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The blended learning (BL) services presented for the academic accreditation process of universities and other educational institutions is a policy that has been used rapidly in the educational area. This process represents a real challenge and a need for institutions to function by the challenges in the ways of development for the attainment of faculty and student satisfaction. The need for learning management systems (LMS) becomes a real advance to control the management of technological development. The purpose of this study is to overcome these challenges and speed up the whole e-learning process in a different manner. The study revealed the existence of an important gap between the important features of blended learning applications and the control management of LMS. The finding shows a systematic analysis of existing technologies and their effects on accreditation checkpoints approval for the underlying conception of the assessment processes involve perspectives that relate to what is now considered valuable or desirable concerning the institution of higher education.

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a commonly used unsupervised exploratory analysis technique. It is also frequently used in dimensionality reduction. This preliminary paper investigates the feasibility of three variants of PCA, i.e. independent PCA (iPCA), sparse PCA (sPCA), and sparse independent PCA (siPCA) on forensic classification of paper based on their IR spectral data. After that, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) models were built using the Principal Components (PCs) produced by the PCA and the three aforementioned variants. The performances of all these four LDA models, i.e. PCA-DA, iPCA-DA, sPCA-DA and siPCA-DA, were evaluated via leave-one-out cross-validation on the data set. The results obtained show that iPCA-DA and siPCA-DA are the most effective models with 100.0% classification accuracy. Then, the effectiveness of siPCA and iPCA models was evaluated based on posterior probability used for predictions of class membership that were derived from leave-one-out cross-validation. As a conclusion, siPCA is identified as the best classification model.

The concept of this paper focuses on the area of testing university students while using tools of artificial intelligence. The sample set of students were students of the third year of bachelor studies of Applied Informatics and the test was focused on testing English: grammar, vocabulary, IT English. The introductory part describes current possible ways of testing students, mainly in paper- or computer-based tests. The paper-based method is the traditional one while the computer-based one can take advantage of modern tools of artificial intelligence, such as expert systems and neural networks. The core of this paper lies in the comparison of the results that are acquired from paper-based and computer-based testing which uses artificial intelligence tools. The final part envisages the most optimal ways of testing university students.

Historians and librarians are interested in watermarks and mould surface patterns in historic papers, because they represent the “fingerprints” of antique papers. However, these features are usually covered or hidden by printing, writing or other media. Different techniques have been developed to extract the watermarks in the paper while avoiding interference from media on the paper. Beta radiography provides good results, but this method cannot be widely used because of radiation safety regulations and the long exposure times required due to weak isotope sources employed. In this work, two promising methods are compared which can be used to extract digital high-resolution images for paper watermarks and these are electron radiography and low energy X-ray radiography. For electron radiography a “sandwich” of a lead sheet, the paper object, and a film in a dark cassette, is formed and it is exposed at higher X-ray potentials (> 300 kV). The photoelectrons escaping from the lead sheet penetrate the paper and expose the film. After development, the film captures the watermark and mould surface pattern Images for the paper being investigated. These images are then digitized using an X-ray film digitizer. The film employed could potentially be replaced by a special type of imaging plate with a very thin protection layer to directly generate digital Images using computed radiography (CR). For the second method, a low energy X-ray source is used with the specimen paper placed on a digital detector array (DDA). This method directly generates a low energy digital radiography (DR) image. Both methods provide high quality images without interference from the printing media, and provide the potential to generate a “fingerprint” database for historical papers. There were nevertheless found to be differences in the images obtained using the two methods. The second method, using a low energy X-ray source, has the potential to be integrated in a portable device with a small footprint incorporating user safety requirements. Differences obtained using the two methods are shown and discussed.

EMG is a medical technique that measures muscle response or electrical activity in response to a nerve’s stimulation of the muscle [10]. In this paper we have classified multiple hand gestures using small number of electrodes. This report aims to review current use of EMG based control system and explain the existing challenges. The stages involved includes data acquisition, feature extraction, classification and controller. Some of the application includes Arm rehabilitation, game controller, wheel chair controllers, etc.

Several approaches have been proposed to help researchers in retrieving relevant and useful information from the cyber-ocean of information. However, the approaches assumed the academic content to be easily accessible, which is not always the case considering the copyright restrictions. Different from the existing works, we proposed a collaborative approach that leverages public contextual metadata to personalize scholarly recommendations. Our proposed approach has the ability to recommend research papers to the individual researchers regardless of the researcher expertise and research field. As demonstrated using a freely accessible dataset, our proposed approach have shown significant improvements over another baseline method.

