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An experimental study to increase productivity and thermal efficiency in solar collectors by optimizing them with a parabolic trough coupled to Fresnel lenses. Fresnel lenses are of great interest as an efficient sun-gathering device due to their high concentration and low heat loss. This paper aims to examine for the first time the addition of Fresnel lenses to a parabolic trough (PTC), which can be considered a promising heat-concentrating technology for solar-powered systems. The test was carried out in Iraq - the city of Diwaniyah (31.99° N, 44. 93° E). The study showed that the use of Fresnel lenses led to an increase in production efficiency. Experiments showed that the total production efficiency is (26.5% and 40.9%) for CSS with PTC and CSS with PTC with Fresnel lenses, respectively, compared with the traditional stator. and thermal efficiency (47.5%,60.1%,70.9%) for CSS, CSS with PTC, and CSS with PTC with two Fresnel lenses on PTC, respectively. This paper proposes the use of spot-type concentrating lenses in concentrated solar collectors to improve the performance of solar distillation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban morphology has been the center of interest of numerous studies for several decades. The objectives of these studies vary from the simple understanding of the urban form to more elaborate endeavors aiming to create an analytical model that can be tested against sociological, economic, and/or demographic aspects of urban settlements. Some recent approaches integrate the analysis of urban morphology into the generative design process. Yet, a simple comprehensive analytical model that can be exploited readily in an urban generative methodology is missing. This paper presents part of a suggested method for analyzing the traditional (organic) urban fabric within a study aiming to arrive at a simplified generic model of the traditional urban form. That aimed generic model would be a starting point in a generative design process that simulates the morphological characteristics of the urban tissue under study. The hypothesis behind this work is that the study of local morphological factors – the typology of road nodes – can lead to an understanding of the global morphology of the urban tissue. The proposed analytical method includes two main axes. The first is to study the typology of road nodes within the traditional fabric. The second axis concerns how these nodes relate to each other to form the urban fabric. This paper focuses on the first axis related to the study of the typology of road nodes within the urban fabric. The typological classification of nodes in the urban fabric is simply based on the number of connected roads and the continuity or discontinuity of these roads through the node. The question of continuity is treated using the (Visual Step) concept. Coupled with a global analysis of the relation among the nodes, and based on the idea of (Urban Layering), a simple but informative generic model for the morphology of the urban tissue can be generated. The selected context for the case study is the Old City of Mosul in Iraq, which is now listed on the tentative list of the UNESCO world heritage sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has been achieved to desalinate the brackish groundwater for several districts located in Baghdad the capital of Iraq which are Amiriya, Shurta 5 ,and New Baghdad by using reverse osmosis (RO) Unit. ULP 1812-50 RO type has been used for desalination in this paper. The system has accomplished the percentage of water recovery that ranged between (18.18 - 33.33)% and the percentage of salt rejection that ranged between (97.07 - 99.29)%. As well as the high efficiencies of removal for the physio-chemical parameters of the raw groundwater which are Electrical conductivity, EC (95-99)%, Turbidity(100)%, Total Hardness (100)%, Ca (95-100)%, Mg (84-93)%, Cl (70-96)%, SO4 (85-100)% and NO3 (73-93)%. These results have showed us that the RO technique is suitable to produce freshwater from brackish water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a premier insight into renewable energy, global perspectives, challenges, development, and the environmental impact of solar power in Iraq. Every day, degrees of global sun radiation range from 2000 kWh/m2 to 2500 kWh/m2. The global demand for electricity due to environmental concerns increases the pressure to use alternative, sustainable, and hassle-free power sources. Solar power is an infinite, CO2-free energy source that may be used anywhere in the planet. Solar energy generates 1.4 ×105 TW of power on the earth's surface, as well as around 3.6×104 TW of this electricity is utilized. Global power usage decreased by 3.6 ×104 TW in 2012 to 17 TW. Photovoltaic (PV) cells are critical components for turning solar radiation into electricity. Photovoltaic technology, energy conversion efficiency, economic evaluation, electricity legislation, environmental effect, a wide range of uses, and possibilities, this study goes into great detail on s and development. This painting collects new literature (e.g. research papers, conference proceedings, reports, books) on photovoltaic technology, monetary analysis, environmental impact, and public awareness policies. Due to the fast advancement of PV technology, the assessment determined that PV is a simple approach to harvest solar energy. Finally, this work shows the projects that can be adapted to control the use of renewable electricity systems in standard electricity and in particular solar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an ANN based adaptive Auto Reclosing AR which integrated of an operation of distance measuring relay in HV Over Head Transmission Line OHTL. This work is brought to enhance stability synchronism, and reliability during the transient faults of OHTL. Thus, it leads to increase the continuity of the electric power system, especially of hydropower plants are connected to utility grid. This work are used Matlab\Simulink environment to design and simulate a single-phase auto-reclosing, which depends on the Artificial Neural Networks ANN integrated with a distance relay DR. In addition, the simulation model consists of Boolean algebra circuits, and timers are utilised to build Auto-reclosure of a circuit breaker in each phase. The ANN is here trained to recognize angle values of actual impedances (in the positive sequence only) in which it can classify which phase exactly is line to ground fault. The simulation results show the ability of this combination to distinguish among various fault types and giving multi pulses-shot of tripping and reclosing for the specific circuit breaker with a successful mechanism. In this paper, a realistic system with real parameters was represented by the important transmission line (Mosul Dam-East Mosul), which currently is only the main and alone line that connects the northern Iraq network with a national grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For almost half a century, Iraq was ravaged by wars and the ongoing political instability where Iraq was connected to the military coups, neighborhood war, and clashes that generated violent conflicts. The number of orphans produced is incalculable. More than 5% of the world's orphans became orphans in Iraq. Orphans from the most neglected and ignored community in society. Because of the orphan's material and emotional deprivation, caring for orphans should be given higher attention. The purpose of this paper is to create and implement a computerized online registration system that is controlled electronically, It is used to acquire, process, manipulate, organize, and provide timely, accurate, and regular orphan data, with the goal of include as many orphans of various categories as possible, who are typically unregistered. The system model was created using the use case diagram, sequence diagram, an entity-relationship diagram. This system was established in an attempt to include, register, and reach as many orphans as possible, based on the notion that information technology has become crucial for promoting effective jobs. The developed database not only considers the sequence of the tasks performed but also the relationships among the control objects. Paperwork administration will be eliminated, record handling will be minimized, data synchronization, as the orphans' data can be recorded regularly and accurately, through which, material