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Numerous human activities and a rapidly growing world population are increasing the demand for freshwater. Fresh water production relies heavily on the use of conventional fuels and is associated with environmental pollution, leading to the need to look for other alternatives such as clean energy (solar energy). There are many villages and rural areas in the world without access to clean water. Many desalination systems have been developed to address this shortcoming. This study describes strategies for increasing clean water solar energy productivity that are currently in commercial and experimental development stages. Solar stills are the most prudent method for delivering new water since they just sudden spike in demand for the energy of the sun, which is promptly accessible in nature. The focus is on technologies that can be used independently, especially those that can be integrated into solar thermal systems. The results show that the solar thermal distillation yield is inversely proportional to the basin water depth and is directly related to the wind speed in the absorbing region, the temperature of the glass covers and the incident solar radiation. Add to the technology used inside and outside the system to improve productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy is increasingly becoming a significant source of clean energy. It harnesses a lot of benefits including the social, environmental, and economic aspects, and increases the progress toward the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Photovoltaic (PV) system installations in rural areas and deserts suffer from dust accumulation on PV surfaces reducing the solar radiation penetration, thus reducing the output generated from the PV system. As a result, in order to maintain consistent performance, PV panels must be cleaned on a frequent and efficient basis. The objective of this paper is to provide a review of dust cleaning methods for solar PV panels with an emphasis on a sustainable perspective for dust separation. There are various cleaning methods, including passive, active, and manual cleaning. This paper shows the progress of current cleaning methods through extensive research. Plenty of research has been done on various cleaning techniques for solar photovoltaic panels. The optimum cleaning method mainly depends on various parameters and the available budget. However, researchers are generally promoting nanofilm coating and robotic systems while considering PV plant size, design, tilt angle, location, water availability at the site, and type of dust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional vehicles operating with internal combustion engines producing emission to the environment. To overcome these problems, replace the conventional fuelbased vehicles with battery operated electric vehicles. For charging electric vehicle, various levels of chargers (L1, L2 and L3) are analyzed to enhance the power rating and charging speed. This paper discusses the Techno-economic assessment of renewable based electric vehicle charging station for electric vehicle (EV) in the location of Hyderabad, India. This paper optimizes suitable renewable sources used for charging electric vehicle in charging station by using HOMER-grid with less emission. Four types of hybrid system like solar/DG, solar/WT, WT/DG and DG are analyzed with grid connection for charging electric vehicle with low cost. The cost of energy(KOE) for solar/WT/grid-based charging station is 4.64 Rs/kWh for charging electric vehicle. Since only solar and wind turbine are used with grid for supplying power, the emission and cost for the proposed model is less. The novelty of this research work is to analyze the charging station in Hyderabad with low cost and less emission to the environment by considering real time solar radiation and wind speed data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on evaluating a standalone, silicon-poly photovoltaic (PV) system designed to power an academic institution. Utilizing PVsyst software (version 7.3.1), renowned for its accurate energy yield assessments and system optimization capabilities, the research examines a 12.96 kW peak power system with a 120V voltage. The system under analysis comprises silicon-poly PV modules, each rated at 540 wP, and is arranged into four models in six strings. The system's design includes integration with a utility meter for grid connection. Performance assessment leverages a weather dataset from the PVsyst database, including solar radiation and ambient temperature parameters. This paper presents an insightful analysis of the system's functionality, underscoring its potential for sustainable electricity provision for educational facilities. In this paper, the simulation of a 13 KW standalone solar power plant in Karbala province, Iraq, is presented with the use of Pvsyst software, and all their performances have been evaluated. Furthermore, this work introduces an opportunity to set up a PV system in a conventional power plant to reduce the site power usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water requirement for watering the garden is an essential factor, therefore maintaining the continued supply is necessary. Pumping water for gardens using Solar panels has been introduced in many applications. However, there is a drawback of using solar panels alone which the optimum time for radiation for Indonesia is around 5 to 6 hours only. Moreover, cloudy conditions could reduce the number of radiation hitting the solar panel. In this paper, the use of Savonius Turbine to pump water mechanically is employed to maximize the supply of water to the garden. The water supply is fed from the Savonius Turbine while when the wind speed is low enough (less than 3 m/s), water supply will be fed from the water reservoir by opening the tap from 50% when the wind speed between 3 to 6 m/s, or 100% when wind speed less than 3 m/s. The tap will be closed when wind speed achieves 6 m/s. This paper aims to investigate the performance of the coordination between the manual pump that is mechanically operated by Savonius Turbine and the level of the opened tap of the water reservoir. The solar panel is operated based on the level of the water reservoir. If the level of water in the reservoir is below 10cm, the DC water pump will operate to fill the reservoir and stop when it's full. The coordination and data acquisition are done and collected by a microcontroller. From the performance test, it could be concluded that the whole system could work properly based on the implemented design and manufacture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parabolic trough power plants are complex hydraulic and thermal systems that use parabolic mirrors to heat a fluid for energy generation. The solar field is divided into several loops through which the fluid flows and is heated. A loop can be more than 600 m long [3] and consists of parabolic mirrors that focus the sun's radiation onto an absorber tube. To achieve the desired outlet temperature, the amount of fluid brought into the solar field can be controlled. The fluid is distributed in the solar field in such a way that approximately the same amount flows through each loop. In case of homogeneously distributed irradiation, e.g. under clear sky conditions, the control with the mass flow works well. Problems may occur in transient conditions such as cloud passing. In this case, shaded loops can receive too much mass flow and the fluid cools down, or loops that are not shaded