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Generally, development in the pulp and paper industry requires extensive cutting of trees, which in effect contributes to deforestation. The dramatic growth in demand for wood supply, combined with the increasingly increasing cost of timber, has created a surge of interest in the use of non-wood plant fibres for paper production in widely developed countries. The use of waste material in pulping and paper-based industries could be beneficial as it helps prevent the need for disposal, which currently increases agricultural costs and causes environmental deterioration due to pollution and fires. The manufacture of sugarcane bagasse paper may help to minimize deforestation in the development of paper utilizing wood, which also contributes to the creation of biodegradable, biocompatible, and eco-friendly paper utilizing non-wood fibre. This would help the industry to develop sustainable technology in the current economy and environmental order. In the meantime, the magnetic material inside the paper acts as a filler can improves the quality and strength of the paper. While the incorporation of paper radiation will also improve the quality of pulp production, by preventing the presence of fungi on paper. This will be widely used on food wrapping or packaging that is clean is the most important aspect that should be taken to prevent food from being damaged. Biodegradable implies that it can be spontaneously broken down by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi under some circumstances such as temperature, humidity and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of insecticides on local product filter paper can be made in three ways: droplet use pipette, manual spray, and printing spray. Insecticides play an essential role in a paper, mainly used for testing susceptibility. The way the insecticide is applied affects the distribution on the paper surface. The purpose of calculating the distribution of insecticides on local filter paper is to determine the amount of insecticide in the cavity volume of ordinary paper. The research aims to get the data quality of impregnated paper local production with various spray techniques. To determine the volume of voids on paper and determine the distribution of insecticides can be using ImageJ software. The type of paper used is locally produced filter paper with insecticide lambda cyhalothrin with a predetermined concentration. The study results showed that with the spray machine method, the distribution of insecticides was more evenly distributed than the standard spray method. The range of paper cavity volumes with a spray machine is shorter than the volume range of paper cavities sprayed manually (0.005113), while those with ordinary sprays are (0.007349). These differences indicate that the spray machine is better than the manual spray method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is about the characterization of pulp and paper from sago fiber waste. The process has several stages: preparing a solution, sago fiber analysis, pulping process, and printing process. The required solutions are NaOH solution (technical), 10% BaCl2 solution, 0.1 N HCl solution, 60% ethanol solution, phenolphthalein indicator solution, 1% starch indicator solution, sindur methyl indicator solution of NaOH titration, borax solution, Na₂S solution (technical), and THIO solution (1 N; 0.1 N). The pulping process is carried out by inserting sago fiber and solutions into a rotary digester machine for 4 hours (170oC). Then, it is removed after 24 hours and dried by a spinner machine. Characterizations on the sample include: chemical and physical properties, mechanical properties, and optical properties. The result shows that sago fiber waste can be used as raw material for paper. The value of grammage of 62 g/m2, thickness of 0.1294 mm, water absorption capacity of 627.27 g/m2, water content of 9.83%, ash content of 26.26%, pH of 7.9, tensile strength of 14.22 MD and 13.33 CD, brightness of 19.8%, and opacity 22.78. The pore diameter of the paper is 4.608 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Super teak is a fast grown species of teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f) derived from several clones. This has facilitated plantation rotations as short as 5 years. The main target of conventional plantation teak was initially for high value logs. Young teak wood from plantation forest usually has a small diameter. Moreover, the wood from very young stems is unsuitable for direct utilization, but advance wood processing technology can improve the wood properties of small diameter logs. This study aimed to assess the potential utilization of young super teak for high quality products namely furniture, flooring, and veneer, and assess the possibility of the use of manufacture waste for pulp paper and wood pellets as side products. The evaluation were carried out according to the National Indonesian Standard and other international standard requirements. 18 logs from wet (Bogor) and dry (Magetan) sites representing large, medium, and small diameter classes were collected. According to SNI 01-0608-1989 Timber for Furniture, 5-year-old super teak was suitable for furniture production. Furthermore, according to SNI 7732.1: 2011: Teak Veneer, the super teak was classified as Grade C because of the presence of sapwood, pinholes, tight and lose knots. According to Australian Timber Flooring Association, 5-year-old super teak was classifiesd as soft flooring group, the same group as mature teak & radiata pine. The young super teak was classified as Class Quality/Group II with very low active alkali consumption and low Kappa Number according to Indonesian wood fibre criteria for pulp and paper materials and Association of Pulp and Paper in Brazil. Finally, based on SNI 802: 2014 Wood Pellet, the super teak was recommended as by-products for utilising the wood waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant demand has been placed on the building material industry, especially in the last decade due to the increasing population, which causes a chronic shortage of building materials. The current study aims at utilizing waste paper to produce papercrete bricks and study their engineering properties, a step towards sustainable development. Papercrete is rapidly gaining popularity in the building construction industry worldwide because of its environmental friendliness, low-cost and lightweight. The study considered literature and related ideas up to conceptualization and design of the trial ratio used in testing. Trial mixes of paper sludge, sand, and cement at different proportions made papercrete bricks of dimensions 220×110×102 mm. The tests conducted included compressive strength and water absorption. The mixes of paper sludge, sand, and cement in the ratio of 50, 35, and 15%, respectively, gave the best results. The compressive strength increased with the increase in the curing period. The rate at which the papercrete bricks absorbed water reduced as the curing period increased for all the papercrete trial mixes. It was concluded that percentages of paper sludge less than 50% are recommended for non-load bearing walls such as parapet walls and partition walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An innovation in paper technology that is totally different from the papermaking technology that has been known now, has been found in the 21st century in China. This new discovery paper does not use cellulose fibers as its raw material, and does not use water at all in its production process. Because it is made of inorganic mineral coming from calcite rocks, this paper is called 'rock paper' or stone paper. The process of stone papermaking in principle mixes fine powder of calcite rock with non-toxic resin, one of which is HDPE (high density polyethylene), as well as other additives, then melted at high temperatures and formed into a sheets like paper. The properties of stone paper are very similar and even have advantages compared to conventional paper. This type of paper is claimed to be more environmentally friendly than conventional paper because it does not use plant fibers as raw material, which means there is no trees cut. It can be recycled and produces low greenhouse gas emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The target of this idea is to plan the paper cutting machine utilizing Geneva component. This machine is utilized to decrease the manual work of paper cutting, and furthermore efficient. This machine is exceptionally valuable for paper fabricating industry likewise we can keep away from the human blunders and it can be used in schools, collages stationary shops, paper stores, etc. This project is designed by chain drive, Geneva mechanism, paper cutter, hinge joint and spring. This machine will minimize the errors occurred while cutting papers using hands and it will also reduce the risk of paper cutting.Thisventures is fixated on the plan and manufacture of an Automatic paper cutting machine utilizing some privately discovered materials. Paper is one of the significantly utilized material in our everyday exercises in bringing data's down essential data's, it is vital that there is a machine that can deal with it at a homegrown level to give the ideal structure for different use.The machine is tried and the yield is assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a shortage of paper and paper products in Uzbekistan. In this regard, this work presents the results of studies of the possibility of obtaining paper from cotton cellulose and using cotton cellulose in combination with waste paper. Were studied methods of making prototypes of paper from cotton cellulose obtained from different varieties of cotton linti, as well