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The aim of this paper is to make a novel method for calculating the investment cost of Transmission services. It should be noted that some considerations such as used capacity, profits of reliability and profits of decreasing congestion‐the money allocated to transmission services‐ are also taken into account. The proposed method is tested on an 8 bus test system. All simulations are done in MATLAB environment, and MATPOWER is used for Power Flow Analysis. In order to verify the proposed method, the optimal results are compared with the pervious techniques. Therefore, the proposed technique in the paper has important effects on investment on transmission network by improving the profits of reliability and decreasing congestion. Furthermore, simulations show that increasing maximum acceptable level of current will decrease the profit of decreasing congestion.

The paper deals with synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline Ba0.5Sr0.5Nb2O6 (BSN) and Co0.7Mg0.3Fe2O4 (MCFO) powders. The nanocomposites containing (1−X) BSN +XMCFO are prepared for X = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 and sintered at Ts = 1150 °C and 1225 °C. The composites are termed as 0.X MBSN. The paper reports the crystal structure, micro‐structural analysis, dielectric constant, complex impedance spectroscopy and magnetoelectric properties of MBSN composites. It has been observed that the dielectric constant increases in the paraelectric region for lower frequencies due to the presence of interfacial polarization at the boundaries between BSN and ferrite phases. Here the complex impedance spectroscopy is carried out on the MBSN composites to determine various relaxation processes responsible for the observed dielectric behaviour. Further the dynamic magnetoelectric coefficient α is observed to increase with increasing Ts which is associated with increase in magneto‐mechanical coupling for sint...

The interdisciplinary project motivating the work discussed in this paper aims at developing an integrated framework of ideas for human hearing research. The novelty of the project consists in combining the history and philosophy of sound perception in humans with psychoacoustics and mechanics of hearing. In this paper, I present a morphological theory of human hearing, which replaces the concept of tonopic representation in the cochlea which the concept of morphological representation.

In metal forming process, the forging die design is the most important step for products quality control. Reasonable dies shape can not only reduce raw material cost but also improving material flow and eliminating defects. The main objective of this paper is to obtain some optimal parameters of the initial billet and forging dies shape according to the simulation results of a two‐step metal forming process (platting step and forging step). To develop this metal forming process optimization system several numerical tools are required: geometric modelling (CATIA V5™), FEM analysis (ABAQUS®), work‐flow control and optimization computation (MODEFRONTIER®). This study is done in three stages: simulating the two‐step metal forming process, building surrogate meta‐models to relate response and variables and optimizing the process by using advanced optimization algorithms.In this paper, a two‐step axisymmetric metal forming project was studied as an example. By using our simulation model, we get 581 correct real simulation results totally. According to all these real values, we build the surrogate meta‐models and obtain Pareto points for a two‐objective optimization process. The choice of a solution in all Pareto points will be done by the engineer who can choose his best values according to their criterions of project.

In this paper we discuss extensions to a hierarchical multi‐scale model (HMS) of cold sheet forming processes. The HMS model is capable of predicting changes in plastic anisotropy due to the evolution of crystallographic textures. The ALAMEL polycrystal plasticity model is employed to predict the texture evolution during the plastic deformation. The same model acts as a multilevel model and provides “virtual experiments” for calibration of an analytical constitutive law. Plastic anisotropy is described by means of the Facet method, which is able to reproduce the plastic potential in the entire strain rate space. The paper presents new strategies for identification of the Facet expression that are focused on improving its accuracy in the parts of the plastic potential surface that are more extensively used by the macroscopic FE model and therefore need to be reproduced more accurately. In this work we also evaluate the applicability of identification methods that (1) rely exclusively on the plastic potential or (2) can take into consideration also the deviatioric stresses derived from the Facet expression. It is shown that both methods provide the Facet expressions that correctly approximate the plastic anisotropy predicted by the multilevel ALAMEL model.

In this paper we give a generalization of the classical Mellin transformation [1]. We also prove some main properties of the α‐ Mellin transform and discuss some of its applications. This paper refers to a solution of fractional differential equation involving Riemann‐Liouville fractional derivatives.

Rb lamp is a very critical component of the Rb atomic clock’s Physics Package. The Rb lamp’s performance is very sensitive to temperature and its stability. In this paper we discuss the behaviors of Rb Lamp with temperature. The Rb lamp exciter power and temperature of Rb bulb are very important parameters in controlling the performance of the Rb Lamp. It is observed that at temperatures beyond 110° C, the lamp mode changes from the ring to red mode resulting in abnormal broadening of emission lines and self reversal. The results of our studies on spectral analysis of Rb lamp under various operating conditions are reported in the paper.

In this paper, we present a numerical procedure that can be used to model the electro‐mechanical coupled behavior of the dielectric actuator domain. The equation describing the electrostatical part is given by the reduced form of the Maxwell equation and the electrostatic potential [1]. The mechanical problem is described by the constitutive equations and equilibrium equations. Using the finite element method, this technique is to divide a whole problem into sub‐problems. The complexity of the original problem is therefore reduced by focusing only on areas most relevant. A finite element analysis is then performed by applying the electrostatic Maxwell pressure as Neumann boundary conditions to compute the displacements. Once the displacement is computed, the electrostatic domain or the conductor is updated. Electrostatic analysis is performed on the updated geometry and the finite element method is then used to determine the change in potential due to geometric perturbations. Once the surface charge densities are known, the new electrostatic Maxwell pressure is computed. The mechanical and electrostatic analysis is repeated until an equilibrium state is computed. The procedure is demonstrated in the paper by the solution of some two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional problems.