by a cloud can receive insufficient mass flow and overheat in the process. As an emergency function, the parabolic mirrors are moved out of focus to prevent damage in the event of high temperatures. In order to be able to react better in such situations, a system was developed that provides a better overview of the irradiation in the solar field. A camera system with an all sky imager (ASI) takes pictures of the sky and the software creates spatially resolved irradiation maps. This information can be used in different ways. This paper presents different implementation depths for parabolic trough power plants. The implementation levels range from the ASI system as stand-alone system up to a fully integrated automatic control of the solar field. For each implementation level, the benefits of the provided information are shown and an overview on the implementation for the operator effort is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar photovoltaics (PV) has demonstrated itself to be the most dependable, reliable solar energy source. The output power from solar cells is influenced by the temperature and solar radiation throughout the day, affecting the P-V curve characteristics. A maximum power tracking (MPPT) was achieved to extract maximum power from the PV panel. A comparative analysis between two traditional techniques, P&O and INC and a proposed PSO optimization technique is presented in this paper, based on MPPT efficiency, respond time, oscillation, and its capability to hunt maximum power point (MPP) under changes in irradiance condition and fixed constant temperature at 25°C. These different MPPT algorithms were implemented in MATLAB / Simulink to control the duty cycle of the dc-dc boost converter. Particle swarm optimization has been proven to be more effective than other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freezer and refrigeration plants are among the highest consumers of electric energy because they must provide sufficient cooling capacity. At present, the technical standard for design, the European document for the technical approval of EOTA and the recommendations of refrigeration and logistics associations have to be applied to this area in the conditions of the Czech Republic. The recommendations focus on efficient energy consumption, targeting energy fuels, reducing CO2 emissions, which helps to suppress global warming as a result of climate change. The paper demonstrates the degree of energy savings by numerical modeling due to the shielding of solar radiation acting on the perimeter cladding by structural modification of the outer overhanging façade with a ventilated air layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic purpose of this paper is to design and construct a reliable and low-cost system for generating electricity from the sun which represents the greatest renewable source of energy in nature. To achieve this goal, the system includes four sensors that are used to track down the sun to locate optimum solar radiation, and then send this data to Arduino-Uno which functions as a controlling device for this solar energy system. Next, Arduino signals to the servo DC motors to turn the PV panels to face optimum solar radiation. Matlab program was employed for analysis, calculations, and drawing figures in this research paper. The outcomes of experiments reveal that the tracking photovoltaic panels are superior to the static photovoltaic panels in producing electricity. However, the productive capacity of solar panels decreases when their temperature rises above the desired level. Moreover, windblown dust which daily accumulates on the surface of the PV panels reduces their efficiency. Therefore, the solar system is provided with controlled water sprinklers which serve cooling and cleaning purposes. It has been proved that providing the PV panels with this smart cooling technique can maximize relative power gain by (20.0698%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a review of better performance for the photovoltaic system using different technologies and parameters by considering many factors to get the best design and simulation that could fit the Iraqi atmosphere. These factors are the best energy production by using optimum tilt and azimuth angle, considered the most important parameters for getting the maximum solar radiation and eventually getting the preferable performance which depends on the mathematical model that fits each country. The economic profit for a PV system that the reviewer analysis in each paper for maximizing the solar contribution to a particular load, in addition to the impact of how weather conditions such as temperature, solar radiation intensity, etc. have an impact on solar cell efficiency and productivity.; all these factors besides the stability of the solar cell, the relation of the Self Consumption (SC) Degree of Autarky (DA) and economic-efficiency that effect on the PV system performance. The various orientation enables us to obtain many possibilities that serve the required study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID pandemic affects community activities. The government made a policy of work from home (WFH) from March 2020 up to now. During the pandemic, the home plays an important role as the centre of family activities. Redesigning the home building during the pandemic is the question of this paper. This paper aims to find out the indoor hygrothermal profile of the home building and perceptions of adaptive comfort in the pandemic in Newton Boulevard settlement and to redesign the indoor layout efficiently. The object of this study is the room condition, with field measurement of indoor hygrothermal and air circulation patterns and interview methods were carried out to find out the adaptive thermal and room requirement perception during the pandemic. The results show that the humidity and room temperature during pandemic tends to increase compared to previous conditions. The humidity raised by 20% and 15% for indoor temperature. 73% of the settlement residents are workers, but only about 46% performed their activities at home. Most of them, about 80%, agreed to modify the home building design to gain optimum morning sun radiation and air circulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of the seaweed drying data. We compared the two main approaches to clustering analysis between K-Means and (Partitioning Around Medoid) PAM. In agriculture, Clustering application is the method of finding the new insights in different kind of problems. For enhancement of agriculture, machine learning always seems to be helpful in conversion of raw data into useful information. But in case of outlier presence, machine learning algorithms and techniques could not work well. In this paper, the dataset consisted of 1924 observations are taken for the analysis purpose. The dataset included one dependent variable with 29 different predictors. The variable includes the hourly solar radiation, temperature, humidity, and moisture content. The outliers were found in the dataset. The comparison between PAM and K-Means using both Manhattan and Euclidean distance for internal validity results was evaluated on the performance and evaluation of algorithms in case of outliers. The purpose was to evaluate which used the internal clustering validation on the experimental drying process of seaweed data. The results are beneficial to minimize the outliers data and forecasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper experimentally presents the axial conduction effects throughout the heat pipe