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The progress and development of information technology has opened up one form of nuclear crime, namely computer crime. The Stuxnet incident that occurred in 2010 is one example of cyber incidents related to nuclear security. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as an international regulatory body has paid attention to computer security as outlined in one of the important elements in NSS 20 - Objective and Essentials Elements of a State’s Nuclear Security Regime. The security aspect itself is one of the aspects emphasized in Act Number 10 of 1997 concerning Nuclear Energy. Government Regulation Number 54 of 2012 concerning Nuclear Installation Safety and Security outlines a more detailed discussion of nuclear installation security, which is a more specific discussion on safety in the aspect of physical protection regulated in Regulation of the Head of the Nuclear Power Supervisory Agency Number 1 of 2009 concerning Installation Physical Protection Systems and Nuclear Materials. However, all of these regulations still do not explicitly mention computer security. This paper was prepared to provide recommendations that can be used in the preparation of regulations and guidelines related to computer security in nuclear installations. This paper was prepared using the main reference NSS 17 - Computer Security at Nuclear Facilities which was perfected by the review of Regulatory Guide 5.71 - Cyber Security Programs for Nuclear Facility, CSA N290.7-14 - Cyber Security for Nuclear Power Plants and Small Reactor Facilities, and REGDOC-2.5.2. - Design of Reactor Facilities: Nuclear Power Plants. From the results of the study, it was concluded that several things that need to be considered as required regarding computer security are the establishment of a computer security team, the preparation of a computer security plan, a graded approach to computer security, and risk assessment.

The main objective of ICAAM is to promote and inspire new developments in mathematics and mathematical applications. For reaching our goal, we provide a forum for researchers and scientists who are working in the fields of Analysis and Applied Mathematics to share and exchange their ideas and recent research works. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented challenges both for people and the math society. We are deeply saddened to hear the loss of previous ICAAM series participants. For being strong during the pandemic, as ICAAM community, we encourage one another to continue our research. This volume is one of the fruitful results of this encouragement. This volume is a collection of 70 selected extended abstracts. These papers are presented at the Fifth International Conference on Analysis and Applied Mathematics (ICAAM 2020) which was held in North Cyprus, Turkey. The selection of the papers included in this volume is based on an international peer review procedure. The selected extended abstracts examine wide ranging and cutting edge developments in various areas of Analysis and Applied Mathematics. The papers give a taste of current research. We feel the variety of topics will be of interest to both graduate students and researchers. K-5442-2015 55334518800

This paper focuses on the literature review of construction industry towards the Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0). It is not easy for construction industry to adapt to the new technology which mostly based on internet of things (IOT), internet of service, big data and etc. However, the recent devastating Covid 19 outbreak more or less has opened the eyes of the construction industry towards IR 4.0 due to the movement control order (MCO). The impact of Covid 19 forces all the industries including construction industry to move toward IR 4.0. Some of the elements to support the construction industry to move toward IR 4.0 are discussed in this paper including Building Information Modeling (BIM), the use of drone or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAE) to monitor construction site, virtual meeting among stakeholders and the use of prefabrication works such as Industrial Building System (IBS). Systematic and efficient construction works can be achieved by implementing the elements of IR 4.0 in construction industry.

This paper is proposing the approach, methodology and applications of commercially viable Solar Thermal absorber surfaces e.g. Alumina i.e. Anodised Aluminium Oxide (AAO/Al2O3) with an aim to explore more research and development in solar thermal energy harvesting with integrated or hybrid applications. For Single Sun both the Anodising process parameters as well as the surface roughness conditions can be optimised with Infra Red Thermography (IRT) under Single Sun solar field. The surface finishing process can improve solar thermal performance of Hard Anodized Aluminium Oxide (HAAO) coating. Also, varying degree of roughness 5.0 > Ra > 0.05 µm imparted by emery papers range #45 to #2000 can lower the surface temperature gained in the solar field as compared to unprocessed substrate or buffing or super finishing processed substrate having Ra value ∼0.05µm. Also found that HAAO coatings perform better thermal gain as compared to organic dyed non-HAAO coatings on Aluminium substrate, and are most stable in solar field for many years in open air environment without degrading their performance.