as from a mixture of this cellulose in combination with waste paper at different ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality and productivity are the things that are most often the focus of discussion in the production process. PT. Papertech Indonesia is one of the companies producing cardboard products or paper board industry (hard paper). The products produced in addition to core paper also produce other types of paper including: Chip Board, Super Chip Board, Cone Board, Core B. In producing paper, the thing that most affects the quality of a product is the change grade or the change in the type of product. If at the time of change grade there is an error in the settings it will cause problems, namely sheet break or broken paper. Sheet Break is broken paper which can cause a decrease in machine productivity and add defective products in the warehouse, this defect product is meant to not meet the specifications of the consumer. Six Sigma approaches and Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) used in this study to determine the sigma level value for sheet breaks, factors that cause sheet breaks and find solutions to reduce risk. The results showed that there are two machines that often experience Sheet Break, namely Couch Roll & Lumbreaker and Dryer 1st Group machines which are caused by various factors. Based on the value of the Risk Priority Number which is the largest for the cause of Sheet Break, namely unstable vacuum during Change Grade, Lack of understanding and skills in the Change Grade state, Lack of understanding of the steps for Change Grade. Based on these results, recommendations are given to minimize the causes of priority Sheet Breaks carried out for each category and each cause, one of the recommendations given is the use of appropriate vacuum equipment, conducting regular monitoring, training employees and implementing Kaizen. With these recommendations, PT. Indonesian papertech can use these recommendations as a form of improvement in order to minimize the occurrence of sheet breaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Briquettes produced from scrap paper are known for their low calorific value. The calorific value of briquettes from waste paper is in the fourth rank after waste wood, charcoal, and sawdust. Therefore, the correct ratio of composition mixture to create a higher calorific value is required. Spent Coffee Ground (SCG) has been selected as an added material in the composition of biomass mixture since SCG has a high calorific value and is easily found. The purpose of the study is to find the correct ratio that may increase the calorific value of the bio-briquettes made of scrap paper, based on comparative testing and analysis. There are four composition mixture samples used in the study. The first composition mixture is 90% of scrap paper and 10% adhesive; the second one is 70% of scrap paper, 20% of SCG, and 10% adhesive; the third composition mixture is 50% of scrap paper, 40% of SCG, 10% of adhesive; and the fourth composition mixture includes 30% of scrap paper, 60% of SCG and 10% of adhesive. The study shows that the greater ratio of SCG used in the composition will result in a higher calorific value. The research concludes that briquettes achieve their best performances in the composition mixture of 40% of SCG. In the proposed ratio, briquettes are not brittle and produce 5.366 kcal/kg of calorific value; 6.58% of water content; 5.37% of ash content; 28.28% of volatile matter; and 8.91% of shatter index. Therefore, the studied composition can be considered to produce the most efficient biomass briquettes made from scrap paper [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the possibility of removing residual optical brighteners in paper, caused by the migration of OBAs from commercially available papers through water during an instance of water damage. From the standpoint of conservation treatment, this OBA removal experiment was conducted in the hope of providing a treatment method for the removal of OBAs as a reference point for the conservation community. This study presents an example case of removing offset OBAs, and the results of the removal experiment are discussed in order to explore the feasibility of the proposed treatment method. The results demonstrated that the removal of offset OBAs using a compatible conservation treatment is feasible. A combination of daylight bleaching with alkaline water and aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution is recommended, and the time of exposure to sunlight should be shortened as much as possible if performed on a bright, sunny day. However, performing such treatment on the actual cultural artefact will require careful assessment with regards to necessity and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variation of fly ash and pulp paper composition at 110°C for 6 hours was carried out to discern the effect of fly ash and pulp paper addition in papercrete. sixth variations in paper pulp and fly ash composition were employed to perceive the characteristic that occurs in the sample. The papercrete material composition was weighed, mixed until it became homogeneous and then casted in a mold with a size of 18 x 5 x 2 cm3. Papercrete samples were allowed to stand within the mold at room temperature for 24 hours and released from the mold to stand again for the next 24 hours, after which it heated at 110°C for 6 hours. Characterization using XRF, SEM-EDX as well as Mechanical and physical tests carried out after the samples was cold. Papercrete with sample code K6 has the highest flexural strength and density value of 2.03 MPa and 2.4 gr/cm3 while papercrete with sample code K1 has the lowest flexural strength and porosity value of 0.4 MPa and 17.89%. Characterization shows that the chemical composition of the samples was dominated by the oxide compound CaO and SiO2 in papercrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the structure of silk fibers and ways of efficient use of fiber waste. Based on the analysis of the composition and structure of the fibers, it is possible to use them for paper production. The use of short staple fibers in the production of stock paper and the processes of preparing them for incorporation into paper pulp are widely covered. Information is provided on the technological process of cleaning fibers before adding them to paper pulp. The influence of the mass fraction of fibers in paper on its strength, breaking and tearing has been thoroughly analyzed and illustrated by means of graphs. For the production of high-quality paper, for example, valuable paper, for the preparation of paper used in printing, drawing, painting, etc. Fiber semi-finished products must be cut to the required length and separated into individual fibrils before crushing (grinding). The technology of preparation of natural silk waste as raw material for paper production is presented. In addition to silk fiber cotton fiber was also studied in the research work. Theoretically, the effect of fibers in tearing and breaking of paper is shown in the pictures. The use of fibers in the production of anti-counterfeiting paper and the process of adding them to the pulp are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulase enzymes in the refining process in paper making are known to reduce energy and grinding costs. The industry requires large amounts of cellulases related to the low activity of cellulases produced. The optimization process is known to increase the value of cellulase activity produced. In the process of cellulase production, carbon sources based on cellulose waste, such as grass and bagasse, can reduce production costs. The purpose of this study is to find out the optimum fermentation carbon source that produces the highest cellulase activity between grass and bagasse by actinomycetes ID07–287. It also aims to increase the value of cellulase activity by optimizing the concentration of selected carbon sources and the pH of the fermentation media. This research includes the preparation of grass biomass and bagasse, the production of cellulase enzymes for the selection of the optimum carbon source, and the optimization of the production of carbon source concentrations and the pH of the fermentation media. Based on the research results, it is known that grass is the best fermentation carbon source, with an activity value of 0.086 U/mL. The results of optimization of production, at a concentration of 2%, is the optimum concentration with an activity value of 0.099 U / mL and the pH of the fermentation media 9 produces an optimum activity value of 0.107 U/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is essential to use enzymes as a substituting chemical to enhance the properties of pulp and paper. However, there is a limited match between the material and the enzymes applied. Therefore, this research aims to increase pulp and paper properties enzymatically by adding papaya latex bio-activator in the recycled pulp process using the hydrolyzing method. The results showed that this bio-activator made the fiber bulky due to the storage of more water in the pulp, thereby expanding the fiber surface, which facilitated tearing and increasing fibrillation in the refining process. This process led to changes in the surface morphology of fiber and structure of pulp fibers, which were determined from the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) test. It also increased fiber fibrillation, which led to a rise in bond strength between fibers capable of raising paper properties. In conclusion, papaya latex bio-activator reduces the use of chemical hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), increases fibrillation in the refining process and reduces environmental liquid waste pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper-based food packaging serves to maintain product quality for a longer period. The addition of nanocellulose as a coating agent on paper can improve the quality of the recycled paper. Modification of nanocellulose with Al3+ can occur due to the interaction between Al3+ ions and the electrostatic negative surface charge of nanocellulose which can degrade microbial cells. Modification of nanocellulose was carried out by soaking it in AlCl3 solution then homogenized by an ultrasonic wave which was used for defibrillation of nanocellulose and encourage crosslinking of nanocellulose and Al3+ ions. The paper coating technique uses a deep coating by immersing the paper in modified nanocellulose suspension. The variations of AlCl3 concentration used were 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 N as much as 25 ml on 1 g dry base nanocellulose. The concentrations of nanocellulose used were 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 g in 25 ml of Al3+ solution. The results of paper water absorption and WVTR test showed that modified nanocellulose can reduce the absorption of water vapor and water absorption from the paper, so it has water resistance. Nanocellulose coated can increase the hydrophobicity of the paper based on contact angle test. Antimicrobial test on coating paper also showed antimicrobial activity on E.coli test bacteria and not on S. aureus bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the preparation and characterization of paper towels from watermelon rind waste. The paper towel manufacturing process had several stages: the drying process, pulping process, bleaching process, and printing process. There were five treatments, including paper towels use of NaOH 2.5 M with pulp recycling, paper towels use of 1 NaOH with pulp recycling, paper towels use of 1 NaOH, paper towels use of 1 NaOH with additives, and paper towels use of 1 NaOH with different drying time (110 oC for 60 minutes with ten days of the natural drying). Several characterizations have been employed, such as physical and mechanical properties and optical and chemical properties. The treatments of paper towels were tested, and the test results were compared with SNI 7891: 2017. From the FTIR test, it was observed that the functional groups formed from paper towels from watermelon rind waste. From the Microscope test, paper towels from watermelon skin should be added with materials with long fibers. Based on Physical and Mechanical Characterization, paper towels comply with the SNI. Based on optical characterization, it complies with the SNI for treatments 4 and 5. Chemical characterization is higher than standard. It can be concluded that the natural paper towels from watermelon rind waste comply with the standard of SNI ISO 7891:2017 about Basic Paper towels within the parameter of grammage and water absorption capacity, Tensile strength except for the parameter of tensile strength, pH extract, and fluorescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karnaphuli Paper Mill (KPM) is the country's largest and state-owned paper mill, located at Chandraghona, Chattogram, alongside the Karnaphuli River. At present, 10 to 12 tonnes of paper are being produced daily, resulting in approximately 1000 to 1200 tonnes of waste effluents every day. The water of the Karnaphuli River is being polluting due to untreated effluents discharged from KPM outlets, posing a threat to the Karnaphuli River's aquatic lives. Thus, this research is carried out to test the raw effluents of KPM and the Karnaphuli River water, to compare the water quality with the World Health Organization (WHO) and Bangladesh Environmental Conservative Rules (BECR, 1997) standards to find out the effects of this water on aquatic lives and to suggest remedial measures. Raw effluents were collected from three points of outlets of KPM, and the river water were collected from ten points at upstream and ten points at downstream of outlet at an interval of 100 m each to test the water quality parameters, such as, pH, BOD, COD, total dissolved solids (TDS), Alkalinity, Hardness, Chloride, Turbidity, Fecal coliform, Al, Sn, and Co. The test results were found to be satisfactory, except a few parameters at few locations, which might have negative impacts on river water and aquatic lives. To mitigate the unacceptable concentrations, it is suggested to set up an effluent treatment plant (ETP) to treat the KPM effluents before discharging into the Karnaphuli River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Trim loss issue" (TLP) perhaps uttermost intriguing issues with regards to structure of advancement research It targets to determine the best cutting example of several things of varying lengths from a load of regular size measurable to meet the clients' wants while reducing waste due to trim misfortune. The subsequent numerical pattern is exceptionally nonconvex in nature went with a few imperatives with additional limitations of paired factors. This evades the utilization of straight advancement techniques. In this review work we utilize synergetic differential advancement (SDE) for the arrangement of this sort of issues. Four theoretical yet significant instances of trim misfortune issue emerging are used in the paper industry the test. The exploratory outcomes contrasted and those of different procedures show the capability of the SDE to take care of the issue. This paper includes introduction which explains a complete terminologies related to cutting stock problem, in literature review section we discuss various mathematical model which already exist in literature, in next section we discuss about mathematical formulation to reduce wastage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper soap is an innovation in making soap. The form of paper soap is unique like thin sheets paper. The addition of natural compounds such as virgin coconut oil (VCO) and whey kefir in soap making could improve the quality of paper soap as herbal product. This research aims to determine the optimum formulation of herbal paper soap in three whey kefir mass composition 8%, 18% and 23%. The paper soap makes using a hot process with additional glycerin as a plasticizer. The characterization of herbal paper soap is using parameters tested of pH value, stability of foam, unsaponified fat, organoleptic test, and water content. The characteristic of paper soap has a thickness of 1 mm, smells good, and slightly yellowish. The best herbal paper soap is obtained for a composition of 8% with water content, unsaponified fat, pH, and foam stability 28%, 0.39%, 8 and 83% respectively. Therefore, the herbal paper soap with whey kefir of 8% has complied SNI no. 3532-2016 standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global production of paper is on the rise, thus leading to increasing amounts of waste in different stages of paper manufacture. Paper sludge waste is the most abundant and there is a big potential to reuse it after appropriate processing. This research paper analyses paper sludge waste fired at 900°C temperature for 2 h in terms of mineral composition, particle density and water demand in cement-based mixtures, as well as the effect of paper sludge waste on the density, ultrasonic pulse velocity, compressive strength and mineral composition of cement-based specimens. In the cement paste mixtures 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% of cement was replaced with paper sludge waste fired at 900°C temperature for 2 h. The ratio between water and solid substances was 0.35. Gehlenite and calcium oxide were found to prevail in the mineral composition of paper sludge waste, whereas water demand of cement-based mixture incorporating paper sludge waste increased 30%. The intensity of XRD curves revealed that a higher content (more than 7.5%) of paper sludge waste fired at 900°C temperature for 2 h in the mix increases the amount of portlandite and reduces the amounts of cement minerals: alite and belite. An empirical equation was drawn on the grounds of statistical analysis to calculate the compressive strength according paper sludge waste content fired at 900°C temperature for 2 h. The correlation and determination factors more than 0.9 demonstrate that the change of compressive strength in relation to paper sludge waste content can be described by the second degree polynomial equation and the optimum content of paper sludge waste fired at 900°C temperature for 2 h in the cement matrix is 5%. The highest density and ultrasonic pulse velocity values of cement stone specimens after 28 days of curing were obtained of specimens containing 5% paper sludge waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recycling of waste paper conserves our natural resources and will retrieve environmental quality. Concentrate on recycling waste paper into the usable board will benefit plants and the environment. This research depends on the investigation of manufacturing of usable board from waste paper. This manufacturing board can use instead of the board which manufactures from ordinary wood. On the other hand, it protected the forest and eliminates waste that harms the environment. This research illustrates the efficiency of our manufacturing board material by using mechanical tests and comparing it with a board manufactured by two types of ordinary wood and Medium-density fiberboard (MDF). Also, comparing the heat isolation between them. In this project, we use three types of waste paper: white, yellow envelope and newspaper. This waste paper produced our new board material. Our samples were manufactured with dimensions of 10*10 cm and 2 cm thickness. Different amount of waste paper and white glue was investigated to produce a batter board. Our study for the manufactured board