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Recent years have seen the significant developments in theoretical, experimental and clinical approaches to understand the dynamics of cancer cells, the mechanism, cancer evolution and treatment resistances. Within the last five years, attention has been given on intensively investigating the evolution of cancer cells through model-based approach. In order to rationalize the treatment personalization and address the treatment failure, the use of mathematical modelling is widely accepted to support drug and treatment decision making. By now, several mathematical models for the cancer cell growth process have been formulated in the literature. It is clear that cancer evolution operates in a highly uncertain environment as a result of the noisy behaviour in the human body. To reflect the realistic behaviour of the cancerous cell growth, a mathematical model that describes this process should take into account the stochastic effects. To the fact that the stochastic models incorporate the random effects that may influence the behaviour of physical systems, mathematical models which is a stochastic differential equation (SDE) known as stochastic Gompertz model have been developed to understand the cancer growth process and its response to the cancer treatment methods. The objective of this paper is to investigate the performance of stochastic Gompertz model in predicting the growth of cervical cancer cells compared to the performance of deterministic model and the forecasting model of cervical cancer cell growth. The stochastic and deterministic Gompertz model will be solved via numerical method and the result will be presented together with the forecasting model of cervical cancer cell growth. The performance of stochastic Gompertz model, deterministic model and cervical cancer forecasting model in predicting the growth of cervical cancer cells will be analysed by using Root Mean-squared error (RMSE) and Global error. The present result will suggest the best model representing the growth of cancer cells, hence provide the better understanding of cancer evolution to overcome the treatment resistance. This useful clinical knowledge may help oncologists to design better treatment strategies and brings opportunities to treat cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, steady two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics mixed convective flow of non-Newtonian power-law nanofluid with the presence of heat generation/absorption and chemical reaction effects is investigated. The nanofluid incorporates the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis using Buongiorno's model. The flow is studied in a cavity with a moving top wall and contains isothermal solid circular cylinder at the center. The governing dimensional equations in a vector form are transformed into non-dimensional form. Then, the dimensionless equations are solved numerically by finite element method (FEM) using automated solution technique which is FEniCS. The influence of various parameters such as Richardson number, power-law index, magnetic field, heat generation/absorption, chemical reaction and size of solid circular cylinder on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are presented and discussed in this study. The results show that increasing Richardson number and power-law index has enhanced the velocity and the temperature profiles (left side of cavity). Meanwhile, both profiles reduce when the magnetic parameter and the size of solid circular cylinder are added. The temperature profile is increased with the rising of heat generation/absorption parameter. Besides that, declining trend is observed on the concentration profile with increasing chemical reaction parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The numerical study presents the effect of heat generation and chemical reaction on the problem of magnetohydrodynamics mixed convective flow of power-law nanofluid using Buongiorno's model. Adiabatic non-conducting solid square block is located at the center of the cavity and both vertical walls are moving with uniform velocity. The governing dimensional equations in vector form are transformed into non-dimensional form. Then, the dimensionless equations are solved numerically by finite element method (FEM) using automated solution technique which is FEniCS. The effects of different parameters such as Richardson number, power-law index, magnetic field, heat generation/absorption, chemical reaction and size of square block on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are performed and discussed in this paper. It is found that rising both Richardson number and power-law index lead to increase the velocity and temperature profiles (right side of cavity). Besides, rising both magnetic parameter and size of square block lead to decrease the velocity and temperature profiles (right side of cavity). Adding the heat generation/absorption parameter has increased the temperature profile. In addition, increasing chemical reaction parameter has reduced the concentration profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer arises when cells develop uncontrollably in the breast to form tumour cells. The risk of having breast cancer rises as a woman continues to age. Thus, details about the early stages of cancer progression can help a woman make early treatment choices, preventing them from being diagnosed with these harmful cancers. It is believed that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) act as effector cells to eradicate cancer cells. CTLs and tumor cells were discovered to be around a "predator-prey" relationship, with CTL acting as the predator along with tumor cells acting as the prey. In this paper, we examined steady-state solutions for two numerical differentiation using the Jacobian matrix. We will also examine the stability region of breast cancer cells in two different phases to describe its progress in different types of the human body at various phases. Also, compare tumour cells population development in the duration of interphase and metaphase in the presence and the absence of immune response, which is dependent on the CTL population, will be observed by applying Fourth Order Runge Kutta (RK4) method. We can see that the Runge-Kutta method is an important method for approximate solutions to ordinary systems with known initial conditions. We