The paper focuses on overview of recent developments of the technology of roller compacted concrete (RCC) dams. It briefly summarizes the evolution of the technology and its early application and presents conceptual changes in major design and construction features which resulted from over forty years of application in different countries. The paper also discusses the future possible extension of application of the technology for appurtenant structures of dams especially for rehabilitation works with respect to the advantages of the RCC. As an example of such application the case of rapid reconstruction of the chute of the Oroville dam which was heavily damaged during spring flood in 2017 is presented.

Tool wear is one in all the foremost necessary issues in cutting Ti alloys thanks to the high-cutting temperature and robust adhesion. Recently, the high-speed machining method has become a subject of nice interest for Ti alloys, not solely as a result of it will increase material removal rates, however, additionally as a result of it will completely influence the properties of the finished work piece. However, the method could lead to the rise of cutting force and cutting temperature which can accelerate tool wear. In this paper, turning experiments of Ti-6Al-4V alloy were conducted at high speeds using both uncoated and coated carbide tools. The obtained results show that the cutting force will increase considerably at higher cutting speed whether or not the cutter is an uncoated inorganic compound or TiN/TiAlN physical Vapour deposition (PVD)-coated inorganic compound. For uncoated carbide tools, the mean flank temperature is almost constant at a higher cutting speed, and no obvious abrasion wear or fatigue can be observed. However, for TiN/TiAlN PVD-coated carbide tools, the mean flank temperature always increases as the increase of cutting speed, and serious abrasion wear can be observed. In conclusion, the cutting performance of uncoated inserts is comparatively higher than TiN/TiAlN PVD-coated inserts at a better cutting speed.Tool wear is one in all the foremost necessary issues in cutting Ti alloys thanks to the high-cutting temperature and robust adhesion. Recently, the high-speed machining method has become a subject of nice interest for Ti alloys, not solely as a result of it will increase material removal rates, however, additionally as a result of it will completely influence the properties of the finished work piece. However, the method could lead to the rise of cutting force and cutting temperature which can accelerate tool wear. In this paper, turning experiments of Ti-6Al-4V alloy were conducted at high speeds using both uncoated and coated carbide tools. The obtained results show that the cutting force will increase considerably at higher cutting speed whether or not the cutter is an uncoated inorganic compound or TiN/TiAlN physical Vapour deposition (PVD)-coated inorganic compound. For uncoated carbide tools, the mean flank temperature is almost constant at a higher cutting speed, and no obvious abrasion wear or fa...

As various international and government institutions have decreed that electronic devices must adhere to electromagnetic safety standards before they enter the market, electromagnetic shielding has become an important aspect of design considerations. Various materials at different price points have specific characteristics that may cause them to become either optimal or ill-fitting for specific applications, however, testing their shielding capability can be difficult without the expensive equipment in testing facilities. In this paper, a handheld electromagnetic (EM) meter was used in a simplified test set up to assess the shielding effectiveness of 6 shielding materials: silver sleeve, steel mesh, conductive ABS, Al tape, and Al metallised film. Silver sleeve, Al tape, and Al metallised film were chosen to shield a robotic medical device based on their shielding capability, cost-effectiveness, and design flexibility. The CISPR 11 radiated emissions test results of the robotic medical device validated the shielding effectiveness of the materials chosen showing that the handheld EM meter was able to assess the materials’ shielding capability.As various international and government institutions have decreed that electronic devices must adhere to electromagnetic safety standards before they enter the market, electromagnetic shielding has become an important aspect of design considerations. Various materials at different price points have specific characteristics that may cause them to become either optimal or ill-fitting for specific applications, however, testing their shielding capability can be difficult without the expensive equipment in testing facilities. In this paper, a handheld electromagnetic (EM) meter was used in a simplified test set up to assess the shielding effectiveness of 6 shielding materials: silver sleeve, steel mesh, conductive ABS, Al tape, and Al metallised film. Silver sleeve, Al tape, and Al metallised film were chosen to shield a robotic medical device based on their shielding capability, cost-effectiveness, and design flexibility. The CISPR 11 radiated emissions test results of the robotic medical device validated th...

