The rheological behaviours were evaluated on rubber process analyzer by tests of strain sweep, frequency sweep. The rubber process analyzer is a dynamic mechanical rheological tester, and it is universally used for characterizing raw elastomers and uncured blends. The blending of different elastomers and their compatibility, the dispersion of fillers in polymer matrices and compatibility between filler and elastomers are the major topics for application of the RPA in relation to elastomers. The presented paper is focused on the effect of alternative fillers on the rheological behaviours of polymer blends. The selected alternative fillers were used as a partial replacement for the commercially used active filler - carbon black N339 in the tread blend. From the measured results of the rheological behavior for the tested samples, we can state that even a small amount of alternative filler affects the resulting properties of polymer materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with the influence of the alternative filler content, as a partial replacement of the commonly used filler - silica, on the process of mixing elastomeric blends and subsequent vulcanization. Commonly used fillers such as silica and carbon black often increase the temperature of the blends during the mixing process due to their reinforcing properties and low particle size, which leads to the need of cooling the elastomeric blend during the mixing process while limiting the addition of materials sensitive to high temperatures (e.g. vulcanization system). As alternative filler, a by- product from industry was used, the so-called energy gypsum, which the effect of on the vulcanization process has already been investigated by the authors. However, the direct effect of this alternative filler on the mixing process of elastomeric blends has not yet been studied. Using the Winmix program, which is used to directly record the magnitude of torque and temperature during the mixing process, the influence of the silica content and energy gypsum on the stated parameters of elastomer blends mixing was studied. For systems with different ratio of the given fillers, their influence on rheological properties and vulcanization characteristics was also evaluated. The results of the study provide important knowledge about the influence of conventional and alternative fillers on the mixing process and vulcanization of elastomeric systems and in the future will serve to set and optimize the parameters of these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elastomer materials have gained considerable attention because they possess the potential to accomplish improved properties by the addition of even small quantities of nanofillers into elastomer matrix. Nanofillers play two important roles in rubber blends. The first is to improve the mechanical properties and the second one is to adjust the compatibility and morphology of the rubber blends. Filler-to-rubber interaction is important parameter in the reinforcement of rubber. In the presented study, (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TMSPMA) were used as a silane coupling agents in order to modify the bentonite filler. Two different silane treatment methods were used to improve the reinforcing effect of bentonite in rubber blends. The first method was chemical silanization with silane coupling agents in ethanol solution. The second method was also chemical silanization with silane coupling agents in ethanol solution but the pH was modified to make the silane coupling agent easier hydrolyze. The silanized bentonites were mixed into rubber blends as a partial replacement for carbon black. This work is focused on the study of the silane coupling agent effects on viscoelastic properties of bentonite-filled rubber blends. The quality of the filler-to-polymer as well as filler-to-filer interactions was evaluated owing to determining the viscoelastic properties of the filled blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural rubber (NR) can be reinforced using nano carbon black (NCB). Such composite is usually provided as a master batch for raw materials used in tire industries. This paper reports the rheological behavior of NR/NCB composites prepared using an internal mixer. Rheological behavior was investigated from the value of the Mooney viscosity at 100°C which was conducted according to ASTM D1646-04. The effect of mixing times (10, 12, and 14 minutes) at a fill factor of 83%, and 6 months of storage time on the rheological behavior of the NR/NCB were studied. The result indicates that the Mooney viscosity of the NR/NCB composites decreased by more than 25% along with mixing time. The decreasing behavior was explained by the size reduction of agglomerates and the distribution of NCB. Mixing NR/NCB in a high-fill factor gives high shearing force to the composites that influence viscosity. Subsequently, a storage time of 6 months also reduces the viscosity of the NR/NCB composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empty Palm oil fruit bunch (EPOFB) are one of the palm oil processing industrial wastes that are abundantly available in Indonesia but are not optimally used. This study aims to synthesize carbon black pigments from EPOFB using the co-precipitation method. The synthesized Carbon black was then characterized by SEM EDX to determine particle size and find out the chemical elements contained in it. The test results showed that the particle size of carbon was in the form of flakes with elemental composition, about 76.8% Carbon, 22.9% Oxygen, and the rest was silicon element. The carbon black resulting from this study has the potential to be used as a black pigment for printing ink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black carbon, also known as soot, influences the climate system by absorbing solar radiation, affecting cloud processes, and altering snow and ice cover by changing surface albedos. Previous studies show that soot, organic aerosols and sulfuric acid co-exist in the atmosphere and undergo complex interactions. In this study, the effects of various inorganic and organic ageing reactants are investigated by the scanning transmission X-ray microscopy method, where both morphology and chemistry of the fresh and aged soot particles are investigated at the same time. The results show that both the morphology and chemistry of soot are significantly altered after the exposure of sulfuric acid, but not affected by other reactants, including nitric acid, ozone and secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Moreover, the presence of ozone and SOA reduces the effects of sulfuric acid, likely due to the dilution effect or/and the scavenger effect. These results reveal that soot particles can be significantly modified by the atmospheric sulfuric acid both morphologically and chemically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green tire technology fiercely adopted ecofriendly silica as a reinforcing material in the place of potentially dangerous carbon black, which has higher rolling resistance and fuel consumption. The use of industrial nano silica (NS) as a beneficial and