materials demonstrated that a white paper sample was the battery on hardness and tensile test. However, yellow envelope samples were more efficient in the impact test than other samples. Moreover, yellow envelope samples were the better one between our samples in heat isolation. Mainly, the waste of paper and white glue was the cheapest to manufacture boards than using ordinary wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major aim of this study is to compare the power generation of carbon felt electrode and carbon paper electrode operated Microbial fuel cells (MFC) using restaurant wastewater. Restaurant wastewater samples were collected from MFC with carbon felt electrode (N=13) and carbon paper electrode (N=13) operated for 10 days (G power 80%). Voltage was measured using a multimeter and current, power, power density was calculated from it for both groups. The Power generation was found to be high in MFC operated with carbon felt electrode (410 mW/m2) due to its active surface area, strong conductivity, and good biocompatibility compared to carbon paper electrode (121 mW/m2). The independent sample T-test was done which showed that the power generation of MFC operated with carbon felt electrode (p<0.001) found to be significantly higher compared with MFC operated with carbon paper electrode. The study shows that carbon felt electrode operated MFC is able to achieve higher power generation compared to carbon paper electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper is now an integral feature of humanoid existence in a multitude of ways, and it is getting more and more popular. In ordinary life, a massive portion of paper is consumed. The difficulty of finding feedstock is becoming ever more acute as paper consumption rises. This ultimately led to the extraction of resources. Since the demand for paper has skyrocketed, recycling paper has become much more popular. The accumulation of vast quantities of waste paper in any big organization, notably institutions of higher education such as schools and universities, seems to be fairly prevalent. It's also worthwhile to make optimum use of recyclable materials (office files, craft papers, registers, etc.). A recyclable machine will help minimise energy consumption and paper waste. The valuable feature of salvaging would be that it lessens the environmental impact by a couple of percent. The design and fabrication of both humanly and remotely controlled paper recycling programmes are studied using previous literature. producing a lightweight, easily handled composting machinery that can be deployed to ease the process and reduce the cost of paper production. Then the effluents would be treated employing various natural filters due to paper recycling. Hibiscus, gooseberry, and vetiver are being used to treat the contaminated water. All of these constituents operate together to clear the water of surplus particles. Waste water treatment is indeed a process of preventing impurities from effluent and transferring them to an effluent that may be recycled into the water cycle. The process of turning waste water into fresh water that can be dispersed directly into the ecosystem. The effluent holds a variety of natural substances, which may also degrade the overall quality of the water. As nothing more than a corollary, water treatment principally helps to clear debris and other pathogens. The level of trash, which is routinely emitted into the ether, is reduced in terms of treatment of wastewater, boosting the atmosphere's health. In this study, both paper reutilization and waste water treatment studies are carried out using various literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulp and paper making industry is looking for new main raw material based on its physical, chemical and morphological characteristics. Currently in this industry, bagasse is the most useful raw material in pulp and paper industry. The objective of this study is to determine its suitability for pulping. Acacia auriculiformis is a fast-growing tree normally found in Indonesia and Australia. Acacia auriculiformis leaf contains of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin. The range of lignin content in Acacia auriculiformis is 19%-20%. The hemi-cellulose and lignin contents was removed by soda-pulping process using different concentrations as followed; 3%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. In order to determine the optimum pulping conditions for Acacia auriculiformis craft paper, several tests were conducted such as apparent density, tear test, tensile strength test and moisture absorption. It was found that the Acacia auriculiformis fibre treated with 3% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions gave good tear test of the paper. For apparent density test, the best concentration of NaOH used for treating Acacia auriculiformis pulping is at 15%. From the study, the optimum concentration of NaOH in treating Acacia auriculiformis fibre is at 5% for best result in tensile strength. Hence, from the overall tests, 5% concentration of NaOH is the optimum value. From the findings, Acacia auriculiformis fibre has a potential to be used in paper making and food packaging industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of a natural compound extracted from Piper Betel leaf by determining bactericidal and or bacteriostatic effect to check antimicrobial efficacy on the pathogenic microorganisms. Bioactive compound extracted in different solvents i.e distilled water, ethanol, and methanol, and its effectivity was determined by measuring the zone of clearance (1 group and 96 samples per group by keeping threshold 0.05 and G power 80%, coincidence interval 95%, and enrollment ratio as 1) by agar diffusion method using kanamycin (30) as a control for the different time period (24 Hrs, 48Hrs and 72Hrs) at 37°C. Promising results were found for the zone of clearance in Escherichia.coli with a significance of about P<0.001 in the ethanol extract after 72 hours of incubation. Compared to 10% extract application where growth of S.aureus was reduced to 4%, addition of 100% crude inhibits bacterial growth up to 95% approximately. For S.aureus and E.coli though ethanol extract was found effective however no significant effect was observed for inhibiting Pseudomonas. Novel bioactive compound extracted from Piper Betel leaf was found effective against pathogens and can be used as a natural component with antimicrobial efficacy in the field of medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results obtained from the analyses performed on seaweed and paper made with algal biomass addition using different analytical techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) and the ion beam analysis (IBA) techniques Particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and gamma-ray emission (PIGE). The analyzed samples consisted of seaweed from the Ulva rigida C. Agardh 1823 species collected from the Black Sea coast, Romania, and filter papers with different mass addition (0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8%) of seaweed. Seaweed introduced into the paper can dislodge some of the cellulose fibers, helping to reduce the amount of stranded seaweed that is currently not valorized in Romania. From the analysis of the results, it results that no potential toxic elements have been identified in the algae structure and the algal biomass could be used in the filter paper manufacture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In current work, the paper mill effluent is treated with electro-coagulation used as a iron and aluminum as sacrificial materials. Various operating parameters such as pH, treatment time and applied voltage were assorted and their influence on efficiency of electro-coagulation was studied. From the experimental investigation it has been found out that at optimum operating conditions like pH 7, treatment time 60 min and applied voltage 20V, COD and Turbidity removal efficiency were highest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of waste into potential energy sources has received much attention in recent years. Various technology was applied with the purpose to convert waste into a useful product. One of the applications of waste to energy ideas is refuse derived fuel (RDF). In Universitas Pertamina Area, paper and plastic are two types of waste that generate large amounts of waste every day. It is due to main activities coming from educational and office activities. The generation of paper waste reached 129.1 kg/day, while 93.9 kg of plastic waste was thrown away at the temporary waste shelter every day. In this research, the various compositions of paper and plastic waste (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) were pelletized into RDF to investigate the water content, ash content, and calorific value the RDF then compared to the standard. The result showed that all RDF compositions had passed the standard quality of RDF from the point of water content and ash content (RDF standar is <25% of water content and 20% of ash content). On the other hand, the calorific value of RDF (paper 100%) did not meet the RDF Standard (15 MJ/kg) while the rest of the RDF composition had passed the standard. When combined with the amount of waste generation, the composition of 100% plastic waste was the highest potential caloric value reached 3,954.0 MJ/day. The potential of waste utilization into RDF can be proposed as a solution for waste management, especially in the university area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for cement has grown due to the rapid growth of the building sector. Cement manufacture, on the other hand, produces more greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide. As a result, different construction