wall on a thermosyphon effectiveness. There were two different gravity-assisted heat pipe evacuated tube solar collector (GAHP-ETSC) practically examined; both of them have the same materials, dimensions, and their heat pipes filled with approximately 70% of acetone (as a working fluid). However, the main difference is one of the gravity-assisted heat pipe has a thermal break within the adiabatic section in order to prevent the axial conduction between the condenser and evaporator parts through the heat pipe wall. Also, the two thermosyphons were exposed to various solar radiation intensities and different atmospheric temperatures. The experiments showed that the adiabatic section of the GAHP had decreased the evaporation, condensation, and overall heat transfer coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capacity of solar photovoltaics (PV) installed internationally has exceeded three hundred gigawatts and is increasing annually. As the proportion of solar PV in a country's energy mix increases, the forecasting of available PV power will be crucial. To predict instantaneous and long-term PV power output, It's crucial to comprehend the factors that influence them. By tabulation and graphical explanation, this paper explores the factors and their interlinked influences on solar cells by evaluating the performance of a PV panel 120Wp. This experiment was conducted at Al-Nasiriyah city (31°03' N, 46°16' E), environmental variables include those variables. Solar radiance, shading, angle of tilt. In January, the solar panel tested the effect of solar radiation, shading, and tilt angle on the output power and its performance. At 180˚ south, and 45˚ elevation, the solar panel is omitted. The average of its daily power for a month was 64.355W. The results show that the solar panel operates at maximum efficiency reached 14.97 % during the month. With the increase in solar radiation striking the module maximum power increases which are experimentally obtained at around 12:00 to 1:00 pm. The maximum reduction of power due to shading at 4 pm is 58 %. The efficiency of the photovoltaic panel is influenced by tilt angle. The impact of tilt angle on PV performance is investigated and it was found that the module tilted at the maximum power at 45 degrees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a premier insight into renewable energy, global perspectives, challenges, development, and the environmental impact of solar power in Iraq. Every day, degrees of global sun radiation range from 2000 kWh/m2 to 2500 kWh/m2. The global demand for electricity due to environmental concerns increases the pressure to use alternative, sustainable, and hassle-free power sources. Solar power is an infinite, CO2-free energy source that may be used anywhere in the planet. Solar energy generates 1.4 ×105 TW of power on the earth's surface, as well as around 3.6×104 TW of this electricity is utilized. Global power usage decreased by 3.6 ×104 TW in 2012 to 17 TW. Photovoltaic (PV) cells are critical components for turning solar radiation into electricity. Photovoltaic technology, energy conversion efficiency, economic evaluation, electricity legislation, environmental effect, a wide range of uses, and possibilities, this study goes into great detail on s and development. This painting collects new literature (e.g. research papers, conference proceedings, reports, books) on photovoltaic technology, monetary analysis, environmental impact, and public awareness policies. Due to the fast advancement of PV technology, the assessment determined that PV is a simple approach to harvest solar energy. Finally, this work shows the projects that can be adapted to control the use of renewable electricity systems in standard electricity and in particular solar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To get the OTTV value, you must first calculate the solar radiation value. Solar radiation occurs as a result of the sun's heat being exposed to the surface of the building and then goes inside so that the air temperature inside the building gets hotter. The solar factor is one of the elements of solar radiation which is important in determining the overall thermal transfer value for each outer area of a building. The availability of solar factor data in one place is very important to use for building design purposes. Calculating the solar factor is very difficult, moreover, SNI only contains data for the city of Jakarta. There are several ways to calculate the solar factor, with available SNI tables or by laboratory experiments or direct measurements of sunlight. So to make it easier for the designer, we propose to use the rule of thumb formula. The method used is based on local solar factor data, then a radian angle is made from 0 ° -360 °, which results in an ellipse shape in an equation. This paper concludes that the Rule of thumb formula is very helpful for architects in calculating the SF value and can also complete the table in SNI: 2011, which only contains the SF value for the city of Jakarta, meaning that it only applies in Jakarta, so similar research is needed to get the SF value for other cities in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of the current paper is on the thermal performance of the solar air collector that improved with the vertical obstructions. This research is divided into two parts: experimental and numerical works. Three mass flow rates (0.01531, 0.02321, and 0.02973 kg/s) and a wide range of intensities were examined experimentally. A mathematical model was developed using a finite volume method to validate the accuracy of the numerical computations. The SIMPLE algorithm was used to analyze three-dimensional steady-state, turbulent, and forced flow convection. The results display a significant air temperature difference when the obstacles were added to the absorber surface. The temperature difference was 30 °C with an air mass flow rate of 0.01531 kg/s and solar radiation of 950 W/m2 in the case of adding obstacles, while without obstacles, the maximum temperature difference was 20 °C with the same operating conditions. Furthermore, the maximum thermal efficiency was 75% with an air mass flow rate of 0.02973 kg/s. Also, there was an acceptable difference between the numerical and experimental values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, many researchers have presented various works on the design of standalone PV(SPV) systems. Though from the review of certain works on SPV systems, it was noted that various critical parameters were not considered for the design of the system. In the present work, a detailed design of a standalone PV system based on a practical approach for the all-weather condition is proposed. Generation of power through SPV includes designing, identifying, and determining specifications of various components being used in the system based on the load estimation. The process mentioned earlier mainly depends on factors like, geographical location, type of weather conditions, insolation level of sun, and finally load consumption. Here a detailed outline for the procedure specifying all the components of the standalone photovoltaic system for all-weather conditions based on typical energy requirements is considered. The paper also presents an elaborate cost analysis considering the entire life span of solar PV module installation and maintenance is also considered. The analysis highlights the high initial investment but also presents the ROI amount and substantial dividend gains during the system life span. Thus the presented will act as a helpful