affordable green filler in vulcanizates of natural rubber (NR) and natural rubber latex (NRLX) containing carboxyl-terminated liquid natural rubber (CTNR) as a polymeric plasticizer and coupling agent is discussed in this research. CTNR, a possible plasticizer in NR and NRLX vulcanizates, can be made by a photochemical reaction combining maleic anhydride and depolymerized natural rubber. As compared to amorphous silica filled vulcanizates, the features of the industrial nano silica filled and CTNR incorporated NR and NRLX vulcanizates (NS NR-CTNR & NS NRLX-CTNR) were studied. The improved tensile properties, hardness values, ageing resistance, and water resistance of the NS NR-CTNR and NS NRLX-CTNR vulcanizates can be attributed to the higher bound rubber content facilitated by the improved rubber and the nano-sized filler interaction as well as the ionic cross linking between the-OH group in silica and the-COOH group in CTNR as well as the co crosslinking of CTNR to NR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel model of a rectangular direct absorption solar collector (DASC) based on carbon black (CB) nanofluids for concentrated solar power is presented herein. Distributions of temperature, velocity, volume fraction of nanofluid were analyzed as well as the effect of CB concentration. A mesh independence study was also conducted. The results show that the optimal temperature and efficiency were, respectively, 331.669 K and 0.7234, for the concentration of 0.05 wt. %. The main reason was that higher concentration of CB formed a "shield" that blocked the light. The distribution of temperature and velocity of the nanofluid, and the volume fraction of carbon black during the flow process were highlighted. The study reveals that the nanoparticle has huge potential to improve the efficiency of DASC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a lot of interest in nanocellulose (NC) and nanocellulose-reinforced composite materials research and development. This is due to its unique capabilities and features, including its ability to be renewable and sustainable, as well as its high mechanical strength, lightweight, and low cost. In this study, NC was extracted from Cajanus Cajan pea pods using an acid hydrolysis technique. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to characterise the isolated nanocellulose. NCs were incorporated in carboxylated acrylonitrile rubber (XNBR) by an eco-friendly latex stage mixing process combined with sonication to prepare XNBR/NC nanocomposites. The presence of H-bonds between XNBR and NC resulted in homogeneous NC dispersion inside the XNBR matrix as well as better interfacial adhesion. This resulted in a significant improvement in the tensile properties of XNBR/NC composites when compared to neat rubber. Tensile strength has been improved by 54% by incorporation of only 5 phr NC. High crosslinking between nitrile rubber chains and cellulose nanoparticles is also indicated by a decrease in solvent uptake. The influence of nanocellulose content on morphology and mechanical properties was also examined. Nanocellulose has a lot of potentials to replace traditional fillers like silica and carbon black in rubber reinforcement in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the effect of nanoscale fillers of modifiers of various chemical nature, which are part of a polymer composite material (PCM), on the characteristics of physical and mechanical properties. Carbon nanotubes, carbon black, a product of processing of hydrocarbon raw materials and silicon dioxide were presented as the considered nanoscale fillers. The method of synthesis and testing of composite materials based on polytetrafluoroethylene is presented. According to the results of the study, the influence of nanoscale mono-fillers-modifiers on the physical and mechanical characteristics of antifriction nanocomposites based on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was determined. The analysis of the test results was carried out and the components of a complex filler for creating a tribotechnical antifriction PCM with high physical and mechanical characteristics were determined. The influence of the concentration of carbon nanotubes in a polymer matrix on the reduction of the characteristics of the physical and mechanical properties of PTFE-based PCM is considered. Micrographs of the PCM structure with inhomogeneities and unstructured sections of the polymer matrix, as well as CNT (carbon nanotube) agglomeration sites, are shown. It is established that complex nanoscale fillers-modifiers with different chemical nature have a significant effect on the characteristics of the physical and mechanical properties of a polymer nanocomposite based on PTFE. A decrease in the relative elongation of the developed PCM with a complex filler modifier based on Aerosil R–106 and carbon black of the N-220 brand was noted, compared with the PCM with mono modifiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, cementitious composites have been significantly developed to make them more functional and not limited to their structural function only, through a series of researches and studies that deal with the utilization of self-sensing property in most concrete structures, especially in highway structures, in order to monitor the structural health and early notice of damage before it gets worse. In this paper, the piezoresistive characteristics under compressive loads of cementitious composites with embedded hybrid carbon-based functional fillers were investigated. Mixtures containing different amounts of carbon black particles and carbon fibers were fabricated. In order to enhance the mechanical properties, in addition to the carbon-based materials, polypropylene, polyolefin, and steel fibers are used as reinforcing fibers with a constant amount. Four pairs of carbon black (% by weight of cementitious materials) and carbon fibers (% by volume of mixtures) were introduced. These are (0.5, 1.0), (1.0, 0.75), (1.5, 0.50) and (2.0, 0.25) respectively. A reference mixture without the functional fillers was, also, manufactured. The amount of reinforcing fibers was kept as 2.0% by the volume of mixtures. The ratios of water to cementitious materials (W/CM) and fly ash to Portland cement (FA/PC) were constants with 0.27 and 1.2 respectively. The fabricated specimens were demolded after 24 hours of pouring and cured in water for 27 days age at room temperature and moved to the oven for 24 hours at 60 ° C to remove the unwanted moisture that potentially affects the changes of electrical resistivity. The results revealed that the mixtures with low carbon black and high carbon fiber dosages have lower electrical resistivity and they do not negatively affect the compressive strength. On the other hand, self-sensing behavior was better for the mixtures containing high dosages of carbon black in terms of fractional change in electrical resistivity (FCER). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed composite paint based on graphite, carbon black and some other not expensive components, which can be used as a clay court for sustainable buildings and electronic devices. This paint can reduce sufficiently the problem, which is related to the effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on human health. Cellular and radiotelephones, as well as their broadcast antennas, especially which use of the 5G, 6G communication system, may pose a high risk of cancer, reproductive disorders, memory, cellular stress, neurological and mental disorders. The medical disorders are already often experienced by servicemen working at radar stations, observation posts and other similar facilities associated with high-frequency EMR. The effect of EMR is especially dangerous for children of preschool and school age, so, it is necessary to use similar paints first of all for such buildings. Carbon-based composite paints have been developed, which can be used as a clay court for sustainable buildings and electronic devices. This paint can reduce sufficiently the problem, which is related to the effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on human health. Cellular and radiotelephones, as well as their broadcast antennas, especially which use of the 5G, 6G communication system, may pose a high risk of cancer, reproductive disorders, memory, cellular stress, neurological and mental disorders. The medical disorders are already often experienced by servicemen working at radar stations, observation posts and other similar facilities associated with high-frequency EMR. The effect of EMR is especially dangerous for children of preschool and school-age, so, it is necessary to use similar paints first of all for such buildings. It is also necessary to note the significant impact of EMR on electronic equipment. First of all, this is a well-known problem of providing the so-called "electronic compatibility", when simultaneously operating different electronic equipment (e.g., thermal imager and radio transmitter) interfere with each other. A number of scientific developments have been implemented and work is underway under the NATO SfS international grant in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The difficulty of biodegradation of rubber is an important motive for how to make the most of it, so the current work came to develop recipes of rubber composite materials reinforced with industrial waste, and conduct laboratory tests such as abrasion and hardness tests. Two types of industrial waste were used in the preparation of recipes (wasted fiber and crumbed rubber) from the tire recycling process in Al-Dewaniyah Tires factory and these materials were added in different load percentages (1%, 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) and all these recipes were discussed with a standard recipe that used carbon black only as a reinforcement agent. The results showed the mechanical properties were improved in some of these recipes. Firstly, the abrasion test results showed imperceptible improvement in this property and then increase with increasing load percentage till 10% of wasted fiber load percent while the acceptable results were till 5% percent of crumbed rubber with value about 4.95% and 7.62% respectively compared with 7.82% for a standard recipe. After these load percent, the property deteriorated. Also, the results showed improving the hardness of recipes with increasing the load percentage for two types of waste material and the load percent 3% may be an acceptable value with 61 IRHD and 60.5 IRHD for wasted fiber and crumbed rubber respectively, was that compatible with some engineering applications. All these results may reflect the ability to use these materials as a reinforcement agent with several benefits such as economic and environmental benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) is widely used as a bearing surface in total and partial joint arthroplasty. In addition to medical applications, this polymer is utilized in the fields of ballistic protection, sports, and industrial tribology. The addition of carbon allotropes, such as nanographite or carbon black powders, to UHMWPE offers potential benefits including added conductivity, increased wear resistance, and introduction of micro-tracers for understanding microstructural behavior and monitoring damage [1]. The mechanical properties of these Carbon/UHWPE nanocomposites can be enhanced by subjecting them to equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) as a way to introduce large shear strains to achieve higher molecular entanglement of UHMWPE and better distribution of carbon nanoparticles [2, 3]. In this paper, micro-computed tomography (µCT) is used to characterize carbon black (CB) and nanographite (N27SG) reinforced UHMWPE polymers. It is shown that the procedure described in [1] results in almost uniform distribution of carbon inclusions around UHMWPE particles with both compression molding (CM), and ECAE processes. Multiscale numerical models of the composite are developed based on the µCT images, including mesoscale finite element (FE) models of representative volume element (RVE) on the mesoscale, and micromechanical predictions for carbon-rich interphase layers on the microscale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Friction contacts on equipment components made of rubberlike material is often encountered as in tires and seals. The friction contact phenomena are influenced by many factors such as contact load, surface roughness and sliding velocity. However, friction analysis related to the sliding velocity is still rarely performed. This paper discusses the effect of the sliding velocity on friction contact phenomena between a rigid spherical indenter and a Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) surface, namely SBR-25 (compounded with carbon black) and S-SBR (compounded with silica). Due to the nonlinearity behavior of the rubber, analysis was carried out numerically using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and the rubber material was modelled as a hyperelastic type. Specified sliding depth and contact surface roughness were applied here. The analyzed parameters along friction were stress field, contact force and friction coefficient. In general, the results show that those parameters greatly fluctuate for high sliding velocities and oscillation occurs at the rubber surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reported the effect of the adding of stearamide (strmide) on the rheological behaviour of carbon black (CB)-reinforced styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds. As a base rubber, the SBR was reinforced with CB at a locked loading (thirty phr) and the strmide was incorporated into the CB-reinforced SBR with various compositions from 2 to 8 phr. The effect of strmide adding on the high torques, low torques and change in torques of the CB-reinforced SBR compounds were examined. It was detected that the strmide provided some effects in the rheological behavior of the reinforced-SBR. The additive strmide lowered the low torques but lifted the high torques and also the torques change. A greater composition of strmide provided a lesser low torques but provided a more-elevated changed torques whichever was related to the action of strmide as one additional