materials must be sought. Paper pulp is made from waste from the paper industry. Every year, the paper industry consumed a significant amount of land in the surrounding area. Some wastes are thrown on land as a disposal method, while some businesses burn their industrial waste in incinerators, causing serious air pollution issues. The impact of employing paper pulp and crushed stone dust as partial replacements in concrete is discussed in this study. The advantages of using paper pulp with crushed stone are explored in this study. Furthermore, this research presents the findings of an experimental inquiry for M35 grade concrete employing wastepaper as an extra ingredient in concrete mixes for housing projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper soap is currently in great demand by the public because it is easy to carry everywhere. In the process, solid soap is printed as thin as paper. This paper soap will dissolve and produce foam when exposed to water. This study aims to synthesize the paper soap product against the effect of variations in the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). PVA serves as an adhesive and forms a thin layer (film). The raw material for making soap is virgin coconut oil and NaOH as a basic soap. Basic soap is mixed with glycerin, ethylene glycol, silicone oil, olive oil, aloe vera, and perfume. After that, the mixture was added with polyvinyl alcohol with various concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20 percent solution. The processed soap material is then poured into a flat mold with a thickness of 0.5 mm and 1 mm. The paper soap produced was tested for water content, free fatty acids, pH and antibacterial activity test. The test results showed that the best paper soap was obtained when using a 5 percent PVA solution. The results are in accordance with the requirements of SNI 3532:2016 solid soap with a moisture content of 12%, free fatty acids 1.5%, pH 9.6 and the value of inhibition diameter on the antibacterial activity test 18.7 mm, the value stability of foam of 94% with a thickness of 0.5 mm soap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a type of cellulose produced by bacteria in a glucose-based medium that has more advantages than plant cellulose. The production of cellulose powders, however, has the characteristics affected due to physical treatments; thus, the objective of this research was to produce BC powder for use in paper production. BC was produced by agitation with oxygen flow at various rotational speeds to obtain a fragmented BC phase. BC samples were dried by a spray dryer to produce powder for paper making. The characterization of BC powder and paper samples was done by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), tensile strength, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The morphological results showed optimum BC was produced at 300 rpm rotation speed with a 405.2 g yield, while the FTIR spectrum confirmed that the material is a cellulosic compound. TGA characterization of the optimum sample displayed thermal stability at 330 °C in the thermal analysis. Among the variations in rotational speed, the 300 rpm sample led to the highest Young's modulus value, 878 MPa, and the most improved surface morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every person on the planet uses solid materials. Natural resources are typically utilised in the production of new papers. Trees must be cut down to make way for new paper products. The authors want that this manuscript will raise public awareness about recycling and the relevance of solid waste management (SWM). Many forms of environmental problems may arise as a result of the depletion of natural resources. A survey was conducted for this purpose, in which 144 out of 180 participants took part. All age groups, all income levels, all types of citizens, and all levels of educated persons have participated in this study. After examining the results of this survey, it has been determined that the public is unaware of the socioeconomic benefits of recycling and solid waste management. People are also unaware of the cost-effectiveness of recycling. It could be a job-creating enterprise or industry. It became beneficial for the welfare of society, employment and environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxyapatite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH2) is major mineral constituent of vertebrate bones and teeth. It is extensively used in biomedical field due to its biocompatible, bioactive and osteoconductive properties. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) has recently gained attention as efficient adsorbents, owing to its physical and chemical nature as it can substitute both cationic and anionic complexes present in an aqueous solution in its atomic arrangement. The Hydroxyapatite has been reported to be an efficient adsorbent in removing divalent heavy metal ions. In this work, an attempt has been made to synthesis hydroxyapatite by wet chemical precipitation method by extracting the calcium source from paper sludge ash. Experimental works were carried out under controlled condition by maintaining pH, temperature, stirring speed and aging period. The obtained powder is optimized at 6000C based on the TG-DTA results. The presence of hydroxyl ion in the apatite lattice was confirmed by absorption bands at 3410.15 cm−1 through FT-IR studies. The mean pore diameter and pore volume of the HAp was deducted through BET analysis as 45.22 nm and 1.7100 cm3g−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper is a widely used material that is affected by environmental stresses and makes paper prone to damage. The paper is characterized by the absorption of water and moisture due to porosity, We have overcome this problem by employing polymer materials as water-resistant coatings acting as a barrier to protecting the paper, Polymer paper coating forms a clear membrane on the fiber forming a bridge of monomers on the surface of the paper. Two polymer coatings were used as a treatment, namely Polystyrene and sealer (alkyd resin). The results showed the possibility of enhancing the durability of the paper and preserving it from damage and deterioration. The treatment gave a decrease in moisture content, response to abrasion and scratching while increased folding tolerability, the burst strength, tear resistance, hardness compared to untreated paper and the paper porosity important indicator to overcome. The degree of brightness, the degree of color and visible light and ultraviolet radiation [UV] effect of the specimens were studied in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We extend the inventory lot-size model in this paper to allow for products to deteriorate at variable rates, and demand is characterized by any log concave function of time that fulfils relatively mild criteria. Partial backlogging is possible with this model. The backlogging rate is a time-dependent, exponentially declining function provided by a parameter. We show that not only does the optimal replacement schedule exist, but that it is also unique. We also show that the inventory system's overall cost is a convex function of the number of replenishments. As a result, identifying a local minimum simplifies the search for the best number of replenishments. Finally, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization, increase in population and change in lifestyle of human beings increased pressure on natural resources and accumulation of industrial waste in the environment. Dumping and landfilling of such industrial waste especially the solid waste is leading towards severe environmental degradation in the form of water pollution, air pollution and soil pollution etc. Due to increase in installation of more paper mills, there is rapid increase in quantity of solid waste from these industries. In recent years, utilization of lime mud generated from paper mill has been emerged as a potential method to reuse/recover the usable rich material and reduce the quantity of waste and its disposal cost for landfilling/dumping. In this experimental examination, an effort has been complete to examine the behavior of the bricks developed using the waste (lime mud) from paper industry waste and other paper sludge by partial replacing the clay to the extent from 10% to 50%. The bricks were developed by using varying composition. Later execution various tests, it has been detected that bricks made from partial replacement of clay with lime mud are light weight, having desirable compressive strength, corrosion resistant. The indoor air quality assessment of buildings made of these bricks indicted little to no impact on ambient air quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time-limited exposure of electrode-free optically rewritable electronic paper is essential for applications, but performance characteristics can be modest. In this study, we investigate whether image writer mode can improve kinetics of the photosensitive layer order parameter, which is described by the rotational diffusion model. The model that we developed allows adjusting the transmittance spectra of polarizers. We have found that fairly uniform transmittance spectrum of polarizers enables to obtain competitive contrast ratio of 8:1 within 10 s of exposure. In comparison with long-time exposure, the reflectance coefficient is reduced by 24%. Computer-generated image is consistent with the experimental observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass Oxygen Transfer is a molecular diffusion of gas in a liquid depending upon its characteristics, concentration and cross-sectional area across which diffusion occurs and is accomplished in aerobic digestion of organics through different aeration