Search

Sentiment analysis is a technique for extracting feelings, emotions, and points of view from texts that have been made publicly available through various data sources, such as social media. In the mid-2000s, the term "sentiment analysis" became widespread, and it peaked in 2019. The SCOPUS database shows a positive research trend in sentiment analysis research during the last 10 years (2012–2021). While conference papers accounted for 49.6 percent of this research, journal articles accounted for 38.8 percent of overall production. The United States is the country with the most paper publications in this research area. The majority of the technologies investigated in this study can identify positive, negative, and neutral polarity. Twenty prominent and widely accessible tools for sentiment analysis available on the Internet were examined, only a few of them are completely free, while some of them do provide a limited-featured free version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a bibliometric analysis on house price determination based on articles in Scopus database. The objective of this paper is to analyse scientific research on house price by using bibliometric approach. This paper analysed 408 articles from Scopus database. VOSviewer software was used for data visualization, while Microsoft Excel was used for data analysis. This paper presents year of publications, most active journals, keywords analysis and most influential country. The analysis reveals that the highest number of reported publications is in 2008 and most articles were published in Journal of Urban Economics. Of the 612 keywords, 25 were brought into visualization and United States is the most influential countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to find out the best model of the classifier for diabetes prediction in the United States. Methodology: In this research paper, we apply three classification algorithms, namely, Naïve Bayes, Decision Tree and K-Nearest Neighbour to work on the healthcare problem, of early detection of diabetes patients. The data are extracted from Kaggle and pre-processed to ensure the data is cleaned. The dataset is analysed using exploratory data analysis (EDA) and study the correlation between the parameters. The parameters which is not suitable are dropped out for better feature selection and modelling. The model is tested with different parameters, that are, accuracy score, classification report, MSE and RMSE. After the models built, the models are hyperparameter tunned to increase the accuracy of each model. Grid search is one of the functions used to search for the best optimizer for the model. The data are tabulated, and the results are compared for further discussion. Results: The study findings show that the decision tree model has the best result after the hyperparameter tunning. The results are highest test accuracy score (74.24%), with the lowest MSE (0.2576) and RMSE value (0.5075) and strong precision as well as recall for the prediction of no diabetes and diabetes. The evaluation rate shows that the model is the best algorithm for the prediction of diabetes for Americans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This literature review aims to provide and analyze an overview of STEAM research from 2011 to October 2021. The Springer database identifies the journal articles. This study used a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) [1] with a prismatic flow diagram that can show inclusion activities and data search results [2]. There are 470 articles spread across 12 sub-disciplines, and after each paper from all the documents has been double-checked, 124 articles have met the inclusion criteria and were selected for review. The result obtained from the STEAM research articles has progressed from time to time. Of 72 articles analyzed, the most productive journal name is the International Journal of STEM Education, with the United States of America as the first rank of publishing STEAM research articles. The qualitative research method is the most widely used in STEAM research, with the most research instrument using semi-structured interviews. The effect of research articles has a 99% positive impact on the research. It can include more aspects and articles to analyze and should be able to take advantage of a longer period in conducting literature studies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper research about the impact social media influencers makes when they promote a brand. The influence of social media has increased multi-fold all over the world in recent years. As per "India Brand Equity Foundation" the Indian E-commerce sector has been on an upside growth slope and is contemplated to overtake the United States of America (USA) to become the 2nd bigger E-commerce market internationally by the year 2034. Indian e-commerce industry is expected to reach 99 US billion Dollar by the year 2024 from 30 US billion Dollar in the year 2019, increasing at a 27% Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), with daily household item and clothing would likely to be the main drivers of magnanimous expansion. As per the Payoneer report, The Indian e-commerce sector ranked 9th all across the globe. Social media platforms have witnessed an exponential growth, where the websites by Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube and Facebook have taken the world into a brand-new era. Hence, this research paper focuses on the impression social media influencers make on consumers' mind and purchase intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper research about the impact social media influencers makes when they promote a brand. The influence of social media has increased multi-fold all over the world in recent years. As per "India Brand Equity Foundation" the Indian E-commerce sector has been on an upside growth slope and is contemplated to overtake the United States of America (USA) to become the 2nd bigger E-commerce market internationally by the year 2034. Indian e-commerce industry is expected to reach 99 US billion Dollar by the year 2024 from 30 US billion Dollar in the year 2019, increasing at a 27% Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), with daily household item and clothing would likely to be the main drivers of magnanimous expansion. As per the Payoneer report, The Indian e-commerce sector ranked 9th all across the globe. Social media platforms have witnessed an exponential growth, where the websites by Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube and Facebook have taken the world into a brand-new era. Hence, this research paper focuses on the impression social media influencers make on consumers' mind and purchase intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A futures contract is a derivative product in the form of an agreement that requires parties to buy or sell an underlying asset at a defined price and time in the future, which can be used as a means of hedging, speculation, or arbitrage. In this study, we utilize Holt-Winter and Grey Holt-Winter methods to model the daily closing price of the United States (US) energy commodity futures. The best model will be selected based on the lowest Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). In