For the environment protection, lead free materials are needed such as KNbO3, BaTiO3, Ba5Ti2O7Cl4 etc. This paper includes the growth of Ba5Ti2O7Cl4 ferroelectric single crystal. The single crystals of Ba5Ti2O7Cl4 grown by fused method by taking a mixture of BaCO3, TiO2 and BaCl2 in the molar ratio of 1.5:1:1 with an impurity of chromium oxide (CrO3 = 0.005gm). It is orthorhombic at room temperature. The properties of the crystals are strongly affected by the technique of crystal growth as well as by adding external impurities i.e. dopants. In this paper we present the effect of doping on the dielectric studies of Ba5Ti2O7Cl4 single crystals. The dielectric constant and dc conductivity were determined simultaneously from room temperature to Curie temperature. The simultaneous measurement of capacitance (C) and resistance (R) were carried out to determine dielectric constant and conductivity respectively. The slight changes were occurred at room temperature from sample to sample. But at the Curie temperatu...

This research paper presents a new concept of using a single tool to associate syntax of various programming languages, algorithms and basic coding techniques. A simple framework has been programmed in Python that helps students learn skills to develop algorithms, and implement them in various programming languages. The tool provides an innovative and a unified graphical user interface for development of multimedia objects, educational games and applications. It also aids collaborative learning amongst students and teachers through an integrated mechanism based on Remote Procedure Calls. The paper also elucidates an innovative method for code generation to enable students to learn the basics of programming languages using drag‐n‐drop methods for image objects.

Experimental investigation, including hot compression and simple closed die filling was performed. Temperature range of tests was between 1225 °C and 1320 °C. Temperature selection was adequate with liquid fraction between 20 and 60%, which is typical for thixoforming processes. In the die filling test, steel dies with ceramic layer was used (highly refractory air‐setting mortar JM 3300 manufactured by Thermal Ceramics). Experiments were carried out on the Gleeble 3800 physical simulator with MCU unit. In the paper, methodology of experimental investigation is described. Dependency of forming forces on temperature and forming velocities is analysed. Obtained results are discussed. The second part of the paper concerns numerical modelling of semi‐solid forming. Numerical models for both sets of test were developed. Structural and Computational Fluid Dynamics models are compared. Initial works in microstructural modelling of 210CR12 steel behaviour are described. Lattice Boltzman Method model for thixotropi...

In this paper we carry out a comparative analysis of the word network as the collaboration network based on the novel by M. Bulgakov “Master and Margarita”, the synonym network of the Russian language as well as the Russian movie actor network. We have constructed one‐mode projections of these networks, defined degree distributions for them and have calculated main characteristics. In the paper a generation algorithm of collaboration networks has been offered which allows one to generate networks statistically equivalent to the studied ones. It lets us reveal a structural correlation between word network, synonym network and movie actor network. We show that the degree distributions of all analyzable networks are described by the distribution of q‐type.

Conventional and future electronic packages merge several different materials. Polymers, metals, solders, dielectrics, glasses, silicon, composites come together and show strong mechanical and material interaction. These interfacial effects increase if the miniaturization and diversification keep on rising as it is proposed. Many efforts have to be done to assure the system reliability of new electronic packages. The Finite Element Simulation has the ability to support the development process of new packages. The application of the FEM‐analysis requires the knowledge about the precise mechanical and thermal behaviour of the materials. The paper presents different measurement methods to determine accurate mechanical material properties of moulding compound polymers, underfillers, solder mask, and wafer photo resist and solder joints. The temperature dependency is essential to be respected. The polymer materials moulding compound as well as solder mask were characterized by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis under humidity influences to determine mechanical properties as function of moisture and temperature. Further experiments on polymer were conducted to extract the cure kinetics by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and to determine Bulk Modulus by Pressure‐Volume‐Temperature experiments (PVT). Altogether, these material properties need to be modeled in a comprehensive way fitting to each other. The common practice of just compiling data from different sources has been found to fail yielding in reliable and accurate results. The conditions under which the data were determined may cause mismatches between them and cause inconsistencies within the model. If a convergent solution was obtained at all, much simulation time would be needed as many iterations with small time steps were needed. In order to avoid this, the paper reports an approach of characterizing the temperature and time dependent mechanical material properties in one comprehensive scheme. The solder measurement allows the determination of material properties within a temperature range of 20 °C–200 °C. Further, the time dependent creep deformation can be measured within a strain‐rate range of 10−3 1/s–10−8 1/s. Solder alloys based on Sn‐Ag/Sn‐Ag‐Cu with additionally impurities and joint sizes down to O/ 200 μm were investigated. To finish the material characterization process the material model coefficient were extracted by FEM‐Simulation to increase the accuracy of data.Conventional and future electronic packages merge several different materials. Polymers, metals, solders, dielectrics, glasses, silicon, composites come together and show strong mechanical and material interaction. These interfacial effects increase if the miniaturization and diversification keep on rising as it is proposed. Many efforts have to be done to assure the system reliability of new electronic packages. The Finite Element Simulation has the ability to support the development process of new packages. The application of the FEM‐analysis requires the knowledge about the precise mechanical and thermal behaviour of the materials. The paper presents different measurement methods to determine accurate mechanical material properties of moulding compound polymers, underfillers, solder mask, and wafer photo resist and solder joints. The temperature dependency is essential to be respected. The polymer materials moulding compound as well as solder mask were characterized by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis under...