equipment. Accordingly the comparative evaluation of mass transfer oxygen by different aeration equipment were conducted in existing aeration tanks of Agro Based Pulp and Paper Mill by studying the effect during pre and post injection of liquid oxygen through submerged and floating turbine systems coupled with fine bubble replacing existing coarse bubble diffuser. The dissolved oxygen levels in the second aeration tank (AT2) equipped with submerged turbine has further improved in the range of 2 to 2.5 comparison to lower values up to 1.5 mg/l observed in first aeration tank (AT1) with floating turbine systems. It was further studied that if fine bubble diffuser replacing existing pipe in both the aeration tanks are further coupled with liquid oxygen injection through submersible turbine system in both the aeration tanks shall increase dissolved oxygen levels up to 3-3.5 mg/l besides reduction in energy consumption up to 25% thus lowering overall treatment cost and further improve the treatment efficiencies for reduction a of BOD and COD at the final out let well below compliance level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of the industrial sector has increased either energy demand or generate a tremendous effect on waste piles. To combat the issue of poor sanitation due to waste accumulation and multiply the energy sources, the government promotes energy diversification, particularly dealing with waste management. This study aims to recycle plastic waste, paper waste and sawdust into solid fuel briquettes while observing their physical and combustion properties. Briquette production is carried out by combining waste of plastics and sawdust with binding agents, such as paper pulp and cassava starch. These materials were mixed with water, being compacted and conventionally dried under the sunlight. Solid briquette was then tested for calorific value, moisture content and volatile matter to ensure the effectiveness of combustion. The results show that the modified composition of plastic and paper with the ratio of 3:1 is physically sturdy with minor cracks, has a greater calorific value of 6801.62 Cal/gr, low moisture content (4.73%) and volatile matter (5.50%). The modified composition of paper: plastic: sawdust with the ratio of 1:1:1 exhibits more sturdy stuff, with a calorific value of 4565.47 Cal/ gr, low moisture content (1.85%) but high volatile matter (34.07%). Waste conversion to solid fuel briquette can be utilized as future green energy alternative in any major cities of Indonesia. A modified mixture of plastic : paper waste is more prone to transmit the heat despite having less capability to ignite, while the mixture of sawdust : paper is more prone to ignite despite having less capability to store and dismiss the heat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan is natural polymer that has nontoxic, biodegradable and biocompatibility material. Chitosan has been investigated as papermaking additive to improve properties of paper such as physical and optical properties. The objective of the research was to investigate the effectiveness chitosan in papermaking process and to determine the effect of chitosan on properties of paper. Chitosan was added in papermaking process with different dosage 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2%. The efficiencies of Chitosan in papermaking can be obtained by measuring and analyzing of properties of paper, such as physical and optical properties. The increasing dosage of chitosan, will increase the physical properties of paper, such as tensile strength and decrease water absorption of paper, but will not influence the brightness of paper. The optimum concentration of chitosan used in paper in this study is 1.5%. The result shows that chitosan used in paper can improve the properties of paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the electret on the properties of craft paper modified with polycaprolactone is shown in this article. When applying a polymer coating, a change in the surface properties of the pulp and paper material occurs, which is reflected in the wetting parameters. Processing pulp and paper materials in the field of a unipolar corona discharge leads to an increase in their mechanical characteristics and a decrease in roughness and air permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper-making raw materials are a mixture of pure wood pulp and recycled pulp. Recycled pulp is obtained from used paper imported from abroad, in addition to the development of paperless culture also has an impact on the reduced availability of raw materials. Empty bunch fiber of palm oil is one of the natural materials that have the potential to be used as an alternative to a pulp for the manufacture of cardboard paper because it has a high holocellulose content. This study has successfully developed cardboard paper developed from oil palm empty fruit bunch pulp with 6 variations of treatment, steam, no steam, NaOH 2.5%, NaOH 5% and mill duration (20 minutes and 30 minutes). The developed cardboard paper is then tested for its water absorbency. Water Absorbency value testing is done by the Cobb method (60). Based on the test results obtained the water absorption values is in the range of 500 - 600 g/m2. Cartons that received treatment, no steam, added NaOH 2.5%, and milled for 30 minutes, has the lowest water absorption value compared to others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coating process on food packaging paper is carried out to improve the food safety aspect from dangerous substance migration from food packaging into food. It can facilitate to increase its function and wide the potency of utilization. The coating materials commonly used are plastic and wax coatings. Chitosan as a natural polymer that has the binding properties both water and oil. Chitosan has polar and non-polar groups thus it is potential to be developed as a coating material for food packaging paper. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical-mechanical and antimicrobial properties of food packaging paper from oil palm empty fruit bunches pulp coated with chitosan. The parameters used were chitosan and pulp weight. The oil palm empty fruit bunch pulp was fibrillated with high speed blender then mixed with chitosan solution. The mixed solution was poured in the mold and dried in an oven at 60°C for 24 hours. The results showed that increasing of chitosan content was coated paper increased physical and mechanical properties values. The more pulp content the higher the physical properties value, however the mechanical properties value tend to decrease. The antimicrobial activity of chitosan coated paper was evaluated by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zones. The results revealed that all tested samples showed growth inhibition zone againts to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus after 24 h incubation compared to commercial food packaging paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to produce concrete using various percentages of hypo-sludge ash (HAS) in place of cement. The waste paper sludge ash is composed of magnesium oxide and calcium oxide. Therefore, it can be tested as an innovative cement replacement, providing a solution for traditional concrete. For this study, the various proportions of ash used are 5%, 10%, and 15% by weight of cement. The mixed design carried out was as per the Indian standard code. The ingredients used for concrete making are cement, aggregates, hypo sludge ash (HSA), superplasticizer, and water. A test mix was carried out to check the behaviour of a concrete mix, and its physical and hardening properties were checked. Cube samples were cured for 3, 7, 14, and 28 days to check hardening properties. Experimental analysis shows that by replacing 5% cement with HSA, the strength results obtained are close to the reference concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial waste is a by-product of industrial processes from waste material or building material. The study was conducted to analyze the used of solid waste pulp dreg and grits through chemical characterization to make bricks. In brick formation, the CaO content is very important because it functions as an adhesive and from its characterization shows the CaO content is 58.10% in dregs and 59.76% in grits. From the research method carried out by mixing dreg and slaker grit waste with other materials, the best results were obtained at the maximum value of the compressive strength of quality I brick is 7 Mpa (SNI; 3.5 Mpa). Characterization of material used Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and IR Prestige-21 instruments to analyze the chemical content of the waste. Universal Testing Machine (UTM) was used for compressive strength analysis using material strength when given a load with certain pressure. The result showed that the best which for bricks that lower water absorption and bricks that have large compressive strength value 7 Mpa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The micro-fibrillated cellulose crystals from natural cotton fiber via alkaline treatment and acid hydrolysis were explored as possible reinforcement in recycled paper to improve its mechanical properties. Results confirmed the characteristic properties and crystallinity of the obtained micro-fibrillated cellulose crystals. Reinforcement of the micro-fibrillated cellulose crystals in the production of recycled paper showed an improvement in the tensile strength compared to the recycled paper samples without reinforcement or even with kapok fiber/micro-fibrillated cellulose crystals combination. Further improvement on the barrier properties of the micro-fibrillated cellulose reinforced paper via biocoating made from chitosan/starch blend resulted