Brick is the most important building material and brick kilns are a large source of environmental pollution. Most of the kilns used to produce the brick in Bangladesh are backdated and energy inefficient. These poorly performed brick kilns lead to high Green House Gas (GHG) emission and sub-standard brick quality. The objective of this paper is to analyze the brick making sectors of Bangladesh and to come up with a concrete recommendation for an energy efficient and environment friendly brick kiln. To evaluate the performance of these conventional kilns, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation approach is applied. CFD analysis helps to simulate the temperature profile of the brick kilns, the mass flow fractions of CO2 and NOx emissions at the outlet, and also the air velocity profile inside the kiln. Turbulence, Combustion and Radiation models are adopted to establish a realistic Tunnel kiln environment using ANSYS FLUENT. Using this software detailed analysis of tunnel kiln is done and a comparative analysis between FCK and Zigzag kiln is also presented in this paper.

A single crystal CVD diamond detector with graphitic wire electrodes running beneath the diamond surface has been fabricated. This detector design is novel in that there is no surface metallisation present within the active region, and so the detector is a uniquely transmissive X-ray beam diagnostic instrument. This detector is designed to simultaneously measure the position, profile, and flux of an incident beam. It has applications in beam position and profile monitoring, and active beam feedback and stabilisation. To achieve this, a short-pulse laser, focused to micron-sizes using adaptive optics, can be used to graphitise arbitrary wire paths within bulk diamond. Presented in this paper is a transmissive X-ray pixel detector design with a 50-micrometre pixel pitch created using this technique. This pixel detector is produced by fabricating two separate arrays of parallel wires running under the surface of a diamond plate. The two arrays run perpendicular to each other, and parallel to the diamond surface. They are separated within the material by a depth of 100 microns. The parallel wires within each array are separated by 50-microns, and this is what determines the pixel pitch. Each of the crossing points between two wires from each array acts as a pixel. The signal from each pixel may be read out by measuring the signal current from each wire in one array whilst applying a bias voltage alternately to each wire in the other, perpendicular array. Alternatively, it is proposed to modulate the bias applied to each wire at a different frequency, from which the 2-dimensional beam profile may also be measured using a lock-in technique. This paper will provide an overview of the fabrication techniques for this first prototype detector, and provide a discussion of signal readout methods that will be used. An outline of the planned experimental tests is given.A single crystal CVD diamond detector with graphitic wire electrodes running beneath the diamond surface has been fabricated. This detector design is novel in that there is no surface metallisation present within the active region, and so the detector is a uniquely transmissive X-ray beam diagnostic instrument. This detector is designed to simultaneously measure the position, profile, and flux of an incident beam. It has applications in beam position and profile monitoring, and active beam feedback and stabilisation. To achieve this, a short-pulse laser, focused to micron-sizes using adaptive optics, can be used to graphitise arbitrary wire paths within bulk diamond. Presented in this paper is a transmissive X-ray pixel detector design with a 50-micrometre pixel pitch created using this technique. This pixel detector is produced by fabricating two separate arrays of parallel wires running under the surface of a diamond plate. The two arrays run perpendicular to each other, and parallel to the diamond surf...

Based on its superior characteristics and to provide core outlet temperature no less than 1000 °C for thermochemical hydrogen production, ZrC becomes a promising candidate to replace SiC coating layer of TRISO coated fuel particles. This paper aimed to study the neutronic effect of utilizing TRIZO coated fuel particles on core characteristics of experimental power reactor. A series of calculations were performed with MCNP6 code and ENDF/B-VII library. The calculation results show that replacement of SiC with ZrC will result in slightly decreased value in effective multiplication reactor (keff), slightly increased value in control rod worth and shutdown margin reactivity, and somewhat more negative value in temperature coefficient of reactivity. The effective delayed neutron fraction (βeff) in ZrC core presents lower values than in SiC core which cause a reduction in the ability to control the reactor. However, the reduced controllability via the lower βeff of ZrC core can be compensated by its favourable temperature coefficient and shutdown margin reactivity. These results conclude that replacing SiC with ZrC particles into experimental power reactor would have considerable impact and benefit from the viewpoint of reactor operational safety.Based on its superior characteristics and to provide core outlet temperature no less than 1000 °C for thermochemical hydrogen production, ZrC becomes a promising candidate to replace SiC coating layer of TRISO coated fuel particles. This paper aimed to study the neutronic effect of utilizing TRIZO coated fuel particles on core characteristics of experimental power reactor. A series of calculations were performed with MCNP6 code and ENDF/B-VII library. The calculation results show that replacement of SiC with ZrC will result in slightly decreased value in effective multiplication reactor (keff), slightly increased value in control rod worth and shutdown margin reactivity, and somewhat more negative value in temperature coefficient of reactivity. The effective delayed neutron fraction (βeff) in ZrC core presents lower values than in SiC core which cause a reduction in the ability to control the reactor. However, the reduced controllability via the lower βeff of ZrC core can be compensated by its favourable ...