An algorithm for constructing super-large semantic networks has been developed in current work. Algorithm was tested using the “Cosmos” category of the Internet encyclopedia “Wikipedia” as an example. During the implementation, a parser for the syntax analysis of Wikipedia pages was developed. A graph based on list of articles and categories was formed. On the basis of the obtained graph analysis, algorithms for finding domains of high connectivity in a graph were proposed and tested. Algorithms for constructing a domain based on the number of links and the number of articles in the current subject area is considered. The shortcomings of these algorithms are shown and explained, an algorithm is developed on their joint use. The possibility of applying a combined algorithm for obtaining the final domain is shown. The problem of instability of the received domain was discovered when starting an algorithm from two neighboring vertices related to the domain.

The use of digital tools in algebra education is expected to not only contribute to master skill, but also to acquire conceptual understanding. The question is how digital tools affect students” thinking and understanding. This paper presents an analysis of data of one group of three grade seventh students (12-13 year-old) on the use of a digital tool for algebra, the Cover-up applet for solving equations in particular. This case study was part of a larger teaching experiment on initial algebra enriched with digital technology which aimed to improve students” conceptual understanding and skills in solving equations in one variable. The qualitative analysis of a video observation, digital and written work showed that the use of the applet affects student thinking in terms of strategies used by students while dealing with the equations. We conclude that the effects of the use of the digital tool can be traced from student problem solving strategies on paper-and-pencil environment which are similar to strategies while working with the digital tool. In future research, we recommend to use specific theoretical lenses, such as the theory of instrumental genesis and the onto-semiotic approach, to reveal more explicit relationships between students” conceptual understanding and the use of a digital tool.

Due to the rising difficulty of developing complex systems a lot of research has gone into the multi‐agent paradigm over the past decades, during which a vast array of approaches for developing such systems have been proposed. Despite this fact there seems to be a gap in the MAS community between solutions that provide for expressivity and those that offer generality. It is our opinion that embedding the MAS language into a functional language we can have the best out of both worlds: we can implement the desired semantics in an abstract way, allowing us to focus on the problem domain, i.e. complex, distributed MAS. Our approach is going to be layered: (i) we start from a statically typed functional language and build an EDSL that acts as an executable specification language for single agent entities; and (ii) develop a framework for workflow‐oriented coordination on top of the previous layer and investigate its use as a means of implementing agent organizations, focusing on coordination and communication.

At the 2007 Physics Education Research Conference, a workshop on publishing and refereeing was held with a panel of editors from four different publishing venues: the physics education research section of the American Journal of Physics, the Journal of the Learning Sciences, Physical Review Special Topics–Physics Education Research, and the Physics Education Research Conference Proceedings. These editors answered questions from participants regarding publishing in their respective venues, as well as writing referee reports that would be useful to both journal editors and authors. This paper summarizes the discussion.

Research in the field of Telecommunication is dynamic and continuously working towards the social community of the people. Among that predicting the customer’s who likes to switch from the current network provider is the most important part of telecom industry. However, there are a lot of research has done on this topic, but still more improvements and advancements are expected. In this position paper, we put forward the comparison model of different churn mining methods that intends to help in predicting the customer churn rate in a better way. This paper provides a benchmark of various mining algorithms and its methods for prediction of customer churn rate, which makes the telecommunication industry to setup the retention policies with the increase of their profit.

The concept of using network centrality measures in the selection process of memetic differential evolution algorithm is proposed. The usual aim for introducing changes in global optimization algorithms is to make it perform better. This short paper does not intend to provide enough experimental details to decide upon the performance of the new method, nevertheless, we definitely obtain interesting insights on how the discovery of local optima were done.

This paper proposed the modelling and simulation of generator protection for power system using digital reverse power relay. The operations of the power plant are often interrupted by the reverse power generation. Therefore, generators need to be closely monitored and controlled. In this study, 11 kV synchronous generators are connected to 220 kV load through a step-up transformer, and a new model of reverse power relay is added for generator protection. The reverse power relay proposed in this paper is a digital relay with high accuracy and high reacting speed. Several cases based on various types of mechanical inputs to the generator were studied to test the operation of the reverse power relay. This simulation was done using MATLAB/Simulink. The results show that the 11 kV generator protection is successful with this new model reverse power relay. Besides, the simulation results were similar result compared to the theory result. From the simulation results, the integral output of the relay will reach the threshold value ‘L’ whenever there is a reversed power flow fault found in the system. Consequently, the relay will be triggered to provide protection for the generator. This model has been added into online resources of MATLAB Power System Tools. In addition, this model may also help the engineers to develop the analytical skills under various conditions.