and humanitarian assistance can be provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The constant change in the components and variables of the economic environment is one of the most important phenomena that characterize this environment at present, and these changes have made the goal of survival in the market a priority due to the prevalence of financial distress in companies. The main purpose of this paper is to test the impact and effectiveness of the model of artificial neural networks and Naive Bayes technology and to see how accurate they are and their ability to classify companies. In this paper, the information of the companies listed on the Iraq stock exchange for 2017, which represents 36 companies with high financial distress, 20 companies with medium financial distress, in addition to 43 non-distressed companies for a group of 99 companies. According to the experimental results, the model of artificial neural networks gives the highest rating accuracy of 96.97% and an error rate compared to Naive Bayes, which gave a rating accuracy of 74.74%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus diseases 2021 (COVID-19) on going situation in Iraq is characterized in this paper. The pandemic handling by the government and the difficulties of public health measures enforcement in Iraq. Estimation of the COVID-19 data set was performed. Iraq is endangered to the pandemic, like the rest of the world besides sharing borders with hotspot neighbouring country Iran. The government of Iraq launched proactive measures in an attempt to prevent the viral spread. Nevertheless, reports of new cases keep escalating leaving the public health officials racing to take more firm constriction to face the pandemic. The paper bring forth the current COVID-19 scenario in Iraq, the government measures towards the public health challenges, and the future potential health risks that may emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a powerful technique used for measuring and monitoring surface deformation due to natural hazards. It combines Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) with interferometry and is used to detect small changes in surface deformation over time, regardless of weather or time of day. InSAR is extensively used to monitor and measure earthquakes, volcanoes, and land subsidence. This paper reviews the application of InSAR in earthquake monitoring and deformation analysis. The reviewed studies demonstrate the effectiveness of InSAR in detecting and monitoring ground deformation caused by earthquakes. The use of advanced remote sensing technology and data processing techniques have enabled the detection of deformation at increasingly high spatial and temporal resolutions. Additionally, the paper provides a case study of a 6.3 Mw earthquake event in 2018, discussing the fault type and displacement map generated through InSAR technology. In conclusion, InSAR is a valuable tool in natural hazard monitoring and has wide-ranging applications from structural engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deal with the improvement of cooling load in office buildings in Semi-Arid Climates. Generally, the building in North Iraq consumes a lot of energy to satisfy cooling need due to the climate in northern Iraq is a hot atmosphere, as well as lack of sufficient construction techniques, materials, and operations without providing satisfactory comfort and health levels for the occupants, that lead to using a mechanical device (split unit) to achieve thermal comfort. Therefore, this paper aims to test some applying passive cooling strategies to reduce energy consumption and improve thermal performance in office buildings. Design builder and Energy plus are used to present the dynamic role of the simulation tool in architecture. This study proposed a conventional office to be baseline module for simulation and selected one room from each orientation to simulate the current situation and then with various passive cooing variables to improve the office space cooling load. The study concluded that Window shading by the overhang, low solar transmittance, and decreasing window-to-wall ratio scored the best results for minimizing cooling loads by 17% -40% compared to the base case. The primary objective, which has been achieved through this article, emphasizes the importance of using Building Performance Simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the application of horizontal drilling in an oilfield of Kurdistan region of Iraq. The most important developments in Petroleum industry were through drilling technology by producing more horizontal wells in the worlds since eighties. Horizontal drilling is considered as a cost-effective method for developing reserves because of continues breakthrough of hardware equipment in oil fields. The technology of Horizontal wells remains to be a remarkable enthusiasm of oil industry since they can give an attractive way to enhancing both production rate and oil recovery factor. The practice of drilling a horizontal oil well in Kurdistan region of Iraq will be highlighted in this paper. In the previous few years horizontal drilling in this region has given an exciting experience for petroleum engineers. A horizontal well will be drilled in the oil fields of Taq Taq and one of the important applications of this well is to recover production rate in thin/tight reservoir and saving in total growth cost. The aim of this paper is to show the structure and parts of horizontal well. Well plan viewpoints incorporate choice of bit and casing sizes, casing setting depths and penetrating mud density, casing, and hydraulics, technique for boring and well profile. An Iraqi oil field (Taq Taq field) is selected for designing horizontal well to increase the productivity and long rich position. Short to Medium radius horizontal well profile is suggested for the developing the field. This paper employs instructions learned and results obtained while applying a rotary drilling of an offset nearby well with liner system on conventional horizontal rig, during the designing and drilling operation arrangement. The main goal of this work is to show the impact of horizontal drilling application on the performance improvement of that oil field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technology of Cloud computing is considered as a hugely advantageous application particularly for higher education institutions (HEIs) taking into consideration its privileges like longstanding expenses saving, smooth accessibility to data at any moment and efficiently. The aim of the present study is to describe the significant factors which affect the adopting cloud computing by higher educational institutions (HEIs) in Iraq. This research paper follows quantitative research method. The researcher uses a questionnaire of 160 participants from the administrative level as well as the staff members who are responsible for computer and IT specialization in Mosul University in Iraq. In this paper the model of technology- organization-environment (TOE) and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) are utilized to investigate the significant factors that influencing the adoption of cloud computing.As a result it has been found that the factors of relative advantage, security concerns, top management support, IT experience, external support, and facilitating condition carry positive effects in the adopting cloud computing by HEIs in Iraq.Meanwhile, competitive pressure are not significant factors the adoption of cloud computing by HEIs in Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal drinking water supplies are under tremendous pressure worldwide, and one way to mitigate the problems is to reuse wastewater in various places, including reuse of greywater. In this paper, the calculation of the amount of gray water from production, demand, and water supply in government buildings was studied based on the British code for non-potable and reusable purposes WC Flushing and according to the characteristics of the building in terms of installation units, several employees and working hours. The Department of Public Works and Maintenance in the Ministry of Construction, Housing, and Municipalities in Baghdad - Iraq has been selected as a study area because the site of the building is located in an area. Many government departments are affiliated with the same ministry, which leads to an increase in the amount of greywater on the sewage