The authors of this paper embarked on a research to find an effective mechanism or algorithm to determine the optimal data packet size for efficient underwater acoustic (UWA) data transmission. In the course of the research the authors have identified some of the UWA channel parameters that play an important role in determining the suitable data packet size for efficient data transfer. These include the distance between a source and a sink, bit error rate, type of protocol, energy per useful bit, and the throughput. In this paper the authors present the findings on the relationship between data packet size, the throughput, the bit error rate (BER), and the distance between a source‐sink pair by keeping the type of protocol and the energy per useful bit parameters constant. These findings represent the preliminary contribution in parts to the final induction of the algorithm for data packet size optimization. The results obtained are based on simulation using the MIRACLE (Multi‐InteRfAce Cross‐Layer Extension library) package running on standard ns2 network simulator.

This paper is devoted to the numerical approximation of the ionospheric Dynamo model in a non‐uniform magnetic field. The numerical difficulty to solve this model comes from the anisotropy of the elliptic equation describing the electric field. This anisotropy causes the associated linear system of elliptic equation to be ill‐conditioned, when solved with standard methods. We present an asymptotic preserving method in this paper to solve this anisotropic equation, such that its linear system is independent of the anisotropy.

In this paper we take a step towards single‐trial behavioral modeling within a Theory of Visual Attention (TVA). In selective attention tasks, such as the Partial Report paradigm, the subject is asked to ignore distractors and only report stimuli that belong to the target class. Nothing about a distractor is observed directly in the subject’s overt behavior, hence behavioral modeling of such trials involves out‐marginalizing the variables that represent the distractors’ influence on behavior. In this paper we derive equations for inferring a latent representation of the distractors on a Partial Report trial. This result retrodicts a latent attentional state of the subject using the observed response from that particular trial and thus differs from other predictions made with TVA which are based on expected values of observed variables. We show an example of the result in single‐trial analysis of an occipital EEG component.

This paper presents a novel sensing and balancing method for bipedal walking robot. The proposed method involves the design of semi‐rigid ankle joint to facilitate the responsive and accurate measurement of the sideway (sagittal) instability of the walking robot. The use of double balancing mass and the developed control algorithms provide a constant sideway stability of the robot while it walks in forward direction. The smooth legs trajectory planning then can be implemented successfully regardless of the robot sideway stability condition. The developed method is able to decouple the walking algorithms from the robot stability issues. Furthermore, the use of two different masses for the balancing helps to improve response time and efficiency of the balancing system. In this paper, the proposed method is tested on the simplified model of a robot balancing on its single leg and the feasibility of the method is confirmed by the simulation results obtained with MATLAB Simulink tools.

In present paper MgAl(SO4)2F:Dy3+ and NaMgSO4F:Dy3+ halosulphate phosphors are synthesized by wet chemical method. XRD and photoluminescence (PL) characterization of phosphors has been reported in this paper. The effect of Dy3+ doping on the photoluminescence (PL) characteristics of MgAl(SO4)2F and NaMgSO4F matrix has been studied. The photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra shows the PL peaks at 469 and 494nm in NaMgSO4F:Dy and 482, 571 nm PL peaks in NaMgSO4F:Dy phosphors.

The consumer appetite for a rich multimedia experience drives technology development for mobile hand‐held devices and the infrastructure to support them. Enhancements in functionality, speed, and user experience are derived from advancements in CMOS technology. The technical challenges in developing each successive CMOS technology node to support these enhancements have become increasingly difficult. These trends have motivated the CMOS business towards a collaborative approach based on strategic partnerships. This paper describes our model and experience of CMOS development, based on multi‐dimensional industrial and academic partnerships. We provide to our process equipment, materials, and simulation partners, as well as to our silicon foundry partners, the detailed requirements for future integrated circuit products. This is done very early in the development cycle to ensure that these requirements can be met. In order to determine these fundamental requirements, we rely on a strategy that requires strong interaction between process and device simulation, physical and chemical analytical methods, and research at academic institutions. This learning is shared with each project partner to address integration and manufacturing issues encountered during CMOS technology development from its inception through product ramp. We utilize TI’s core strengths in physical analysis, unit processes and integration, yield ramp, reliability, and product engineering to support this technological development. Finally, this paper presents examples of the advancement of CMOS doping technology for the 28 nm node and beyond through this development model.

New interaction model of the system «rigid retaining structure—granular media» is motivated, considered and discussed in the paper. This model allows to take into account kinematics factors of the considered system and to use when designing and calculating variable values of main system parameters, corresponding to its current deformed and stressed states. Main results of the model further development and its applied aspects are presented in the paper. In wide range of displacements according to development of active and passive granular material pressure, dependencies “displacement—pressure” are studied including peculiarities related to the state at rest.

