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The commercial telecommunication system in future would explore the electromagnetic spectrum with higher frequency than used now, because it requires higher speed of transmission data. Using the millimeter waves (mmW) with frequency ranging from 30 to 300 GHz, such requirement could be fulfilled. The upcoming 5G cellular technology is expected to use frequency 30 GHz or higher. Then materials with a specific characteristic at the mmW range are interesting to be explored and investigated. Here, we report the synthesis process of graphene/TiO2 deposited on paper and their transmission characteristics to the electromagnetic energy at frequency 27-40 GHz (Ka-Band). The reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was synthesized by a modified Hummers method with introduction of microwave irradiation in the process. rGO and TiO2 were mixed in ethanol solution and deposited on the paper by a spraying technique. Transmission coefficient of electromagnetic wave energy at Ka-Band was measured by using the millimeter vector networ...

This paper proposed the modelling and simulation of generator protection for power system using digital reverse power relay. The operations of the power plant are often interrupted by the reverse power generation. Therefore, generators need to be closely monitored and controlled. In this study, 11 kV synchronous generators are connected to 220 kV load through a step-up transformer, and a new model of reverse power relay is added for generator protection. The reverse power relay proposed in this paper is a digital relay with high accuracy and high reacting speed. Several cases based on various types of mechanical inputs to the generator were studied to test the operation of the reverse power relay. This simulation was done using MATLAB/Simulink. The results show that the 11 kV generator protection is successful with this new model reverse power relay. Besides, the simulation results were similar result compared to the theory result. From the simulation results, the integral output of the relay will reach the threshold value ‘L’ whenever there is a reversed power flow fault found in the system. Consequently, the relay will be triggered to provide protection for the generator. This model has been added into online resources of MATLAB Power System Tools. In addition, this model may also help the engineers to develop the analytical skills under various conditions.

This paper proposes a new topology for DC/DC converter for battery discharging module with excellent conversion efficiency under low input voltage and high input current in ship hull cleaning robot. Under the conditions of high output power of the DC/DC converter, the low input voltage will result in high input current value, which will have a negative influence on the cost, design difficulty and stability of the system. And in consideration of the output characteristic and service life of Lithium-ion battery, which are closely related to the output current of the battery, the DC/DC converter not only should adapt to a wide input voltage range, but also be capable of preventing the battery from high output current which will reduce its service life and performance. Therefore, to meet the need of wide input voltage range and high output current of the battery, this paper proposes a new topology of DC/DC based on the Flyback topology. By analysis and experiment, such new topology is proved to be able to output constant voltage with high output power under the circumstance of low input voltage with wide range. And a case of 5KW prototype saber simulation is introduced to experimentally verify the feasibility of such proposed topology.

We proposed the design of a respiration system based on laser reflection for an infant incubator that is able to continuously operate. The device consists of a laser diode (λ=650 nm; P=5 mW), a paper reflector, photodiode array as a detector, comparator, microcontroller Arduino UNO R3, and LCD. Also, there is a buzzer for anticipating emergency situations such as apnea. It utilizes the reflection of laser light on paper reflector attached to an infant simulator. Next, the reflection will be received by photodiode array and comparator which connects to the Arduino UNO R3. Then, the result was displayed on an LCD. From the experiment results, it was indicated that the system could measure respiratory rate from 10 up to 70 breaths per minute with an error of 2.357%.

Mobile health monitoring is the major change in health care of the future electronic technology. The integrating the sensors for health monitoring are new trend in technology. A lot of research and development activities are going on mobile health monitoring. These electronics device work on electrical energy provided by battery. In this research paper, the main focus is to develop the electrical energy storage device for mobile health monitoring. The energy storage device is used to store the electrical energy generated from human body. The Mobile health monitoring device includes the electronic devices wears on human body. For increasing the life of device need to increase the life of battery. The human body movement generate electrical energy can use as an alternative energy to increase the battery life of electronic device. The energy storage device which can store small energy generated from human body movement. The energy storage device accumulates the electrical energy generated from generator and provides constant output voltage to health monitoring device. The human body movements convert into electrical energy using generator. The generated energy is used as an alternative energy for mobile health monitoring using energy storage device.Mobile health monitoring is the major change in health care of the future electronic technology. The integrating the sensors for health monitoring are new trend in technology. A lot of research and development activities are going on mobile health monitoring. These electronics device work on electrical energy provided by battery. In this research paper, the main focus is to develop the electrical energy storage device for mobile health monitoring. The energy storage device is used to store the electrical energy generated from human body. The Mobile health monitoring device includes the electronic devices wears on human body. For increasing the life of device need to increase the life of battery. The human body movement generate electrical energy can use as an alternative energy to increase the battery life of electronic device. The energy storage device which can store small energy generated from human body movement. The energy storage device accumulates the electrical energy generated from generator and ...

Crucial economy in work-time and human operators’ workload can be achieved by using a fully autonomous robotic complex for power lines diagnostics. In this paper, the mobile robotic complex is presented that consists of a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle with rotary wings, wheeled platform and onboard diagnostic devices. The design of the platform allows the robotic complex to fly in the direction of a power line without being flipped over. The quadrotor part of the robotic complex is capable to taking off from the ground and landing, to taking the position on the power line wires and to relocating itself from one position to another in the air in fully automatic mode. Docking to a lightning protection cable is also possible. The onboard devices provide scanning the path, making trace maps, finding and recording defects on the wires or other faults and sending recorded data. The platform and the onboard devices are balanced so that the center of gravity lays on the vertical central axis of symmetry below the power line wires during inspection. Actually, the robotic complex is equipped with a thermal imager and an ultraviolet camera to search for damage a few kilometers away. It will be supplemented in the near future with new advanced devices for repair work. Thereby, just one such complex will be able to serve more than a thousand kilometers of power lines in automatic mode. The developed approach to the robotic maintenance of power lines allows quickly to eliminate accidents on electric systems and reduce the injure risk for the technical staff.Crucial economy in work-time and human operators’ workload can be achieved by using a fully autonomous robotic complex for power lines diagnostics. In this paper, the mobile robotic complex is presented that consists of a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle with rotary wings, wheeled platform and onboard diagnostic devices. The design of the platform allows the robotic complex to fly in the direction of a power line without being flipped over. The quadrotor part of the robotic complex is capable to taking off from the ground and landing, to taking the position on the power line wires and to relocating itself from one position to another in the air in fully automatic mode. Docking to a lightning protection cable is also possible. The onboard devices provide scanning the path, making trace maps, finding and recording defects on the wires or other faults and sending recorded data. The platform and the onboard devices are balanced so that the center of gravity lays on the vertical central axis of symmetry below...