achieved populations value of tumour cells throughout interphase and mitosis as well as the population of the immune system using the method. Based on our observations, we draw the conclusion that persons with a higher immune system are more likely to be able to fight cancer for for a period of time than cancer sufferers with a poor immune system. We may observe that the cancer cells were reduced in a shorter period of time with a high immune response population compared to other lower CTL values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the hybrid of Potential Method (PM) and Graph Theory and Matrix Approach (GTMA) to surmount the issues in the existing hybrid of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Graph Theory and Matrix Approach (GTMA) concerning the complexity of the calculation of the weight of the attributes when involving many attributes, no visualization of the relationship between attributes and complex calculation of ranking order of attributes for missing information. Subsequently, the implementation of the proposed method is utilized in the fuel selection problem in solving two issues namely complexity in pairwise comparison and missing information. Besides, the proposed method could surmount the complexity in pairwise comparison and deal well with missing information in providing the ranking order of alternatives. Finally, the results obtained indicate that the method could be utilized for ranking purposes in Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A typical problem in additive combinatorics is to find the structure of a set given an additive assumption about the set. Sárközy's conjecture is one such problem. The conjecture posits the nonexistence of a nontrivial 2-decomposition of the set Qp of quadratic residue modulo p. In this paper, we review the history and formulation of the conjecture. Then we survey the progress made towards this conjecture in which we first suppose that a 2-decomposition Qp = A+B exists, with │A│, │B│ ≥2. Next, we find bounds for the cardinalities of sets A and B while showcasing the techniques used in obtaining them. Finally, we suggest further problems by discussing the case for a 3-decomposition of Qp and other related problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous models have been proposed over time to study the behavior and properties of hybrid nanofluids. In this paper, a modified Buongiorno nanofluid model (MBNM) is used to investigate the stagnation-point flow of a hybrid nanofluid past a linearly stretching surface. The model combined Buongiorno's nanofluid model with Devi and Devi's hybrid nanofluid model. Compared to other models, it is still not widely used in the literature. It took into consideration the effect of Brownian motion and thermophoresis and the effective properties of the hybrid nanofluid. This paper also imposed the zero normal flux condition at the stretching surface instead of the usual constant nanoparticle concentration. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations using appropriate similarity variables. The problem is then solved numerically using the MATLAB function bvp4c. Results indicate that the stagnation parameter can significantly influence the magnitude of the skin friction coefficient. There is no skin friction when the surface moves at the same velocity as the fluid. The Brownian motion parameter is insignificant to both skin friction coefficient and the heat transfer rate of the fluid. It can also be seen that hybrid nanofluid indeed has a higher heat transfer rate as compared to mono-nanofluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching and Learning Mathematics in the 21st centuries highly related to the digital technology used in the classroom. Mathematics is the best practice in the standard teaching and learning (T&L) process where the teacher and student physically attend the class. There is where the interaction and discussion on subject matter happened. However, due to the COVID-19, the practice needs to be changed drastically in which both sides of teacher and student are not allowed to have a physical class to avoid any contact. The learning process must proceed and adapt well to the current situation. A Learning Management system must be developed as a platform to digitally organize educational material. Due to that, this paper aims to illustrate the development of a website that is beneficial in T&L Mathematics courses. The content of the mathematics course chosen is Linear Algebra. There are various learning management systems, but the one that customizes the purpose and requirement of our class content can be developed by ourselves. Google offers a good package where google sites can be easily set up for that purpose. The content is arranged according to based on topics. In addition, the interactive learning environment is also embedded in developing the system to attract the student's attention during class hours. Live chat is also provided for the student to ask questions at their convenience time. Developing a customized learning management system can be an alternative for teachers to provide a digital environment to their students so that the process of T&L can be continued. Our website has been introduced to students, and their feedback is recorded. The result shows that students show positive responses while describing the website [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to develop the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) transmission model using the fractional-order differential equation defined by Caputo. This model is developed based on the susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered model, commonly known as the SEIR model. The basic reproduction number, denoted by R0, is computed using the next-generation matrix method. The disease-free equilibrium point is evaluated, and local stability analysis is performed. The analysis shows that the disease-free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable when R0<1 and unstable when R0>1. In other words, the COVID-19 disease can be eliminated when R0< 1. Finally, numerical results are presented based on the real data of COVID-19 cases in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A topological index is a numerical measure characterizing a whole structure of a particularly given graph. Moreover, in chemical graph theory, the Zagreb indices idea, which is based on