In this paper, we study numerical methods for solving the Navier-Stokes equations in doubly connected domains. Two methods for solving the problem are considered. The first method is based on constructing a difference problem in variables of the stream function and the vortex of velocity using the uniqueness condition for pressure. The numerical solution of the elliptic equation for stream functions is found as the sum of the solutions of two simple problems of an elliptic type. One problem is with homogeneous boundary conditions, and the other is with a homogeneous equation. An alternative approach to solving the problem is the fictitious domain method with the continuation of the least coefficient. This method does not require satisfying the pressure uniqueness condition, and is simple to implement. An important direction in the development of numerical simulation methods is the study of approximate methods for solving problems of mathematical physics in complex multidimensional areas. To solve many applied problems in irregular areas, the fictitious domain method is widely used, which is characterized by a high degree of automation of programming. The main idea of the fictitious domain method is that the problem is solved not in the original complex domain, but in some other, simpler domain. This allows to create software immediately for a fairly wide class of problems with arbitrary computational domains. The possibilities of applying the fictitious domain method to the problems of hydrodynamics in the variables “stream function, vortex of velocity” are considered in many works. In this paper, we study a numerical method for solving the Navier-Stokes equations in doubly connected domains. A computational finite difference algorithm for solving an auxiliary problem of the fictitious domain method has been developed. The results of numerical modeling of the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations by the fictitious domain method with continuation by the lowest coefficient are presented. For this problem, a parallel algorithm was developed using the CUDA architecture, which was tested on various grid dimensions.

Recently assembly line balancing (ALB) is an ultimate focus issue in manufacturing industries for optimizing both common goals which were the number of workstations and the production rate. Metaheuristic is one of optimization problem-independent technique. This paper focusses on the short review of metaheuristic optimization in solving assembly line balancing problems. Hence, to produce a summary of the review, this paper selects some publications for the past 3 years from year 2016 to 2019. From the review shows the metaheuristic optimization that often used are Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Differential Evaluation (DE), Evolutionary Algorithm (EA), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Simulated Annealing (SA). Besides, GA is most frequently used to solve ALB problems. Finally, recommendation for future research for solving ALB Problems using metaheuristic optimization are discussed.

Article investigates the usage of spatial logic in the process of unmanned vehicle operation. Article examines the mode of unmanned vehicle control. Unmanned transport operation is not autonomous. Structurally it represents the control scheme which includes two operating centers, the main and peripheral ones. Main operating centre fulfills “smooth” operation and the peripheral centre performs the direct operation. Article provides systematization of transport control according to the levels of automation. The usage of spatial logic for each level of automation has been shown. Paper describes the model of information situation as a basic model during unmanned operation. The role of spatial information and geodata in unmanned operation has been specified. Article features the spatial situations in transport movement which require the usage of spatial logic. Three types of spatial situations which are used in unmanned control have been described. Paper discovers the content of spatial logic used in vehicle control. The differentiation between cognitive spatial logic and analytical spatial logic has been demonstrated.

Currently, the quality management of production processes is not only an integral part of the enterprise management system, but also largely determines the ability to meet the needs of consumers with minimal production costs. In this regard, the paper considers one of the modern methods of quality management, based on the probabilistic assessment of the qualitative completion of the stages of the process under study. This approach takes into account the sequential dependence of the production stages, as well as the joint impact of measures aimed at effective process management. At the same time, the costs of the activities carried out must be minimized. The subject of this paper is a mathematical problem of operational management of multi-stage production processes with consistently interrelated stages based on a probabilistic approach to quality assessment. An algorithm for solving the problem and its software implementation in the form of an application is presented. The software product is acceptable for practical use and allows you to optimally choose the measures of influence on consistently interrelated stages of the process.