network. This paper aimed to calculate the amount of building gray water required for treatment, which can be predicted before treatment. The amount of greywater production, which is exiting from the hand basin and reused for females and males, is 4.8 and 3.2 L/d/employee, respectively. The amount of greywater demand from Wc flushing for females and males is 12 and 6 L/d/employee, respectively, as it was found that females use more than males because of the frequency-time. This study showed that there is potential to reduce the total demand for drinking water by saving 44% by considering the reuse of greywater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the emerging coronavirus pandemic spreads worldwide, countries continue to find new ways to combat and control the spread of "Covid-19." As part of the virus-fighting efforts, information on diagnostic procedures, infection and symptoms, and the most recent therapy and vaccine research have been updated. The main objective of this paper is to reduce the enormous load on the healthcare system by providing the best way to diagnose patients and predict the infection of COV-19 effectively. As a result of the scientific development in computers and their applications, this science has treated many medical problems. However, clinical trials and human skills are still required despite the undeniable contributions of artificial intelligence (AI) and data research responsible for fighting the pandemic. They are a global and open-source tool capable of assisting in this health emergency. However, due to the severity of the threat of this virus to global health and its rapid development, these solutions remain insufficient to combat it. This research paper uses data mining based on algorithms of AI and machine learning (ML) to detect and diagnose COVID-19 infection based on clinical diagnostic tests prepared previously in the Iraqi Ministry of Health. The model was provided with a dataset of the COVID-19 virus using the Python programming language. To create the model where the model predicts whether this person is infected or not infected with the virus, and if it is proven that he is in the danger zone (reaching death), can he bypass the virus and be cured. The current study results showed that the model was developed using the Random Forest Classifier algorithm more efficiently to predict infection with the Coronavirus. This represents the best model developed among other models that used various algorithms, such as Gaussian Naive Bayes, k-nearest neighbors, Support vector machine, Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Gradient boosting, Multi-layer Perceptron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity is one of the most important energy resources used for human comfort. Its generation is very expensive, so it must be carefully managed. Energy management is a key to well-used electrical grid, especially in developing countries, including Iraq, which face significant challenges such as frequent outages. The grid's main feature is good management with integration of renewable energies. Photovoltaic (PV) energy systems are widely used in variety of applications. It provides an alternative solution for energy self-sufficiency, and it is also possible to share the surplus with the grid. However, the PV system is temperature and solar radiation dependent, which is regarded as a disadvantage due to weather changes. At demand response (DR), the energy produced by the PV system may have a surplus or a shortfall of electric power resulting in either loss or no energy use or service interruptions. This problem of intermittency is overcome by hybridization. Thus, if the primary source is unable to meet the entire DR, the secondary source will take over the re-possibility of supporting. In this paper, a PV-Battery-Grid system is designed, tested and modelled by MATLAB program to integrate solar energy, bank of batteries, loads and grid. The proposed system pro-vides and manages generated energy by sharing it to loads and grid. Furthermore, the total harmonics distortion values of output inverter current, ac load current, and grid current were 2.16%, 0.18%, and 0.89% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exponential smoothing models are used to smooth time series data and treat the impact of Trend or Seasonal in the time series. There are several models including of smoothing: Simple Exponential Smoothing, Double Smoothing and Holt-Winters smoothing. Robust statistical methods in time series models or in linear models (Regression, Experiment Design) they are a suitable to treat the problem of outlier values in data in order to obtain more reliable forecast results. In this paper, we applied the Robust Exponential smoothing method Compared with some anther exponential as :(Double smoothing, Holt-Winters Additive/Multiplicative smoothing, EST method) for estimation model parameters and forecasting are presented. and application of all these methods in Data of corona Pandemic (COVID-19) from Iraq in period (Mar. 2020 – Mar 2022), the robust exponential method is presented that applies the standard technique to preclean data from the outlier values in time series.We depended on R-packages functions as [ses(),EST, robiest(), hw(),...],it use to obtain smoothing parameters are robust. In this research we found Robust method have a good forecast performance for time series with an outlier values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Information Technology (IT) in the Iraqi health sector is ignored, and the health paper-based (HPB) system cannot contain the whole information about the patient and cannot be shared with different locations at the same time and the medical errors kill many people yearly. For that, there is a need to be replaced by the electronic records that can include: medical history, investigations, medications, allergies, laboratory tests, nursing notes, and many other notes. The aim of this study is to assess the adoption and barriers to the adoption of the electronic health records (EHRs) system at Albatool Teaching Hospital. The study was descriptive and not statically, data collected from direct interviews with healthcare technology providers, professional nurses, and physicians. The study found successful utilization of the EHS in the outpatient's department of the hospital and underutilization in the emergency department, and other departments due to many barriers especially the not well-trained staff in the hospital and the workload from a high number of patients and problems in the system itself and its update. Training the staff and provide the hospital with all required information technology technical support was recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainability and development of water resources is a matter of utmost importance, especially for the countries of the Middle East that are threatened by water scarcity such as Iraq due to the different social, political and economic conditions. The importance of studying the sustainability of water resources for different regions, especially those far from water sources, to achieve a water balance between supply and demand and to ensure the provision of water resources and a safe environment for future generations. For the purpose of studying the subject of sustainability, the studies have come up with a proposal and adoption of many indicators that can be applied in all regions. In this paper, the Canadian Water Sustainability Index CWSI proposed by the policy research initiative PRI was used and applied in the Ain al-Tamr region, which is located in southwest of the holy city of Karbala /Iraq and which is completely fed by groundwater. All data required to calculate the values of the five CWSI components (i.e. resources, infrastructure, ecosystem health, human health, and capacity) were collected according to the PRI assessment method. The weights of CWSI components were determined using a pair-wise comparison method. The results showed that the value of CWSI for the study area was 55.331. It is possible to apply this method to study sustainability after determining the weights of the components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency of solar panels is affected by high temperatures that exceed the standard operating temperature which is 25 degrees Celsius. The use of phase-changing materials is one of various methods for lowering cell temperature. However because , heat transfer studies including