Red Mud is a dust-like and high alkalinity waste material produced during the production of alumina from Bauxite ore by Bayer Process. Nearly 1 – 2.5 tons of Red mud, which consists of various oxides are produced per ton of alumina. The current practice is the disposal into long-term-storage sites, which is a major environmental problem throughout the world. Now the question comes: why to throw this valuable material as industrial waste and create environmental pollution instead of reusing it. This paper examines various possibilities of exploitation and utilization of Red Mud.Red Mud is a dust-like and high alkalinity waste material produced during the production of alumina from Bauxite ore by Bayer Process. Nearly 1 – 2.5 tons of Red mud, which consists of various oxides are produced per ton of alumina. The current practice is the disposal into long-term-storage sites, which is a major environmental problem throughout the world. Now the question comes: why to throw this valuable material as industrial waste and create environmental pollution instead of reusing it. This paper examines various possibilities of exploitation and utilization of Red Mud.

This paper presents developments contributing to the improvement of thermo-reactive deposition (TRD) process in producing hard carbide layers, on automotive components application. The problem in using FeV powder as a coating material that has been applied in the industries is it is high cost. In this study, FeCr powder coating material was mixed into FeV powder with a ratio of 35:65 weight percent. The SUJ2 steel pins components are processed at 980° C, with varying TRD time was 4,6,8 and 10 hours. Scanning Electron microscope (SEM), Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were applied to analyze the coating layers. The thickness of the carbide layer formed will increase with the longer processing time, which thickness at 4-10 hours is increase from 22.7 to 29.7 micron. The gained thickness tends to be homogeneous. Increasing the TRD process holding time results in a higher hardness of the carbide layerwith hardness at 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours is 2049, 2184, 2175 and 2343 HV. The wear rate at TRD holding time of 4-10 hours with the Ogoshi method was reduced from 5.1 × 10-4 mm3/m to 2.5 × 10-4 mm3/m. Optical microscope observations shows that substrate phases consisting of pearlite and cementite and grains that tend to enlarge with the addition of time. Carbide compounds that are formed are vanadium carbide (V8C7, V6C5, V2C) and chromium carbide (Cr3C2, Cr23C7, Cr3C7). While EDS-Linescan results show complex phase (Fe, V, Cr) xC formed. The research shows that addition of FeCr into FeV powder in TRD process in 980°C with optimum time of 10 hours processing meet the mechanical properties requirement of automotive components.This paper presents developments contributing to the improvement of thermo-reactive deposition (TRD) process in producing hard carbide layers, on automotive components application. The problem in using FeV powder as a coating material that has been applied in the industries is it is high cost. In this study, FeCr powder coating material was mixed into FeV powder with a ratio of 35:65 weight percent. The SUJ2 steel pins components are processed at 980° C, with varying TRD time was 4,6,8 and 10 hours. Scanning Electron microscope (SEM), Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were applied to analyze the coating layers. The thickness of the carbide layer formed will increase with the longer processing time, which thickness at 4-10 hours is increase from 22.7 to 29.7 micron. The gained thickness tends to be homogeneous. Increasing the TRD process holding time results in a higher hardness of the carbide layerwith hardness at 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours is 2049, 2184, 2175 and 2343 HV. The wea...

Now a days red emitting Mn4+ activated dialkali fluorosilicate phosphors have found applications in solid state lighting and displays. In this paper we describe development of K2SiF6 phosphor doped with Mn synthesized by simple method using Si metal powder with addition of oxidizing agent KMnO4. The photoluminescence spectra of K2SiF6:Mn show that emission is in the red region. In addition to this we studied LED spectra by coating the LED with phosphor mixed in different proportions with epoxy.Now a days red emitting Mn4+ activated dialkali fluorosilicate phosphors have found applications in solid state lighting and displays. In this paper we describe development of K2SiF6 phosphor doped with Mn synthesized by simple method using Si metal powder with addition of oxidizing agent KMnO4. The photoluminescence spectra of K2SiF6:Mn show that emission is in the red region. In addition to this we studied LED spectra by coating the LED with phosphor mixed in different proportions with epoxy.