The generator is one of the tools that used in power system circuit. The working system of electrical generators is converted the mechanical energy from an external source into electrical energy as output. The generator works by exploiting the electric flux generated by a magnetic field that passes through the rotation of the coil on the generator engine. Both of these are things that affect the efficiency level of the generator. If the efficiency of a generator is higher so the electrical energy generated is also greater. In this paper will be analyzed theoretically mathematically to improve the efficiency of the alternating current generator. The analytical review will be performed on magnetic field strength and coil rotation speed. With the increase of these two factors is expected to increase generator efficiency is also increasing so that the electrical energy which is the output of the generator system is also higher.The generator is one of the tools that used in power system circuit. The working system of electrical generators is converted the mechanical energy from an external source into electrical energy as output. The generator works by exploiting the electric flux generated by a magnetic field that passes through the rotation of the coil on the generator engine. Both of these are things that affect the efficiency level of the generator. If the efficiency of a generator is higher so the electrical energy generated is also greater. In this paper will be analyzed theoretically mathematically to improve the efficiency of the alternating current generator. The analytical review will be performed on magnetic field strength and coil rotation speed. With the increase of these two factors is expected to increase generator efficiency is also increasing so that the electrical energy which is the output of the generator system is also higher.

A multi-channel isolation power supply is designed for the problems of different MOSFET or IGBT in the non-equipotential circuit in this paper. It mainly includes the square wave generation circuit, the high-frequency transformer and the three-terminal stabilized circuit. The first part is used to generate the 24V square wave, and as the input of the magnetic ring transformer. In the second part, the magnetic ring transformer consists of one input and three outputs to realize multi-channel isolation output. The third part can output different potential and realize non-equal potential function through the three-terminal stabilized chip. In addition, the multi-channel isolation power source proposed in this paper is Small size, high reliability and low price, and it is convenient for power electronic switches that operate on multiple different potentials. Therefore, the research on power supply of power electronic circuit has practical significance.

In India, there is a growing concern of the heart diseases and deaths due to heart failure. The severity of the problem can be minimised by efficient heart rate monitoring which can be used to provide before time caution to cater heart attack. Wearable sensor can be designed to sense the pulse. The sensor can be either placed near to heart or on the wrist to sense pulses and send pulse signals to the doctors. Such sensor should adhere to the skin for sufficiently long period without causing etching to the patient. It should also be bendable and stretchable like skin. This paper is a part of the research work carried out to develop patch type sensor, which is termed as Electronic Tattoo (ET). In pursuit for development of ET, we came across various designs and candidate materials which can be used for the ET. Thus, in this paper, we describe the process of selecting best suited method and material for the ET. It may also be noted that the sensor development is governed by the prevailing IEEE 802.15.6 standard.

This paper presents the design and simulation of fast switching microwave rectifying circuit for ultra wideband patch antenna over a dual-frequency band (1.8 GHz for GSM and 2.4 GHz for ISM band). This band was chosen due to its high signal availability in the surrounding environment. New rectifying circuit topology with pair-matching trunks is designed using Advanced Design System (ADS) software. These trunks are interfaced with power divider to achieve good bandwidth, fast switching and high efficiency. The power divider acts as a good isolator between the trunks and its straightforward design structure makes it a good choice for a single feed UWB antenna. The simulated results demonstrate that the maximum output voltage is 2.13 V with an input power of -5 dBm. Moreover, the rectifier offers maximum efficiency of 86% for the input power of −5 dBm at given band, which could easily power up wireless sensor networks (WSN) and other small devices sufficiently.This paper presents the design and simulation of fast switching microwave rectifying circuit for ultra wideband patch antenna over a dual-frequency band (1.8 GHz for GSM and 2.4 GHz for ISM band). This band was chosen due to its high signal availability in the surrounding environment. New rectifying circuit topology with pair-matching trunks is designed using Advanced Design System (ADS) software. These trunks are interfaced with power divider to achieve good bandwidth, fast switching and high efficiency. The power divider acts as a good isolator between the trunks and its straightforward design structure makes it a good choice for a single feed UWB antenna. The simulated results demonstrate that the maximum output voltage is 2.13 V with an input power of -5 dBm. Moreover, the rectifier offers maximum efficiency of 86% for the input power of −5 dBm at given band, which could easily power up wireless sensor networks (WSN) and other small devices sufficiently.

In the full bridge inverter circuit, when the switch tube suddenly opened or closed, the inductor current changes rapidly. Due to the existence of parasitic inductance of the main circuit. Therefore, the surge voltage between drain and source of the switch tube can be generated, which will have an impact on the switch and the output voltage. In order to ab sorb the surge voltage. An improve RCD buffer circuit is proposed in the paper. The peak energy will be absorbed through the buffer capacitor of the circuit. The part energy feedback to the power supply, another part release through the resistor in the form of heat, and the circuit can absorb the voltage spikes. This paper analyzes the process of the improved RCD snubber circuit, According to the specific parameters of the main circuit, a reasonable formula for calculating the resistance capacitance is given. A simulation model will be modulated in Multisim, which compared the waveform of tube voltage and the output waveform of the circuit without snubb...

A large number lithium-ion batteries serially connected, whose energy will become different in the use of the process due to various reasons. In order to solve this problem, a bidirectional battery pack energy equalizer with a double cuk chopper circuits is suggested in this paper. The energy equalizer proposed in this paper, which has a double cuk chopper circuits and adapts two kinds of energy equalization strategies to transfer bidirectional energy quickly. The principle of equalizer is simple, the current is continuous, the controllability is strong, and the efficiency is high. The simulation experiments of the equalizer has been done and the experimental results has been analyzed.

The measurement of geomagnetic field conducted by underwater robot is widely used during cruise, however, it is often influenced by the strong electromagnetic interference of the other large-scale electronic equipment on the robot itself. The leakage magnetic field of high-power brushless DC motor (BLDCM) has been identified as one of the main interference source. To obtain accurate geomagnetic data, it is necessary to analyze the magnetic field characteristics of the leakage field of BLDCM. In this paper, we build a two-dimensional BLDCM model. In addition, we present the rotor’s leakage magnetic field when the BLDCM is static, dynamic leakage magnetic field of the stator and rotor when BLDCM is working and the near-field characteristic of BLDCM’s leakage magnetic field. Finally, this paper studies the relationship between the frequency of the magnetic field change and the speed of the BLDCM, which can be used to eliminate the AC interference magnetic field. Therefore the measuring accuracy of the geomag...