addition, we use Value at Risk (VaR) to assess risk. We took four energy commodities futures in the United States (US) as a sample, such as Natural Gas, Gasoline RBOB, Heating Oil, and Crude Oil. We suppose that the data has a pattern consisting of trend and seasonality. The stationarity test is used to prove this, showing the rejection of the hypothesis. Based on the study, the best model for all futures commodities is Holt-Winter because it has a lower MAPE value than Grey Holt-Winter. This paper concludes that, based on VaR, the energy-futures with the lowest risk is Heating Oil while the highest risk is Natural Gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proportion of students desire to pursue higher education abroad, especially in United States, is growing every year and they find it hard to looking for the right universities. And therefore, this paper helps in determining the eligibility of Indian student to be admitted to universities based on their test characteristics, such as CGPA, TOEFL, Research papers published predicting the output which helps them to find the possibility of admitting in universities based on their scores, for the PGScore dataset collected from Kaggle and the Logistic regression model out performed among all other model with an accuracy of 93.3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the United States' foreign policy towards climate change in the period of 2009-2017. During this period, the United States actively participated and supported the climate change negotiations, including making and signing the Paris Agreement. Previously, the United States rejected the Kyoto Protocol and negotiations. The author uses qualitative research methods by analyzing official documents, journals, and books. The result of this research is that many international actors have pressed and supported the United States in participating in climate change. President Barack Obama has the most significant foreign policy role on climate change issues at the domestic level. However, the United States is not fully supported domestically, particularly in Congress and Senate Republicans and industry groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adsorption of methane plays a critical role in shale gas reservoirs. Understanding adsorption behaviour is critically important to evaluate a gas reserve and predict gas production. In shale gas, the composition of organic matter strongly affects the gas adsorption in shale. However, heterogeneous organic matter distribution leads to heterogeneous gas adsorption capacity on the shale pore surface. This paper presents the experimental study of the methane adsorption of five shale samples from the Eagle Ford Formation, United States. The methane adsorption measurements were conducted with shale gas samples using the gravimetric method. The measurements were conducted at the temperature of 77 °C and pressure up to 30 bars. The adsorption isotherms were obtained, and analysis was performed. The adsorption capacity increased as the pressures were raised. However, the adsorption rate remained constant as the pressure was applied, implicating the samples maximum adsorption capacity. The shale samples EF 5 shows the highest adsorption capacity compared to the other shale samples. The high adsorptive capacity resulted from significant total organic carbon (TOC) and clay contents that provide high surface area for methane adsorption. In addition, this study also observed that samples with high clay compositions showed higher adsorption capacity, resulted from the internal surface area provided by the clay surface. This study also attempts to correlate the TOC and clay to the adsorption capacity through experimental results. These findings provide additional adsorption data on shales necessary for developing a predictive model for shale gas systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The improvement in technology know how is very fast that makes United States less difficult to attempt to realistic hobby supported the emergence of technology that is prepared to manipulate digital gadgets inside the residence from a distance this is termed top Home. Facial detection structures are additionally growing. The generation of dominant digital gadgets victimization far off manipulates is beneficial in coping with the digital gadgets as a way to manipulate and display residence. IOT means devices or things connected over internet. With the rapid improvements in IOT heading in the direction of virtual generation wherein device to device interplay takes area with the assist of The Internet of things. The house equipment with inside the house, workplace and enterprise have become clever each day. This paper includes manipulation of home equipment the use of voice indoor, while in out of doors manipulate the use of MQTT. Outside frame component popularity make use of anywhere won't produce suit information. The gadgets can engage and standing may managed the use of a messaging carrier referred to as Telegram. Open supply hardware which include Raspberry Pi to interface the home equipment with inside the home. To execute a home mechanization one should examine the inner parts of the equipment, which couldn't be conceivable by exclusive equipment. So, this paper is an opportunity, and picked open equipment for the usage of an occurrence of uses of IOT. PI sheets are practical and simple to execute popularity are machine person notification victimization the Telegram larva app. twine larva as far off and get hold of notification from machine. Out of twenty 5 identity trials, the achievement price or SR of face identity take a look at turned into 84% and consequently the false accept Rate or manner turned into 16%. Upon few programming guidelines, the Pi board would fill in according to the directions with the associated gadgets. This paper includes a PI board with "Telegram Bot" to send the IOT programming to detect and express moistness an area. Some necessary elements that have an impact on the achievement price placement of consequently depth in course the technique of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to study mathematical formulas that explain how the coronavirus is transmitted from a primitive person equal zero(no pantion) to an uninfected person at known rates. And then proposing a mathematical formula using the multiple obj-function as well as creating a mathematical formula that aims to reduce the cost of transporting the vaccine from the United States of America to the world. Important concepts in The Coronavirus Optimization Algorithm so that the reader can have a broad knowledge and awareness of idealism, In addition to that we bring the reader closer to know How to create mathematical formulas based on the classification of society into three categories, healthy, injured, and survivors.And the last part dealt with the transfer of the vaccine manufactured in the United States of America and the world, and we proposed a formula for it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dependence structure between financial assets plays an important role in risk management. This research investigates the dependence pattern between the stock market and the potential of cryptocurrency. We employed time- varying copula and Extreme Value Theory (EVT) to model the extreme dependence between the United States (US) index stock market (S&P500) and Bitcoin. Empirical results show risk diversification for holdings of the S&P500 and Bitcoin during extreme events seem to be effective. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the dependence structure of the financial market during extreme events. This information is useful for investors who are seeking for the cross-market diversification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultra wide band (UWB) is defined as the range of frequencies from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. This wireless technology is used for transmitting data at high rates with very low power for short distances. In the year 2002 Federal Communication Commission (FCC) of United States approved the use of UWB for commercial applications. Efficient functioning of UWB systems are degraded by the presence of interference signals owing to existing UWB applications. Some of the major UWB applications are WLAN in 5 - 6 GHz range and satellite communication signals around 8 GHz. Interference due to a particular application can be eliminated by using a narrowband notch filter. This paper proposes an embedded H-shaped resonator which can be used for notch implementation in UWB spectrum. Two notch bands are produced which corresponds to even and odd modes of the resonator. Notch frequencies obtained can be easily adjusted by varying the resonator dimensions. This method can be effectively used for single notch implementation in UWB bandpass filters(BPFs), there by splitting the passband into two. Dual band BPFs thus obtained can be used in UWB systems to pass required signals and to reject interference signals. A notch frequency variation of 5.5 to 8.59 GHz is obtained by varying the parameters of the resonator. FR4 substrate with dielectric constant 4.4, loss tangent 0.02 and thickness 1.6 mm is used for the filter. Simulation of the filter has been done using HFSS software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper first builds an agile manufacturing model involving external agility evaluation and internal enabling technology. Based on the model and international manufacturing strategy survey data, factor analysis and analysis of variance are used to compare the agility of manufacturing companies in China and the United States. It is found that China's agility is better than that of the United States in recent years, but the gap is not big. Then use regression analysis and analysis of variance to compare the application of various enabling technologies in the two countries, and explore the causes of the differences in agility between the two countries. The key lies in the in-depth application of specific technologies and the organization and coordination of the upstream and downstream of the supply chain in China. Finally, based on the above analysis, reasonable suggestions for improving the agility of Chinese manufacturing companies are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to theoretical approaches to the use of differential matrix systems for calculating the aerodynamic maneuver of satellites. The algorithm for changing the inclination of the orbital plane and the longitude of the ascending node is presented. The authors analyzed the curvature of the descent trajectory in the atmosphere to change the longitudinal and lateral descent range, taking into account the expansion of the entrance corridor. Parameters of variation of the orbital phase for phasing with another spacecraft are presented in differential matrix form, for example, when transporting a spacecraft to a meeting point with a space station. The differential matrix equation takes into account small changes in all the orbital elements for the transition to a new given orbit or for the correction of the original orbit. A priori, several of the required combinations of altitude and flight speed were selected for optimal control, the corresponding values of the parameters of the space environment in front of the satellite are determined. The parameters of the evolution of the orbits are analytically presented, which make it possible to find regions of stability on the plane of the parameters of the major semiaxis and inclination for different quantities. In this paper, the authors show analytically that the use of trajectories of a multipulse transition to high circular orbits of satellites with large inclinations increases the final mass of the satellite, and also allows the satellite to be brought to final orbits with given distance values at the point of application of the intermediate pulse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-6 enriched lithium aluminate, LiAlO2, is utilized as the tritium breeding material in Tritium Producing Burnable Absorber Rods (TPBARs). TPBARs are now the primary approach for maintaining the United States’ tritium supply. When positioned inside a fission reactor, 6Li absorbs neutrons and transmutes into ³H+4He. Hydrogen and helium accumulation will eventually result in significant material degradation and mechanical failure. Individual light isotope concentrations would provide beneficial information for predicting accumulation levels required for material degradation to occur, and useful information for comparing with neutronics calculations of 6Li burnup in tritium breeding materials but are difficult to quantify experimentally. This paper reports demonstrated success in using the ion beam analysis technique Elastic Recoil Detection (ERD) to measure the 6Li fraction in LiAlO² pellets. This technique utilized a 42 MeV Si7+ ion beam to recoil the light isotopes into a detector telescope that separated each isotope by simultaneously measuring the energy and stopping power of these recoils. This technique was used to accurately measure the enriched 6Li/Li-total of 0.25 ± 0.02, compared to the known value of 0.239. The isotopes ¹H, ²H, and 4He were also measured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we use the Joe’s copula (Joe [1]) to model the dependence between each one of three sexual diseases: Chlamydia, Syphilis and Gonorrhea and the rate Unemployment. The data is coming from the 50 states of the United States and the District of Columbia, years: 2013, 2014 and 2015. We use a Bayesian approach to estimate the copula’s parameter for the nine models, three for each desease, and we compare the dependence’s evolution of each desease during those three years.We note that, from 2013 to 2015, Chlamydia and Gonorrhea have increased their degree of dependence with the Unemployment rate. Moreover, the case Chlamydia vs Unemployment exposes the greatest variability in the period of these three years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a surge of interest in the United States recently in culturally relevant/responsive/sensitive teaching in physics and similar disciplines. Two brief examples: In his call for papers addressing race for The Physics Teacher, Gary White lists “culturally responsive teaching” as the first topic, and one of the two aims of a $4.9 million grant received by the American Association of Colleges and Universities is to “empower