In this paper, four spatiotemporal coding mechanisms in the CA3‐CA1were examined.In this paper, four spatiotemporal coding mechanisms in the CA3‐CA1were examined.

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography is the successor to optical lithography and will enable advanced patterning in semiconductor manufacturing processes down to the 8 nm half pitch technology node and beyond. However, before EUV can successfully be inserted into high volume manufacturing a few challenges must be overcome. Central among these remaining challenges is the requirement to produce “defect free” EUV masks. Mask blank defects have been one of the top challenges in the commercialization of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. To determine defect sources and devise mitigation solutions, detailed characterization of defects is critical. However, small defects pose challenges in metrology scale‐up. SEMATECH has a comprehensive metrology strategy to address any defect larger than a 20 nm core size to obtain solutions for defect‐free EUV mask blanks. SEMATECH's Mask Blank Development Center has been working since 2003 to develop the technology to support defect free EUV mask blanks. Since 2003, EUV mask blank defects have been reduced from 10000 of size greater than 100 nm to about a few tens at size 70 nm. Unfortunately, today's state of the art defect levels are still about 10 to 100 times higher than needed. Closing this gap requires progress in the various processes associated with glass substrate creation and multilayer deposition. That process development improvement in turn relies upon the availability of metrology equipment that can resolve and chemically characterize defects as small as 30 nm. The current defect reduction efforts at SEMATECH have intensively included a focus on inspection and characterization. The facility boasts nearly $100M of metrology hardware, including an FEI Titan TEM, Lasertec M1350 and M7360 tools, an actinic inspection tool, AFM, SPM, and scanning auger capabilities. The newly established Auger tool at SEMATECH can run a standard 6‐inch mask blank and is already providing important information on sub‐100 nm defects on EUV blanks. Complementary to Auger analysis, TEM provides ultimate resolution in the defect imaging of sub‐nanometer structures. Crystalline and phase information generated by this metrology technique also indicates the sources of defects. SEMATECH's TEM capability is further equipped with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), which provide higher analytical power than similar techniques in traditional secondary electron microscopy (SEM). This paper will describe SEMATECH's comprehensive effort to develop robust inspection of EUV mask defects. We will discuss the development of hardware and procedures for inspecting particles 70 nm and smaller. This paper will also outline challenges in the metrology of current defects on EUV mask blanks and metrology issues that arise with increasingly smaller defects.

Potential challenges with managing mechanical stress and the consequent effects on device performance for advanced 3D through‐silicon‐via (TSV) based technologies are outlined. The paper addresses the growing need in a simulation‐based design verification flow capable to analyze a design of 3D IC stacks and to determine across‐die out‐of‐spec variations in device electrical characteristics caused by the layout and through‐silicon‐via (TSV)/package‐induced mechanical stress. The limited characterization/measurement capabilities for 3D IC stacks and a strict “good die” requirement make this type of analysis critical for the achievement of an acceptable level of functional and parametric yield and reliability. The paper focuses on the development of a design‐for‐manufacturability (DFM) type of methodology for managing mechanical stresses during a sequence of designs of 3D TSV‐based dies, stacks and packages. A set of physics‐based compact models for a multi‐scale simulation to assess the mechanical stress across the device layers in silicon chips stacked and packaged with the 3D TSV technology is proposed. A calibration technique based on fitting to measured stress components and electrical characteristics of the test‐chip devices is presented. A strategy for generation of a simulation feeding data and respective materials characterization approach are proposed, with the goal to generate a database for multi‐scale material parameters of wafer‐level and package‐level structures. For model validation, high‐resolution strain measurements in Si channels of the test‐chip devices are needed. At the nanoscale, the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is the only technique available for sub‐10 nm strain measurements so far.

Vibration at an ultrasonic frequency is superimposed on the ordinary cutting motion in ultrasonic‐vibration‐assisted turning (UAT). This combinatory cutting motion results in reduction of the cutting force and surface roughness, and improvement of the dimensional tolerances compared with conventional turning (CT). The advantages obtainable from UAT has made this process suitable for machining hard‐to‐cut and brittle materials such as super‐alloys and ceramics, as well as ordinary materials. The elastic deflection of work‐pieces is primarily responsible for the diametrical errors of the machined parts. This is of course more obvious for slender work‐pieces. The influence of UAT process on the diametrical error has not yet been investigated. This has been partly undertaken by the authors of the present paper. It has been experimentally illustrated in this paper that ultrasonic vibration superimposed on the tool tip can result in reduction of the diametrical error and thus reduced scrap rate is ensued.