the number of vertex degrees, was proposed. More Zagreb index variations were later created, and some of these indexes were recently produced. This paper outlines the Zagreb indices and Zagreb coindices with respect to the line graphs of Polyphenylene dendrimer subdivision graphs. Numerous creative families of Zagreb indices were also numerically simulated, comparing the two types of indices that can be relevant with respect to the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) as well as quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPR) research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detection of outlier in circular data and single circular regression have received much attention. Several diagrammatical plots and numerical presentation have been proposed to identify the existence of outliers. Currently, outlier detection analysis in multiple circular regression model is also attracting the interest of statisticians and researchers to do the research in depth. In this paper, the outlier detection methods on multivariate eye data in the multiple circular regression model is considered. The model properties of multiple independent circular variable are presented. Five statistics for outlier detection methods has been investigated and compared using graphical and numerical methods. The multivariate eye data set is considered in this study to investigate the performance of the proposed statistics. It is found that the proposed statistics are good in identifying outliers not limited to the presence of a single or few outlier, but able to identify the presence of multiple outliers at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main contribution in this paper is to introduce the second derivative term for block method to solve stiff Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) problems. The method has been derived by considering the Backward Differential Formula (BDF) that is well known used for solving stiff ODEs. The suggestion of adding second derivative term in the solution steps is to increase the stability region of the block method. The convergence properties of the derived method which include order, zero stability and consistency are discussed. The theoretical results based on the convergence properties and the region of stability shows that the derive method is convergent and A-stable. To conclude the proposed method 2BBDFSD is suitable to be used as a stiff ODE solver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a modified mean-variance portfolio selection procedure using the proximal gradient method. This novel selection procedure has the advantage of encouraging sparsity in the entire portfolio usingl0−norm while requiring only O(n) storage. The proximal gradient method (PSG) introduces a multiple damping gradient (MDG) method to reduce the computation time, with Lipschitz constant serving as the step size, and iterative thresholding (IHT) as the proximal method to induce the sparsity of the portfolio. To find the optimal portfolio, an efficient algorithm is developed. The performance of the proposed selection procedure is illustrated by its application to real-life data set. It is shown that the proposed portfolio performs consistently better in comparison with other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns an intraguild predation model with stage structure and cannibalism in the predator population, where the predator population is divided into two stages, namely, a juvenile stage, and an adult stage. We investigated the dynamics of this model by obtaining the equilibrium points, the conditions of existence and the conditions for stability using Jacobian Matrix and Routh Hurwitz criterion. Further to that, we illustrate the effects of the death rate of the adult predator population and the death rate of the basal resources on the existence and stability region of the model. We use numerical simulation to construct the stability region for the model, which is critical to illustrate the dynamics of the model against those two selected parameters. It is found that each equilibrium point undergo stability transition of the equilibria, from either stable to unstable, unstable to stable, or unstable to stable to unstable, with the change of death rate, which significantly impact the population density of the adult predator subsequently the dynamics of this model. The obtained result indicates that a large death rate can lead to a system where the predator population is extinct, thus, leading into the extinction of other species as well, namely, the prey and basal resource. An intermediate death rate indicates that the system could co-exist whereby theoretically, it can ensure that both optimal predator and prey population exist in the ecosystem. Analyzing in an ecological perspective we observe that when the population of adult predator is controlled, it allows for the increased birth rate of juvenile predator and parallelly, boost the competition rate between adult predator and prey population to maintain an ideal ecosystem balance. We also analyzed the transcritical bifurcation with the death rate of the adult predator selected as the bifurcation parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficiency in the stock market is an essential component of the capital allocation system and is crucial in promoting economic growth. In recent years, there has been a growing number of publications focusing on the effect of Covid-19 on human norms. Although there are many studies on the impact of Covid-19 on human norms, the empirical implications of the Covid-19 pandemic on financial markets are still poorly understood. This paper adds to the literature by discussing the effects of a pandemic by studying the stock market efficiency before and after the first case of Covid-19 hit Malaysia. Several robust techniques are utilised to validate the efficient market hypothesis (EMH), namely Ljung-box, Hurst exponent, Chow-denning, and Variance ratio tests. Results indicate a strong influence of Covid-19 on the stock movement. The returns are efficient for the overall sample period. However inefficient after the global pandemic. The findings reported here suggest an increasing chance for market predictability in the Malaysian stock market during the global Covid-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many MCDM methods involve two independent evaluations for obtaining the best