STEM faculty to adopt culturally sensitive pedagogies.” So the question is: What is culturally relevant physics teaching? How would we even know it if we saw it? I argue that a framework for culturally relevant pedagogy developed by Gloria Ladson-Billings is a useful model for university physics faculty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoor radon mapping is a valuable tool for drawing a picture of the exposure of the general public to radon and radon progeny inhalation in a residential context. Radon awareness is currently on the rise worldwide. The information provided by a map is useful not only as an awareness and strategic element for authorities and policy makers, but also as a scientific start-up point in the design of epidemiological and other specific studies on exposure to natural radiation. The requirements for good mapping are related to the harmonization of criteria from the European Union, United States, and World Health Organization Approximately 4,000 indoor radon measurements have been made in Ghana since the national radon programme began in the 1990s. A significant proportion of the results comes from the work of graduate students from 2003 to 2016. In this paper, the main results of new, updated data for radon mapping are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we established a multi-objective model of quantitative prediction and resources allocation of electric-vehicle charging station, based on the American situation. We came up with the priorities for urban and rural development of charging stations and got the density map of charging station in America, which can help the maturity of the electric-vehicle industry. First, we built a model of quantitative prediction of charging stations based on the daily charging demand of Ev and the aggregate demand of charging stations. We used it to calculate the number of public charging stations when all the passenger vehicles turn to electric vehicles. We acquired the current distribution of charging stations according to the urban-rural demarcation standards from relevant scholars, then we get the proportion of urban and rural distribution based on the assumption. Second, we chose the charging demand, charging mode, charging station operating mode, charging station construction goal, charging station service radius, power grid planning, road network planning, land use planning, technology development and policy as influencing factors according to the central theory of three principles. Therefore, this model suits for countries with different population density, geography and wealth distribution. Ultimately, We chose the charging demand and the charging station service radius as the main factor, and we concluded that we should prioritize developing the cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we aimed to determine chaotic behavior of electricity consumption in the USA for the period from 1973:1 to 2018:3. For this purpose, nonlinear structure of the model was determined by BDS test. And then, Lyapunov Exponents was employed to specify chaotic behavior of electricity consumption in the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the interaction between international and domestic financial markets increases, the interaction between gold market and financial markets also increases. Today, the financial attributes of gold play a more evidence role in dominating the gold price. Taking into account time-varying and dynamic properties of volatility spillover effect in the financial markets, this paper investigates the time-varying volatility relationship between gold markets and U.S. dollar by using the bivariate-BEKK. This paper also investigate whether gold volatility is significantly affected by its own prefluctuations, its aggregation and lasting properties, and the bi-directional volatility spillover between the gold market and U.S. dollar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy production and usage are the major portion of any economy. With the constant consumption of the polluting energy and the deteriorating environment, people are paying more and more attention to clean, renewable energy. Based on autoregressive model and TOPSIS, though analyzing the past data, this paper establishes the energy profiles of four American states from 1960 to 2009, predict the energy profiles for 2025 and 2050 and obtain the ideal criteria for future clean, renewable energy usage at last. This study finds that by analyzing and predicting the energy profile, human beings can better understand and grasp the trend of energy development and take appropriate measures to deal with future energy trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertical electrical impedance scanning of concrete bridge decks is a non-destructive method for quantifying the degree of protection provided to steel reinforcement against the ingress of corrosive agents. Four concrete bridge decks with asphalt overlays in northern Utah were evaluated using scanning vertical electrical impedance measurements in this study. At the time of testing, the bridges ranged in age from 21 to 34 years, and asphalt overlays had been in place for 7 to 22 years, depending on the bridge. Electrical impedance measurements were collected using a previously constructed apparatus that consisted of six probes spanning a transverse distance of 12 ft. The impedance measurements were compared to surface cracking observations and cores obtained from the same four bridge decks. The results presented in this paper demonstrate the utility of scanning vertical electrical impedance measurements for detecting cracks in asphalt overlays and quantifying their severity. In addition, the results demonstrate the sensitivity of impedance measurements to the presence of an intact membrane beneath the asphalt overlay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new acoustic impact-echo testing device has been developed for detecting and mapping delaminations in concrete bridge decks at highway speeds. The apparatus produces nearly continuous acoustic excitation of concrete bridge decks through rolling mats of chains that are placed around six wheels mounted to a hinged trailer. The wheels approximately span the width of a traffic lane, and the ability to remotely lower and raise the apparatus using a winch system allows continuous data collection without stationary traffic control or exposure of personnel to traffic. Microphones near the wheels are used to record the acoustic response of the bridge deck during testing. In conjunction with the development of this new apparatus, advances in the algorithms required for data analysis were needed. This paper describes the general framework of the algorithms developed for converting differential global positioning system data and multi-channel audio data into maps that can be used in support of engineering decisions about bridge deck maintenance, rehabilitation, and replacement (MR&R). Acquisition of position and audio data is coordinated on a laptop computer through a custom graphical user interface. All of the streams of data are synchronized with the universal computer time so that audio data can be associated with interpolated position information through data post-processing. The