A three dimensional computational fluid dynamics model is proposed in this paper to investigate the effect of flow field design and dimensions of bipolar plates on performance of serpentine proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). A complete fuel cell of 25 cm2 with 25 channels have been used. The aim of the work is to investigate the effect of flow channels and ribs scales on overall performance of PEM fuel cell. Therefore, geometric aspect ratio parameter defined as (width of flow channel/width of rib) is used. Influences of the ribs and openings current collector scales have been studied and analyzed in order to find the optimum ratio between them to enhance the production of courant density of PEM fuel cell. Six kind of serpentine designs have been used in this paper included different aspect ratio varying from 0.25 to 2.33 while the active surface area and number of channels are keeping constant. Aspect ratio 0.25 corresponding of (0.4 mm channel width/ 1.6mm ribs width), and Aspect ratio2.33 corresponding of (0.6 mm channel width/ 1.4mm ribs width. The results show that the best flow field designs (giving the maximum density of current) are which there dimensions of channels width is minimal and ribs width is maximal (Γ≈0.25). Also decreasing width of channels enhance the pressure drop inside the PEM fuel cell, this causes an increase of gazes velocity and enhance convection process, therefore more power generation.

This paper presents the simple fabrication of interdigital capacitor (IDC) using print circuit board (PCB) for glucose biosensor. PCB type FR04 laminated with Cu as electrode was used as sensor base. The IDC pattern of sensor was designed by computer aided design program and printed with a laser printer on plastic polymers. Then, the IDC pattern was transferred into PCB by a laminating machine. The etching process of PCB was done by immersing in ferric chloride liquid to form Cu pattern. There were five patterns of sensors including 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 patterns. The capacitance value of PCB was measured with RCL meter when IDC biosensor was put in air, aquades, and glucose liquid with various moles of glucose (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1M). In air medium, the increase of pattern number of IDC sensor (from 5 to 25) caused the sensor capacitance rose from 22 pf to 46 pf. In addition, the capacitance of sensor was dramatically increased until 0.36 µf while IDC sensor with 25 patterns was put in aquades medium. In liquid glucose medium, the capacitance of IDC biosensor with 25 patterns increased until 0.58 µf on 0.1 M glucose liquid.This paper presents the simple fabrication of interdigital capacitor (IDC) using print circuit board (PCB) for glucose biosensor. PCB type FR04 laminated with Cu as electrode was used as sensor base. The IDC pattern of sensor was designed by computer aided design program and printed with a laser printer on plastic polymers. Then, the IDC pattern was transferred into PCB by a laminating machine. The etching process of PCB was done by immersing in ferric chloride liquid to form Cu pattern. There were five patterns of sensors including 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 patterns. The capacitance value of PCB was measured with RCL meter when IDC biosensor was put in air, aquades, and glucose liquid with various moles of glucose (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1M). In air medium, the increase of pattern number of IDC sensor (from 5 to 25) caused the sensor capacitance rose from 22 pf to 46 pf. In addition, the capacitance of sensor was dramatically increased until 0.36 µf while IDC sensor with 25 patterns was put in aquades medi...

This paper presents the design of 5 V to 20 V DC switching regulator for power supply module. A voltage multiplier which consists of cascaded diode-capacitor combination is used in order to obtain a high voltage power supply. Due to power loss that has occurred in a stray of component arrangement, the proposed design employs a pulse width modulation (PWM) controller circuit with an inclusion of a capacitor, diode, and inductor components. The input supply of 5 V DC to LT1618 controller circuit has produced 20.35 V based from simulation results. Meanwhile, the measurement results of 19.36 V are obtained and the feedback signal is required for the purpose of stabilizing the output. The proposed design can reduce the components as well as the PCB size, thus minimizing the overall cost of making a switching regulator for power supply module.This paper presents the design of 5 V to 20 V DC switching regulator for power supply module. A voltage multiplier which consists of cascaded diode-capacitor combination is used in order to obtain a high voltage power supply. Due to power loss that has occurred in a stray of component arrangement, the proposed design employs a pulse width modulation (PWM) controller circuit with an inclusion of a capacitor, diode, and inductor components. The input supply of 5 V DC to LT1618 controller circuit has produced 20.35 V based from simulation results. Meanwhile, the measurement results of 19.36 V are obtained and the feedback signal is required for the purpose of stabilizing the output. The proposed design can reduce the components as well as the PCB size, thus minimizing the overall cost of making a switching regulator for power supply module.

This paper presents the miniaturization of the microstrip antenna on ferrimagnetic substrate for operate at a frequency of 2.5 GHz, where the full wave method Transverse Transmission Line-TTL is used it for obtain resonance frequency. For validate this method in these substrates, the results as function of DC magnetic field are shown. When the field is 132.6 AT/m, the value of reference is 151.7 MHz and the value of TTL is 151.3 MHz. The dimensions are obtained for the frequency of 2.5 GHz and a comparison is done with ferrites and conventional substrate, showing a reduction in volume of the antenna of 2808.96 mm3 for 0.39 mm3 when the ferrites are used.This paper presents the miniaturization of the microstrip antenna on ferrimagnetic substrate for operate at a frequency of 2.5 GHz, where the full wave method Transverse Transmission Line-TTL is used it for obtain resonance frequency. For validate this method in these substrates, the results as function of DC magnetic field are shown. When the field is 132.6 AT/m, the value of reference is 151.7 MHz and the value of TTL is 151.3 MHz. The dimensions are obtained for the frequency of 2.5 GHz and a comparison is done with ferrites and conventional substrate, showing a reduction in volume of the antenna of 2808.96 mm3 for 0.39 mm3 when the ferrites are used.

Over the past few years, significant growth has been observed in using MEMS based passive components in the RF microelectronics domain, especially in transceiver system. This is due to some excellent properties of the MEMS devices like low loss, low cost and excellent isolation. This paper presents a design of high performance MEMS passive band pass filter, consisting of L and C with improved quality factor and insertion loss less than the reported filters. In this paper we have presented a design of 2nd order band pass filter with 2.4GHz centre frequency and 83MHz bandwidth for Bluetooth application. The simulation results showed improved Q-factor of 34 and Insertion loss of 1.7dB to 1.9dB. The simulation results needs to be validated by fabricating the device, fabrication flow of which is also presented in the paper.