In this paper we compare and contrast the effects of longitudinal coupling and temporal delay on a fluid‐structure transmission‐line model of the mammalian cochlea. This work is based on recent reports that, in order to qualitatively explain experimental data, models of the basilar membrane impedance must include an exponential term that represents a time‐delayed feedback. There are also models that include, e.g., a spatial feed‐forward mechanism, whose solution is often approximated by replacing the feed‐forward coupling by an exponential term. We show that there is no direct equivalence between the time‐delay and the longitudinal coupling mechanisms, although qualitatively similar results can be achieved, albeit in very different regions of parameter space. An investigation of the steady‐state outputs shows that both models can display sharp tuning, but that the time‐delay model requires negative damping for such an effect to occur. Conversely, the longitudinal coupling model provides the most promising results with small positive damping. These results are extended by a careful stability analysis. We find that, whereas a small time delay can stabilize an unstable transmission‐line model (with negative damping), that the longitudinal coupling model is stable when the damping is positive. The techniques developed in the paper are directed towards a more comprehensive analysis of nonlinear models.In this paper we compare and contrast the effects of longitudinal coupling and temporal delay on a fluid‐structure transmission‐line model of the mammalian cochlea. This work is based on recent reports that, in order to qualitatively explain experimental data, models of the basilar membrane impedance must include an exponential term that represents a time‐delayed feedback. There are also models that include, e.g., a spatial feed‐forward mechanism, whose solution is often approximated by replacing the feed‐forward coupling by an exponential term. We show that there is no direct equivalence between the time‐delay and the longitudinal coupling mechanisms, although qualitatively similar results can be achieved, albeit in very different regions of parameter space. An investigation of the steady‐state outputs shows that both models can display sharp tuning, but that the time‐delay model requires negative damping for such an effect to occur. Conversely, the longitudinal coupling model provides the most promising...

This paper deals with the simulation of UNS A92024 aluminium alloy cutting processes. In particular, 2D and 3D Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations were carried out in order to estimate cutting forces and chip morphology during turning operations. The material is modelled with two different set of parameters for the Johnson—Cook’s (J‐C) constitutive equation and a failure Cockroft and Latham’s model exploited considers damage. The comparison between the predicted chip morphology and principal cutting forces at varying of J‐C parameters and cutting regimes with those experimentally found are presented and discussed. The paper shows the importance of damage criterion in the cutting forces, during the simulation, especially in 3D.

This paper extends the work that has earlier been established. Immune inspired approach for securing mobile ad hoc networks is specified there. Although it is clearly indicated there that the research scope is the wireless networks in general and hybrid mobile ad hoc networks in particular, we have seen that specifying the security system in one of the communications applications that need further security approach may help to understand how effectively the system can contribute to this vital and important networks sector. Security in this type of networks is important and controversial as it plays a key role in users’ eagerness or reluctance for the services provided by these networks. In this paper, the immune inspired security system is specified to secure web services in converged networks.

Geriatric patients with dementia and hypertension (DAH) suffer both physically and financially. The needs of these patients mainly include improving the quality of daily living and reducing the cost of long‐term care. Traditional treatment approaches are strained to meet these needs. The goal of the paper is to design an innovative system to provide cost‐effective quality treatments for geriatric patients with DAH by collecting and analyzing the multi‐dimensional personal information, such as observations in daily living (ODL) from a non‐clinical environment. The proposed ODLs in paper include activities, cleanliness, blood pressure, medication compliance and mood changes. To complete the system design, an incremental user‐centered strategy is exploited to assemble needs of patients, caregivers, and clinicians. A service‐oriented architecture (SOA) is employed to make full use of existing devices, software systems, and platforms. This health‐related knowledge can be interpreted and utilized to help patients with DAH remain in their homes safely and improve their life quality while reducing medical expenditures.

The invention of the laser, with its precise wavelength and beam divergence characteristics, coupled with the techniques like q‐switching, mode locking to produce ultra‐short pulses has been influencing the era of space technology. Space agencies worldwide are equipping satellites with laser transmitters in the hope of achieving crucial and vital tasks. Though, both laser technology and space operations have matured substantially in the recent decades, offering synergistic possibilities of using lasers from space‐based platforms, development of a reliable laser sources meeting the space mission types and constraints is still the current quest. This paper especially focuses on the conceptualization and engineering design aspects of developing a miniaturized diode pumped, passive q‐switch Er: Glass laser capable of delivering pulses of energy 3 mJ, pulse width of 7 ns at a repetition rate of 1 Hz and operating wavelength of 1535 nm. This paper sheds the light also on the selected resonator configurations, p...

The investigation and elimination or control of metallic contamination in ion implanters has been a leading, continuous effort at implanter OEMs and in fabs/IDMs alike. Much of the efforts have been in the area of control of sputtering through material and geometry changes in apertures, beamline and target chamber components. In this paper, we will focus on an area that has not, heretofore, been fully investigated or controlled. This is the area of lubricants and internal and external support material such as selected cleaning media. Some of these materials are designated for internal use (beamline/vacuum) only while others are for internal and/or external use. Many applications for selected greases, for example, are designated for or are used for platens, implant disks/wheels and for wafer handling components. We will present data from popular lubricants (to be unnamed) used worldwide in ion implanters. This paper will review elements of concern in many lubricants that should be tracked and monitored by ...

The Distance and Capacity Constrained Vehicle Routing Problem (DCVRP) is an extension of the well known Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). DCVRP arises in distribution and logistics problems. It would be beneficial to construct new formulations, which is the main motivation and contribution of this paper. We focused on two indexed integer programming formulations for DCVRP. One node based and one arc (flow) based formulation for DCVRP are presented. Both formulations have O(n2) binary variables and O(n2) constraints, i.e., the number of the decision variables and constraints grows with a polynomial function of the nodes of the underlying graph. It is shown that proposed arc based formulation produces better lower bound than the existing one (this refers to the Water’s formulation in the paper). Finally, various problems from literature are solved with the node based and arc based formulations by using CPLEX 8.0. Preliminary computational analysis shows that, arc based formulation outperforms the node based formulation in terms of linear programming relaxation.