audio segments are individually processed according to particular detection algorithms that can adapt to variations in microphone sensitivity or particular chain excitations. Features that are greater than a predetermined threshold, which is held constant throughout the analysis, are then subjected to further analysis and included in a map that shows the results of the testing. Maps of data collected on a bridge deck using the new acoustic impact-echo testing device at different speeds ranging from approximately 10 km/h to 55 km/h indicate that the collected data are reasonably repeatable. Use of the new acoustic impact-echo testing device is expected to enable more informed decisions about MR&R of concrete bridge decks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a summary of the history of terrorist threats to the United States and other nations over the last few decades, and will discuss means, both technical and policy-oriented, that can counter such threats. Changing trends in terrorist attacks are discussed, together with the need to develop countermeasures to changes in the types of threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States is currently recapitalizing each delivery system in its "nuclear triad" and refurbishing many of the warheads carried by those systems. The plans for these modernization programs have raised a number of questions, both within Congress and among analysts in the nuclear weapons and arms control communities, about the costs associated with the programs and the need to recapitalize each leg of the triad at the same time. This paper covers four distinct issues. It begins with a brief review of the planned modernization programs, then addresses questions about why the United States is pursuing all of these modernization programs at this time. It then reviews the debate about how much these modernization programs are likely to cost in the next decade and considers possible changes that might reduce the cost. It concludes with some comments about congressional views on the modernization programs and prospects for continuing congressional support in the coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) instrument pulse tube cryocoolers began operation 36 days after launch of the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura spacecraft on July 15, 2004. TES is designed with four infrared Mercury Cadmium Telluride focal plane arrays in two separate housings cooled by a pair of Northrup Grumman Aerospace Systems (NGAS) single-stage pulse tube cryocoolers. The instrument also makes use of a two-stage passive cooler to cool the optical bench. The instrument is a high-resolution infrared imaging Fourier transform spectrometer with 3.3-15.4 micron spectral coverage. After four weeks of outgassing, the instrument optical bench and focal planes were cooled to their operating temperatures to begin science operations. During the early months of the mission, ice contamination of the cryogenic surfaces including the focal planes led to increased cryocooler loads and the need for periodic decontamination cycles. After a highly successful 5 years of continuous in-space operations, TES was granted a 2 year extension. This paper reports on the TES cryogenic system performance including the two-stage passive cooler. After a brief overview of the cryogenic design, the paper presents detailed data on the highly successful space operation of the pulse tube cryocoolers and instrument thermal design over the past six years since the original turn-on in 2004. The data shows the cryogenic contamination decreased substantially to where decontamination cycles are now performed every six months. The cooler stroke required for constant-temperature operation has not increased indicating nearconstant cooler efficiency and the instrument's thermal design has also provided a nearly constant heat rejection sink. At this time TES continues to operate in space providing important Earth science data. KEYWORDS: TES, EOS, Aura, cryocooler [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unconventional gas accounts for more than 40% of U.S. domestic gas production and more than 10% of world output. The amount of resources available is still uncertain and estimates vary to a large degree. In this paper, unconventional gas resources within the United States will be examined. This paper will take a brief look at all types of unconventional gas resources (there have been 6 identified) but will concentrate on shale gas and coal-bed methane, as they are the resources receiving the most attention. This paper will also delve into the technology in unconventional gas production and exploration, including recent innovations in the industry. Finally, environmental concerns unique to unconventional gas production will be addressed. Natural gas refers to naturally occurring hydrocarbons found trapped underground. It occurs as mixtures of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights (methane, butane, etc.) and was formed millions of years ago from fossilized organic matter. Natural gas can be used as a cleaner burning alternative to other fossil fuels for power generation. It produces half the amount of carbon dioxide as coal and roughly 25 percent less carbon dioxide than gasoline. Consequently, it is becoming more popular in today's environmentally conscious world. Worldwide demand is expected to increase at twice the rate of oil until at least 2030. Interest in natural gas is at an all-time high in the United States. Only recently have we learned about the vast unconventional resources that exist within our borders. The implications for reduced dependence on foreign sources of gas are promising for the future of this country. There may be sufficient resources within the United States to allow this energy source to thrive for many years to come. Natural gas can be divided into two categories: 1) Conventional gas which is found in reservoirs where the gas has been trapped by a layer of rock. Usually conventional gas refers to that which exists on top of crude oil reservoirs. Conventional gas is relatively easy to extract because once a well is drilled, the gas will naturally flow to the surface. 