PCM and PV panels are extremely difficult to conduct, The study was conducted using energy relations and heat transfer principles by the numerical simulation program (COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5) to select the best model for its manufacture and conduct experiments on it this paper provides a thorough examination of how heat transfer of PV panels in combination with PCM works Through a study conducted in the city of Najaf in Iraq With temperatures reaching up to 65 degrees Celsius , The results of this study pointed out that the PV-PCM units allow achieving higher performances in comparison with a conventional PV module, especially during the hottest months. the efficiency of the photovoltaic panel, it is inversely proportional to the increase in temperature. Therefore, the efficiency increases in the presence of the phase-changing material, where it reaches (14 %) at the peak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are a lot of Iraqi cities in Iraq that used a tree supply water distribution system, it is also an old supply water network, which produces poor water quality in this network. This paper has studied water quality in two system loops and a tree net in two of Iraqi's cities requires Water GEMS. This document's goal is to review the effect of the major types of supply water distribution system on its pollution and characteristic in Iraq. The results of the analysis of two water systems show the efficiency of the loop distribution system of supply water networks compared to the tree distribution system ones in preventing water pressure drop, preserving water type, and preventing pollution. Where the dead ends in the tree network cause the deposition of pollutants, which increases the possibility of an increase in organic pollutants, unlike the loop distribution system ones, which makes the water in constant movement, which prevents the occurrence of pollution and gives water pressure stability. These results are confirmed by laboratory tests for water in both cases loop and tree distribution systems of supply water networks, in addition to QWI which showed that the loop system can maintain the quality of water and reduce the causes of pollution through the absence of this system from dead ends and the continuous movement of water. Although the water quality in the two networks was very poor because the network is old and the treatment system is ineffective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capacity factor is the main factor in assessing the efficiency of wind Turbine. This paper presents a procedure to find the optimal wind turbine for five different locations in Iraq based on finding the highest capacity factor of wind turbine for different locations. The wind data for twelve successive years (2009-2020) of five locations in Iraq are collected and analyzed. The longitudes and latitudes of the candidate sites are (44.3661o E, 33.3152o N), (47.7738o E, 30.5258o N), (45.8160o E, 32.5165o N), (44.33265o E, 32.0107o N) and (46.25691o E, 31.0510o N) for Baghdad, Basrah, Al-Kut, Al-Najaf, and Al-Nasiriyah respectively. The average wind velocity, standard deviation, Weibull shape and scale factors, and probability density function are calculated. According to quadratic model, the capacity factor for five wind turbines of different characteristics is calculated and compared with wind turbines in wind farm. The suitable wind turbine for the candidate sites is selected via matching between wind sites-wind turbines characteristics. The Gamesa G114-2.0MW model has highest capacity factor among other models for all selected sites whereas the Adwen AD 5-132 has lowest capacity factor. The Genetic algorithm is used to find the optimum cut-in and rated speeds of the wind turbine. The main objective of the algorithm to be maximized is the capacity factor of wind turbine. According to the practical ranges for cut-in and rated speeds of wind turbines, a proposed optimal value of cut-in and rated speeds are identified to ensure highest capacity factor for the studied wind sites in Iraq. MATLAB program is used to simulate the mathematical model of wind energy, wind turbine performance, and the capacity factor of wind turbines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iraq has long been considered the cradle of civilizations, is full of many archaeological sites and monuments dating back thousands of years. Despite this, Iraq has only six sites on the World Heritage List, half of which are on the danger list. In recent decades, damage to Iraq's cultural heritage has increased dramatically due to an increase of natural hazards and human-made threats, as well as inadequate risk management plans. The purpose of this study is to clarify how to use the AHP method to investigate the most significant human-made risks to archaeological sites and then identify appropriate conservation strategies to prepare and implement an efficient risk management plan. Babylon was chosen as a case study because of its global significance and its vulnerability to many dangers. As a result of the AHP method, the main human threats of the highest weight were determined as looting, encroachment, and incorrect interventions and the secondary threats of the highest weight were identified as illegal excavation, slum dwellings, and inappropriate restoration materials. The methodology used in this paper helps decision-makers to prepare risk management plans, choose strategies based on the priority of the risks with the highest weights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Providing housing units with livability and suitable facilities that can be an appropriate shelter for citizens is one of the main concerns of planners and officials. The problems of lack of access to standard and viable housing units in Iraq that faced major social and economic crises, war and terrorism, are more tangible. This paper tries to examine this problem by comparative, descriptive, field, questionnaire, and laboratory methods. For this purpose, 154 residential units, which are located in 17 residential sectors of south Malta neighborhood in Duhok city were evaluated, and some criteria considered in the present study includes 1-the quality of the buildings, 2-garbage and specks of dirt and stagnant waters, 3-lighting of the passages, 4-smoke and dust, 5-crowd and traffic and voice, 6-having yard or balcony or good landscape or green area, 7-animals and insects, bad odors, 8-access to transport networks. The main aim of this paper is to reveal the disproportion and uniformity of residential sectors and inappropriate residential sectors of Malta neighborhoods using TOPSIS. The Order Performance technique by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) model was ArcGIS were used for analysis and assessment. Shannon entropy was used for weighting criteria which showed that the Smoke and dust, animals and insects, and bad odors had the highest importance in analysis with a weight of 0.178, and 0.168 respectively. The residential unit with number 30 was the best and the most viable building with the highest Ci score (0.361). Residential unit 64 with a Ci of 0.150 was the least appropriate. In general, the west and northwest buildings of the Malta Neighborhood were more suitable for living in. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demarcation of international borders is an essential issue. Although this can manage between neighboring countries, sometimes disputes may lead to many wars and problems. However, this can be solved officially by negotiation between the two sides; the actual solution required the determination of the exact borderline with pillars' positions. Consequently, a series of positioning computations are required, followed by field works to fixing these locations practically. This procedure can be achieved efficiently by geomatics techniques. This paper analyses the delimitation of the Iraq-Iran borders according to the 1975 Treaty. To highlight the borders demarcation problems and their solutions, the case study is the Shalamcha Border crossing area at Basrah, south of Iraq. In this area, a new proposed railroad connects the two countries, which required identifying the exact locations of borderline and frontiers pillars. The available data were extracted by modern geomatics techniques based on aerial photos taken in 1975 and approval maps of the Treaty. Thus, digital aerial triangulation was used (i.e. Bundle Adjustment based on Leica photogrammetry system) to produce orthorectified images. The derived positions on these images were checked by the observations of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). The final results show differences between the existing borderline and the derived one. This means that the positions of existing borderline and marker pillars do not match the delimitation in the 1975 Treaty. Consequently, there is a 220m of Iranian overstepping towards Iraq, which means the existing borderline required shifting and reconsideration in the railroad locations at border crossing points. Finally, the whole borderline is required checking and re- demarcations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mathematical modeling is critical and crucial in a variety of fields, including medicine, physics and economics. This paper uses mathematical modeling to analyze coronavirus data in Iraq, specifically in Karbala province. Our basic idea involves applying two approaches using software. The first is to apply the SIR model to obtain forecasts for the spread of the corona epidemic over the entire year, using November 2021 data from Karbala province as a starting point. The second direction is to use the Euler approach to predict the development of the pandemic and finally, optimization techniques have been introduced for the spread of the coronavirus and methods to prevent its spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the rapid development and spread of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) during the past four decades, which has become a prominent feature of the era, Iraq is still at the bottom of the list of developing countries, especially in the field of technology and communication by all standards. In fact, Iraq lies outside the scope of education quality alongside other six Arab countries. This, however, is attributed to the constant mis-management and lack of knowledge about issues relevant to the modes of technology development. What makes things worse is the outbreak and rapid spread of Covid-19. This, so to speak, has imposed a number of restrictions on education to the extent that the government has resorted to E-Learning. The researchers, however, briefly address the concept of (ICT) as well as the global technological diffusion indicator for the Arab group in which Iraq's position is analysed according to the main and sub-indicators. Moreover, the E-Learning, its advantages and disadvantages, is being brought into focus. To amend all the obstacles, solutions have been proposed in accordance with the general technological indicator. Besides, the research-paper concludes with recommendations and suggestions which will definitely contribute to the attainment of the goal aspired for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discussed the design and perform of the best choice between 18 hybrid models to supply a specific load hypothetical building in Al-Muthana city in Iraq Country. These 18 models consist of different configurations of renewable energy systems. This paper's steps were to measure and collect the necessary datum of solar radiance and the wind speed for Al-Muthana governorate. The HOMER software for renewable energy that used to enhance the optimization of off-grid and on-grid systems. The simulation model was used to determine the optimum system outcome based on power-efficiency for the load exactly, consider the costs and the environmental emissions. The consolation models were used to distinguish the prices of the hybrid system and their environment effect. The results show that the sutiable system for Al-Muthana governorate is consist of (wind turbine+Converter+Grid). This city is required to (one Wind turbine type RCVA-60KW+72 kW Converter+108 kW Grid) with a net present cost (110120 $). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some local search methods (LSMs) for solving the Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP), which is considered an NP-hard problem, are proposed in this paper. The aim of the problem is to minimize the sum of the distances multiplied by the corresponding flows by assigning the same number of facilities to the same number of different locations. Tabu search (TS) and Bees Algorithm (BA) are two suggested LSMs for solving QAP. We compared the results of LSMs with the complete enumeration method (CEM) and some strong heuristic methods in the first part of this paper. The results studied the existence of TS and BA in resolving our problem. The second part is split into two sections. As a practical application, we solve the QAP represented by civil engineering for Al-Zahra hospital in Kut/Iraq in the second part. The discussed methods are used to find the optimal and approximation solutions for this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High School Grade Point (GPA) and standardized tests are used as predictors of college majors for high school graduates joining college. This research looked at factors influencing high school students' performance and subsequent choice of college majors. The paper also endeavored to ascertain whether students choosing the same college majors would have, on average, same cognitive abilities. A questionnaire was used to collect data from university students, and the results indicate a number of factors that influence high school GPA, achievement. These factors are discussed in the paper and suggestions to improve on them proposed. Claims on the cognitive abilities of students with same majors are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic function of the gas turbine blades is to rotate the shaft connected to the generator motor. In electricity generation station, because the materials used in manufacturing must resist harsh working conditions, gas turbine blades are subject to high vibration, pressure and temperature. In this paper, the maximum pressure and deformation are caused by the effect of centrifugal force on the gas turbine blades. And to determine the natural frequencies of vibration, which are caused by the rotation speed about 3000 r.p.m under high-temperature conditions. The finite element method (FEM) was used to determine the natural frequency of turbine blade material (GTD-111) applied in the South Baghdad Power Station in Iraq, Baghdad. This paper deals with the structural analysis of gas turbine blades. Analysis was performed to find out the mechanical stresses and radial elongation to which the gas turbine rotor blade is subjected. A solid turbine blade model is constructed using the SOLIDWORKS2018 software. The turbine blade is analyzed for its structural performance due to the loading conditions using ANSYS 19 software to study the stress variation on the GTD-111 alloy gas turbine blades. The results shows that under static load and the stress and strain on the blade, the amplitude of the blade vibration will change at the higher frequencies of 581.42 Hz and 935.84 Hz because the root of the blade is placed on the disk-like cantilever (girder fixed at only one end). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premature birth (PTB) is the most common public health issue in gynecology and obstetrics. It has a variety of consequences, ranging from increased infant mortality to chronic disease and disability throughout one's life. Many PTB prediction studies have been published in recent years to improve the accuracy of PTB prediction. However, no single study has addressed the issue of premature birth using a data set from the Iraqi community. There are many research from different countries that have been collected regarding premature birth, where the pregnant woman differs from one region to another in terms of lifestyle as well as the diagnostic methods used, where in Iraq only manual methods are adopted in the diagnosis. The aim of this paper is to provide and improve the prediction accuracy of premature births using real data from Iraqi hospitals. Additionally, provide a validation of the results in terms of reliability and accuracy. The novel approach is used to identify the best maternal characteristics (those associated with PTB) from an obstetric dataset. The following classifiers (Decision Tree, Random Forest, Logistic Regression, K-Neighbor Nearest, Naive Bayes Classifier, Neural Networks, Support Vector Machine) were used in this study to classify all birth cases into term normal birth and preterm birth. As a result, the Random Forest classifier outperformed all other classifiers