This paper discusses two issues relating to using 3 small gap insertion devices in series at BL43LXU of SPring-8 to make a uniquely powerful source in the 15-26 keV region of the x-ray spectrum. The issues discussed are (1) damage to the covers of the downstream IDs by radiation from the upstream IDs and (2) proper steering of the electron beam to get the best photon beam properties. After tests in several configurations, including one where an ID was run without an impedance-reducing cover, the damage issue was solved by installing a distributed absorber in the most downstream ID. The steering issues were mostly resolved by the introduction of appropriate corrector magnets and feedback. The paper is written from the viewpoint of an interested beamline scientist impressed with the cooperation of different groups to make a source for new science possible.

In this work, an optimal control (under constraints) based on the Pontryagin’s maximum principle is used to optimally manage energy flows in a basic PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) fuel cells system associated to lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors through a common DC bus having a voltage to stabilize using the differential flatness approach. The adaptation of voltage levels between different sources and load is ensured by use of three DC-DC converters, one boost connected to the PEM fuel cells, while the two others are buck/boost and connected to the lithiumion batteries and supercapacitors. The aim of this paper is to develop an energy management strategy that is able to satisfy the following objectives: –Impose the power requested by a habitat (representing the load) according to a proposed daily consumption profile,–Keep fuel cells working at optimal power delivery conditions,–Maintain constant voltage across the common DC bus,–Stabilize the batteries voltage and stored quantity of charge at desired values given by the optimal control.Results obtained under MATLAB/Simulink environment prove that the cited objectives are satisfied, validating then, effectiveness and complementarity between the optimal and flatness concepts proposed for energy management. Note that this study is currently in experimentally validation within MSE Laboratory.In this work, an optimal control (under constraints) based on the Pontryagin’s maximum principle is used to optimally manage energy flows in a basic PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) fuel cells system associated to lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors through a common DC bus having a voltage to stabilize using the differential flatness approach. The adaptation of voltage levels between different sources and load is ensured by use of three DC-DC converters, one boost connected to the PEM fuel cells, while the two others are buck/boost and connected to the lithiumion batteries and supercapacitors. The aim of this paper is to develop an energy management strategy that is able to satisfy the following objectives: –Impose the power requested by a habitat (representing the load) according to a proposed daily consumption profile,–Keep fuel cells working at optimal power delivery conditions,–Maintain constant voltage across the common DC bus,–Stabilize the batteries voltage and stored quantity of charge at desi...

This paper presents the evolution of BrightSource’s Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technology – from a solar steam generator (SRSG) with no Thermal Energy Storage (TES) to SRSG with TES to Extended-cycle TES. The paper discusses SRSG with TES technology, and the capabilities of this solution are compared with those of an MSR plant.

Design and simulation of an axial flux permanent magnet generator (AFPMG) have been described in this paper. It was designed using the single rotor – single stator construction. The analytical method was using in the design process. The design process also employed the simulation using Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM) 4.2 software for identifying the magnetic characteristic and heat transfer. The effect of fill factor (FF) variation on the generator performances also observed in this paper. The design result shows that using the selected FF, the conductor diameter, power output, efficiency and heat distribution are affected but not for the Bg. The generator output can achieve up to 5.2 kW using the FF 0.4 which is more than assumed power output at the pre-design using FF 0.3. It also can be seen that the increasing FF will increase the power output and the efficiency. Despite a higher temperature compared with FF 0.3 and 0.35, the value of 0.4 is the most appropriate FF for designing the AFPMG.

The first commercial CSP Central Receiver System has been in operation since 2007. The technology required for such a central receiver system is quite new. The determining factor of the price of electricity is the capital investment in the heliostat field. The cost level per square meter of the heliostat field is rather high. Sun2point is questioning the market development, which is trying to get the cost level down by aiming at large heliostats. Sun2Point aims at mass manufacturing small heliostats to achieve low prices. Mass manufacturing off-site and transport over long distances is possible for small heliostats only. Calibration on the spot is a labour-intensive activity. Autonomous, factory calibrated and wireless controlled heliostats are the solution to lower installation cost. A new measurement method that directly reports the orientation of the heliostat in relation to the earth and the sun can solve the calibration problem when the heliostats are installed. The application of small heliostats will be much cheaper as a result of this measurement method. In this paper several methods for such a measurement are described briefly. The new Sun2Point method has successfully been tested. In this paper Sun2Point challenges the CSP community to investigate this approach. A brief survey is presented of many aspects that lead to a low price.

This paper presents a comprehensive review on the various power quality problems and various solution techniques using FACTS in Power system. The term “Power Quality” is a broad concept and its meaning is taken different by different peoples. It is associated with electrical transmission, distribution and utilization systems those are having experience of any Voltage, current or frequency divergence from normal operation. Due to power quality problems industries have to invest large amount for mitigation of Voltage sags, distortions, harmonics and short term interruptions/disturbances etc. In paper authors tried to cover various possible sources and compensation methods of reactive power in power system.

FBAR (Thin Film Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonator) devices are commonly used as application of RF (Radio Frequency) filters for the cell phones and other communication devices. This paper reports about the measurement of the efficiency of FBAR devices. The efficiency is commonly measured in terms of the EMCC (Electromechanical coupling coefficient) and QF (Quality factor). Since the FBAR devices are designed in many shapes and sizes which depend on their working frequency range. So every shape and size has a different value of QF and EMCC. This paper compares the various shapes in terms of QF, EMCC and spurious modes of L-Band (1-2 GHz) resonator. Once the best shape is selected, the study of different metal electrode materials coupling with piezoelectric layer and the effect of the thickness ratio (td) of electrode layer and the piezoelectric layer is discussed.

This paper briefly reviews a compact toroid reactor concept that addresses critical issues for forming, stabilizing and sustaining a field reversed configuration (FRC) with the use of plasma merging, plasma shaping, conducting shells, neutral beam injection (NBI). In this concept, an FRC plasma is generated by the merging of counter-helicity spheromaks produced by inductive discharges and sustained by the use of neutral beam injection (NBI). Plasma shaping, conducting shells, and the NBI would provide stabilization to global MHD modes. Although a specific FRC reactor design is outside the scope of the present paper, an example of a promising FRC reactor program is summarized based on the previously developed SPIRIT (Self-organized Plasmas by Induction, Reconnection and Injection Techniques) concept in order to connect this concept to the recently achieved the High Performance FRC plasmas obtained by Tri Alpha Energy [Binderbauer et al, Phys. Plasmas 22,056110, (2015)]. This paper includes a brief summary of the previous concept paper by M. Yamada et al, Plasma Fusion Res. 2, 004 (2007) and the recent experimental results from MRX.