Biometric authentication is a recognition of individual according to their unique physiological and behavioural characteristics. Recently, the application of biometric is the most trending in cyber security technology such as fingerprint, facial recognition, and voice recognition. However, these biometrics have their own drawbacks which allow the unauthorized party to cybercrime and the number of cases is also increased. To encounter this kind of problem, the previous researchers proposed brain signal or electroencephalogram (EEG) as biometric trait. EEG is an electrical activity recorded via non-invasive method using electrode placed on the scalps and measured as voltages. EEG is chosen by the researchers as biometric module because EEG hold its own unique characteristics and more robust against the cybercriminals. This paper presents a review of the EEG-based biometric studies and research. The previous research was reviewed based on their signal acquisition, pre-processing, feature extraction and classification. The general knowledge of EEG and the basic operation of biometric authentication also discussed in this paper. The recent studied and research is chosen with various proposed method respect to the better performance rate. In addition, the deep learning in biometric authentication is found to be the popular among the researchers for classification step because more robust and automatically extracted feature within the network.

This paper presents a short review on terahertz imaging systems based on several types of technology used in the terahertz detection schemes. Some commercial products from ThruVision Systems Limited Company have utilized GaAs Schottky diode detector at 0.25 THz to produce passive terahertz images for public and homeland security. On the other hand, TeraSense Group Incorporated Company has developed and invented a ground-breaking technology which employs sensor consisting of a matrix of plasmonic semiconductor detectors in their latest products to generate terahertz images in the 0.1 – 1.0 THz frequency range. Recently, the utilization of two-terminal unipolar nanodiodes, known as the self-switching diodes (SSDs), as terahertz detectors has shown promising results. The planar structure of SSD not only enables the device to operate at high frequencies due to low intrinsic parasitic capacitance, but also allows the realization of the device using only a single lithography step. This makes the fabrication process of SSDs faster, more simple, and at lower cost when compared to other electronic devices such as Schottky diodes. The development and recent achievement of SSDs as terahertz detectors are also presented in this paper.

The main goal of this paper to evaluate the performance of the proposed long short-term memory (LSTM)- basis relative humidity (RH) prediction model. Computational physics learning theory is a subfield in artificial intelligence. In this paper, we use the real observed weather data of RH from synoptic station location as an important aspect and effect in weather and climate and using machine learning approach basis on the LSTM neural network, which is a type of recurrent neural network (RNN). We use a machine learning approach to compute the relative humidity basis on the LSTM model. The LSTM is trained by using two years of climate data (from January 2008 to December 2009). LSTM is capable of forecasting complex univariate relative humidity time series with strong no-stationarity. The result shows the usefulness of LSTM and out performs traditional forecasting methods in the challenging relative humidity record problem.

Picogrid is a small-scale electricity grid that is used to supply small loads such as lighting, fans, and charging batteries on a laptop or smartphone. Picogrid has some advantages such reduce the conversion losses because the load is connected directly to the power source and reduce cost with independent power source from grid. The picogrid we propose is supplied by the battery from electric vehicle which will reach their end of life cycle. Electric vehicle battery will have some capability to store and provide energy for second life application. This paper would evaluate the performance of waste battery from hybrid vehicle supplied DC picogrid. The result of this paper is to acknowledge that the waste battery still can be used for storage system.

The analytical description of the melt flow within the co-rotating twin screw extruder has been issued in various publications and it is an integral part of calculation models, software solutions for simulating polymer compounding processes such as SIGMA. Nevertheless, the accuracy of an analytical model depends on the defined simplifications. The more simplifications within the analytical description, the more deviation between the technical system and the calculation model. Analytical models for twin screw processes are no exception and are subject to simplifications and adaptations due to the complex geometry and the transient flow field. Therefore, the use of the kinematical inversion principle, the exchange of the original screw channel geometry and the consideration of an evenly distributed pressure gradient are commonly used simplifications for calculations models. In this paper a new analytical approach to calculate the melt flow is presented. The model is based on numerical simulations and with the use of the performance mapping method an analytical calculation method is derived. The advantage of the performance mapping method is that the original channel geometry and kinematical behavior of the twin screws are considered and the transient flow field in the system is used to generate a wide range of performance maps. Within the scope of this work, the performance maps of the melt conveyance and the pressure gradient in the fully filled screw channel are quantitatively examined with the aid of specially defined evaluation routines. Characteristic operating points are identified by the conveying characteristics of the melt which are displayed in the performance maps. The validation of this new analytical approach by using the performance mapping method with numerical data demonstrated that the two-dimensional description of the melt flow within the screw channel flow has a deviation of less than 10 % for varying flow law exponents geometry and process parameters.The analytical description of the melt flow within the co-rotating twin screw extruder has been issued in various publications and it is an integral part of calculation models, software solutions for simulating polymer compounding processes such as SIGMA. Nevertheless, the accuracy of an analytical model depends on the defined simplifications. The more simplifications within the analytical description, the more deviation between the technical system and the calculation model. Analytical models for twin screw processes are no exception and are subject to simplifications and adaptations due to the complex geometry and the transient flow field. Therefore, the use of the kinematical inversion principle, the exchange of the original screw channel geometry and the consideration of an evenly distributed pressure gradient are commonly used simplifications for calculations models. In this paper a new analytical approach to calculate the melt flow is presented. The model is based on numerical simulations and with t...