with a 98% percent accuracy. Its worth noting that the classifiers' performance is quantified in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, Specificity, Precision, Recall and F1 score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an assessment of the possible reuse of asphalt concrete waste available in the city of Mosul-Iraq in road construction alone or with cement addition. Compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests were conducted on the Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) with silty sand soil mixture (SM) used to improve grading to meet the grading A of general specifications for roads and bridges (SCRB) of (RAP/Soil of 92/8) %. Results show that the optimum moisture content (OMC), maximum dry density (MDD), UCS of RAP, and CBR will generally increase with the addition of cement. Longer curing periods will yield a higher strength. The OMC increases from 5 to 7.4%, and MDD increases from 1.972 to 2.13 g/cm3 when using 7% cement. The UCS of RAP stabilized with (1, 3, 5, and 7) % of cement for 7days are (11.25, 43.7, 70, and 73.57) kg/cm2 respectively and the CBR increases from 34% to (190, 260, 1150, and 2120) % when using (1, 3, 5, and 7) % of cement respectively. The obtained results confirm the possibility of using asphalt concrete waste in a sub-base layer after improving grading. Also, the possibility of using it in the base layer of roads after 2% cement addition, according to SCRB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to propose a decision tool that helps estimate the risk probability in the petroleum sector in Iraq, which has many benefits for identifying the most important factor. This model was developed by using the relative importance index (RII) method incorporated into fuzzy Logic. An extensive literature review was conducted, and a questionnaire was distributed to the private and government sectors to scan all possible risks in the petroleum sector. As a result, forty–eight risks in the petroleum sector were identified and categorized into four groups: operational risks, financial and administrative risks, economic and political risks, and potential risks. Also, the questionnaire results were analyzed using the relative importance index. The ranking of the groups and factors was demonstrated according to their level of effect on risk. Finally, a fuzzy assessment model was constructed and tested being appropriate to identify the probability of risk in the Iraqi petroleum sector to assess and estimate risk. Oil exploration company, one of the associations of the ministry of oil in Iraq, has been taken as a case study of this research to determine the risks and validate the model. This aim was accomplished by using the semi-quantitative risk assessment method and by introducing the concept of risk degree according to the assessment of risk and vulnerability. After summarizing the pandemic impact information on the oil projects from the Iraqi ministry of oil, a risk assessing index system was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted to identify and evaluate the relative importance of the risk factors in equipment highway project in Iraq. Usually, construction projects are affected by risk factors throughout the project life cycle, without identification and allocation categorization of these risks factors the project cannot be succeed, in this paper the open and closed questionnaire used to identify the important risk factors in equipment highway project in Iraq. The research aims to identify the factors that influence the success of equipment highway project in Iraq, to determine the correct response to the risk's factors in this study, (IBM, SPSS, V23) program was used to analyze the main group of risk factors by Mean Score Technique (MS) and ranking from top to bottom. The risk factors of tendering phase analysis by Relative Importance Index (RII) technique then ranking from top to bottom based on their values. The results of this study have conducted that the technical criteria are the most efficient criteria finally, a management criterion with all risk factors that showed in this research will be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geotechnical issues, including thermal impacts, and understanding the thermo-mechanical behavior of saturated fine-grained soils are critical. Heat treatment is one of the methods used to improve the geotechnical properties of fine loess soils. This method is limited due to the high cost of the heating source. However, in Iraq, the heating source (gas), a product of oil extraction, is very cheap. This paper provides an overview of recent advancements in heating technology, including ground improvement approaches. It represents various heating techniques to treat fine soils. The previous studies indicated that high temperature significantly affects the soil composition, temperature affects the clay and water combinations, and flocculation or dispersion may occur depending on the type of ion exchange and clay mineral. At temperatures above dehydration, clays lose water adsorption and hydration as the temperature rises over the point where de-hydroxylation begins. Thermal gradients affect liquid and plastic limitations as a function of alterations in viscosity due to thermal treatment. Heating the fine soil increases the bearing capacity and decreases the settlement close to the distance from heating sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design of geotechnical structures requires an investigation of the soil properties which considers a challenge because of the spatial variability of soil properties and also because the data of the in-situ tests are often limited in number. In this paper, Kriging interpolation method was used for predicting Cone Penetration Test (CPT) data at boreholes locations in the study site located in Nasiriyah city, Iraq. The predictions were based on the data of four nearby CPT points which were performed at different locations on the site. To examine the reliability of Kriging method, the results were utilized for soil classification at the boreholes using Robertson chart 2010 and compared with the soil classification results of the laboratory test and it was found that the Kriging method gave good estimations. Hence, Kriging method can be considered a suitable method to estimate the soil properties at untested locations for geotechnical engineering practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Iraq, Babil Stream is used for irrigation and as a source for water supply systems along its length extending from its head regulator at Shatt Al Hillah River for about 36 km. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the current and modified conditions of the flow along this Stream by implementing a Babil Stream steady 1D, Utilizing HEC-RAS Version 5.0.7 Software. The results showed that the sum of the provided discharge of irrigation outlets and water treatment stations equals 16.74 m3/s which is higher than the current capacity of the Babil Stream of 10.5 m3/s. The Babil Stream can accommodate the design discharge of 10.5 m3/s and the discharge that meets the actual water demand of 16.74 m3/s. Moreover, to reduce the large number of outlets along the Stream when preparing the Stream of the HEC-RAS model, the outlets at each 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 km. When combining the outlets as a single outlet at each 2.5 km along the Stream, the water levels are close to that when using the actual outlet's locations. The number of outlets can be reduced from 181 outlets to just 14 outlets. Sensitivity analysis to Manning n for Babil Stream showed the water level at the head regulator increased by just 0.06 m and 0.07 m when applying the discharges of 10.5 m3/s and 16.74 m3/s, respectively. This increase does not significantly affect the Stream's capacity, and the used value of 0.03 represents the mean of these values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shortages of water resources and climate change have direct effects on the marshes area in Iraq, which is the most abundant ecological diverse communities. In this paper, a satellite-based indices model and, the digital elevation model (DEM) of the east part of Al-Hammar Marsh were used to investigate the degradation of the land cover of this marsh for the spring, as a wet period, and summer, as a dry period for the period 2013-2021. The NDVI and MNDWI spectral indices and their predefining threshold criteria