Presented paper performs an analysis of quadrature signal processing algorithms for high demanding laser interferometry applications. Careful signal processing is required to minimize nonlinearities which come from optical path and components’ imperfections, and reduce overall instrumental error. Paper focuses on algebraic fits, because implementation for real time systems was a main requirement. The most demanding applications are stationary measurements where the position slightly fluctuates in the range below one fringe period. Therefore, analysis was performed for samples that were spread along a few milliradians of a full circle.

Hybrid system of Photovoltaic (PV) - Wind turbine (WT) generation has more advantages and reliable compared to PV or wind turbine system alone. The aim of this paper is to model and design hybrid system of PV-WT supplying 100W permanent-magnet dc motor. To achieve the objective, both of PV and WT are connected to converter in order to get the same source of DC supply. Then both sources were combined and straightly connected to 100W permanent magnet dc motor. All the works in this paper is only applied in circuit simulator by using Matlab Simulink. The output produced from each converter is expected to be suit to the motor specification. The output produced from each renewable energy system is as expected to be high as it can support the motor if one of them is breakdown

SIDON (SImulator of raDiO-frequency Networks) is an in-house developed Radio-Frequency (RF) network solver that has been implemented to cross-validate the design of WEST ICRF launchers and simulate their impedance matching algorithm while considering all mutual couplings and asymmetries. In this paper, the authors illustrate the theory of SIDON as well as results of its calculations. The authors have built time-varying plasma scenarios (a sequence of launchers front-faces L-mode and H-mode Z-matrices), where at each time step (1 millisecond here), SIDON solves the RF network. At the same time, when activated, the impedance matching algorithm controls the matching elements (vacuum capacitors) and thus their corresponding S-matrices. Typically a 1-second pulse requires around 10 seconds of computational time on a desktop computer. These tasks can be hardly handled by commercial RF software. This innovative work allows identifying strategies for the launchers future operation while insuring the limitations on the currents, voltages and electric fields, matching and Load-Resilience, as well as the required straps voltage amplitude/phase balance. In this paper, a particular attention is paid to the simulation of the launchers behavior when arcs appear at several locations of their circuits using SIDON calculator. This latter work shall confirm or identify strategies for the arc detection using various RF electrical signals. One shall note that the use of such solvers in not limited to ICRF launchers simulations but can be employed, in principle, to any linear or linearized RF problem.

Numerous engineering applications require generation of droplets on demand which are of high uniformity and constant size. The common method to produce droplets is to drive liquid at high pressure through a small orifice/nozzle. The liquid stream disintegrates into small droplets. However this method normally requires large volumes of liquid and is not suitable for applications where single droplets of constant size is required. Such applications require droplet-on-demand generators which commonly employ piezoelectric or pneumatic actuation. It is well known that piezoelectric generators are hard to employ at high pressure and, high temperature applications, and the pneumatic generators often produce satellite (secondary) droplets. This paper describes the development of a novel percussion type droplet-on-demand generator, which overcomes some of the above difficulties and is capable of producing single droplets on demand. The generator consists of a cylindrical liquid filled chamber with a small orifice at the bottom. The top of the chamber is covered with a thin flexible metal disc. A small metal pin is employed to hammer/impact the top metal surface to generate a pressure pulse inside the liquid chamber. The movement and the momentum of the metal pin are controlled using a solenoid device. The pressure pulse generated overcomes the surface tension of the liquid meniscus at the exit of the orifice and ejects a single droplet. The work presented in this paper will demonstrate the capabilities of the droplet generator.

The increasing use of renewable energy technologies for electricity generation, many of which have an unpredictably intermittent nature, will inevitably lead to a greater demand for large-scale electricity storage schemes. For example, the expanding fraction of electricity produced by wind turbines will require either backup or storage capacity to cover extended periods of wind lull. This paper describes a recently proposed storage scheme, referred to here as Pumped Thermal Storage (PTS), and which is based on “sensible heat” storage in large thermal reservoirs. During the charging phase, the system effectively operates as a high temperature-ratio heat pump, extracting heat from a cold reservoir and delivering heat to a hot one. In the discharge phase the processes are reversed and it operates as a heat engine. The round-trip efficiency is limited only by process irreversibilities (as opposed to Second Law limitations on the coefficient of performance and the thermal efficiency of the heat pump and heat engine respectively). PTS is currently being developed in both France and England. In both cases, the schemes operate on the Joule-Brayton (gas turbine) cycle, using argon as the working fluid. However, the French scheme proposes the use of turbomachinery for compression and expansion, whereas for that being developed in England reciprocating devices are proposed. The current paper focuses on the impact of the various process irreversibilities on the thermodynamic round-trip efficiency of the scheme. Consideration is given to compression and expansion losses and pressure losses (in pipe-work, valves and thermal reservoirs); heat transfer related irreversibility in the thermal reservoirs is discussed but not included in the analysis. Results are presented demonstrating how the various loss parameters and operating conditions influence the overall performance.

The preliminary assessment of a Lower Hybrid Current Drive (LHCD) system for the DEMOnstration power plant (DEMO) is mainly focused on the R&D needs of the less conventional RF components of the Main Transmission Line (MTL) and of the launcher. 500 kW, CW klystrons will be used to deliver the RF power to independent Passive Active Multijunction (PAM) launcher modules at 5 GHz. This paper describes the criteria followed to investigate the optimum solution for the RF window used as vacuum barrier between the MTL and the launcher, an open issue in the LHCD system for ITER too. The best candidate, capable of withstanding a power level of, or above, 0.5 MW in CW operation and to satisfy the electrical and thermonuclear requirements, is a Pill-Box assembly, based on a thin single disk of CVD-diamond as dielectric, water cooled at the edge. A thickness of 3 mm, much shorter than half a wavelength of the TE°11 mode in the dielectric as in the conventional window (unfeasible and too expensive with CVD-diamond at these frequencies), is sufficient to limit the exerted stress at the edge under the fracture stress for a maximum pressure applied of 0.9 MPa. In this paper the simulation results of conventional and thin CVD-diamond vacuum windows are presented comparing S-parameters, losses and electric fields in both matching condition and with VSWR = 2, using WR284 and WR229 as input/output rectangular waveguide. © 2014 American Institute of Physics.