Advances in communications and control technology, the strengthening of the Internet, and the growing appreciation of the urgency to reduce demand side energy use are motivating the development of improvements in both energy efficiency and demand response (DR) systems in buildings. This paper provides a framework linking continuous energy management and continuous communications for automated demand response (Auto‐DR) in various times scales. We provide a set of concepts for monitoring and controls linked to standards and procedures such as Open Automation Demand Response Communication Standards (OpenADR). Basic building energy science and control issues in this approach begin with key building components, systems, end‐uses and whole building energy performance metrics. The paper presents a framework about when energy is used, levels of services by energy using systems, granularity of control, and speed of telemetry. DR, when defined as a discrete event, requires a different set of building service levels than daily operations. We provide examples of lessons from DR case studies and links to energy efficiency.

This paper analyzes the chatter phenomena in lathe machines. Chatter is one of the main causes of inaccuracy, reduction of life cycle of the machine and tool wear in machine tools. This phenomenon limits the depth of cut as a function of the cutting speed, which consequently reduces the material removal rate and machining efficiency. Chatter control is therefore important since it increases the stability region in machining and increases the critical depth of cut in machining case. To control the chatter in lathe machines, a magnetostrictive actuator is used. The materials with magnetostriction properties are kind of smart materials of which their length changes as a result of applying an exterior magnetic field, which make them suitable for control applications. It is assumed that the actuator applies the proper force exactly at the point where the machining force is applied on the tool. In this paper the chatter stability lobes is excelled as a result of applying a PID controller on the magnetostrictive actuator equipped‐tool in turning.

Although the virtual methods are nowadays fully established as a widely used tool in the planning and optimization of forming processes they are still completely omitted for a direct, “intelligent” process control in the later production of the parts. The paper presents a proposal for a Process-Integrated-Virtual-Control (PIVC) considering the real process perturbations induced by deviations of material properties as well as by further time dependent process parameters like the tool temperature. For the detection of the material deviations an in-line eddy-current measurement method and the appropriate evaluation method for the definition of the stochastic yield curves will be presented. The paper closes with a virtually taught control system modifying the blank-holder forces in dependency of thermal conditions and material deviations. The goal of this PIVC coupled to in-line process controls is to achieve a Zero Failure production even under alternative time dependent process conditions.

Currently, people are more and more concerned about the environmental protection. Municipal solid wastes (MSW) have bad effect on the environment and also human health. In addition, the amounts of municipal solid wastes are increasing due to the economic development, density of population, especially in the developing countries and they are recycled in a little percentage. To address this problem, the composite brick forming machine was designed and developed to make brick using combination of MSW and mortar. The machine consists of two independent parts, crusher and mixer part, and molding part. This paper explores the design of crusher and mixer part. The crusher has ability to cut MSW such as wood, paper and plastic into small size. There are two mixers; one is used for making mortar and other use for making slurry. FEA analyses were carried out to address the suitable strength of the critical parts of the crusher which ensures that crusher can run properly with high efficiency. The experimentation of the crusher shows that it has high performance for cutting MSW. The mixers also work very well in high efficiency. The results of composite brick testing have been shown that ability of the machine can performance well. This is the innovation of crush and mix machine which is portable and economic by using MSW in replacement of sand.

The work hardening during the forming process is generally ignored in crash analysis. This paper presents computational details of the effect of forming process on crash response of typical Sports Utility Vehicles (SUV). Forming results for front panels of a medium‐sized SUV were calculated using Hyperform and LS Dyna. These were imported into the crash model and crash results compared with and without the forming effects. Time taken to generate the forming data by a variety of methods is quantified and the trade‐off between time taken and accuracy is examined. LS‐DYNA was used for both forming and crash simulations. The effect of thickness, work hardening and residual stresses on the crashworthiness results is measured; crash response is seen to be significantly affected when the effects of forming are included. The paper proposes a systematic method to transfer data from the forming analysis to crashworthiness analysis (both using LS‐DYNA), allowing thickness, residual stress and plastic strain data selectively or in combination to be used to initialise the crash model. The relative effect of each of these forming parameters has been examined and the importance of, work hardening on the crash response of the stamping front rail has been identified. A significant change in energy absorption, peak force and stroke of the front rail was predicted, indicating a far stiffer response in the formed rail than would be expected based on the nominal material properties. Therefore, forming effects should be accounted for in vehicle crashworthiness predictions.

In this paper we report the developmental status of a High Concentration Photovoltaic system that uses a Photovoltaic Cavity Converter (PVCC) as the receiver. The unique feature of the PVCC receiver is its ability to efficiently re‐cycle (re‐use) photons that are reflected from a multi‐cell array located near the focus of a two‐axis tracking, parabolic dish. The Introduction of “Photon Re‐cycling” for high concentrations applications (CR≥500X) has far reaching impacts on the achievable system performances with the state‐of‐the‐art MJ cells. The most distinctive feature of the PVCC is its potential of extending the realm of the present day 3j technology to 4‐, 5‐ and 6‐Bandgap concentrator systems. The paper summarizes the analytical studies that support the rational behind the PVCC concept. Preliminary field tests were conducted with a 1/36 downscaled, but high fidelity HCPV system to compare the “cavity” versus “non‐cavity” modes of operation. The system power output improved by 55% (relative) in the cas...