were adopted to develop the land cover classification model. To perform the search, the Landsat 8 (OLI) satellite images, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and Digital Elevation Models (DEM)) and weather data were used to perform this investigation. The results showed that the marsh is facing degradation in the vegetation cover with a general decreasing trend of 6% and, 3% in the spring and summer seasons respectively. Also, there is no presence of high density vegetation cover for all study period. The maximum and minimum surface water area was 91% and 22% in 2019 and 2015 respectively. In addition, there is no increase in average rainfall while the average temperature with a general increase of 3% during the study period. Fuerthermore, the water that supplied to the marsh is not sufficient for the immersion process or restoration of vegetation cover, as the water settles in the low areas of the marsh, while the high areas remain dry most of the study periods and, the areas with medium elevation in which the vegetation cover fluctuates between the two types, medium and low density vegetation cover, depending on the increase or decrease in water that supplied to the marsh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Al-Dbbouni Water Conveyance Project (DWCP), in the Wasit Governorate, Iraq, aims to convey a discharge of 1.35 m3/sec through a pipeline of 17.5 km length. In such projects, pumps shutdown may occur due to different reasons. Therefore, transient state analysis for the potential water hammer is essential to design a safe water conveyance system. This paper aims to analysis the potential cases of water hammer occurrence and specify the proper mitigation method. According to the characteristics of water network elements and potential failure cases, the considered cases were the normal operation, pumps sudden shutdown and examine different mitigation methods and selecting the best solution of water hammer risk. The implemented analysis, by using the Bentley HAMMER V8i software, showed that the computed maximum (987 kPa) and minimum (125 kPa) pressure in the conveyance system is less than the maximum allowable pressure of the pipes (1500 kPa). Therefore, the conveyance system is safe and satisfies the normal operation conditions. However, for the case of pumps sudden shutdown, the transient analysis indicated moderate water hammer in the pipe system of highly fluctuation in pressure from a minimum of -99 kPa after 64 sec of shutdown to a maximum of 1288 after 154 sec. Thus, spatiotemporal analysis of water hammer using different mitigation methods showed that, in the DWCP, using circular simple hydropneumatic tank is the best solution for the water hammer risk. However, there is no typical mitigation method and/or devices can be used for different water conveyance systems, where each case should individually analyzed to specify the suitable solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effect of slope on the settlement of a single pile subjected to seismic loads in the soil layer. The finite element program (Plaxis 3D 2022) was used to represent the behavior of the piles located in slope-layered soils in Iraq. The results showed a remarkable fluctuation between the earthquakes, where the four earthquakes (Halabjah, El Centrand, Kobe, and Tohokuo) showed different settlement resultss, The highest values were recorded by a Tohokuo earthquake (A=2.72g). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most famous type of swelling soil is montmorillonite. The main source of swollen soil formation is the dissolution of aluminum silicate minerals. The Wasit Governorate in Iraq was chosen as a study area. It was considered clay soil because the proportion of clay in it was 36%. The size of this soil increases when it absorbs water because it contains active minerals that have a strong desire to absorb water. This paper evaluates the use of PVC waste to eliminate undesirable properties of the swelling soil and create new useful soil. PVC is used to modify engineering properties. PVC is one of the most famous types of polymers, the most important, and the most widely used. In the present study, three percentages of PVC were used, which are 5, 10, and 15%. Liquid limit, plastic limit, compaction characteristics, swell, and CBR tests have been conducted on the prepared and modified soils. 15% of PVC was the best percentage due to the decrease in the liquid limit from 66% to 33%, the plastic limit from 34% to 22%, and the increase in the dry density of the soil from 1.48 to 1.74 g/cm3. While 10% PVC was the best percentage for CBR, the CBR for swollen soil was 2%, and at 10% PVC, it became 4.5%. These results were obtained after placing the samples in water for 94 hours, proving that PVC can be considered a successful material for improving soil properties. The best proportion of PVC based on the best CBR test result was 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delays and disruption are a common issue in both community and personal building programs The problem exists all throughout the world, but it is particularly prevalent in Iraq, where millions of dollars are squandered each time as a outcome. Delays and interruptions may have serious consequences not just for Iraq's construction plans, but also for the country's economic and social status. While numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the factors driving delays and disruption in Iraqi construction projects, slight consideration has been given to by what means project management implements and approaches have affected the occurrence of project delays and disruption. After analyzing the crucial reasons for delays and instability in public and private construction projects in Iraq, this paper aims to improve the recording and recommendations using Project Supervision concepts. A thorough investigation was conducted to identify the critical factors that are causing delays and disruptions in construction projects in Iraq's public and private sectors and present project management application procedures in order to establish recommendations to successfully reduce work disruptions and instability in Iraq This paper identifies the top crucial factors contributing to construction project delays and disruptions in Iraq. It further identifies project management Tools and techniques that, when used appropriately, have the potential to address the major causes of delays and interruptions. Following that, a new set of guidelines for applying Project Management methodologies and strategies to address the identified delay and disruption issues is provided, with the objective of aiding practitioners in minimizing the possibility for construction delays and interruption in Iraqi projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of e-learning has become of great significance with a high demand and the urgent need for it, hence it has proven its effectiveness as a successful alternative learning technique. This paper covers literature that explains the overall concept of e-learning, with the significance of e-learning and the need for it in the conclusion section. It provides an overview of the e-learning state in Iraq and the current state of universities in Iraq. Here in this article, we address an important e-learning application, which is the online test system for students. We engage in the explanation of this system, where its benefits are presented. Finally, the paper proposes to establish a system of tests using the Java computer programming language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a great focus for manufacturing companies in Iraq and developing countries to obtain ISO 9001 Quality Management System, as a standard for Quality Management and Quality Assurance to document processes and procedures. ISO 9000 is a process that typically changes the culture of an organization to enable TQM to be successful. Most companies believe that, implementing ISO9000 would be a suitable approach to gain advantages in product quality, delivery, productivity and customer loyalty, despite common misunderstandings which exist between the concepts of ISO9000 and the TQM approach, and the nature of the relationships between them. The purpose of this paper is to explore the extent to which the advantages of ISO9001 can be utilized as a mediating factor in implementing TQM practices in Iraqi manufacturing companies, based on a comprehensive review of the most recently published