option or result. The evaluations involved are the importance of criteria and the rating of alternatives. The introduction of the objective weight method has improved the process of determining the criteria weight significantly where it can be obtained directly from the alternatives' ratings. The method of CRiteria Importance Through Inter-criteria Correlation (CRITIC) is one of the well-known objective weight methods that is effectively used to solve many decision-making problems. Some variants of the CRITIC methods including the distance-based CRITIC (D-CRITIC) have been introduced. The D-CRITIC employs the distance correlation in the calculation and has an advantage over the other variants since it can produce more stable criteria weights and ratings of a larger decision matrix. In this paper, the method of Fuzzy ARAS with D-CRITIC is proposed to solve a third-party logistic provider problem. The consistency of ranking of the proposed method with the original Fuzzy ARAS is analyzed using the Spearman's rank correlation method. The results show that the ranking is consistent, and the proposed method has the advantage of having a lesser evaluation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polynomial equations demand different solvability criterion in the p-adic field compared to the real field. This is due to the non-Archimedean and finite properties that been used in the p-adic field. In previous work, the solvability criterion of the cubic equations had been studied in depressed form for case p≥2. However, the proof for case prime p = 2 is not complete. This paper will provide the proof of such a problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, majority of universities in Malaysia commonly implement the teaching and learning practices on physical face to face basis. However, the pandemic had drastically changed the norm of the teaching and learning practices into online teaching and learning as one of the measures to curb the spread of the virus among the community. The drastic move had greatly affected the academic communities particularly the students. Some of the possible factors influencing online learning difficulties faced by the students include poor internet accessibility, lack of self-motivation, lack of active interaction with lecturers and peers, lack of conducive learning environment and poor time management. In this paper, the technique of Fuzzy DEMATEL is employed in analyzing the level of influence and relationships of the aforementioned factors in contributing to learning difficulties particularly among fifty mathematic students at a public university in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. The cause-and-effect analysis that take into consideration the interactions or interrelationships between factors discovered that poor internet accessibility was classified in the cause group whereas the remaining factors which are lack of self-motivation, lack of active interaction with lecturers and peers, lack of conducive learning environment and poor time management were in the effect group. The results indicate that poor internet accessibility has the highest degree of relation in terms of influencing other factors. Based on the prominence value, the lack of self-motivation turns out to be the leading factor contributing to online learning difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals must begin saving money early to meet their future personal and household needs. It is important to focus on savings as soon as possible to achieve a healthy and stable economy after retirement. Retirement expectations can be unrealistic since many believe retirement is still a long way off. Insufficient money made it difficult for people, particularly B40 groups in Malaysia, to continue their monthly savings due to a restricted budget in the face of rising living costs. The majority of the B40 group in Malaysia are struggling with the issue of not having enough money to support the desired lifestyle after retirement, and this issue has deteriorated over time. This concept paper proposes financial literacy, future expectations, self-awareness, social influence, and financial management as predictive factors for the B40 group to plan for their retirement savings, applying the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and supported by prior studies. Due to this interest, this paper proposes a conceptual framework for the factors affecting the retirement decisions of B40 groups in Malaysia. The suggested framework could benefit all, especially B40 groups, in term of how they prepare themselves for retirement life. Related organizations can use the proposed model to encourage early retirement savings among Malaysians, especially the B40 group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water wave propagation is a complex physical phenomenon in the field of coastal and ocean engineering, and it plays an important role in the prediction of working performance for nearshore, offshore and deep-water structures such as port facilities, marine vessels, floating offshore platforms. This paper presents the formulation of Green-Naghdi level I equation from the physics conservation of mass and momentum using infinitesimal element. The governing equation are derived from the Navier-Stokes equation by following Krylov-Kantorovich method. The output will enhance the understanding of behaviour of water wave propagation. The theoretical findings will start as a basis for future investigations such as the smoothness of the transition point of the water wave propagation by changing the shape function for high level Green-Naghdi Equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is vital supporting resource for sustainable development of social, health and economics part of human being. Measuring the efficiency of water supply service is very important as the demands of water supply are increasing as the year passes due to the growing in population. Improving the efficiency of water supply service is also an economically viable way for water preservation. The studies of the water service performance measurement have been widely conducted by earlier researchers primarily using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). DEA has been established as an effective method to measure relative efficiency of homogeneous entities which are known as decision making units (DMUs). The main advantage is that