resource for designing and installing the SPV for rural and urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work presents construction of a dryer attached hybrid solar flat plate collector (DAHSFPC). The DAHSFPC was utilized for conducting experiments on drying characteristics of agricultural crop of India, byadagi chilli under three types of drying methods like hybrid mode natural convection, hybrid mode forced convection and finally direct sun light exposure mode. Number of studies like intensity of solar radiation, rate of removal of moisture and collector outlet temperature of air etc. has also been presented in this paper. Normally, radiation from sun is the source of generating thermal energy for heating or drying applications and light from sun is the source of generating electrical energy. The DAHSFPC has been tested for the generation of electrical energy and heat energy for operating the chilli dryer. The DAHSFPC was experimented with 14 kilograms of byadagi chilli for drying at different temperatures of air, ranging from 320C to 590C. Initially byadagi chilli with 73% of water content, on the basis of mass, was taken for the experiment and was noted that the water present in the chilli reduced to 11% after 6 days of testing. The experiment was conducted during July 2023. DAHSFPC was tested on all days from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. A relative analysis is also presented for understanding the performance of DAHSFPC, clearly. Hybrid mode forced convection delivered fruitful performance than the remaining two methods of experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper show our preliminary results on solar acitivty effect to the low-latitude Sq field. We analyzed one solar cycle of geomagnetic data observed at Biak station Indonesia during 1992-2004 to show the dependence of Sq field amplitude to solar activity. In this paper, the monthly sunspot number has been used to represent the solar activity. We found that the amplitude of Sq field following the trend of sunspot number. Also, we analyzed the seasonal variation of Sq field and found that the amplitude of Sq field during equinoxes are larger than solstices. This results show that low latitude Sq field are influenced by the solar radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a description of how to use a web based tool employing the ND model by Larrañeta et al. [1]. The tool is suited for downscaling DNI, GHI or coupled DNI and GHI from 1-h to 1-min. It requires only an annual solar radiation dataset in the hourly resolution as input and provides 1-min data in any location without local adaptation. We have applied the tool in three locations with different climates. The similitude between measured and generated DNI distributions has been evaluated through the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test Integral (KSI) for annual synthetic 1-min datasets. Obtained KSI values range from 6.2 W/m2 to 11.5 W/m2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic (PV) energy has recently made significant headway in meeting the world's ever-increasing energy demand. Moreover, to reduce the effect of using fossil fuels. Solar system development and implementation continue to face considerable challenges because to the high cost of PV materials, which continues to be a substantial obstacle. Another obstacle limiting the widespread use of PV systems is the low conversion efficiency of PV modules. As a result, a power converter with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) capacity combined with PV systems is required to advance the technology. This paper presents a detailed review of the MPPT approaches that are currently available, including both uniform insolation and partial shaded circumstances. The possibility of tracking the (MPPT) under the effect of solar irradiation has been demonstrated using conventional MPPT techniques. The difficult of tracking the correct MPP with partial shaded circumstances under conventional techniques. As a result, robust and new algorithms based artificial intelligence have been created that can find the genuine MPP under numerous peaks. MPPT tracking capabilities, design complexity, economic considerations are all factors to consider. This paper analyzes both conventional and stochastic MPPT approaches have been studied and demonstrated in this review paper. In comparison, the tracking performance of stochastic algorithms and artificial intelligence is great. MPPT techniques are still being researched in order to increase their efficiency in terms of tracking efficiency, convenience of use, and cheap system costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, performance investigation of solar power organic Rankine cycle (ORC) coupled with conventional compound parabolic collector have been done. The working fluid Butane/R1234yf is selected for ORC model. Moreover, thermal and exergetic efficiency has been evaluated by varying mass flow rate and solar beam radiation parameters. The modification has been done in ORC structure by incorporating internal heat exchanger. It has been concluded that the exergetic efficiency improved by 12.9% and exergy destruction reduced by 20.23% incorporation of internal heat exchanger. The proposed system may be effectively utilized in remote areas for electrification and fresh water production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the demission of fossil fuels world will suffer electrical generation problem in future. So moving towards renewable energy sources for the generation of electrical power has a necessity. In this paper HOMER software has use for analysis of cost and power output. The solar standalone system, wind standalone system and solar- wind hybrid system for the same load in Datoda village near Indore has analysis by HOMER software. The solar radiation and wind speed of this location has feed in the software. And find the optimized result from the software. In the month of july and august solar was not able to fulfill our demand and only wind did not achieve the required output. Solar-wind hybrid system gives the required result and it also generate surplus amount of electricity and will supply it on grid if required in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic (PV) modules are considered one of the most significant applications of solar energy. It converts some of the solar radiation falling on it into electrical power, and the remaining part of the solar energy is absorbed in the form of heat. Due to the high operating temperature of PV modules, their performance and efficiency decrease. There are also many disadvantages of increasing the temperature of PV like degradation of the power and reducing working life. This review summarises the literature related to cooling PV modules, decreasing the working temperature of the PV module, and air was used as a coolant to improve performance. The air is used to extract heat from the PV module. In this paper, the up-to-date published works related to the various active cooling techniques used for the ambient air and exhausted air from the central air conditioning systems are reviewed. It can be concluded that the active air method is a significant method to reduce the temperature of the PV module, especially the use of the exhausted air from the central air condition system because this exhausted air has a low temperature compared with the ambient air, especially during the summer season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an ARIMA model capable of accurately very short-term forecasting