Tore Supra is dedicated to long pulse operation at high power, with a record in injected energy of 1 GJ (2.8 MW × 380 s) and an achieved capability of 12 MW injected power delivered by 3 RF systems: Lower Hybrid Current Drive (LHCD), Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ICRH) and Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ECRH). The new WEST project (W [tungsten] Environment in Steady-state Tokamak) aims at fitting Tore Supra with an actively cooled tungsten coated wall and a bulk tungsten divertor. This new device will offer to ITER a test bed for validating the relevant technologies for actively cooled metallic components, with D-shaped H-mode plasmas. For WEST operation, different scenarii able to reproduce ITER relevant conditions in terms of steady state heat loads have been identified, ranging from a high RF power scenario (15 MW, 30 s) to a high fluence scenario (10 MW, 1000 s). This paper will focus on the evolution of the RF systems required for WEST. For the ICRH system, the main issues are its ELM resilience and its CW compatibility, three new actively cooled antennas are being designed, with the aim of reducing their sensitivity to the load variations induced by ELMs. The LH system has been recently upgraded with new klystrons and the PAM antenna, the possible reshaping of the antenna mouths is presently studied for matching with the magnetic field line in the WEST configuration. For the ECRH system, the device for the poloidal movement of the mirrors of the antenna is being changed for higher accuracy and speed.Tore Supra is dedicated to long pulse operation at high power, with a record in injected energy of 1 GJ (2.8 MW × 380 s) and an achieved capability of 12 MW injected power delivered by 3 RF systems: Lower Hybrid Current Drive (LHCD), Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ICRH) and Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ECRH). The new WEST project (W [tungsten] Environment in Steady-state Tokamak) aims at fitting Tore Supra with an actively cooled tungsten coated wall and a bulk tungsten divertor. This new device will offer to ITER a test bed for validating the relevant technologies for actively cooled metallic components, with D-shaped H-mode plasmas. For WEST operation, different scenarii able to reproduce ITER relevant conditions in terms of steady state heat loads have been identified, ranging from a high RF power scenario (15 MW, 30 s) to a high fluence scenario (10 MW, 1000 s). This paper will focus on the evolution of the RF systems required for WEST. For the ICRH system, the main issues are its ELM resil...

The Coherent electron Cooling (CeC) Proof of Principle (PoP) experiment is proposed to be installed in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) to demonstrate proton and ion beam cooling with this new technique that may increase the beam luminosity in certain cases, by as much as tenfold. Within the scope of this project, a 112 MHz, 2MeV Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) electron gun and a 704 MHz 20MeV 5-cell SRF cavity will be installed at IP2 in the RHIC ring. The superconducting RF electron gun will be cooled in a liquid helium bath at 4.4 K. The 704 MHz 5-cell SRF cavity will be cooled in a super-fluid helium bath at 2.0 K. This paper discusses the cryogenic systems designed for both cavities. For the 112 MHz cavity cryogenic system, a condenser/boiler heat exchanger is used to isolate the cavity helium bath from pressure pulses and microphonics noise sources. For the 704 MHz 5-cell SRF cavity, a heat exchanger is also used to isolate the SRF cavity helium bath from noise sources in the sub-atmospheric pumping system operating at room temperature. Detailed designs, thermal analyses and discussions for both systems will be presented in this paper.

The paper describes the method of manufacturing fiberglass molds for vacuum pressure impregnation (VPI) of high-voltage insulation of superconductive magnetic systems (SMS) with epoxidian hot-setting compounds. The basic advantages of using such vacuum volumes are improved quality of insulation impregnation in complex-shaped areas, and considerable cost-saving of preparing VPI of large-sized components due to dispensing with the stage of fabricating a metal impregnating volume. Such fiberglass vacuum molds were used for VPI of high-voltage insulation samples of an ITER reactor’s PF1 poloidal coil. Electric insulation of these samples has successfully undergone a wide range of high-voltage and mechanical tests at room and cryogenic temperatures. Some results of the tests are also given in this paper.

In this paper, several attempt were made to investigate the best electrical performance of a floating photovoltaic (FPV). In photovoltaic (PV) system, the electrical efficiency of the system decreases rapidly as the PV module temperature increases. Therefore, in order to achieve higher electrical efficiency, the PV module have to be cooled by removing the heat in some way. This paper presents study on a conventional photovoltaic (PV) module and floating photovoltaic (FPV) system. The objective of the study is to compare the performance of conventional PV module and FPV. At FPV, an absorber comprises of aluminum flat-box housing was attached to the back of the PV module to absorb heat. Water is used to cool the PV module by passing it under the bottom surface of the module. The system was tested under simulated solar intensity of 417 W/m2, 667 W/m2 and 834 W/m2. Current (I) – voltage (V) curves and power (P) – voltage (V) curves of the results were analyzed. The study found that the FPV has higher efficiency and total power gain than the conventional PV module. The average PV temperature in a FPV might be lower than that for a conventional PV module, thereby increasing its electrical power output. The simplicity of the system structure and aluminum as the chosen material enabled it to reduce the installation costs for a larger scale. Applicable as heat sink, this FPV system is convenient to place on lakes, ponds or rivers.

This paper summarizes the activities and the discussion of Working Group 5 at the Advanced Accelerator Conceopts Workshop held in Austin, Texas, in June 2012. The themes of this working group are very broad and we have regrouped the sessions and discussions, as well as the organization of this paper, in four general topics: electron sources, phase space manipulation, diagnostics and radiation generation. Within the latter, ampler space was given to beam-based radiation sources in the spectral range where conventional light sources perform poorly, that includes the THz window and the high energy end of the electromagnetic spectrum (x-rays and γ-rays).

In this paper, performance of quantum dot floating gate MOSFET memory is simulated by replacing the SiO2 tunnel oxide with high-Κ material. There are three high-k material simulated in this paper, HfO2, ZrO2, and Y2O3. As we know that high-Κ material is used nowadays to reduce leakage current, so this paper demonstrates the application of high-Κ material to reduce leakage current in non-volatile memory quantum dot based floating gate MOSFET. Simulation results of this paper show the leakage current can be suppressed by using high-Κ material as tunnel oxide up to 10 times. Furthermore, this paper also shows that the memory performance can be properly sustained. The writing and erasing time are depend on tunneling current probability which calculated using transfer matrix method. The writing time and erasing time for HfO2 and ZrO2 are 150 nanosecond and 15 nanosecond.