The collaboration of surface science and molecular biology has given birth to a new science called nano-biology. This paper highlights the latest improvements in nano-particles for biomedical imaging. They can not only provide better imaging performance, but they can also offer greater versatility of multimodal and targeted imaging. Nanoparticle-based probes are still far from practical use in clinics, due to safety concerns and less-optimized efficiency. This paper review highlights the recent advances in the development of inorganic Nanoparticle-based contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. Finally, a conversation on the future scope of nano-particle agents is given in this paper. We present the effect of contrast agents in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the brain by showing the MRI images of a patient’s brain T1 and T2 relaxation processes. The contrast agents show better resolution of the brain. The MRI image without the use of contrast agents clearly appears to be inferior to that one with the contrast agent.

In past several years, due to technology advancements, the costs of variable speed drives have come down sharply allowing the widespread applications of variable speed devices in building air-conditioning systems. This article presents the case study on application level of variable speed drives to the components of the air-conditioning system (VAV system) installed in Vivekanand Lecture Theatre Complex (VLTC) at MNIT Jaipur, India. After incorporating the variable speed drives to the air conditioning system, the proposed case energy performance index has been compared with the standard energy performance indexes of Energy Conservation Building Codes 2017(ECBC, ECBC+ and Super ECBC), developed by the ministry of power and Bureau of Energy Efficiency(BEE), India. The study of Hartman research paper on variable speed chiller plants has been used to learn existing algorithm for developing new operating strategies. Simulations are performed on EnergyPlusV8.8.0 (an energy analysis simulation program) for more than dozens of cases by making the variable a single and multiple combinations of HVAC equipment (AHU, Cooling Tower, Chiller, Pumps). The results show that the application of variable speed drives improved the performance of the air conditioning system substantially. At an average, the energy consumption of all variable chiller plant decreased by 40-45% compared to a constant speed chiller plant. All-variable speed chiller plant operating strategies have been developed based on the tailored specific performance characteristics of variable speed chillers and the variable flow characteristics of condenser pumps and cooling towers. The specific component-wise energy performance improvement after the incorporation of variable drives and ECBC compliance check for the proposed case has been presented in this paper.

In this paper brake performance is studied under varying brake pressure. This brake pressure depends upon the pedal ratio. Along with theoretical analysis software like ANSYS is used to determine the sustainability of the disc under varying load that are obtained by varying force applied on pedal and pedal ratios. A brake is a mechanical device that hinders movement by retaining kinetic energy from a moving component. It is utilized for halting a moving vehicle, wheel, tire, disc or to keep its movement, regularly achieved by means of friction. The parts involved in the braking system are simple but the performance of these brakes greatly varies with slight variations involved in it. Though there are many factors that vary the performance of brakes initially the variations can be done at brake pedal level. The proper selection of the pedal ratio is important for the brake performance. This importance of this small part is the concept of this paper. The importance of this part is described and its effects are detailed in this paper.

The primary objective of this paper is to verify individuals as indicated by their finger surfaces. We propose to remove Finger Texture (FT) highlights of the two finger pictures (center, ring) from a low goal contactless hand picture utilizing LBP strategy. The utilization of Inner-Knuckle-Print (IKP) in biometric recognition is the most broadly proposed validation work. The unique characteristics of the IKP give us the requirement for recognizable proof. During the IKP filtering process, the image created by the scanner might be partially unique. This paper proposes artificial neural networks for effectively coordinating procedures to IKP validation. By utilizing the Back-Propagation method, the algorithm coordinates IKP and relates them to a novel accomplished client. After grouping, the procedure restores to the best counterpart for the given finger impression variables.