plasticizer for the CB-reinforced SBR. Presumably, the specific waxy nature of strmide caused decreasing in low torques/viscousness but increasing in high and changed torques which were related to crosslinking state of the compound, positively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research work, stearamide was used as a rubber additive to improve the tensile behaviours or properties i.e., breaking elongation, the strength of tensile and moduli of the styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)/carbon black (CB) compounds. The stearamide was made in a laboratory by performing a chemical reaction between stearic acid and urea. Since the stearic acid is based on a fraction of palm oil, the stearamide can be considered as a (semi) sustainable material. The lab-synthesized stearamide was added into the SBR/CB compounds at five different compositions (i.e., 2, 4, 6 and 8 phr.), CB and other chemicals of rubber were compounded with SBR using a two-roll mill. Those compounds were vulcanized using a semi-efficient formulation at 150 oC using a typical rheometer. Based on the tensile properties of the vulcanized SBR/CB with no/with stearamide which was measured using a typical tensometer; it was found that the presence of stearamide in the SBR/CB compounds improved not only the tensile strength but also the elongation at break compared to the SBR/CB compound with no stearamide. The strength improvement of the SBR/CB compounds presumably was due to the function of the stearamide which level up the degree of the CB filler homogeneity inside the SBR compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the manufacture of supercapacitor electrodes using three materials, including activated carbon as the active material, carbon black as the conducting agent, and CMC (carboxymethylcellulose) as the binder. The binder was used to bind the mixture of the two carbons, which were stuck together into the current collector. The CMC is a popular binder for supercapacitors due to its high wettability, environmentally friendly, and cheap. However, the CMC is easy to swelling in aqueous electrolytes, which reduces the mechanical properties of the electrode. Here, we propose alternative curing agents to improve the mechanical properties of CMC. The curing agents are epoxy resin, SBR-2 (styrene-butadiene rubber copolymer), and acrylic. For manufacturing the electrodes, the activated carbon, carbon black, CMC, and the curing agents were mixed together and were put on the nickel foam. The produced electrodes were then characterized using the adhesive test, contact angle test, and cyclic voltammetry. It was found that the epoxy resin is the finest curing agent of the CMC-based binder, with adhesive strength of 99.19%. However, the specific capacitance of the electrode with CMC-epoxy resin was lower (37.3 F/g) than the pristine CMC (54.69 F/g). This is caused by the highest contact angle of 33.0±0.13°which indicated the low wettability. The result of this study implies that the CMC-epoxy resin can improve the mechanical properties of the pristine CMC binder and can be an alternative binder for aqueous electrolyte supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the physico-mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of a rubber compound by substituting precipitated rice husk silica (RHS) for N347 carbon black in this paper. Throughout the experiment, 100% Carbon black (Compound-A) (CB:70phr) was replaced with 100% RHS (Compound-B) (RHS:70phr). We also investigated 50% carbon black replacement with 50% RHS (Compound-C) (CB:RHS:35:35Phr), and increasing total amount of filler (Compound-D) (CB:RHS:35:45Phr) by increasing RHS. The cure characteristics, physico-mechanical properties, and dynamic mechanical properties of compounds were studied. The study revealed that replacing N347 carbon black with RHS (Compound-C) by 50% resulted in comparable physical properties, higher rebound resilience at 100°C, lower heat buildup, higher abrasion resistance index, and lower dynamic modulus and tan delta. A recipe containing more filler (Compound-D) improved dynamic modulus at the expense of some elongation at break. In applications where dynamic modulus is not as important, this sustainable filler could be used as a 50% replacement for N347 carbon black, with improved heat build-up, rolling resistance, and abrasion loss. If dynamic modulus is a concern, a higher amount of total filler could be used by increasing RHS, resulting in improved heat build-up, rolling resistance, and abrasion loss when compared to a 100% carbon black compound. However, elongation at break has been sacrificed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of LiMn2O4 cathode was began by manufactured a slurry with consisting of 90% LiMn2O4, 5% Acetylene Black (AB) and 5% PVDF. The sample was dissolved in 3 ml of NMP solution that had been mixed with 5% PVDF, then stirred with a vacuum mixer for 15 minutes until the sample become a slurry. The slurry is placed on top of aluminum foil to be used as a cathode using a dactor blade. Characterization was done using XRD, PSA, SEM and LCR meter. It was found that the diffraction peaks were the strongest in the LiMn2O4 powder sample. The average particle size of LiMn2O4 is in the range between 214.64 nm - 318.18nm. The LiMn2O4 cathode is seen if there are nets that bind between the particles which is caused by the addition of PVDF polymer. So that PVDF causes one particle to bind to another, which will create gaps in the LiMn2O4 cathode. The conductivity of LiMn2O4 was obtained of about 3.00 x 10-5 S.cm-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trial experiment of compound formulation for make heat shrinkable materials for cable insulation by radiation was investigated. The experiment' aims to create a trial of the compound of formulation for cable insulation formulated in formulation number one and number two. Formulation number one was 90 % 0f LDPE, 1 % of Irganox 1076, 8% carbon black, and 1 % flame retardant. Formulation number two was 80% of LDPE, 1 % of Irganox 1076, 8% carbon black, 1 % flame retardant, and 10% butyl rubber. This study represented an experiment to evaluate formulation number one and number two to mechanical and shrinkage properties in the cable industry machinery. In this experiment, the radiation-induced crosslinking of LDPE was irradiated under the 2 Mev electron beam machine GJ-2 with a dose of 200 kGy. The sample crosslinking was studied based on gel measurement and mechanical properties. The results indicated that formulation numbers one and two could be used as heat shrinkable material in industrial machinery. It was found that formulation number two had better gel content and mechanical properties than formula number one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to characterize heavy metals in PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters below 2.5 µm) in two industrial estates with different activities in East and West Surabaya, Indonesia. Samples of PM2.5 were collected on Nucleopore polycarbonate filters using a low volume GENT sampler, during 2019-2020. A total of 73 samples were