DEA has the ability to manage multiple inputs and outputs. However, standard DEA has some disadvantages and one of them is not being able to discriminate and rank those efficient units. Standard DEA can only classify DMUs into two categories generally named as efficient and inefficient units and consequently, not being able to provide full ranking of DMUs. Ranking the water service provider are necessary and important for every state so that necessary changes can be made in making future improvements. The Method for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is a standard decision-making approach with multiple characteristics that are commonly used for decision-making. The advantages of the TOPSIS method are it is easy to be practiced and it allows the best alternative criteria to be attained in a simple mathematical form. This paper proposed a hybrid approach based on DEA and TOPSIS techniques to overcome the problem of ranking which arise in standard DEA in evaluating the efficiency and ranking of the 14 state of water service provider in Malaysia. The result shows the availability of the application of the hybrid method in providing full ranking for Malaysian water service provider as there is no states shares the equal efficiency result as well as their ranking places as compared to the classical DEA method. Inefficient state then will be able to perform benchmarking process from the efficient state to make future improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The convection-diffusion-reaction equation is one of the most useful equations in predicting many physical and chemical phenomena such as heat transfer, chemical species transport and reaction and the pollutants adsorption in wastewater. The widely used Upwind Forward Euler method may produce a negative solution because a time step size value is more than 0.005 and may form numerical oscillations. An improvement in the proper selection of time step size values is suggested, which removes the numerical oscillation and significantly improves the accuracy and convergence of the solution. In this paper, we add two explicit finite difference methods: Forward Time Central Space (FTCS) and Lax-Friedrichs, together with the previous method, Upwind, to solve the convection-diffusion-reaction equation with the improvement of time step size. An example is drawn from the literature to test the results of the numerical methods. The exact solution is used for comparison. Finally, the Upwind method solves the convection-diffusion-reaction problem satisfactorily with the restricted time step size, while the FTCS and Lax method form unstable solutions and thus causes the methods to be inapplicable for solving the convection-diffusion-reaction equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As of March 2022, there have been 3,116,564 infections and 32,827 coronavirus-related deaths reported in the country since the pandemic began on 1st March 2022. This drastic increase in numbers has been alarming everyone. Malaysia has successfully handled the first and second waves of the COVID-19 cases. However, the recent wave of omicron variants in Malaysia sees a massive increase in COVID-19 infections. Therefore, forecasting plays a vital role in determining preparedness for the current pandemic. This study aims to understand the behaviour of the current infection trend and provide valuable information to the authority to prevent future spikes of active cases. In this paper, the SIR model (Susceptible - Infected Recovered) was used to estimate the active cases in Malaysia. This forecast is essential to prepare for the current wave outbreak. Besides that, the number of susceptible can be reduced via vaccinations to reduce future outbreaks. Therefore, with proper planning and execution, the inoculation rates in Malaysia proved to be successful, and the impact of mass vaccination would be seen in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Computer Aided Geometric Design (CAGD) area, the concern is to design and model curved objects and surfaces using numerous mathematical techniques. Designers would consider using efficient tools in terms of functionalities, effectiveness, and minimal error for handling and modifying the shape of objects and surfaces. This paper aims to reconstruct curves of font 'epsilon' and an Arabic letter 'ya' using cubic trigonometric spline besides modelling the 2D fruits outline. Four different kinds of basis functions of cubic trigonometric splines with one shape parameter are presented to find the best spline for fitting the curve. The fitted curves need to comply with specific conditions to precise the original data. The Least Squares Minimization (LSM) method is involved in this study to calculate control points to minimize the approximation error. The cubic trigonometric spline's shape parameter value is adjusted to get the desired curve. The approximation error is represented between the fitted curve and the corresponding data point to get a numerical result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mathematical models appear in many forms, such as instantaneous dynamics (ordinary differential equations) or time-lags dynamics (delay differential equations). It is important to investigate the effect on the model outputs when a perturbation is applied to the initial or boundary conditions, time delay parameters, or any model parameters in the governing equations. In this paper, we study the general theory of sensitivity analysis based on the direct differential method for systems governed by delay differential equations. Problems governed by ordinary differential equations can also be considered as a particular case of delay differential equations with the absence of delays. The normalized forward sensitivity indices are then computed to identify the important model inputs. To show the efficiency of the methodology, we apply the theory and numerical computations to immunology and infectious disease models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set or IFS is a set that is used to describe problems related to uncertainty and vagueness. To deal with more complex problems that involve interval-based membership degrees, this set has been expanded to the Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set or IVIFS. Theoretically, the difference between IFS and IVIFS lies in the area around the membership and non-membership