A method of thermal reduction of graphene oxide has been developed. Samples of paper-like graphene oxide film produced by the standard Hummers method were experienced by thermal processing at various temperatures which resulted in a partial reduction of graphene oxide which accompanied with an enhancement of the conductivity of this material. The most pronounced jump in the conductivity occurs at the annealing temperature of about 170°C, when the conductivity of the samples increased by 5 orders of magnitude comparing to the initial samples. The samples of partially reduced graphene oxide obtained were used for reinforcement of a steel surface. The reinforcement procedure was described in detail in the preceding work [1], where fullerene C60 and nanocarbon soot formed as a result of electrical arc sputtering followed by the extraction of fullerenes were used as a reinforcing coating. A film of partially reduced graphene oxide is applied on a steel surface after which the surface is experienced by laser. The dependences of the reinforcement degree on the degree of the graphene oxide reduction and the laser intensity are measured. The results of measurements indicate a notable (up to 400 %) enhancement of the microhardness of the surface processed so that the depth of the reinforcement layer accounts tens micrometers.A method of thermal reduction of graphene oxide has been developed. Samples of paper-like graphene oxide film produced by the standard Hummers method were experienced by thermal processing at various temperatures which resulted in a partial reduction of graphene oxide which accompanied with an enhancement of the conductivity of this material. The most pronounced jump in the conductivity occurs at the annealing temperature of about 170°C, when the conductivity of the samples increased by 5 orders of magnitude comparing to the initial samples. The samples of partially reduced graphene oxide obtained were used for reinforcement of a steel surface. The reinforcement procedure was described in detail in the preceding work [1], where fullerene C60 and nanocarbon soot formed as a result of electrical arc sputtering followed by the extraction of fullerenes were used as a reinforcing coating. A film of partially reduced graphene oxide is applied on a steel surface after which the surface is experienced by laser. T...

Erosion-corrosion is common engineering problem causes a deterioration failure in many industries including oil and gas production, drilling, process and transportation of minerals including oil sands. This paper highlights fine particles erosion studies on two materials of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and carbon steel under wet sand impact conditions frequently encountered on pipeline surfaces of hydrocarbon production industry. In this study, we perform an experiment to study the influence of fine particle on erosion characteristics of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and carbon steel. In the experimental setup, a closed loop wet erosion technique was adopted, in which the flow speed of a carrier medium was set to be 0.09 m/s and the configuration of the rectangular plate were specified for three impact angles of 30°, 90° and -30° with fine particle sizes of 60 µm. Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM), hardness test and roughness test of the eroded specimens were conducted to understand characterization of the target surface. SEM and hardness analysis revealed that for carbon steel, the surface of sample angled at 90° encountered significant erosions under impact conditions. It was noticed that hardness of HDPE was not affected at 90° and it encountered less surface roughness loss compared to carbon steel.Erosion-corrosion is common engineering problem causes a deterioration failure in many industries including oil and gas production, drilling, process and transportation of minerals including oil sands. This paper highlights fine particles erosion studies on two materials of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and carbon steel under wet sand impact conditions frequently encountered on pipeline surfaces of hydrocarbon production industry. In this study, we perform an experiment to study the influence of fine particle on erosion characteristics of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and carbon steel. In the experimental setup, a closed loop wet erosion technique was adopted, in which the flow speed of a carrier medium was set to be 0.09 m/s and the configuration of the rectangular plate were specified for three impact angles of 30°, 90° and -30° with fine particle sizes of 60 µm. Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM), hardness test and roughness test of the eroded specimens were conducted to understand characterizat...

This paper describes the results of an experimental investigation aimed to st udy the machinability of AA7075 T6 (160 HV) for aerospace industry at high cutting speeds. The paper investigates the effects of different lubri-cooling strategies (cryogenic, M QL and dry) during high speed turning process on cutting forces, tool wear, chip morphology and cutting temperatures. The cutting speeds selected were 1000m/min, 1250m/min and 1500 m/min, while the feed rate values used were 0.1mm/rev and 0.3 mm/rev. The results of cryogenic and M QL application is compared with dry application. It was found that the cryogenic and M QL lubri-cooling techniques could represent a functional alternative to the common dry cutting application in order to implement a more effect ive high speed turning process. Higher cuttingparameters would be able to increase the productivity and reduce the production costs. The effects of the cutting parameters and on the variables object of study were investigated and the role of the different lubri-cooling conditions was assessed.