collected. Eighteen elements were measured to study their levels. The average mass concentration of PM2.5 in.the East and west Surabaya were 18.37±6.06 µg/m3 and 12.72±6.47 µg/m3, respectively. The samples were analyzed for black carbon (BC) using an EEL smoke reflectometer and for elemental concentrations using Ion Beam Analysis (IBA). The average concentration of black carbon in East and West Surabaya is 3.51±1.13 µg/m3 and 2.90±1.62 µg/m3, respectively. The results obtained indicate that in general the concentration of heavy metals in East Surabaya is higher than in West Surabaya. The heavy metals Mn, Fe, Zn and Pb, which are markers of the steel industry in East Surabaya have concentrations of 2.5, 1.5, 4.2, and 9.7 times greater than West Surabaya, respectively. The relatively high levels of heavy metals indicated that the area around the industry is polluted. These results can be used as an early warning and should not be neglected. At the later stage, the data from this research can be developed for the source apportionment studies and health risk assessment. These results can be used as a scientific-based reference for formulating strategies and policies for regional air quality management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on because increase contact resistance value then analyze use Failure Mode Effect Analyze (FMEA) with Risk Priority Number (RPN) calculation. Where there is ten step analysis FMEA from beginning determination 4 "cause effect" until determination change circuit breaker (CB) in Extra High Voltage Substation (GITET) 500kV Krian. After that it produces a worksheet to make it easier to check maintain and analyze failures on the CB with a numerical scale. It is a method of reasoning the impact of all possible failures that result increase contact resistance. The cause-effect is the main test performed is the synchronization test when opened/ closed. In addition, there are 3 other cause effects, equipment life, thermovision, and visual inspection. After testing and analysis, it was found that the value of contact resistance on CB 7B2 increased with an increase in the value of contact resistance in the R phase of 19.7 µΩ, the S phase of 4.8 µΩ, and the T phase of 6.9 µΩ. Testing of the four cause effects was then analyzed using the FMEA method with the results that of the four cause effects, the one that had the most influence on the increase in the value of contact resistance was thermovision with a Risk Priority Number (RPN) value of 280. After that analyze the comparison of contact resistance value with temperature (thermovision) and open/ close circuit breaker (synchronization test). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the size and shape of powdered carbon on the macro- and microstructure, porosity and strength of MAX phases of Ti3AlC2 and Ti3SiC2 skeletons produced by the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) method is studied. Graphite powders of the C-2 and the GL-1 brands, as well as carbon black of the T900 and the P701 brands were used as initial carbon powders. Comparative data on the open and total porosity of the Ti3AlC2 and Ti3SiC2 skeletons are presented. It is shown that the most homogeneous Ti3AlC2 and Ti3SiC2 skeletons retaining the original geometric shape of charge preforms and having a minimum number of structural defects are synthesized using graphites of the GL-1 and the C-2 brands. The highest content of the target phases Ti3AlC2 and Ti3SiC2 was achieved using graphite of the C-2 brand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates performance of a new heating element recommended for use in underfloor heating system. This element has the property of self-regulation and is made using mesh-screen-printing technology. The self-regulating effect of the heating element is provided by the homogenization of graphite (carbon black) and metallic (Ni3B) powders with a polymer binder. For field studies, a stand was made that simulates a living room in a rural area. The parameters of thermal comfort were assessed by the method of O. Fanger. The experiments carried out prove the effectiveness of using self-regulating heating elements in conjunction with other space heating systems. When using self- regulating heating elements, external control devices are not required. Energy savings should be approximately 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the potential of using carbon black filled polymers as pressure sensors. Changes of their properties under compressive load are investigated. It is found out that the dependence of volume electrical resistance of materials on applied pressure is linear if the applied pressure is less than three atmospheres. Stronger pressure brings nonlinearity and more distinct changes of volume electrical resistance. The sensitivity of composites to applied compressive load can be controlled by adjusting the carbon black filler concentration. It is revealed that changes of volume electrical resistance values under compressive load can be both monotonous and non-monotonous. For the monotonous case, volume electrical resistance changes nonlinearly along with the increase of pressure. The difference of electrically conductive constituent concentration has a weaker influence on changes of volume electrical resistance under compressive load than on resistance variation in a sample set of same-type materials. Rubber matrix type has a greater influence on the changes of volume electrical values than the carbon black filler type. Recommendations on the selection of components for resistive composite polymers are elaborated using the results of the conducted research. The recommendations can help to produce pressure sensors with required volume electrical resistance values along with minimal variation in a set of same-type equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the process of oxidative desulphurisation of oil with an initial sulphur content of 1.98% by weight. The process of oxidative desulphurisation was carried out with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a carbon black (CB) catalyst with cobalt and nickel applied together. During the process of oxidative desulphurisation, the influence of the catalyst amount, temperature and the duration of the process were studied. In addition, the influence of the nature of the selected extractant on the efficiency of extraction of oxidised sulphurcontaining compounds (OSC) was studied. It was found that the maximum degree of OSC extraction is achieved during the oxidation process in the presence of a catalyst in an amount of 1.0–1.3% by weight, a temperature of 50°C and a duration of 90 min. The degree of removal of OSC was more than 70%. Dimethylformamide (DMF) with a water content of 10% by volume was used as extractant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the methodology for the numerical calculation of a drying drum for removing moisture from granular carbon black. The necessity of developing the methodology of numerical calculation from the point of view of its field of application and problems to be solved has been substantiated. The description of the physical