coordinates. In IVIFS, the surrounding area is in the form of a rectangle with the center being the coordinates of membership and non-membership degrees. However, the use of intervals as approximations is still too general and broad, so that the idea to create other approximations is generated. Circular Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set (CIFS) was proposed as an alternative representation of uncertain and vague information. It is a set characterized by membership, non-membership, and radius on the element. Several basic operations have been introduced since then, accompanied by some operations on the radius. However, the operations on the radius are only limited to max and min. Hence, some other operations on the radius are proposed here to enrich the CIFS theory. The proposed operations are based on the previous operations on IFS and are reinforced by the t-norm and s-norm forms. The contribution of this paper lies in the expansion of basic operators, based on algebraic sums and products, which are not only applied to membership andxnon-membershipxdegrees but also to radius. In addition, it also applies to the negation operators which displays the operations based on the radius. The results of this paper are the modification of the basic operators and negation on the CIFS along with the adjustment of the properties that previously established for IFS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation of operators is significant in mathematics, particularly in geometric function theory. Operators have generated a considerable amount of attention in the theory of geometric functions because of their significance in generalising and preserving subclasses of analytic univalent functions. Many mathematicians have discussed operators and the new generalisation in various articles. Research on operators has been conducted since 1915. Since then, mathematicians are still very interested in discussing operators with many properties of analytic univalent functions. Hence, this paper introduces a new generalised operator D λ , α s , m , k f (z) of analytic functions in the open unit disc using the generalised Srivastava-Attiya operator, generalised Al-Oboudi operator, and binomial series. Based on this new operator, some subclasses are defined using differential subordinations method. Furthermore, the inclusion properties are obtained for functions in these subclasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we demonstrated the effectiveness of modeling predictions of gold prices in Malaysia using the Euler numerical method. Our predictive model utilized the Euler numerical scheme to uncover the intelligent trend in the gold price distribution using the World Gold Council data for 10 consecutive years. Our forecasting model was built on Evan's price adjustment model, which identified demand and supply as the major factors responsible for price changes in commodities. Demand and supply functions are major determinant factors that influence the price of commodities at any particular time. Demand and supply can simultaneously compel the price of commodities to adjust to the oscillation caused by them. Using data from the World Gold Council between 2010 and 2020 for Malaysia, we were able to formulate a predictive model capable of predicting the price of gold. The results obtained using our model as a price predictor in computing future gold prices in Malaysia proved effective and efficient. Such a model will assist the government, banks, households, and other investors in optimizing profit, through better planning and wealth recreation within the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a simple graph r with the set of edges and vertices, the general zeroth-order Randie index is defined as the sum of the degree of each vertex to the power of α ≠ 0. Meanwhile, the zero divisor graph of a ring is defined as a simple graph with vertex set is the set of zero divisors of the ring and a pair of distinct vertices a, b in the ring are adjacent if and only if ab = 0. This paper is an endeavor to construct the formula of the general zeroth-order Randie index of the zero divisor graph for some commutative rings. The commutative ring in the scope of this research is the ring of integers modulo pn, where n is a positive integer and p is a prime number. The general zeroth-order Randie index is found for the cases a = 1, 2 and 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States and China are strong trading partners of Malaysia, with about 23% of total exports in 2017. Therefore, the trade war pressures since 2018 between the United States and China have affected the Malaysian economy. Thus, this paper aims to analyse the effects of the war on the Malaysian stock market using a threshold network approach. Then, the networks examine the changes of important stocks before, during and after the trade war in which the periods are taken from 16th March 2017 until 31st May 2021. The important stocks are determined by four standard centrality approaches, namely degree centrality, closeness centrality, betweenness centrality, and eigenvector centrality. This paper uses 240 companies of the FTSE Bursa Malaysia Emas Index to create the Malaysian stock market networks. The results show that Dagang Nexchange Berhad and Jaya Tiasa Holdings Berhad have higher connectivity with other stocks during the turmoil period and after the turmoil period respectively. Besides, Dagang Nexchange Berhad acts as the most important stock according to all centrality measures. The findings of this study give an insight to the government regulators and investors with information regarding the current topological structure of Malaysia's stock market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that the Halley method will diverge if an initial value is not properly chosen, while the homotopy continuation method (HCM) is a global method that is not sensitive to the initial values. As a result, when the Halley method is associated with the HCM, the divergence problem of the Halley method can be solved. Furthermore, it can increase the performance of the Halley method. In this paper, the proposed method Halley-HCM method was developed and applied to solve a single polynomial and a system of nonlinear equations. The results show that the Halley-HCM method outperforms the Halley method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak–first emerged in December 