the global solar radiation in the period of 5 minutes time interval. Time series data deployed in analyzed method accounting for three years solar irradiances from 2011 to 2013 was collected from Naresuan University, Phitsanulok province of Thailand. The preparation data sequentially arranged and transformed into a stationary form suitable for a time series model using the Box-Jenkins procedure in the SPSS program. The correlation test of error technique was used to determine the ARIMA parameters. The results show the ARIMA(2, 1, 3) model efficiently forecasts very-short term global solar radiation. RMSE and MAPE are used to determine the model accuracy against the actual data showing 0.9125 and 0.059 respectively on the clear sky day because of smooth trend following sun position, while higher RMSE and MAPE on 6.1368 and 0.2373 respectively on the cloudy day. However, both characteristics show the lower RMSE and MAPE indicate better forecasts. The more forecasted irradiances accuracy is challenged which utilized to plan and regulate an electricity supply to meet the demand load and implementing in the solar power plant design for maximize benefits. The hybrid Neural Network and ARIMA address the limitations and can significantly improve forecasting accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Climate change is the most pressing issue confronting Humanity lack of effective prediction techniques resulting in the damage of infrastructures and resources, collective climate predictions mechanism will not help the mankind we need a selective or personalized prediction techniques which can be more beneficial in predicting the climate changes closely. Natural catastrophes, Temperature analysis is the most essential areas where a personalized prediction techniques plays vital role. Here we are focusing in climate prediction at farms by forecasting solar radiation which climate changes are directly dependent on by using meteorological conditions such as temperature, radiation, pressure, humidity, wind speeds using Machine learning to anticipate the climatic change in advance helps farmers in analyzing natural risks that arise as a result of abrupt climate change. Farmers may use the predictions to schedule seed sowing and pre harvesting according to predictions in safeguarding crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a study of the output electrical and spectral characteristics of subcells of concentrated solar radiation (CSR) converters based on semiconductor materials with the InGaP/InGaAs/Ge before and after electron irradiation with an energy of 7 MeV and a fluence 3×1012 cm−2, 3×1013 cm-2 and 1×1015 cm-2. The spectra of the external quantum efficiency (EQE) and electroluminescence (EL) spectra of the multi-junction CSR converters were analyzed. The degradation curves of the main electrical parameters of the CSR converters were obtained and analyzed: short-circuit current density JSC, open-circuit voltage VOC, maximum power Pmax and efficiency. The change in the diffusion length of the minority charge carrier (CC) of the semiconductor materials of the CSR converter subcells due to electron irradiation was also considered. An improved method for calculating the open-circuit voltage for each subcell of the converter using the optoelectronic spectral reciprocity ratio was proposed and tested. It was shown that despite the greatest current degradation of the Ge subcell as a result of irradiation at a fluence of 1×1015 cm−2, the InGaAs subcell makes the greatest contribution to the power degradation of the device in question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major disadvantage of solar stills of all kinds is that they work only during the day due to their dependency on the heat from solar radiation. To address this problem, thermal energy storage, such as phase change materials, can be used. These materials can store large amounts of thermal energy as latent heat to be used when needed. In this paper, a practical experiment was thus performed using new phase change materials (PVP K30, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and PAA, polyacrylic acid) to attempt to improve the efficiency of solar distillation of pure water from saline. These materials are characterised by their ability to perform the absorption and release of large amounts of heat by changing phase without changing properties. They are readily available on the market, as well as being harmless, and compatible with the substances used. Experiments were conducted at the end of October and the beginning of November for a duration of 14 hours, with work starting at eight in the morning and ending at ten in the evening. The new materials contributed to increasing the distillation time, extending it 4 to 5 hours after sunset, which increased the daily production by 48 to 70%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy saving is a vital method to protect the environment. To cut down the energy usage, a lot of research has been conducted to achieve that target. The solar chimney is one of the renewable energy systems to cool the building based on solar energy. Many factors affect its performance such as solar radiation, the vertical height of the chimney, cavity gap, inlet and outlet size, etc... Nevertheless, the factors that strongly influence the rate of ventilation are solar intensity, the vertical height of the solar chimney. This paper investigated the influence of solar chimney inclination angle using Autodesk CFD. The models with different angles of 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° and 90°, the inlet dimension of 1000mm × 100mm and 2000mm length were developed by Inventor 2018. This study was carried out under the condition at 2:00 pm from January to December, facing South, in Ho Chi Minh city. The results show that the tilted angle of 60° is the best choice because of its high flow rate and steady. However, the flow rate of 45o angle is higher than that of 75° angle from April to August and an average of 5% lower than that of 60° angle in this time. Therefore, the tilted angle of 45° can be another choice for ventilation in summer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atrium is a well and frequently used element in modern multifunctional buildings. A retrospective on atrium design and construction in the world will be given to illustrate how it changed and developed through the course of human history. Based on scientific papers, local and international standards a consolidated definition of the term is given. However, in modern days the term "atrium" has different definitions depending on a country and engineering discipline. For calculation and modeling analysis to find an optimal height of atrium roofing structure a hotel building design with four-sided atrium is taken with location at Dubna, Moscow Oblast. The roof of this atrium has partially glazed translucent cover. Five roofing shapes are taken for comparison: flat, single-pitch, double-pitch, butterfly, trapezoid. List of criteria is chosen for analysis with focus on thermal performance of the atrium cover and insolation & daylight factor for internal spaces of the atrium. Thermal performance calculations are made according to Russian standards & design requirements and using for a reference a skylights manufacturer open-source thermal performance data for a skylight window system. Insolation and Daylight factor are calculated for the abovementioned roofing shapes using computer-aided modelling software (DIALux). Based on the calculations and computer-aided modelling a set of data