2) Unconventional gas which is referred to gas trapped in formations where it cannot easily flow such as in shale formations; or, gas that is tightly attached to the surface of the surrounding rock such as in coal-bed seams. Unconventional gas is more difficult to extract because it often requires fracturing the rock formation to allow the gas to accumulate in sufficient quantities and flow out of the well. There are six types of unconventional gas resources: shale gas, coal-bed methane, deep gas, tight gas, geopressurized zones, and methane hydrates. Each of these unconventional gas resources within the United States will be examined with a focus on their development and the unique challenges facing them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Text mining, sometimes alternately referred to as text analytics, refers to the process of extracting high-quality knowledge from the analysis of textual data. Text mining has wide variety of applications in areas such as biomedical science, news analysis, and homeland security. In this paper, we describe an approach and some relatively small-scale experiments which apply text mining to neuroscience research literature to find novel associations among a diverse set of entities. Neuroscience is a discipline which encompasses an exceptionally wide range of experimental approaches and rapidly growing interest. This combination results in an overwhelmingly large and often diffuse literature which makes a comprehensive synthesis difficult. Understanding the relations or associations among the entities appearing in the literature not only improves the researchers current understanding of recent advances in their field, but also provides an important computational tool to formulate novel hypotheses and thereby assist in scientific discoveries. We describe a methodology to automatically mine the literature and form novel associations through direct analysis of published texts. The method first retrieves a set of documents from databases such as PubMed using a set of relevant domain terms. In the current study these terms yielded a set of documents ranging from 160,909 to 367,214 documents. Each document is then represented in a numerical vector form from which an Association Graph is computed which represents relationships between all pairs of domain terms, based on co-occurrence. Association graphs can then be subjected to various graph theoretic algorithms such as transitive closure and cycle (circuit) detection to derive additional information, and can also be visually presented to a human researcher for understanding. In this paper, we present three relatively small-scale problem-specific case studies to demonstrate that such an approach is very successful in replicating a neuroscience expert's mental model of object-object associations entirely by means of text mining. These preliminary results provide the confidence that this type of text mining based research approach provides an extremely powerful tool to better understand the literature and drive novel discovery for the neuroscience community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the characteristics of short-term and long-term fluctuations/volatility of Indonesia exchange rate and investigates whether this volatility has affected Indonesia's exports flows. In particular the paper investigates the impact of exchange rate volatility on aggregate Indonesia exports flows to the United State and also on imports. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test was employed on quarterly data for the period January 2000 to December 2008 to test for stationarity on the variables of interest. Estimates of the long-term influence of exchange rate volatility on the trade flows are obtained using the Johansen Cointegration Test. The results suggest that a significant long-term relationship linking exchange rate volatility and the trade volume between Indonesia and the United States exists. A negative long-term relationship between exchange rate fluctuations and the export volume sent from Indonesia to the US is obtained. On the other hand, exchange rate volatility exerts a positive long-term effect upon the import volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The James Webb Telescope is the successor to the Hubble Telescope and will be placed in an orbit of 1.5 million km from earth. Before launch in 2014, the telescope will be tested in NASA Johnson Space Center’s (JSC) space simulation chamber, Chamber A. The tests will be conducted at deep space conditions. Chamber A’s helium cryo-panels are currently cooled down to 20 K by two Linde 3.5 kW helium refrigerators. The new 12.5 kW, 20-K helium coldbox described in this paper is part of the upgrade to the chamber systems for this large test program. The Linde coldbox will provide refrigeration in several operating modes where the temperature of the chamber is being controlled with a high accuracy due to the demanding NASA test requirements. The implementation of two parallel expansion turbine strings and the Ganni cycle—Floating Pressure process results in a highly efficient and flexible process that minimizes the electrical input power. This paper will describe the collaboration and execution of the coldbox project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths amongst women in the United States. In the past two decades, the potential of non-ionizing high power RF waves to destroy cancerous biological tissues is actively investigated for cancer therapy. This paper presents the computational feasibility study of an alternative mode of electromagnetic radiation therapy that employs dual source and deformable mirror. The adaptive focusing capability of the deformable mirror is exploited for preferential energy deposition at the tumor site in the breast irradiated by electromagnetic radiation. The outcome of the computational study for the proposed deformable mirror-based thermal therapy for breast cancer is presented in this paper. © 2007 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of the fact that statistical predictions of quantum theory (QT) can only be tested if large amount of data is available a claim has been made that QT provides the most complete description of an individual physical system. Einstein’s opposition to this claim and the paradox he presented in the article written together with Podolsky and Rosen in 1935 inspired generations of physicists in their quest for better understanding of QT. Seventy years after EPR article it is clear that without deep understanding of the character and limitations of QT one may not hope to find a meaningful unified theory of all physical interactions, manipulate qubits or construct a quantum computer.. In this paper we present shortly the EPR paper, the discussion, which followed it and Bell inequalities (BI). To avoid various paradoxes we advocate purely statistical contextual interpretation (PSC) of QT. According to PSC a state vector is not an attribute of a single electron, photon, trapped ion or quantum dot. A value of an observable assigned to a physical system has only a meaning in a context of a particular physical experiment PSC does not provide any mental space-time picture of sub phenomena. The EPR paradox is avoided because the reduction of the state vector in the measurement process is a passage from a description of the whole ensemble of the experimental results to a particular sub-ensemble of these results. We show that the violation of BI is neither a proof of the completeness of QT nor of its non-locality. Therefore we rephrase the EPR question and ask whether QT is “predictably “complete or in other words does it provide the complete description of experimental data. To test the “predictable completeness” it is not necessary to perform additional experiments it is sufficient to analyze more in detail the existing experimental data by using various non-parametric purity tests and other specific statistical tools invented to study the fine structure the time-series. © 2006 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interests in using carbon dioxide as working fluid increase since the Montreal and Kyoto Protocols were made. In this paper, a complete effort was made to study the performance of CO2 Rankine cycle powered by solar energy experimentally. The system utilizes