2019–has left a mark on how people throughout the world live, particularly students at educational institutions. Those students had to prepare for the rest of their studies emotionally and physically by adjusting to virtual teaching and learning methods, which could make a substantial impact on their academic achievement. As a result, this study was carriedout to investigate students' academic performance expectations depending on their various localities during the pandemic to forecast their academic success for the following semester. This research enables a variety of steps to be constructed to improve and maintain students' achievement in their learning activities. The research involved university students from the University of Education Sultan Idris' Faculty of Science and Mathematics. The Support Vector Machine model was used to predict a student's academic performance based on the respective locality in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia's standard operating procedure forbids the provision of Muslimah prayer outfits in public prayer facilities to minimize the risk of the COVID-19 virus spread among the shared-outfits users. The reuse of personal prayer outfits, overcrowding and spending longer in public prayer facilities can also increase the risk of fomite and airborne transmission by people with the virus. Thus, a Muslimah prayer outfit that forbids the spread of infectious diseases is crucially important. This paper presents a prayer gown that is made of disposable materials. Making efficient use of material, the gown is designed to be a single piece, comfortable and low cost. Besides the shari'ah-compliance features (reasonably thick fabric, black colour, elastic sleeves cuff and face opening), the prayer outfit provides a feasible solution to curb the transmission of contagious diseases amongst the prayers. It also serves as a gateway toward safe and easy travel for Muslim women. Introducing the disposable prayer gown helps achieve the perfect balance of the health, economic and social challenges of COVID-19 and other contagious illnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraction of the native plants Plectranthus amboinicus and Melaleuca cajupati leaves have been carried out using traditional hydrodistillation (steam distillation) and solvent free microwave-assisted extraction methods at different temperatures and microwave irradiation powers. The chemical compositions of the essential oils extracted were identified using gas chromatography analysis. The ideal extraction time for Pletranthus amboinicus and Melaleuca cajupati were 120 min with microwave power 200 W and 400 W, respectively with the calculated extraction yield were 0.034 % and 0.276 %, respectively. In this paper, the results of the selected microwave powers, first oil drops, and extraction time are presented as well as the findings of the chemical compositions present in both plants are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of behavior of functionally graded structural members is a significant area of research these days. The behavior of such structures is studied in the framework of beam theories proposed for isotropic beams. Usually, three governing equations are derived and solved to arrive at solutions for such beams. However, in literature there is a unique method to unify the three equations to a single governing equation for Timoshenko beams. The theory has been also extended to include correction in shear stresses through Reddy-Bickford (Higher order) beam theory. However, in reported literature, few higher order terms have been ignored for brevity. The authors in this work have formulated a fourth order differential equation following the Higher Order Beam theory and considering more higher order terms unifying all the separate equations representing axial deflection, transverse deflection and rotation with help of a parameter. This formulation has been derived on the basis of Hamilton's principle to obtain a unique equation to study static as well as dynamic behavior of FG beams with various supporting boundary conditions. A comparative study on the effect of higher order term in the formulation for the behavioral study of FGM beams has been reported in this paper. Subsequently comparative studies for deflection and stress behavior of the FG cantilever beams for different cases of aspect ratio and material gradation subjected to uniform loading conditions has been reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The localization of heat in the machining zone of hard to cut materials leads to tool wear and increased surface roughness. Cutting fluids are used to minimize these effects, but their use is discouraged due to their detrimental effects on human health and environment. One of the potential solutions to reduce the use of cutting fluids is surface texturing on machining tools. Available literatures have mainly focused on tool wear reduction aspect only and there is a literature gap regarding quantitative analysis of the enhancement in cooling rates. In this paper an iterative numerical approach using DEFORM-3D and Ansys-Fluent has been discussed to understand the heat transfer phenomenon on textured tools. Results show that the heat transfer coefficient has increased by 32% with textured tool at moderate to high Reynolds number. The average cutting tool tip temperature dropped by 100°C due to tool-chip contact length reduction and increased heat dissipation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no substitute to the authenticity of Natural materials. Now a days the use of renewable or naturally available resources is increasing demand which leads to evaluation of new materials and its processes. Many researches are going on and new ideas are coming up with excellent results. This paper proposes the usage of naturally available materials instead of synthetic materials to reduce the cost. It has an effective utilization of waste materials along with eco-friendly materials. It also gives a brief description and experimental study on the development of polymer-based composites using natural fiber such as coconut and palm tree fiber by hand lay-up process and its characterization. An attempt is made to compute mechanical properties of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite (NFRPC) having different fiber and orientation. The matrix used is polyester resin with cobalt octoate