is obtained, after that it is processed and analyzed to define an optimal solution for atrium roofing based on given criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper provides the thermal regime of a building where it serves as a combination of all factors and processes that determine the thermal situation and the energy efficiency of all rooms. As soon as designing buildings with efficient energy use, it is necessary to apply measures that minimize the load on heating and promote the rational use of solar radiation and environmental heat. The total energy consumption for the production of building materials, construction, operation and demolition of the building, most of the energy is spent on heating and hot water supply during the period of its active operation of the building. Consequently, the practice of designing and constructing buildings with energy efficiency shows the architectural solution, the appearance and expressiveness of facade solutions has a high potential for obtaining a modern architectural solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar air heaters (SAHs) are the most widely used and inexpensive solar energy systems. As the absorbing plate collects solar radiation and transfers heat energy to the passing air, many effective experimental and analytical studies have been conducted on the SAH roughness solar heaters by a number of researchers. The artificial roughness elements that break down the laminar sub-layer at the surface of the absorber plate are detailed in this work in order to optimize heat transfer absorption in the solar air heater duct. in this paper. In this example, we'll look at how different forms of synthetic roughness affect performance and heat transfer. The experiments on this page show how the shape and type of synthetic roughness and its many properties can improve the performance of solar air heaters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high temperature inside the car is one of the most serious issues people experience throughout the summer, particularly in hot regions. The main reason is the solar radiation that hits the cabin after being parked for some time. The thermal behavior of the cabin was studied in this paper. The heat balance equations were used to develop a mathematical model of the cabin. The model accounted for the various heat loads that interact with the cabin's internal climate. The model was validated with experimental data with a low percentage of error. The test findings showed that the air temperature reached 67 °C, while the temperature of the internal components exceeded 70 °C. In comparison to the ambient temperature, which did not surpass 54 °C, these temperatures are relatively high. The effect of some parameters was also investigated. The results indicated that lowering the transmissivity from 1 to 0.2 resulted in a 21% reduction in air temperature. The influence of color was also studied, and it was shown that dark colors absorb more solar radiation, resulting in a 15% temperature rise for a black car than a white car. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an experimental study of the performance of solar Nano fluid heating system by using Al2O3 Nano liquids as working liquid and also the effect of nanoparticles on the solar Nano liquid heating system. To obtain a higher thermal conductivity of the liquid, the efficiency of the solar collector can be improved as compared to that of distilled water. The approach used in this study to improve heat transfer and pressure drop by using spirally coiled tube heat exchange in solar apparatus and Nano fluid instead of base liquid (distilled water).one nanoparticles are used for exploration with different concentrations (i.e. 1, 3 and 5% by volume), the volume flow rate (12, 24, 36 L / min) and the important working fluid used to be distilled water. The effect, of Al2O3 with distilled water as the base fluid on the effectivity of the photo voltaic collector for unique extent glide fees (12, 24, 36 L / min) used to be as soon as investigated.The experimental penalties showed that the attention at (1% volume) tested non-significant effects in contrast to distilled water, whilst the effects indicated that the cocentration of 5% vol has a widespread have an impact on the photo voltaic collector performance. Nano fluid sorts are a predominant difficulty in enhancing heats change and enhancing the vacuum tube overall performance of the photo voltaic collector. A Clear extend in efficiency and thermal obtain used to be observed the use of picture voltaic reflectors can be viewed as a primer for accumulating solar power at some stage in the heating season that can make contributions to image voltaic electrical energy ranging from (40% to 80%(of the total solar radiation incident, due to the fact the reflector concentrates both the diffuse and direct radiation of the sun toward the collector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present the approach to numerical simulation of the radiation effects in Silicon solar cells with GEANT4 software. Improvements to solar cell radiation hardness are critical for power generation applications in long-term space missions. When solar cells are used in outer space or in Lunar environment, they are subject to bombardment by high-energy particles, which induce a degradation referred to as radiation damage. A family of predictive models for radiation effects induced by high energy protons in a silicon solar cell structure have been developed using a number of software tools [7]. Simulation of electron radiation effects in solar cells is equally required, but was still missing due the abbsence of the software. GEANT4 is a software toolkit for the simulation of the passage of particles through matter. GEANT4 has both electron and proton radiation simulation capability, that makes it attractive to apply to solar cells simulation. Performed and presented in this paper numerical experiments demonstrate that GEANT4 can be used for simulation of silicon solar cell radiation effects, that was not possible before with other software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of a scalable absorber, which efficiently converts shortwave radiation to heat energy, is the foundational requirement for viable solar energy harvesting. Plasmonic and nano-particle are the solution, which can attain technical and economic requirement of the absorber. However, the issue of scalability and performance need to be enhanced to a greater extent. This paper demonstrates an auto-catalytic reaction based, electroless multistep immersion deposit technique for manufacturing of plasmonic nano-particle based solar shortwave radiation absorber. The technique, which can enable controlled assemblage of nano-particle layers on an aluminium substrate to achieve excellent absorptance and abatement of thermal emittance. The present work reports a scaled-up absorber, which can obtain mean determined absorptance of 0.93 at 80°C and thermal emittance of 0.06 at 80°C for shortwave radiation of 300 nm to 1800 nm wavelengths. Because of the porous structure of nano-particle deposit, the absorber shows excellent mechanical and thermal properties at high temperature up to 120°C.This paper reports a plasmonic absorber with aluminium (EC1100 grade) mini-channel heat receiver as a substrate, the most novel and practical plasmonic solar absorber reported till date. The distinct scalable fabrication technique combined with enhanced performance guide it towards inexpensive, large- scale manufacturing of plasmonic solar thermal heat