evacuated solar collectors to convert CO2 into high-temperature supercritical state, used to produce electrical energy and thermal energy, which could be used for air conditioning and hot water supply and so on. The system performances were tested not only in summer, but also in winter; not only in sunny day, but also in cloudy day. The interest of the paper is the solar collector efficiency, because the absorbed heat quantity in the collector can be utilized for power generation and heat supply and other useful outputs. The results show that annually-averaged solar collector efficiency was measured at about 60.4%. The study shows the potential of the application of the solar powered CO2 cycle as a distributed power/heat generation system. © 2006 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In January 2001, the X-50LR program was initiated to scale the Lightcraft concept ultimately to a 50-cm focal diameter, and to launch a 50 cm, fully functional vehicle, into space in either a sounding rocket or suborbital trajectory by the end of FY 2009. The current work involves scaling from the 10-cm aluminum Lightcraft to a fully composite 25-cm laser ramjet vehicle (X-25LR). An overview and status of this program will be given in terms of the various efforts that support this development. These efforts will include testing at the High Energy Laser System Test Facility (HELSTF), New Mexico; some results of the laser launch system study by Flight Unlimited; supporting research by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR); the different facets of attitude control in a small business program with Polaris Sensors Technology; continuing development of a launch model at The Pennsylvania State University; and, the development of a thrust measurement technique, and the use of a “mini-thruster” for research with The University of Alabama, Huntsville in collaboration with the AFRL. This paper will be followed by a number of papers giving additional details of the efforts briefly overviewed in this presentation. © 2006 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Numisheet 2005 Benchmark [sharp/mesh/hash_synonym]3 consisted of forming four different sheet materials in a two-stage process. The first stage consisted of forming channel sections in a channel draw die with variable penetration drawbeads. Material that flowed through the drawbeads into the channel sidewalls was actually prestrained by cyclic bending and unbending. The prestrained channel sidewall pieces were subsequently formed in a second stage which is described in another paper. This paper provides a description of the channel draw die tests, the testing and measurement procedures and also the experimental data that was recorded. © 2005 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Laser Hardened Materials Evaluation Laboratory (LHMEL) has been characterizing material responses to laser energy in support of national defense programs and the aerospace industry for the past 26 years. This paper reviews the overall resources available at LHMEL to support fundamental materials testing relating to impulse coupling measurement and to explore beamed energy launch concepts. Located at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, LHMEL is managed by the Air Force Research Laboratory Materials Directorate AFRL/MLPJ and operated by Anteon Corporation. The facility's advanced hardware is centered around carbon dioxide lasers producing output power up to 135kW and neodymium glass lasers producing up to 10 kilojoules of repetitively pulsed output. The specific capabilities of each laser device and related optical systems are discussed. Materials testing capabilities coupled with the laser systems are also described including laser output and test specimen response diagnostics. Environmental simulation capabilities including wind tunnels and large-volume vacuum chambers relevant to beamed energy propulsion are also discussed. This paper concludes with a summary of the procedures and methods by which the facility can be accessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This talk provides a statistical overview of the supply side in physics and related fields. Data on current and historic trends are presented in selected fields at both the bachelor's and PhD levels. Several of the major factors driving enrollment patterns in higher education are discussed. This paper concludes with an examination of issues related to both supply and demand. The AIP Statistical Research Center has been collecting data on enrollments and degrees in physics for 40 years and they are the source for the physics data presented. The sources for the data on related fields are the National Science Foundation in the case of PhD data and the U.S. Department of Education for bachelor's level data. Finally, this paper includes data on the size of the bachelor's degree classes of 1999 and 2000. These data were not available when the talk was presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expendable launch vehicles (ELVs) have been used since the early 1960s to put numerous payloads, including humans, into space. Yet, in spite of their widespread use since that time, ELV reliability has not improved much. Why has this been the case? And, more importantly, what might be done to substantially improve the reliability of future reusable launch vehicles (RLVs) to levels needed for commercial viability, i.e., approaching that of the U.S. commercial airline industry? This paper attempts to answer these questions - by reviewing the history of launch vehicles, identifying factors important to their reliability and safety, and in doing so, offering a potential strategy for achieving high RLV reliability. The conclusion reached is that there is every reason to believe that high reliability (∼0.99999 per mission) is achievable for future RLVs, if key features to enhance their inherent robustness, forgiveness, and recoverability are considered and integrated into RLV design and operation at the outset. It is hoped that this paper will serve as a catalyst for further discussions intended to ensure that high reliability is realized for RLVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the three-dimensional (3-D) stability of carbon fiber sail structures (beam riders) that are being studied in a series of experiments at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and U.C. Irvine by a team led by Microwave Sciences, Inc. The stability analysis is developed for a limited set of conical sail configurations, and the code described in this paper has been developed at JPL by one of the coauthors. The assumptions in the model and the principles behind the simulation, in addition to their relationship to earlier experiments utilizing disk configurations are discussed. Results of stability analyses for several beam rider configurations will be presented at the Forum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews highlights of the 26th ICRC in the area of acceleration and propagation of solar energetic particles (SEPs). New results on SEP charge state and composition, a lively topic during the Conference, are covered in an accompanying paper by Klecker. I begin with a brief historical review of the field to provide