model of the drying drum as the basis for the digital model, as well as a complete list of boundary conditions and their parameters are presented as initial data. The main stages of the development of the methodology and their content are stated. The developed methodology and its results were tested. Based on the results of the calculated researches, it was concluded that the methodology can be used to analyze the influence of design and operating factors on the operation of the drying drum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the experimental stand for studying the process of removing moisture from granular carbon black in a drying drum. The substantiation of the need for the development and construction of the experimental stand is made from the position of the need to verify the numerical calculation methodology. The description of the design of the experimental stand and the experimental research methodology are presented. The results of experimental researches and their analysis are presented. Based on the results of the research, a conclusion was made about the working capacity of the stand and the possibility of its use for verification of the methodology for theoretical researches of the process of drying granular carbon black. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samples of furnace carbon black of N 234 and N 330 grades with an oxygen content of 4–8% and an acidic pH value were obtained during the low-temperature oxidation by the ozone-oxygen mixture. The specific surface area of the samples does not change significantly during oxidative treatment. The pH value, texture parameters, oxygen content of oxidized furnace carbon black N234 are close to that of channel K354; so N234 can be recommended as a substitute for channel carbon black in the formulations of special-purpose rubbers and coloring compositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates atmospheric pollutants, especially fine particulates in Surabaya, Indonesia from 2018 to May 2020, as well as the impact of the COVID-19 event on air quality. Sampling was carried out using a Gent stacked filter sampler which is able to collect airborne particulate samples in fine size fractions (<2.5 µm). The mass concentration of fine particulates was determined gravimetrically, while the chemical composition was carried out by nuclear analytical techniques, especially those based on XRF. To prevent the spread of the Corona virus, the Indonesian government has implemented a large-scale social restriction (LSSR) policy. This paper discusses the impact of the implementation of the LSSR on air quality in Surabaya, especially in the period 28 April - 25 May 2020. The average concentration of PM2.5 during the implementation of the LSSR in May 2020 showed a decrease of 22.6% compared to April 2020. Compared to the concentration in the same month from the previous 2 years (2019 and 2018), PM2.5 in May 2020 decreased by 7.3 and 15.3%, respectively. As for Black Carbon (BC), the decreases were 26.2 and 46.4%, respectively. For the concentrations of heavy metals Pb, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, the reduction varies between 28-76% and 49-81%, respectively. The positive impact of the LSSR policy can be clearly demonstrated on air quality in May 2020, where there was a significant reduction in the concentrations of PM2.5 and BC, as well as their chemical composition. This decrease occurred due to the reduction in various anthropogenic activities such as transportation and industrial activities. These results can be taken into consideration in evaluating and formulating effective policies for improving air quality in Surabaya and its surroundings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-heating construction materials belong to the group of multifunctional materials with high potential in the construction industry. Maximization of the self-heating potential of geopolymers / alkali-activated aluminosilicates / cementitious materials is mainly dependent on two factors. The first is optimization of the effective electrical conductivity of the material, which is crucially dependent on the amount of a chosen electrically conductive admixture. The second is the selection and way of fitting/embedment of a particular type of electrode on samples. Even a sufficient increase in the amount of electrically conductive admixture, which is directly proportional to the number of formed conductive paths within the solid matrix accompanied by an increase in the effective electrical conductivity corresponding to the amount of evolved Joule's resistance heat, does not guarantee a good heating potential without an appropriate attachment of electrodes. In this paper, several types of electrode embedment were tested within self-heating experiments carried out on optimized multifunctional geopolymers with carbon black and graphite powder. Examples of errors observed during self-heating experiments due to failure of particular types of electrode embedment are presented. With respect to the observed failures, the electrode embedment was stepwise optimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we have tried to bring out the concentrations of air pollutants over India during September to December 2015. Black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC) concentrations can impact the atmosphere on long-term. The transportation of these aerosols can change the weather of particular areas. Studying these two parameters can help us to take some measures in advance. The air pollution over Indian cities has been increasing at high rate which leads to adverse effects in future. This is mainly due to the increase in population and growth in economic activity. The present study is carried on Indian region. The study mainly concentrates daily variation over entire Indian region. We have studied parameters like sulphur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter (PM2.5), BC and OC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

80/20(wt/wt) PP(Polypropylene)/ABS "Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene" blend varying (1, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10) wt% CB (carbon black) as a filler material is examined for understanding the CB impact on the nanocomposites. Semi crystalline commercial PP is used as a matrix phase, ter co polymer ABS as a rubbery phase to improve the impact property and CB as filler were utilized for improving the crystalline and mechanical properties with reasonable thermal stability. It is planned to investigate the dispersion of ABS as well as CB phase in 80/20(wt/wt)PP/ABS blend. ABS phase depicted as particle dispersed droplet morphological behavior, however, crystallinity properties and thermal stability were found enhanced due to the presence of CB as filler material in 80/20 (wt/wt) PP/ABS blends along with composites. Blends as well as its composites were made by utilizing twin-screw extruder and characterize by SEM "Scanning Electron Microscopy", DSC "Differential Scanning Calorimetry" along with TGA "Thermo Gravimetric Analysis". CB dispersion as filler material in 80/20 (wt/wt) PP/ABS