to a 27.69% decrease of the water absorption capacity compared to uncoated sample using the Cobb test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulp and paper industrial waste or what is known as black liquor contains toxic contents, if not treated first, it can cause environmental pollution. So far, black liquor has only been used for the manufacture of biofuels and fuel for the paper industry, while 46% of lignin is the total solids in the black liquor component itself. This study aims to determine how much the percentage of decolorization of black liquor and producing lignin with bright colors using the coagulation method. The coagulant used in this study was Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC) with various concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%) v / v. The results showed that the coagulation method proved effective in decolorizing lignin made from black liquor as raw material. The optimum condition to obtain decolorization was 90.44% using 2% PAC coagulant concentration and the total retention time of 24 hours. In addition, FTIR was used to qualitatively analyze the sludge produced during the coagulation process, and the results showed that there are several different groups in the lignin unit. The lignin obtained using the coagulation method produces a brighter brown color, is insoluble in water and odorless with a yield of 38.3%, a pH of 1.68, a purity of 54.8%, and water content and an ash content of 0.2% and 27.2%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borassus flabellifer L. becomes one of the palm-based commodities in Indonesia that can grow well in dry areas, especially around the north coast of Java Island. An abundant waste of this plant, in the form of leaf midrib and fruit fiber, has a potential as a source of lignocellulose for the paper industry. In the present study, Kraft paper production was conducted to know the influence of the proportion of leaf midrib and fruit fiber of Borassus flabellifer L., and the concentration of Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc) adhesives on the sensory and physical quality of Kraft paper. The research method was a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two factors. The Friedman test was used to determine the sensory quality of Kraft paper. The ANOVA analysis was used to examine the physical quality of Kraft paper. The results showed that the treatment of raw material proportion and PVAc adhesive concentration had significant effect on color, surface texture, yield, and tensile resistance, but insignificant between treatment of Gramatur and tear resistance. The best treatment of sensory tests was Kraft paper with proportion of 50% leaf midrib pulp, 50% fruit fiber pulp, and 7.5% PVAc adhesive concentration. It has a yield value of 72.11%, Gramatur of 162.80 (g/m²), tensile strength of 1.70 (%), and tear resistance of 197.6 (gf). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low cost disposable, paper chip has been fabricated by dip coating solution processed NiO nanoparticle on filter paper. NiO nanoparticles were prepared by a reliable, straightforward precipitation method and thermally decomposed at higher temperatures. Adsorbed NiO nanoparticles strongly modulate the fluorescence properties of filter paper leads to the quenching effect, due to the coverage of NiO nanoparticles on microfibrous cellulose filter paper. Bright field and fluorescence imaging were carried out with different concentrations of NiO nanoparticles, which shows efficient autofluorescence quenching of 90.02 % on the filter paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drape is a fabric's ability to deform when suspended under its weight in specified conditions of known size using a Drape Meter. The Drape Coefficient % (DC%) is calculated by taking the weight of paper cut out based on the shadow of the fabric. A fabric property is very important in relating to the behavior of drapes and these factors were determined by earlier researchers in developing a tool to measure drape. The Cusiks's Drape Meter was the first equipment that used the principle of shadow in reflecting the drape behavior and later on calculating the DC%. The principle introduced by Cusick has been used by a lot of researchers to determine DC% more accurately using computer captured images. In recent years, a lot of research has moved forward using software to calculate the DC% by incorporating the values of fabric properties to create an image for the drape. A lot of work on comparing the values of DC% using conventional and simulated/virtual methods was published. The usage of particular software can predict the DC% before the actual production of fabrics. Prediction can be made based on physical properties needed on particular fabrics to be produced and thus saving a lot of time and giving more choices in fabrics selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computational thinking is a way of thinking for problem solving and is one of the basic skills of the 21st century that is very important to be applied in science learning as an effort to prepare for disruption in the industrial era 4.0 and society 5.0. This study aims to find a new method that has proven its effectiveness to apply problem solving skills. The Research and Development (R and D) method with the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Develop, Implementation and Evaluation) was carried out to develop a Problem Project Based Learning (PPjBL) model with a Computational Thinking (CT) approach based on CoSpaces-Edu Paper Cube Augmented Reality. This research has produced a product in the form of a Problem Project Based Learning (PPjBL) model with a Computational Thinking (CT) approach based on CoSpaces-Edu Paper Cube Augmented Reality which has been validated by experts on very feasible and effective criteria to be applied as a science learning design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five fuels were tested in a common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine to see how they affected soot particle distribution and the engine's controlled and unregulated emission characteristics (M15, M25, and M35). The findings demonstrated that regulated emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and particulate matter (PM) could be efficiently controlled to a very low level when mahua oil biodiesel (MOB) in diesel was utilized in conjunction with ideal engine working situations. Paper filters were employed to remove diesel dust. Entire particulate matter main particles were < 100 nm in width, with the average diameter for the biodiesel mixes falling among 20 and 26 nm. PM particles had uncontrolled emissions including Pb, Mn, and Ba, while M100 had 56.72% fewer xylene emissions, 22.49% fewer toluene emissions, and 19.45% fewer benzene emissions compared to M0. As a result, MOB is a wonderful option for reducing pollution from diesel engines and other sources, both in the form of controlled and unregulated emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historians and librarians are interested in watermarks and mould surface patterns in historic papers, because they represent the “fingerprints” of antique papers. However, these features are usually covered or hidden by printing, writing or other media. Different techniques have been developed to extract the watermarks in the paper while avoiding interference from media on the paper. Beta radiography provides good results, but this method cannot be widely used because of radiation safety regulations and the long exposure times required due to weak isotope sources employed. In this work, two promising methods are compared which can be used to extract digital high-resolution images for paper watermarks and these are electron radiography and low energy X-ray radiography. For electron radiography a “sandwich” of a lead sheet, the paper object, and a film in a dark cassette, is formed and it is exposed at higher X-ray potentials (> 300 kV). The photoelectrons escaping from the lead sheet penetrate the paper and expose the film. After development, the film captures the watermark and mould surface pattern images for the paper being investigated. These images are then digitized using an X-ray film digitizer. The film employed could potentially be replaced by a special type of imaging plate with a very thin protection layer to directly generate digital images using computed radiography (CR). For the second method, a low energy X-ray source is used with the specimen paper placed on a digital detector array (DDA). This method directly generates a low energy digital radiography (DR) image. Both methods provide high quality images without interference from the printing media, and provide the potential to generate a “fingerprint” database for historical papers. There were nevertheless found to be differences in the images obtained using the two methods. The second method, using a low energy X-ray source, has the potential to be integrated in a portable device with a small footprint incorporating user safety requirements. Differences obtained using the two methods are shown and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fake news is false or misleading information presented as news. False stories tend to spread farther, faster, and more broadly than true stories. Some individuals and organizations intentionally applied misleading information for certain benefits. The internet goes quickly, mobile devices became popular, and social media users grow more significant in number, make no boundaries world and connect every user. As a result, information circulates in immense numbers makes to handle fake news manually is impossible. Fake news also affects human psychology. Hoax related to how to cure COVID-19 and the