as a hardener and Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide (MEK Peroxide). The test such as bend test and hardness test according to ASTM D 790 and ASTM D785 standards are carried out on sample respectively to test the flexural stress, flexural modulus and hardness number against currently accepted standard materials in the industrial area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Friction stir additive manufacturing (FSAM) is a recently developed additive manufacturing method that involves friction stir welding (FSW) of sheets/plates placed in a lap fashion, layer over layer, as the background of the process. As the process of FSW is done at 70 to 90% of the workpiece's melting temperature, equiaxed grain structures are obtained in the processed zone at the layer interface. For an acceptable mechanical property in the FSAM build structures, it is required that an optimized set of process parameters which mainly includes the tool's rotational speed, travel speed, its geometry/feature, plunging force/depth, and the boundary conditions such as backing plate material and the surrounding temperature, are used. In this review paper, the work done in FSAM are covered, which mainly includes process parameter optimization and the corresponding microstructural behaviour affecting the final mechanical property such as hardness and tensile strength of various metals and composite materials. In the end, based on the available literature in this field, various research prospects of FSAM are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper aims to provide a detailed analysis of the effect of different cutting speeds in the face milling of AISI 1045 steel using coated tool. Simulations would aid in solving problems associated with experiments, leading to reduced costs and risks. DEFORM 3D is a commercially used simulation software capable of implementing machining simulations using the theory of finite element modelling. A conventional DEFORM 3D milling model has been prepared for the analysis of cutting forces and chip formation and the simulation has been carried out for two conditions. The temperature and force parameters were analyzed after carrying out the experiment and simulation under the influence of different machining and environmental conditions. The results of the simulation revealed that the predicted values of FEA possess good accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this current industrialized world, there is an unprecedented use of nonrenewable resources as a fuel and the time when we run out of all such energy sources is nearer than anticipated. The skyrocketing use of exhaustible resources has obliged us to seek replacements immediately. One such alternative in the scenario is biogas. It is a gas produced as a result of the anaerobic digestion of organic matter under controlled conditions. Our goal is to minimize organic waste by using it to produce biogas. This results in reduction of waste and at the same time generation of fuel; reducing the dependence on LPG. The biogas produced is renewable and is a sustainable approach towards climate change. The current review paper throws light on the subject matter quantities like the generation of biogas, the process involved in anaerobic digestion, factors affecting the process and optimization methods to obtain higher yield. Further, the types of digesters and the selection of most suitable and economical digester based on Indian climatic conditions have been included in the paper. In addition to that, an estimated calculation has been carried out to evaluate biogas yield based on the availability of food waste at the Pandit Deendayal Energy University (PDEU) Cafeteria and the changes that can be made in digester or slurry. The calculation was carried out as a part of a case study, where a small-scale digester was established and the conditions were maintained based on the study. A moisture content test gave an estimated proportion of volatile solids and a followed by a numerical methodology gave us an idea of total biogas yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advancement of computational facilities, the hybrid methods gained popularity in last two decades for solving the inverse heat transfer problems (IHTP). The current paper gives a brief review about the hybrid methods used for solving IHTP. A hybrid inverse algorithm can be formed by coupling two algorithms which could be either stochastic od deterministic. Different IHTP like inverse conduction problems, inverse convection-diffusion problems, and inverse radiative heat transfer problems were considered. The hybrid algorithms successfully applied for the estimation of boundary conditions, simultaneous estimation of unknown parameters, physical properties of materials, estimation of surface properties of radiative surfaces as well as estimation of mass transfer characteristics. The hybrid algorithms are found to be more accurate and more computationally economical than the single inverse algorithms. In initial era of hybrid algorithms, the stochastic algorithms are coupled with deterministic algorithms but with increasing the computational power and versatility in stochastic algorithms, more and more stochastic algorithms are coupled to form hybrid algorithms. With proper tuning, structure and training, the hybrid algorithm can be very versatile and accurate for solving IHTP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many coating materials, coating structures and different coating thicknesses. During the milling process, it is necessary to investigate the impact of coating thickness. The paper's main objective is to numerically compare the performance of tungsten carbide (WC) with and without a TiAlN coating while milling of AISI 1045 medium carbon steel in terms of tool temperature, cutting forces and tool wear. The effect of variation of the TiAlN coating thickness (between 1 to 4 µm) was observed; to study its significance on the machining performance of the tool and to find out if there is a particular optimum coating thickness. Following this, the milling process was simulated in Deform 3D simulation software for the uncoated tool and different coating thicknesses. In terms of tool wear, coated tools outperformed uncoated tools, and the coated tool with the highest machining performance had a coating thickness of 2 µm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]