receiver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chance to use sunlight as a clean source of energy has arisen as a result of a gradual rise in user requests for eco-friendly power sources and severe government laws for their usage, because its production from a renewable, natural, and eco-friendly resource, in this paper, the performances characteristics of the liquid pumping unit were investigated experimentally when running the laboratory pumping rig by photovoltaic power system under various operating conditions. The study checks the best tilt angle to maximize the output energy. Tests have been performed under various tilt angles 45° and 32°, with a sunny weather condition and within a period between (11:00:00 AM to 4:00:00 PM). The experimental results of the work show that the best PV panel tilt angle to produce maximum power output was at 32˚, also, output power was proportional to radiation, increasing the irradiance will increase the output power of the PV panels. In addition, storing energy into the battery was compensate source of power to continue the pump running during reduced solar radiation. The daily output of the solar pumping system varies according to the amount of direct sunlight that falls on the solar panel, that mean with the increased sunlight the water pumping increased about 24.9 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, some renewable energy researchers have their attention directed toward the possibilities of harnessing the tornado energy concept by creating an artificial vortex utilizing solar energy for electrical power generation. Given this concept trend, a new Solar Vortex Engine (SVE) was proposed, designed, and simulate at the University of Technology – Iraq (UOT). In this paper, a computational simulation was used in the ANSYS 2020 R1 program to simulate the influence of solar intensity on the vortex updraft velocity generated. Initial boundary parameters have been included for SVE geometry, intake velocity, and different solar radiation (400, 700, and 1000) W/m2, while the outlet parameter is listed as a vortex updraft velocity. The CFD results and validation showed the direct effects of radiation concentration on the air velocity of the ascending vortex, which increased by 37% when the solar intensity went from 400 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effect of injecting micro bubbles of air into a flowing water stream in copper tube of 8-meter length with a wavy design and a diameter of 0.0125 meter has been studied. The solar collector's inner surface moreover, coated with matte black paint that includes thermal die and 5% of TiN (Titanium Nitrate) nanoparticles to enhance the ability of solar radiation absorption. The solar collector's performance was evaluated. The experimental rig was designed and built in Karbala-Iraq, latitude (32.6160 oN) and longitude (44.0249 oE) within the first four months of the year. The air was introduced into the tubes through a venturi device, which mixed with the water and then flowed together inside the solar water collecting tube. The first section of the experiment involved only four various levels of water flow (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2) L/min, while the second section involved a water flow with injection of air bubbles at three different levels (0.25, 0.35) L/min. The result showed that as the rate of mass flow is reduced, the outgoing temperature rises, resulting in a rise the difference in temperature between the entrance and the output temperatures in both the incoming and departing systems. The largest temperature difference was 6.6 oC for opened system and 9.1 oC for closed system. But the small flow rate showed that the collector efficiency is decrease. Also, the results shows that the best efficiency for opened system at 1 liter per minute and 2 liter per minute for closed system. The average efficiency in the closed system was (65.57 %) at water and air bubble flow rate of 2 L/min and 0.35 L/min, respectively. The average efficiency of the opened system was (39.27 %) for water and air bubble flow rate of 1 L/min and 0.25 L/min, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most used instrument for solar energy harvesting is flat plate solar collector (FPSC). To improve the performance FPSC to get the optimal energy multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) used on flat plate solar collector. This study describes the effect of synthesis of MWCNT-water based with concentrate ratio variations 0,1%, 0,3%, 0,5% and light intensity variations 415 W/m2, 515 W/m2 and 615 W/m2 with radiation from the sun simulator of 750 W/m2. Every light intensity was tested with different MWCNT-water nanofluids with concentrate variations 0,1%, 0,3%, 0,5%. The test was carried out 52 times for the collection of experimental data to provide valid test result. This study provides significant results on the use of nanofluids as a substitute for 0.5% multi-wall carbon nanotubes-water as a heat transfer fluid in improving the thermophysical properties that are superior to the base fluid. Increased light intensity and volume of nanoparticles also provide significant results on the performance of FPSC. In this paper, the greatest efficiency was found in the use of nanofluids and radiation intensity of 615 W/m2 with a volume of 0.5% nanoparticles with an efficiency of 90.45%. Increasing the fraction of nanoparticles into nanofluids provides the greatest efficiency-enhancing effect on the performance of FPSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract-As we all know that most of the electricity generated by fossil fuels. In view of increasing the demand of electricity in domestic, industrial, agriculture and commercial purposes. We are looking for alternate source, which is solar power generating by PV cells. Solar power generation depends on the availability of solar radiation and temperature throughout the day. MPPT method is used to generate more power and this technique is environmentally friendly. Various methods are there to control MPPT, which are AI, FLC, NN, Constant V/I and PO (Perturb and observe) methods. This paper explains modeling, simulation of MPPT algorithm for PV array using boost converter. At the end results obtained in MATLAB using Simulink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertical farming (VF) allows for more plants to be cultivated in a particular land area, maximizing land-use efficiency. VF employs multileveled shelves enabling crops to be planted at each level. This paper aims to develop an optimization model that could generate a required setup of a vertical shelf that would meet the sunlight requirements of strawberries. Firstly, the simulation model was developed using Rhino (Rhinoceros) software with Grasshopper plugin, which can predict the sunlight availability at each VF shelf level. The model is validated by the experiment in Chiang Mai province, Thailand, at an elevation higher than 310 m above mean sea level. The experiment set up of the VF shelf with three levels was constructed, and the solar radiation values were recorded and validated against the radiation predicted by the model. The validated model is used to simulate the sunlight radiation on each level of the shelf for different shelf designs with varying vertical spacings between each level. These sets of predicted radiation values and vertical spacings are used to train the ANN (Artificial Neural Network) model. The ANN simulation model was developed using MATLAB software with Simulink and Neural Net Fitting App. The trained ANN