It has been reported that Internet Protocol (IP) packet traffic exhibits self‐similarity or long range dependence (LRD) and causes the degradation of switch performance. Therefore, it is crucial for an appropriate buffer design of a switch. In this paper, we investigate delay behavior of the switch under self‐similar variable length packet traffic by modeling it as MMPP/M/1/K queueing system wherein MMPP (Markov‐Modulated Poisson Process) is fitted by equating the variance of MMPP and that of self‐similar traffic. MMPP model is already validated one to emulate the self‐similar characteristics. Voids that will occur because of variability in packet length is considered. We investigate mean delay against system parameters, traffic parameters and fitting parameters. Numerical results show that analysis presented in this paper is useful in dimensioning the switch.

The question of whether noncontextual hidden variable models can give the quantum‐mechanical predictions has been under discussion for a long time. The question originates in the sixties, perhaps best known from the 1967 paper by Kochen and Specker where it was shown that no noncontextual hidden‐variable model can give these predictions. Recently, the question has gained interest from experimentalists trying to test this in the laboratory. The experimental setups in question have used a sequential setup rather than the alternative, joint (simultaneous) measurement. There has been discussion in the community whether this is appropriate. This brief paper argues that sequential measurement is not only the correct choice, but the best possible.

Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Photodetector (MSM-PD) is a well known structure for its higher response speed due to its ultralow capacitance per area compare to other type of photodetectors. It is also compatible with FET technology and is a potential candidate as a photodetector in receiver optoelectronics integrated circuits (OEICs) [1]. Conventional MSM-PD structures have a major disadvantage of high dark current which results in higher power consumption. This problem is particularly serious for low-bandgap material. Many works have been done to suppress dark current of MSM-PD. A common approach is to incorporate Schottky barrier enhancement layer. Recent paper has reported the use of silicon-carbon (Si:C) Schottky barrier enhancement layer to suppress dark current in Ge-on-SOI MSM photodetector by more than four orders of magnitude and leading to dark current of ∼11.5 nA for an applied bias of 1.0 V [2]. Another way of reducing dark current is by using passivation layer such as a-Si:H layer. Deposition of a single or multiple layers of amorphous Si or amorphous Si alloy on crystalline silicon substrate to suppress dark current were also reported [3], [4]. In this paper, the effect of a thin un-hydrogenated amorphous silicon layer (a-Si) on the performance of Si-based MSM photodetector (MSM-PD) was studied. Thermal evaporation technique was used to deposit the a-Si layer on crystalline silicon substrate. a-Si layer was shown to decrease dark current of Si-based MSM-PD up to five orders of magnitude. a-Si layer was used as barrier enhancement layer in one MSM structure and capping layer in another structure. At applied bias of 5V, the latter structure exhibits lower dark current leading to photocurrent-to-dark current ratio of ∼ 800 (white light 15W).

In this paper, the Zinc (Zn) thin films were evaporated on the silicon substrate at room temperature. Then the substrates were transferred into a thermal tube furnace to form the Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin films. This oxidation processes were carried out by two steps: 270° C for 1 h and then 400, 450, 500, 550° C for another 1.25 h. Scanning electron microscope (SEM and EDX) spectra of ZnO indicate that the ZnO thin films were obtained with surface smoothness depending on oxidation temperature. The lowest oxidation temperature produces smoother surface, whereas highest temperature produces sample with high surface roughness. Similarly the current‐voltage results showed that the photo response was sensitive with the second oxidation temperature. Further work is, therefore, needed to find an optimum oxidation temperature for optimum photo response in photo detection applications.In this paper, the Zinc (Zn) thin films were evaporated on the silicon substrate at room temperature. Then the substrates were transferred into a thermal tube furnace to form the Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin films. This oxidation processes were carried out by two steps: 270° C for 1 h and then 400, 450, 500, 550° C for another 1.25 h. Scanning electron microscope (SEM and EDX) spectra of ZnO indicate that the ZnO thin films were obtained with surface smoothness depending on oxidation temperature. The lowest oxidation temperature produces smoother surface, whereas highest temperature produces sample with high surface roughness. Similarly the current‐voltage results showed that the photo response was sensitive with the second oxidation temperature. Further work is, therefore, needed to find an optimum oxidation temperature for optimum photo response in photo detection applications.