lack of toilet paper has led to casualties and riots. Fake news potentially differs in writing technique compare to real information. In this paper, we discussed a few studies related to fake news detection. Their algorithm can capture writing style in content viz lexicon, syntax, semantic, and discourse. Also, those studies implemented user-based, content-based, and social context-based. It used machine learning, deep learning, and reinforcement learning. Furthermore, education plays a vital role in making people understand the impact of fake news. Itis necessary to do a campaign for all internet users. The national government necessity collaborates with society implement the particular rule for better internet environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widely use of petroleum-derived mineral oils for the production of offset printing inks has resulted in several environmental impacts. The suitable approach to develop alternative resources is palm oil fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) as a substitute for petroleum-based solvent. This study aimed to investigate the surface properties of palm oil-based offset ink on gloss-coated paper surfaces in terms of printability. The "green" varnishes were prepared with palm oil FAME as solvent, rosin-modified phenolic resin, and different vegetable oils linseed oil (FAME-LO) and soybean oil (FAME-SO) have been used as drying oils. The FAME-based Cyan offset printing inks have been prepared their properties compared with standard conventional inks. Printing tests were carried out using the IGT-A2 printability tester. Contact angles of water, methanol, and hexane on the surface of printed ink were measured using Contact Angle Analyzer. The surface free energy (SFE) and its components were calculated using Girifalco-Good-Fowkes-Young, Owens-Wendt, and van Oss-Chaudhury-Good methods. The results showed that as the liquid contact angle increased, the surface energy decreased. The surface energy of FAME-SO ink printed samples 36.36 mJ/m2 was higher than the unprinted paper 35.84 mJ/m2. Since high surface energy will affect the bond strength of the ink to the substrate, this will be an advantage for multicolor prints requiring good ink adhesion, which will enlarge the acceptance of other colors to be printed on the previous color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about paper or journal review of two-phase flow boiling pressure drop in propane (R290) refrigeration system and summarized several researches that will useful in terms of HVAC-R equipment especially in heat exchanger i.e., evaporator design. Early researcher has been conducted research with respect to the channel dimension (diameter and aspect ratio) as in Coleman (2000). Recent research of flow boiling with combined parameters such as heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and pressure drop shown that some parameters affected pressure drop inside unconventional channel (mini and microchannel) such as superficial vapor velocity, mass quality, mass flux, heat flux, saturation temperature (and pressure), and Reynolds number where flow regime of the pressure drop are mostly annular flow, intermittent flow, slug and churn flow but less or few of them found a relation of channel dimension i.e. diameter and aspect ratio towards two-phase flow pressure drop (as in Coleman (2000)). It is recommended that for further study and research, study of two-phase flow boiling pressure drop must conduct in the unconventional channel such as minichannel or microchannel i.e., capillary tube and incorporate Reynolds number of the flow (both vapor and liquid), channel dimension (diameter and aspect ratio), surface tension, and shear stress influence from two-phase flow fluid and then plot the data to the recent and or existed flow pattern map of any flow regimes especially to the refrigerants ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe Environmental problems arises across the world due to accumulation of paper waste as landfills large quantity of resources are being utilised by the construction sector, creating a huge demand for construction materials. This paper presents an experimental study carried out by utilising waste paper in concrete Bricks which is a new innovation composite material. An experimental study on compaction strength, weight, water absorption characteristics subjected to sun dried and water curing methods of casting were studied in details. It was observed that usage of paper in concrete has good strength, toughness, has reduction in weight of the brick considerably and also had a low thermal conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine calendaring is a finishing operation used in paper industry during which paper web is pressed between two or more steel rolls, with an objective to improve the surface properties like smoothness and gloss of the paper web. In this study an attempt has been made to develop modified nip mechanics model, which overcomes the drawbacks of existing nip mechanics models, applicable for machine calendaring in paper industry for calculating nip width. Also the effect of various calendaring parameters on nip width of machine calendar has been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorine-based bleaching agent can brighten the pulp effectively, but it harms the environment, especially water pollution. Thus, hydrogen peroxide, a total chlorine-free (TCF) bleaching agent is applied in this research to bleach pulp derived from Sesbania grandiflora. Sesbania grandiflora is being chosen as raw material due to its ideal characteristics as pulp source and native in Malaysia. This research aims to determine the effects of hydrogen peroxide on Sesbania grandiflora pulp and evaluate the paper properties made from Sesbania grandiflora pulp. The research was carried under different bleaching durations, 20 minutes, 40 minutes and 60 minutes under a constant temperature of 50°C and 3% concentration of hydrogen peroxide. The physical, optical and mechanical properties of Sesbania handsheet were measured according to the standard TAPPI. The overall result presented a significant effect on kappa number and handsheet brightness but little on mechanical properties. The longer bleaching duration gave the least kappa number of the Sesbania pulp, thus, improving the brightness of the Sesbania handsheet. However, it did not affect the strength properties of the handsheet. In this research, 60 minutes of bleaching duration on Sesbania grandiflora pulp exhibits the optimal bleaching performance without compromising paper mechanical properties significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the relatively inexpensive alternative energy sources in terms of production and relatively environment friendly was the development of bioethanol from urban wastes that contain many lignocellulose such as paper waste. This study characterizes the composition of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in blank HVS paper, inked HVS and newspaper. The results showed the predominate cellulose (49-60 %) while the lignin concentration was very low due to the removal of colors (lignin) in the manufacturing process. The experiments continued with synthesis of bioethanol through Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) process. A combination of enzymes (Cellulase + Cellobiase) in 1:1 weight ratio and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used for hydrolysis and fermentation in the SSF process. Paper waste from newspapers, inked HVS, and empty HVS papers were used as raw materials. The initial pH of SSF in the column was at pH 5. Variation of enzyme concentration was carried at 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 g. The SSF process was carried out at incubation time of 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hours. The ink affected the concentration of bioethanol produced. In this study, the best bioethanol content was produced by inked HVS and Newspapers at 0.5 grams of enzyme with a concentration of 1531 and 1111 ppm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The professional skills required to be a successful engineer continue to grow and expand as the engineering disciplines evolve. In the United Kingdom, the Engineering Council has released the latest version of the Accreditation of Higher Education Programmes (AHEP). AHEP4 as it has become known covers a wide range of topics central to engineering disciplines. As well as traditional core professional and subject requirements for engineering this document introduces challenges for the future such as sustainability, EDI, and cybersecurity. In addition, there is an expectation that appropriate digital skills for engineers form part of the toolkit for engineers as they move towards chartered engineering status. This paper discusses the digital skills that will enable engineers to develop their skill set as engineering professionals, enhance their employability by developing digital skills in the context of their engineering specialism and ensure that they have the digital skills to enable their activities to contribute to the betterment of society. In the paper the work done to embed digital skills in the engineering curriculum will be discussed. We will then go on to discuss the work done with engineering employers to identify the digital skills expectations for graduates entering employment and finally how the continued professional development process for digital skills can be embraced as engineers move through their careers. The session will conclude with a discussion on how colleagues from the UK and from Malaysia can work together to develop a framework to support engineers in developing their digital skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]