model has an MSE (Mean Squared Error) of 0.00019621 and an R (the correlation coefficient) value of 0.9992. As a result, the optimization model could successfully give out the vertical spacing between each level of the VF shelf with an input of desired sunlight availability on each level. For the PPFD (Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density) of 600 µmol/m2/s on both levels, the spacing should be 51.34 cm from the top to the middle (y1) and 48.69 cm from the middle to the bottom (y2). To receive 600 and 500 µmol/m2/s on the middle and bottom level respectively, the levels should be placed 66.77 cm (y1) and 30.89 cm (y2) apart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar air heater (SAH) an economical and eco-friendly thermal system for drying products and have been used in plenty in the agricultural sector. This paper deals with a comparative study on the performance evaluation of SAH with and without thermoelectric generator (TEG) to self powered the system to create forced circulation using self power and external power. Extensive theoretical analyses for agricultural produces were observed. With the inclusion of the TEG module, there was an energy savings and an improving the drying performance with respect to the decrease in moisture content. It is concluded that with TEG gives 32.50% higher solar drying efficiency than without TEG without any additional solar radiation input. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weather parameters have rather close relation with energy especially electricity. Parameters such as solar radiation and wind speed has been used in predicting energy yield from solar photovoltaic and wind power plant while other parameters such as air temperature and relative humidity can affect electricity usage which in turns incorporated in electricity system demand forecasting. Reanalysis weather data is commonly used in those applications related to electricity due to the availability and completeness of data. However, reanalysis data is often deviate from the real value measured on site. In this paper, reanalysis weather data from ECWMF is evaluated using respective ground measured data using bias measurement parameter. These data then calibrated with two simple calibration methods and reevaluated. By evaluating and calibrating reanalysis weather data with ground measured data we will obtain a closer to real value weather parameter data while maintaining the availability and completeness of the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current period, the solar energy system has become the most important source of renewable energy, such as wind, fuel cells, and others. The need for it has increased greatly, so that it is relied upon in many services, industrial and agricultural fields, etc. With the increase in demand for solar energy, it leads us to develop and increase its efficiency and improve its performance in various ways. One of these ways is the interest in the monitoring system, which has received great attention from researchers and designers recently. Wireless monitoring systems have been linked with photovoltaic systems and display them on a platform in a more clear and easy way for the user. The design and implementation of a wireless data acquisition system for a photovoltaic panel system is discussed in this paper. based on the ATmega328P microcontroller integrated with the Arduino Uno board, In the proposed monitoring system, the Bluetooth technology was relied on to receive the values of the variables or parameters to be measured by the sensors that were previously determined, namely temperature, humidity, solar radiation, voltage, current, and power, and then display the results taken on smart phones and tablets running Android operating systems using the APK application. The proposed system is characterized by its low cost, simple design, open source, real-time measurement, developable, efficient, high accuracy, reliable, and practical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy focuses on transforming natural energy, such as solar energy that uses advanced technology to replace conventional energy by producing cleaner energy for reducing carbon emissions. Malaysia receives average solar radiation of 400-600 MJ/m2 per month, which has a high potential to harness solar energy. However, only 2% of Malaysia's energy was generated by renewable energy sources in 2019. Even though incentives have been introduced by the Malaysian government to encourage small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to install solar photovoltaic (PV) systems on their rooftops, the take-up for the installation among SMEs is still at a slow pace. Hence, questions arise as to whether the SMEs would adopt the solar PV system since they have traditionally been recognised as late adopters of advanced technology. This paper presents the case of Company ZKY, one of the Malaysian SMEs, to explore their reasons for adopting a solar PV system. The findings suggest peer influence, top management support, ability to obtain a loan and expected return on investment, and benefit of the solar PV system itself as to why the company's adoption of a solar PV system occurs. This paper provides insights into the initial effort to explore the basis for a solar PV system adoption in a Malaysian SME. The outcomes bring forth valuable lessons to drive the adoption of the solar PV system among Malaysian SMEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses issues related to the development and operation of autonomous installations on photovoltaic cells. Typical structure of an autonomous power plant is described. The authors consider the methodology for assessing insolation on an inclined surface, insolation is assessed for the Kaliningrad region, Russia. The paper describes a developed computer model of an autonomous power plant and presents the results of its operation. A prototype of an autonomous power plant is described. Authors assess its operation during the year and make a conclusion of the use of this power plant in the conditions of the Kaliningrad region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optical design development of beam-down heliostat fields is complex and timewasting. It requires the use of an optical design software package in order to evaluate the interactions between light and surfaces and the solar divergence effects. This paper proposes a three-step procedure devoted to design a beam-down heliostat field taking into account the actual technical constraints; in particular, the shaping of the field starts from the request to have a sufficient uniformity irradiance on the internal surfaces of the receiver. The procedure is applied to an effective field simulation in order to allow a better understanding of its different phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an approach to analyze the performance of a liquid flat plate collector which is used to raise the temperature of water by utilizing solar radiation. With the help of some basic equation of heat transfer and equations related to calculation of the intensity of solar radiations, the study has been done to determine the rise in temperature of water for domestic and commercial purposes for the Indore region with longitude 77°50' east and latitude 22°44' north of Madhya Pradesh, India. For analysis liquid flat plate collector with 100-litre capacity has been considered and results have been used for further calculation in saving electricity for various months of the year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]