papers about this issue. Researchers have concluded that ISO9001 certification is only the beginning, not the end of a process of continuous improvements. It can be a useful cornerstone of TQM. ISO 9001 has a significant influence, that If it is explicated in a method that allows the organization to initiate a continuous improvement process through the teamwork of employee in the organization, which may facilitate an excellent start for the TQM journey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The non-productive time due to instability issues in the under-study field has reached over 90% of wellbore problems along the production section (8½"). This paper aims to construct a calibrated three- dimensional mechanical earth model (3DMEM) that can be used to conduct a comprehensive geomechanical analysis of the trouble zones issues. The results confirmed that the shale intervals have the major difficulties encountered in the drilling operations. These intervals compared to other rock intervals have a higher Poisson's ratio (0.20- 0.24), lower Young's modulus (1.17- 4.67 Mpsi), lower friction angles (26°- 35°), and lower rock strength (5000- 17000 psi). The strike-slip fault regime covered the limestone sections except for the Maudud formation which was under the reverse regime. The normal fault regime was the controlling domain along shale beds. 3DMEM showed relative heterogeneity in rock properties, pore pressure and field stresses between the southern and northern of the field. The wellbore stability analysis showed that the most stable directional wells orientate towards the minimum horizontal stress (about 140° azimuth angle from the North clockwise) where the model revealed fewer breakout failures. Vertical and slightly inclined wells (less than 40°) presented fewer breakouts and breakdowns than the highly deviated wells. Increasing the current mud weight (in vertical wells) by 0.5 to 1.5 ppg will be significant to prevent breakout failure. The suggested mud weight for the deviated wells extends between (12-12.6 ppg). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relative permeability data are very important factor in characterizing the two-phase flow of fluids in porous media. It is also a key data to predict the performance of immiscible displacement in oil reservoir thus why many equations and correlations were made to predict them. This paper is to calculate and compare the results of the most common correlations used to identify relative permeability, which are Corey, modified Corey and Wyllie and Rose. The comparison was made based on real saturation data taken from two different Iraqi oil fields, the basic difference between the two fields where API value. The data from the first well (titled X-4) were taken from X oil field which is located in the southern part of Iraq, this field has heavy oil with about 20 API approximately. The data from the second well (titled Y-37) were taken from Y oil field which is located in the northern part of Iraq, this field has light oil with about 40 API. Each well was tested two times in two case studies. Results indicate that the modified Corey correlation was valid for light and heavy oils (both wells) and gives acceptable match values in all case studies, almost a perfect match in heavier oils (X-4), while Wyllie and Rose correlation gives better results in lighter oils (Y-37). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crime was the number one problem in terms of the highest priority concerned with both the individual, society, and government. With the increasing growth in crime rates all over the world, an urgent need to analyze crime data to reduce it, it has become necessary to create a database of crimes and criminals and develop a good tool to analyze crime and identify crime patterns quickly and efficiently. Data mining techniques work on analyzing data from different sources and changing it into an organized structure for additional use. The major aim of this paper is to find out certain prevalent patterns in the actual data of the Criminal Statistics Directorate / Police Affairs Agency / Iraqi Ministry of Interior for the period from 2010 to 2020 The basic stages to create a system include raw data processing, data visualization, and models building. using the Random Forest algorithm and the Gradient Boosting algorithm to classify governorates according to crimes occurred. The Random Forest classifier gave accuracy 82.2% better than the Gradient Boosting algorithm that gave accuracy 71.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many countries have noted economic expansion and advancement in the construction industry, and the key prerequisite to realizing its current potential is the construction of taller and deeper structures. On the other hand, the development of millions of tons of construction waste per year is an issue that is growing at a similar rate. This volume of construction trash contributes to numerous environmental issues around the world. The tremendous rise of Iraq's building industry during the last few decades has been witnessed. This rapid growth is resulting in a massive amount of construction and demolition debris. This paper proposes a theoretical method for calculating the trash generation rate of building and demolition projects using accessible data, and it is offered as a less complex and more generally applicable alternative to hand sorting and weighing debris on site. In a case study in Iraq, the method is used for ten projects. The trash generation rate was determined in this study, with a waste generation rate of 26.91546 (t 100 m-2) for standard construction methods and (t 100 m-2). Although it is difficult to predict the exact amount of construction and demolition waste generated in the future, the results show that the amount of waste generated in the year 2032 will be 16795179 (ton/year), indicating the need to develop a prior plan to properly manage construction and demolition waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an inclusive study has been prepared that aims to minimize energy waste of domestic purpose in Iraq that is considered an important aspect which is almost neglected at the present time as energy sources tend to be exhausted as excessive use causes other problems such as environmental pollution and global warming, and it shows the solutions as duties of each people and the government to be performed regularly in order to achieve the goal of the study. It also addresses some obstacles and how to overcome them through the cooperation of all concerned collections for developing strategic plans and energy management programs that can be implemented and monitored through the committees of specialized experts. The results of energy rationalizing show that the reduction of the domestic electrical consumption in the summer season in Iraq is about 52% of total power and 25% in a winter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) technology is recently grabbing the worldwide attention due to reduce the heat required to decrease the viscosity of bitumen and increase the workability of asphalt mixtures. This technology also reduces the temperature of mixing and paving process comparing to the temperature required for the traditional hot mix asphalt, as well as increase the haul span distance. Reducing the mixing and laying temperatures leads to several benefits including: less green house gas emissions, energy savings cost, and longer construction season. Despite the promising benefits of this technology, there are some concerns regarding the durability and long-term performance. Much research and development have been carried out around the world into warm-mix technology. These approach have the same basic goal but in differing ways. To date, HMA is commonly used in road construction in Iraq, while the use of WMA is totally new. Accordingly, there is a persistent need to study the potential application of WMA to manufacture a more eco-friendly products. However, before carrying out testing works, a desktop survey should be completed to explore the wide variety of WMA's available to attempt to narrow down the possible products of WMA that could be applicable with reference to Iraq's climate. Iraq has a hot and dry climate differs from most of the countries where this technology has been originally developed. This paper investigates the potential use of this technology in the context of Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]