Chemical stabilization by cement or lime is a proven technique for improving the engineering properties of soil particularly the compressive strength. However, this cemented soil usually shows the brittle behavior or sudden failure with little or no plastic deformation. Fiber, either synthetic or natural can be added to solve this problem. This area of research is particularly important for deep soil mixing as retaining structure or foundations on stabilized soil. Early research on fiber reinforced cemented soils focuses more on the comprehensive behaviour and only little attention has been paid on the tensile behaviour. This paper aims to appraise the current development on the study of the tensile behavior of the fiber reinforced cemented soil and points out the gap of research in the conclusion.Chemical stabilization by cement or lime is a proven technique for improving the engineering properties of soil particularly the compressive strength. However, this cemented soil usually shows the brittle behavior or sudden failure with little or no plastic deformation. Fiber, either synthetic or natural can be added to solve this problem. This area of research is particularly important for deep soil mixing as retaining structure or foundations on stabilized soil. Early research on fiber reinforced cemented soils focuses more on the comprehensive behaviour and only little attention has been paid on the tensile behaviour. This paper aims to appraise the current development on the study of the tensile behavior of the fiber reinforced cemented soil and points out the gap of research in the conclusion.

Recently, some cheap materials are available and adaptable to climate seem to meet current requirements. This paper investigates the thermal and mechanical properties of cement stabilized earth bricks(CSEB) reinforced with date palm fibers (DPF). The main goal is to develop and expand the field of use of these materials in the construction sector, and investigate the possibility of new bio composite as renewable, insulating building material with low cost, made of earth and reinforced with palm wood waste. In this study, a particular interest is brought to the thermal and mechanical characteristics, which constitute a decisive character for the choice of a building material. A series of earthen samples stabilized at 5% and reinforced with DPF of various fiber weight fractions, (5%, 10%), were manufactured and compacted applying two levels compacting, (5MPa and 10MPa). Compressive strength and thermal conductivity were experimentally studied; heating capacity and diffusivity were indirectly calculated. It was found that the fibrous reinforcement proved thermal conductivity and compressive strength. it also enhanced thermal performances. Thus, the results found allow us to investigate hygrothermal behaviour and its impact on occupants comfort.Recently, some cheap materials are available and adaptable to climate seem to meet current requirements. This paper investigates the thermal and mechanical properties of cement stabilized earth bricks(CSEB) reinforced with date palm fibers (DPF). The main goal is to develop and expand the field of use of these materials in the construction sector, and investigate the possibility of new bio composite as renewable, insulating building material with low cost, made of earth and reinforced with palm wood waste. In this study, a particular interest is brought to the thermal and mechanical characteristics, which constitute a decisive character for the choice of a building material. A series of earthen samples stabilized at 5% and reinforced with DPF of various fiber weight fractions, (5%, 10%), were manufactured and compacted applying two levels compacting, (5MPa and 10MPa). Compressive strength and thermal conductivity were experimentally studied; heating capacity and diffusivity were indirectly calculated. It ...

Over the past decades the piston is designed to transfer force to the crank shaft through a piston rod by the expansion of gases in the cylinder. During working piston has to tolerate the cyclic gas pressure and the inertial forces, due to which the piston experiences fatigue damages such as piston side wear, piston head cracks and so on. Earlier pistons were made up of cast iron or aluminium due to their lightweight and high heat transfer rate. After some experiments it was noted that on heating cast iron expands due to which it covers the clearance level that comes to seize the engine. This paper aims to design a piston using composite material such as Al-GHS 1300, Al-GHY 1250, Al-Si-C, A6061 and A4032 that will differ the material and the characteristics of the traditional engine piston. This paper describes the thermal and mechanical properties of the piston when the study is done by taking five different materials.

The paper introduces the impact of the self-stress level on the behaviour of the tensegrity truss structures. Displacements for real civil engineering tensegrity structures are analysed. Full-scale tensegrity tower Warnow Tower which consists of six Simplex trusses is considered in this paper. Three models consisting of one, two and six modules are analysed. The analysis is performed by the second and third order theory. Mathematica software and Sofistik programme is applied to the analysis.