The role of an anti-intrusion bar for automotive use is to absorb the kinetic energy of the colliding bodies that is partially converted into internal work of the bodies involved in the crash. The aim of this paper is to investigate the performances of a new kind of anti-intrusion bars for automotive use, filled with metallic foams. The reason for using a cellular material as a filler deals with its capacity to absorb energy during plastic deformation, while being lightweight. The study is the evolution of a previous paper presented by the authors at Esaform 2010 and will present new results and findings. It is conducted by evaluating some key technical issues of the manufacturing problem and by conducting experimental and numerical analyses. The evaluation of materials and shapes of the closed sections to be filled is made in the perspective of a car manufacturer (production costs, weight reduction, space availability in a car door, etc.). Experimentally, foams are produced starting from an industrial aluminium precursor with a TiH{sub 2} blowing agent. Bars are tested in three point bending, in order to evaluate their performances in terms of force-displacement response and other specific performance parameters. In order to understand themore » role of interface between the inner surface of the tube and the external surface of the foam, different kinds of interface are tested.« less

This is a summarized version of the forthcoming paper [19].Let m and n be any positive integers. We write e(x) = e2π−1, and use the vectorial notation x = (x1,…,xm) for any complex x and xi(i = 1,…,m). The main object of this paper is the Shintani zeta‐function φn(s,a,λ;z) defined by (1.4) below, where sj(j = 1,…,n) are complex variables, ai and λi(i = 1,2) real parameters with ai>0, and zj complex parameters with |argzj

WebOS (Web based operating system) is a new form of Operating Systems. You can use your desktop as a virtual desktop on the web, accessible via a browser, with multiple integrated built‐in applications that allow the user to easily manage and organize her data from any location. Desktop on web can be named as WEBtop. This paper starts with a introduction of WebOS and its benefits. For this paper, We have reviewed some most interesting WebOS available nowadays and tried to provide a detailed description of their features. We have identified some parameters as comparison criteria among them. A technical review is given with research design and future goals to design better web based operating systems is a part of this study. Findings of the study conclude this paper.

The presented paper describes the topical problem in metal forging production. It deals with the choice of an optimal lubricant for forging of Al‐based alloys. Within the scope of the paper, the properties of several oil‐based colloidal‐graphite lubricants were investigated. The physicochemical and technological properties of these lubricants are presented. It was found that physicochemical properties of lubricant compositions have an influence on friction coefficient value and quality of forgings.The ring compression method was used to estimate the friction coefficient value. Hydraulic press was used for the test. The comparative analysis of the investigated lubricants was carried out. The forging quality was estimated on the basis of production test. The practical recommendations were given to choose an optimal oil‐based colloidal‐graphite lubricant for isothermal forging of Al‐based alloy.

The CYCLE consortium has been designing the ITER ICRF antenna since March 2010, supported by an F4E grant. Following a brief introduction to the consortium, this paper: describes the present status and layout of the design; highlights the key mechanical engineering features; shows the expected impact of cooling and radiation issues on the design and outlines the need for future R&D to support the design process. A key design requirement is the need for the mechanical design and analysis to be consistent with all requirements following from the RF physics and antenna layout optimisation. As such, this paper complements that of Durodie et al [1].

In this paper we describe a point scanning optical microscope where the illumination beam can be programmably controlled in real time using a liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LCSLM). With an appropriate pattern displayed on the LCSLM, the device can be made to act as a binary diffraction hologram. In the proposed microscope the illumination beam is in fact the +1 order beam diffracted from the binary hologram. By displaying a sequence of binary holograms it is possible to make a beam scanning, similar to a conventional scanning microscope. Here we use a computer generated holography technique to compute the binary holograms which facilitate complete control of the amplitude and phase profile of the illumination beam. In a number of microscopy applications using reflected light, the reflectivity of the sample plane may differ from region to region. Therefore if a single illumination beam intensity is used for the whole sample plane, then the regions with less reflectivity will be imaged with poor signal to noise ratio. In our proposed microscope the sample plane is first imaged to determine the regions of weak reflectivity. Holograms are then computed to make the illumination beam adapt to the reflectivity variations in the given sample plane. The image obtained with the modified set of holograms have superior signal to noise ratio all over, relative to a conventional point scanning microscope with a fixed intensity illumination beam. In this paper we present some preliminary results using the proposed setup.

Selective laser melting (SLM) is one of the most important technologies used when complex metallic parts need to be rapidly manufactured. There are some requirements related to the quality of the manufactured part or the accuracy of the process control, in order to turn SLM process into a production technique. This paper presents a case study undertaken at the Technical University of Cluj‐Napoca (TUCN) in cooperation with an industrial company from Romania, focusing on the accuracy issues. Finite element analysis (FEA) and Design Expert software were jointly used in order to determine the optimum process parameters required to improve the accuracy of the SLM metallic parts. Experimental results are also presented in the paper.

In the paper we suggest a new closure for Grad’s thirteen moment equations for medium rarefied gases by using a Hermite polynomial approximation for the monatomic gas velocity distribution function, and applying the Chapman‐Enskog regularization method to Grad’s velocity distribution function that corresponds to his thirteen moment equation. In our paper, the collision term of the Boltzmann equation is assumed to be in the Bhatnagar‐Gross‐Krook (BGK) form. The velocity distribution function for resulting 13 regularized moment equations is presented.

More and more attention has been attached to the study on releasing characteristic of polluted sediment in estuary area. In this paper the bottom sediment of Suzhou creek is selected as a sample to conduct experiment. The effect of sediment contaminant on upper water quality (CODCr) is analyzed by flume experiment under the different hydrodynamic conditions. A numerical model is established by analyzing the characteristics of the flow field and the concentration field in this paper. Through numerical simulation, the concentration distribution and its variation with time was obtained. The concentration distribution and its variation with time was obtained by the numerical simulation, which agree well with the experiment data.