The analysis of energy flow is a useful method for understanding a system. This paper focuses on the instantaneous measurement of physical conditions and analysis of energy flow in the Stirling-type pulse tube refrigerator. For measuring physical conditions of the working fluid such as the mass flow rate, the temperature, and the pressure, several cryogenic sensors are installed in the Stirling-type pulse tube refrigerator optimally designed in the operating condition of 60 Hz and 2.5 MPa. The physical conditions of the working fluid in the Stirling-type pulse tube refrigerator are carefully measured as varying the operating frequency and the charging pressure. From the measured results, the enthalpy, the PV work, and the loss are quantified in each location of the PTR and the conversion of energy flows is experimentally confirmed. The results of this paper can be used for understanding the optimal operating condition and modifying correlations of various losses in the Stirling-type pulse tube refrigerato...

Rutherford cables exhibit two classes of parasitic magnetization both of which can distort the bore-field of an accelerator magnet: (1) a static magnetization ("hysteretic") resulting from intrastrand persistent currents, and (2) a dynamic magnetization produced by interstrand coupling currents passing through interstrand contact resistances (ICR) during field ramping. Interstrand coupling can be controlled by a core placed between the layers of the cable. Stainless steel ribbon (with its associated native oxide coating) is a frequently used core. Recently, however, MgO-paper tapes and woven s-glass ribbons have been suggested as alternative core materials in the interests of improved flexibility and compatibility with the cabling process. Interstrand contact resistances can be extracted from the results of AC loss measurement. Accordingly pickup-coil magnetization measurements of AC loss have been carried out on a group of cables with paper and ribbon cores. This paper reports on the resulting ICR results which it compares to those from uncored and stainless-steel-cored cables; it concludes by comparing the LHC-ramp-rate induced coupling magnetization of a typical cored Nb3Sn Rutherford cable with its transport-current-moderated persistent-current magnetizations at low and high fields.Rutherford cables exhibit two classes of parasitic magnetization both of which can distort the bore-field of an accelerator magnet: (1) a static magnetization ("hysteretic") resulting from intrastrand persistent currents, and (2) a dynamic magnetization produced by interstrand coupling currents passing through interstrand contact resistances (ICR) during field ramping. Interstrand coupling can be controlled by a core placed between the layers of the cable. Stainless steel ribbon (with its associated native oxide coating) is a frequently used core. Recently, however, MgO-paper tapes and woven s-glass ribbons have been suggested as alternative core materials in the interests of improved flexibility and compatibility with the cabling process. Interstrand contact resistances can be extracted from the results of AC loss measurement. Accordingly pickup-coil magnetization measurements of AC loss have been carried out on a group of cables with paper and ribbon cores. This paper reports on the resulting ICR result...

Measurement technology of muti-parameters in particle two-phase system, which has been paid more attention in recent years, is a great challenge for researchers. However, the parameters of particle two-phase system are showing great importance for further study. Not only the density and concentration but also the particle size distributions of disperse phase in particle two-phase system have been studied in this paper. A novel approach of measuring the density and concentration of particle two-phase system has been developed in this paper, in which the multiple reflection technique is employed to obtain acoustic impedance of the particle two-phase system. Furthermore, the density can be determined by the acoustic impedance combined with the information of sound speed for ultrasonic waves, based on the acoustic theory. As a result, the concentration of particle two-phase system could be achieved by means of a strict derivation from the known densities of the discrete and continuous phase. Experiments have been designed to demonstrate the means with the sample of carborundom (SiC) suspension at the mass concentrations of 14%, 17%, 20%, 25% respectively, in which a group of superb ultrasonic signals (see figure 6, including more than 12 echoes in each one), have been obtained with a high frequency and wide-band ultrasonic transducer (V324-SU, Olympus) at a center frequency of 25MHz. Meanwhile, another wide-band ultrasonic transducer (V312-SU, Olympus) with a lower center frequency (5MHz) is utilized to generate and receive ultrasonic signal, then attenuation spectrum are obtained with the method of pulse echo mode measurement. To extract credible particle size distribution from measured ultrasonic attenuation spectrum, McClement's theoretical model, which is actually a simplified and explicit model for the long wave regime, has been adopted together with BLBL (Bouguer-Lambert-Beer-Law) scattering model. The optimum regularization algorithm is put to use in order to overcome the ill-posed problem and inverse particle size distribution accurately. Experiments were performed to validate the methods and algorithms put forward above for the sample of SiC powder and crystalline silicon cutting liquid, and the results show good agreement with the instrument (OMEC Co, Ltd) based on the principle of Coulter.

Electromagnetic flow meters based on the principles of Faraday's laws of induction have been used successfully in many industries. In order to achieve velocity profile measurements in single phase and multiphase flows with non-uniform velocity profiles, a novel Imaging Electromagnetic Flow meter (IEF) has been developed which is described in this paper. The novel electromagnetic flow meter uses a microcontroller as the processing core to achieve the function of driving the uniform magnetic field, acquiring voltage signals with electronic system, matrix inversion calculation and result display. The work undertaken in the paper demonstrates that an imaging electromagnetic flow meter for liquid velocity profile measurement is an instrument that is highly suited for control via a microcontroller.

In the proposed SuperKEKB interaction region (IR) magnet system 40superconducting (SC) correction coils are designed to perform some specific functions withcurrent of about 50 A. To energize these coils, 80 current leads will be mounted in thecryostats where the stringent spatial constraint and the cryogenic operation require acompact and optimum design. We propose a compact unit to integrate 8 helium vaporcooled leads (4 pairs). The 8 leads are made of brass and consist of two structures for thetransported current and helium vapor, which are designed and simulated by finite elementmodel (FEM). This paper will introduce the material selection and structure details. To equalize the temperature profiles of the individual leads under the different currents and helium flows, some copper blocks are placed between leads. In the cold test, the 8 leadswere operated in the nominal mode and responded safely to some transient situation. This paper will present the thermal and electrical comparison between the experimental resultsand numerical calculation.

Ball Aerospace and Redstone Aerospace are developing a space cryocooler for cooling complex optical systems whose loads are intermittent. An example of such a system would be an Earth observation satellite that images for only a fraction of its orbit. If a cooler can store refrigeration during the lull and provide it when the system is active, the cooler can be considerably smaller than one sized to provide the full load continuously. Our cooler provides two stages of refrigeration, a stage of intermittent cooling at 35 K for a focal plane assembly and a stage of continuous cooling at 85 K for the surrounding thermal shields. The cooler provides the intermittent cooling by collecting liquid neon in a unique internal thermal storage tank and forwarding it to the focal plane when the heat loads are high. Our paper presents extensive performance data for neon at 35 K. It carries 2 W at 35 K for 30 minutes plus the 8.5 W of continuous cooling at 85 K for less than 300 W DC power. It is ready to cool again in an hour. For contrast, the same hardware was filled with nitrogen and tested at 82 K. It carries 5 W for 25 minutes plus 15 W of continuous cooling at 130 K for less than 220 W DC power. It is ready to cool again in a little over an hour. The system has many features for space system compatibility. Because the storage is located within an active control loop, the cooler can maintain the 35 K interface temperature to better than ± 0.1 K. Because it circulates liquid it can be located remotely, which solves many compatibility issues. And with careful liquid management, it can work in any orientation and in 0-g. In this paper our flight like equipment will be described, and its continuing evolution to flight will be discussed.