blend as well as its composites was investigated by solution experiments. CB as filler materials exhibited the remarkable enhancement in the crystalline properties along with thermal stability with refinement of the particle dispersed droplets of ABS phase in 80/20 (wt/wt) PP/ABS blend as well as composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blended Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyimide based polymers are excellent lighter tribomaterials that make possible the replacement of sliding metallic components in machinery. In this work a quantitative analysis of the effect of surface roughness on the transfer of polymer films was investigated using pin-on-disk apparatus under specific operating conditions. Specifically, PTFE, PTFE with Graphite, PTFE with Glass fibre and PTFE with carbon fibres polymer pins were tested against gray cast iron disks under unlubricated unidirectional conditions. It was found that a continuous transfer layer of polymer on the surface of the cast iron disks with mirror finish (low surface roughness) was produced in all the combinations of tested blended polymers. In the case of the polymer pins tested against cast iron disks with high surface roughness, a discontinuous transfer layer was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the possibility to control properties of carbon black filled rubbers suitable for the production of positive temperature coefficient thermistors through properties and characteristics of an electrically conductive constituent. The following functional properties of positive temperature coefficient thermistors are considered: temperature coefficient of resistance, the spread of volume electrical resistance values during cooling after heating in relation to initial values of resistance (variation factor). Experiments prove that the electrically conductive constituent influences the considered properties. It is shown that it is possible to select the specific filler modification which provides the consistent pattern required for positive temperature coefficient thermistors: an increase of temperature coefficient of resistance, a decrease of variation factor. The carbon black surface modification compliant to physical principles of self-regulating ability is proposed according to the results of the conducted research. Interaction of carbon black particles with each other should be weaker than the interaction of carbon black particles with particles of rubber. Obtained results reveal that performed modifications of a carbon black surface can enable the properties of positive temperature coefficient thermistors when the range of volume electrical resistance becomes wider. It is concluded that modifications of a carbon black surface can be evaluated using the ratio of nonlinearity of the current-voltage characteristics of material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the influence of an electrically conductive constituent on the behavior of carbon black filled polymers under compressive deformation. Parameters of electrical conductivity and compressive deformation are estimated in this research. It is found out that the influence of carbon on such parameters depends on the amount of applied load. Differences in the influence of an electrically conductive constituent on mechanical, electrical, and physical properties of filled polymers are proven experimentally. It is demonstrated that electrical conductivity is affected more than compressive deformation. The revealed behavior is concluded to be related to relaxation processes and electrically conductive constituent dispersion patterns in filled polymers. Recommendations on the selection of the electrically-conductive constituent for resistive composite polymers under a condition of compressive deformation are elaborated using the results of the conducted research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing power output of different plants and devices, the thermal load also becomes higher. Thereby, materials having high thermal conductivity values are extremely in demand. The purpose of this study was to obtain thermally conductive composites based on a polymer matrix and carbon fillers. Isotactic polypropylene was used as a polymer matrix, carbon black (CB) and vapor grown carbon fibers (VGCF) served as composite fillers. Thermal conductivity coefficients of composites were measured by means of the IT-Lambda-400, thermal conductivity meter. It was experimentally shown that the thermal conductivity coefficient of composites increased for both types of fillers and depended on the filler concentration. The heat transfer properties of obtained composites were described theoretically and also simulated. The distinctive feature of the work is the creation of a research chain from the fabrication of composite samples to the experimental investigation and theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of a comparative study of the combustion synthesis of titanium carbide from a double elemental mixture (Ti+C) without the use of inert diluents using various forms of carbon, such as graphite, carbon black and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), as well as the possibility of formation of TiC nanopowder in doing so using CNTs, are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New approaches to the production of acetylene carbon black are considered: the gas-phase synthesis of nanocarbon materials by rapid dynamic decomposition of overcompressed acetylene; and the synthesis of carbon black from liquid hydrocarbons, which includes their axial feeding with two coaxial flows of the oxygen-containing gas, thermal-oxidative decomposition and high-temperature treatment of the resulting aerosol. Results of a comprehensive study on the structural properties of carbon black obtained from acetylene and subjected to thermal treatment are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, various metal-air sources of electric current have attracted considerable interest. When an alkaline fuel cell is devised, great emphasis is made on the development of a cathode catalyst because characteristics of the cathode strongly determine the operation of the entire device. In this study, properties of the gas-diffusion electrode of an alkaline fuel cell were studied using the Fe-Co-N-containing pyrocatalyst, which was synthesized in the presence of a porous nanocomposite based on carbon black. Pore structure features of the nanocomposite material made it possible to increase operational stability of the alkaline fuel cell. Specific power of the gas-diffusion cathodes prepared with such a material reaches 335 mW/cm2, which is higher at least by 10% as compared to cathodes with the pyrocatalyst based on Co porphyrins and carbon black VulcanXC 72. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent 20 years, many studies were devoted to the development of materials for supercapacitors. Various methods were devised for the synthesis of advanced materials with high specific characteristics. However, the interaction of such materials in the production of electrodes may decrease the fraction of active surface involved in the creation of electrode capacitance, thus eliminating all advantages of the material. A search for the materials that could diminish the detrimental effect of pore blocking and increase the electrode conductivity is a topical problem. Attempts are made to solve this problem with the use of graphene, carbon nanotubes and other materials. In this work, the modified carbon black and its combinations with commercial types of porous carbon materials were investigated as such electrode components. The combined two-component electrode was shown to have a higher surface permittivity (26.9 mF/cm2) as compared to the single-component electrode (14.4 mF/cm2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical characteristics of nanocomposites synthesized using carbon black and a pyrocarbon matrix were analyzed. The study was carried out by means of cyclic voltammetry in a three-electrode cell with a 1 M solution of sulfuric acid as the electrolyte, and commercial porous carbon Norit DLC Supra 30 as the reference sample. At lower specific surface areas of the materials under consideration, nanocomposite samples had higher specific capacitance values. The electrodes prepared using carbon nanocomposites were shown to possess good cyclic stability and a higher rate capability as compared to the electrode based on the commercial porous carbon. When the potential sweep rate was raised from 5 to 120 mV/s, the specific capacitance of nanocomposite samples decreased by 44%, whereas the sample containing commercial carbon lost more than 75%. In addition, it was found that nanocomposite with a higher content of pyrocarbon has a higher capacitance at a smaller specific surface area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of time and temperature of gasification of carbon black of grades P399-E, N339 and P701 in a carbon dioxide medium on texture characteristics was shown. It was found that increasing of temperature and time gasification leads to an increasing of the surface area of all carbon black samples, probably due to the burning of amorphous carbon in intercrystallite space. The total pore volume and micropore volume for samples P701 and N339 increase with increasing time gasification and temperature gasification, and for a highly porous sample P399-E, they are jumping. The surface area and total pore volume of P399-E carbon black sharply decrease during gasification for more than 14 hours at 900 °C, which may be related to destruction of carbon black primary particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of mechanical activation (MA) on the change in the functional composition of the surface of commercial high-structural carbon black P399 was studied. It was found that after MA of carbon black for 3 min with the acceleration of 100g, the number of oxygen-containing groups on the carbon surface increases by more than 2 times. Catalytic tests were carried out in the propane dehydrogenation reaction mechanically activated carbon black with a functionalized surface was used as a catalyst. It was found that the carbon catalyst provides a propane conversion of 17.5% with a propylene selectivity of 90 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functionalized polymers in general are claiming more and more novel applications; for example they can function as a metal replacement. Especially the E&E- market or the so-called “green technologies” require highly engineered polymers for many new needs such as a high level of thermal or electrical conductivity in polymers. To functionalize an intrinsic isolating polymer high loadings of conductive fillers, like graphite, carbon blacks, CNTs, metals and/or others, are necessary. For fuel cell application filler contents of more than 80 wt% in a thermoplastic polymer are needed. The mixtures, so-called compounds, exhibit a significantly different behavior in processing and in their properties compared to neat polymer. Especially viscosity sensitive processing techniques such as injection molding are often limiting the amount of filler that is applicable and therefore also limiting achievable conductivity. A low resistivity is critical for the use in fuel cells. At ZBT a new thermal post treatment technique was developed that can decrease resistivity of injection molded bipolar plates significantly. Reduction of resistivity ranged up to 76%. The influence of filler content, particle size, morphology, time and temperature of treatment were investigated extensively and the mechanism behind the temperature treatment was studied in detail. Using DSC and XRD method the change in crystallinity was found to be the driving factor suggesting that percolation in filled compounds is not only based upon degree of filling but also crystallinity of polymer. Furthermore temperature treatment showed great promise for implementation in future injection molding process of highly conductive compounds as even short times of thermal post treatment lead to a significant effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a research into the possibility of a comprehensive assessment of filtering textile materials retention capacity by the combination of gravimetric and optical characteristics. Images of sample surfaces with different degrees of contamination are given, as well as indicators of retention capacity and optical density for non-woven material, and dependency graphs of optical density on the degree of contamination. The study subject is the optical density of the contaminant layer retained by the textile material during filtration of a gas medium containing solid particles. The samples of non-woven fabric produced by the stitchbonding process type Malifleece (Lenom JSC) are obtained [1-3], the samples being contaminated with technical carbon P-110 (produced by Omsk Carbon Group JSC). The tests are carried out on a laboratory facility. As a part of the study the amount of carbon black is changed, which makes it possible to obtain samples with different amounts of the retained contaminant. The optical density is measured by a spectrophotometer Gretag Macbeth SpectroEye (Germany). It is established that the densitometry method for filtering textile materials can be used to deduce dependences of the optical density on the amount of contaminant retained in them. This allows investigating the mechanism of contaminant absorption until a solid layer (cake) is formed on the surface of the filter material. It is essential in defining the time to clean or replace the filter medium. When using an experimental flax-containing non-woven fabric, cake formation occurred at 9.5 g / m2, which corresponds to an optical density of 1.64. It is shown that it is possible to conduct live monitoring of the filter state by measuring and evaluating the surface optical density of its filter medium by densitometry, and this will significantly simplify the assessment of the current state of the filter and the forecast for its future use. The development of a device to measure the optical density remotely will allow assessing the state of the filter and the need to replace it in hard-to-reach places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]