context for the key advances/developments on SEP acceleration/propagation presented in Salt Lake City. These include: (1) the use of gamma-ray emissions as diagnostics of the acceleration process(es) and probes of the interaction region; (2) the observation of ∼10 GeV (or higher) protons for the 6 November 1997 ground level event by the Milagrito experiment; (3) observations of coronal Moreton waves as “smoking pistols” of shock acceleration/injection of SEPs; (4) an investigation of the role of proton event spectra in the current “two-class” picture of SEP events; (5) an analysis of the Gnevyshev Gap in SEP activity; (6) a Ulysses-based determination of the dependence of SEP mean free path on radial distance from the Sun and on heliographic latitude, and (7) an examination of the dissipation range in the power spectrum of interplanetary magnetic field fluctuations. I conclude with a discussion of new instrumentation (e.g., Milagro, HESSI) and a look to the expected level of SEP activity for the approaching maximum of solar cycle 23. © 2000 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an overview of the contributed papers presented at the SH2.1, SH2.2, SH2.3, and SH3.6 sessions of the 26th International Cosmic Ray Conference (Salt Lake City—Utah, August 17–25, 1999). The main subjects covered are observational features and modeling efforts for transient phenomena in the heliosphere and radiation in the terrestrial environment. © 2000 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For over 30 years, Kennedy Space Center has processed payloads for numerous NASA Programs. This paper provides an overview of KSC and its role in processing payloads for the International Space Station. Best practices and lessons learned from Station’s predecessor, the Spacelab Program, have been adopted for the processing of ISS payloads at the launch/landing site, and some of these are highlighted in this paper. © 2000 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil and gas industry in the USA has an extensive infrastructure of pipelines, 70% of which were installed prior to 1980, and almost half were installed during the 1950s and 1960s. Ideally the mechanical properties (i.e. yield strength, tensile strength, transition temperature, and fracture toughness) of a steel pipe must be known in order to respond to detected defects in an appropriate manner. Neither current in-ditch methods nor the ILI inspection data have yet determined and map the desired mechanical properties with adequate confidence. In the quest to obtain the mechanical properties of a steel pipe using a nondestructive method, it is important to understand that there are many inter-related variables. This paper reports a literature review and an analysis of a sample set of data. There is promise for correlating the results of NDE measurement modalities to the information required to develop relationships between those measurements and the mechanical measurements desired for pipelines to ensure proper response to defects which are of significant threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A time series model based on multivariate power-normal distribution has been applied in the past literature on the United States (US) mortality data from the years 1933 to 2000 to forecast the future age-specific mortality rates of the years 2001 to 2010. In this paper, we show that the method based on multivariate power-normal distribution can still be used for an incomplete US mortality dataset that contains some missing values. The prediction intervals based on this incomplete training data are found to still have good ability of covering the observed future mortality rates although the interval lengths may become wider for long-range prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the stylized facts is extremely important and has becomes a hot issue nowadays. However, recent global financial crisis that started from United States had spread all over the world and adversely affected the commodities and financial sectors of both developed and developing countries. This paper tends to examine the impact of crisis on stylized facts between energy and stock markets using ARCH-family models based on the experience over 2008 global financial crisis. Empirical results denote that there is long lasting, persists and positively significant the autocorrelation function of absolute returns and their squares in both markets for before and during crisis. Besides that, leverage effects are found in stock markets whereby bad news has a greater impact on volatility than good news for both before and during crisis. However, crisis does not indicate any impact on risk-return tradeoff for both energy and stock markets. For forecasting evaluations, GARCH model and FIAPARCH model indicate superior out of sample forecasts for before and during crisis respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the concept of systems resilience as a new framework for thinking about the future of the nonproliferation regime. Resilience refers to the ability of a system to maintain its vital functions in the face of continuous and unpredictable change. First, I make the case that the nonproliferation regime can be viewed as a complex system. Next, I discuss key themes from the literature on systems resilience and apply them to the nonproliferation system: the difference between resilience and stability; the need for evolution to maintain function; the importance of functional diversity; and the concept of the adaptive cycle. I show that most existing nonproliferation strategies are aimed at stability rather than resilience and that the current nonproliferation system may be over-constrained by the cumulative evolution of strategies. According to the literature on systems resilience, this increases its vulnerability to collapse. I argue that the resilience of the nonproliferation system can be enhanced by increasing international participation in setting the nonproliferation agenda, developing general international response capabilities, focusing on non-coercive approaches to decreasing demand, and applying systems thinking more rigorously to nonproliferation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With 18% of total US landmass devoted to croplands, farmland is a potentially major source of biogenic particles to the atmosphere. We investigated two farms as potential sources of biological ice nuclei (IN). We found that each of these farms contained abundant INA bacteria on the vegetation; however, airborne ina gene concentrations were typically below detectable limits, demonstrating a disconnect between local vegetative sources and the air above them. The question remains, then, as to how biological IN are released into the atmosphere. In a second study, we investigated how precipitation impacted the concentration and composition of IN. Results from these measurements show that ground level IN concentrations were enhanced during rain events, and that some portion of these IN were biological. In this paper, we present results from both of these studies, and discuss modified measurement techniques aimed at characterizing the often very low number concentrations of biological IN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]