In the context of information and communication technology (ICT) trend for worldwide individuals, social life becomes digital and portable consumer electronic devices (PCED) powered by conventional power supply from batteries have been evolving through miniaturization and various function integration. Thermoelectric generators (TEG) were hypothesized for its potential role of battery charger to serve the shining PCED market. Hence, this paper, mainly focusing at the metropolitan market in Thailand, aimed to conduct architectural innovation foresight and to develop scenarios on potential exploitation approach of PCED battery power supply with TEG charger converting power from ambient heat source adjacent to individual's daily life. After technical review and assessment for TEG potential and battery aspect, the business research was conducted to analyze PCED consumer behavior for their PCED utilization pattern, power supply lack problems, and encountering heat sources/sinks in 3 modes: daily life, work, and leisure hobbies. Based on the secondary data analysis from literature and National Statistical Office of Thailand, quantitative analysis was applied using the cluster probability sampling methodology, statistically, with the sample size of 400 at 0.05 level of significance. In addition, the qualitative analysis was conducted to emphasize the rationale of consumer's behavior using in-depth qualitative interview. Scenario planning technique was also used to generate technological and market trend foresight. Innovation field and potential scenario for matching technology with market was proposed in this paper. The ingredient for successful commercialization of battery power supply with TEG charger for PCED market consists of 5 factors as follows: (1) PCED characteristic, (2) potential ambient heat sources/sinks, (3) battery module, (4) power management module, and the final jigsaw (5) characteristic and adequate arrangement of TEG modules. The foresight outcome for the potential innovations represents a case study in the pilot commercialization of TEG technology for some interesting niche markets in metropolitan area of Thailand, and, thus, can be the clue for product development related to TEG for market-driven application in other similar requirement conditions and contexts as well.

In this paper we report the developmental status of a High Concentration Photovoltaic system that uses a Photovoltaic Cavity Converter (PVCC) as the receiver. The unique feature of the PVCC receiver is its ability to efficiently re‐cycle (re‐use) photons that are reflected from a multi‐cell array located near the focus of a two‐axis tracking, parabolic dish. The Introduction of “Photon Re‐cycling” for high concentrations applications (CR≥500X) has far reaching impacts on the achievable system performances with the state‐of‐the‐art MJ cells. The most distinctive feature of the PVCC is its potential of extending the realm of the present day 3j technology to 4‐, 5‐ and 6‐Bandgap concentrator systems. The paper summarizes the analytical studies that support the rational behind the PVCC concept. Preliminary field tests were conducted with a 1/36 downscaled, but high fidelity HCPV system to compare the “cavity” versus “non‐cavity” modes of operation. The system power output improved by 55% (relative) in the cas...

The development of a tidal current turbine that can extract maximum energy from the tidal current will be extremely beneficial for supplying continuous electric power. The present paper presents a conceptual design of a 100kW energy integrated type tidal current turbine for tidal power generation. The instantaneous power density of a flowing fluid incident on an underwater turbine is proportional to the cubic power of current velocity which is approximately 2.5m/s. A cross‐flow turbine, provided with a nozzle and a diffuser, is designed and analyzed. The potential advantages of ducted and diffuser‐augmented turbines were taken into consideration in order to achieve higher output at a relatively low speed. This study looks at a cross‐flow turbine system which is placed in an augmentation channel to generate electricity bi‐directionally. The compatibility of this turbine system is verified using a commercial CFD code, ANSYSCFX. This paper presents the results of the numerical analysis in terms of pressure, ...

This paper presents the performance data of the single and two‐stage High Efficiency Cooler (HEC) tested with coaxial cold heads. The single stage coaxial cold head has been optimized to operate at temperatures of 40 K and above. The two‐stage parallel cold head configuration has been optimized to operate at 30 K and above and provides a long‐life, low mass and efficient two‐stage version of the Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems (NGAS) flight qualified single stage HEC cooler. The HEC pulse tube cryocoolers are the latest generation of flight coolers with heritage to the 12 Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems (NGAS) coolers currently on orbit with 2 operating for more than 11.5 years.This paper presents the performance data of the one and two‐stage versions of this cooler under a wide range of heat rejection temperature, cold head temperature and input power.

According to different processes of tides and peak‐valley electricity prices, this paper determines the optimal start up time in pumping station’s 24 hours operation between the rating state and adjusting blade angle state respectively based on the optimization objective function and optimization model for single‐unit pump’s 24 hours operation taking JiangDu No.4 Pumping Station for example. In the meantime, this paper proposes the following regularities between optimal start up time of pumping station and the process of tides and peak‐valley electricity prices each day within a month: (1) In the rating and adjusting blade angle state, the optimal start up time in pumping station’s 24 hours operation which depends on the tide generation at the same day varies with the process of tides. There are mainly two kinds of optimal start up time which include the time at tide generation and 12 hours after it. (2) In the rating state, the optimal start up time on each day in a month exhibits a rule of symmetry from 29 to 28 of next month in the lunar calendar. The time of tide generation usually exists in the period of peak electricity price or the valley one. The higher electricity price corresponds to the higher minimum cost of water pumping at unit, which means that the minimum cost of water pumping at unit depends on the peak‐valley electricity price at the time of tide generation on the same day. (3) In the adjusting blade angle state, the minimum cost of water pumping at unit in pumping station’s 24 hour operation depends on the process of peak‐valley electricity prices. And in the adjusting blade angle state, 4.85%∼5.37% of the minimum cost of water pumping at unit will be saved than that of in the rating state.

Stability & security are main aspects in electrical power systems. Transformer protection is major issue of concern to system operation. There are many mall‐trip cases of transformer protection are caused by inrush current problems. The phenomenon of transformer inrush current has been discussed in many papers since 1958. In this paper analytical analysis of inrush current in a transformer switched on dc and ac supply has been done. This analysis will help in design aspects of circuit breakers for better performance.