Even supposing the technology is promoting little by little, many of the industrial operations are not advance till the finishing point their depreciation epoch due to either ignorant of cost and time reserves or inattention or overlooked. A scientific suggestion not only needs to highlight for the updating the system of manufacturing, but also needs to figure-out cost of loss in all aspects for non-upgrade of the facility. It can be done in the industrial management that to form Small Group Activity team to recognize such fatalities and remedies to resolve them. This paper discusses preparation of such valid proposal for a leading industry in Tamil Nadu. The case study belongs to a proposal of replacement machines as their depreciation period got over in an assembly plant of a largest and leading automobile manufacturer. The objective this research is to prepare the valid proposal to procure the equipment with necessary upgrades. The six sigma’s ECRS methodology is employed and majorly governs for this investigation. This study included the process evaluation, conceptual design, basic engineering design, computer aided design and validation, cost analysis. The effectiveness is verified and presented in this paper. The proposed machine reduced 70.27% of processing time, 39.02% of equipment cost and 70.25% cost per piece.

This paper introduces a procedure to evaluate the wear state of non-return valves based on process and machine data of injection molding machines. In industry, non-return valves of injection molding machines are often replaced following specified maintenance intervals. Due to conservative lifetime estimations, the replacement of non-return valves is often carried out too early, since the current state of wear of the non-return valves is not known without elaborate disassembly and in case of failure other adjacent components can also be damaged. This paper shows an approach for an automated condition monitoring of non-return valves. During production, the corresponding wear state is evaluated without the use of additional sensors. By analyzing the curves of pressure, position signals etc. from process data with injection molding process monitoring tools, specific key figures were defined. These key figures allow wear-specific conclusions about the different signs of wear and thereby allow an estimation of the current wear state of the non-return valve. Based on the current state of wear, it is possible to predict the remaining service life of the non-return valve. The knowledge of the remaining service life leads to increased machine uptime while reducing storage and maintenance costs for plastic processing companies.

The Aerostats are lighter-than-air (LTA) systems that are used to carry important payloads at specified altitudes. Tethered aerostats are connected to the ground via a tether that maintains the position and provides power. Aerostats have to operate in various atmospheric conditions depending on their mission. This paper presents a literature review on the different envelope shapes of the tethered aerostats. Aerostat envelope contains the LTA gas that provides the lift force to carry the payload in the air. This research paper presents a comprehensive literature review on the different shapes of aerostat envelopes. The review has been presented to highlight the design process of the different aerostat envelope shapes that includes sizing, aerodynamics and stability. In addition to the design factors, this paper also presents a review on the applications of different aerostat envelope shapes. Information related to the different design parameters and limitations of aerostat envelopes is also provided.

Ergonomics is all about work related with human abilities, human knowledge and human characteristics. The fourth industrial revolution systems evoked changes that created new challenges and opportunities. To overcome those challenges we must obtain a universal understanding and apply new human-pivotal practice. Cognitive ergonomics focuses primarily on human mental problems and perception. It is all about complexity between work and mind. In the field of automation new levels of social technical interaction between humans, machines, materials and objects have been created due to the tie up between integrated computation and physical components. Cognitive ergonomics standardization deals with analyzing, understanding and designing human work in the automotive industry. Due to increasing workload the mind power is used rather than body power. The main goal of this paper is to enhance the workers with improved communication skills become more self-reliant and finish their task responsibly. This paper can guide future research on solving the mental ailment of the workers and enhance the working systems and quality of work.

Proper description of large deformation of the continuum or the shell requires dealing with curved spaces and application of tensor analysis and distinguishing of covariant and contravariant basis.Thanks to symbolic computations and visualization capabilities of the Mathematica system, this task can be carried out straightfor- ward. It has been already discussed in [1] and [2]. This paper is a further extension of them.First it will be shown that the deformation is indeed changing of curvature of the considered space. Next, there will be shown how Cartesian basis of the flat undeformed space splits to the covariant and contravariant ones and that this basis changes in the space. It makes possible to explain why we have to introduce covariant derivatives and Christoffel symbols, for example. It is important in case of the optical analysis of large deformations of thin wall structures.Moreover it is possible to easily explain that strain tensor is defined with change of metric tensor. It also helps to show the idea of material (Lagrangian) and spatial (Eulerian) description of the deformation and the motion and avoid misunderstandings in this matter.Everything is visualised with 3D graphical capabilities and interactive maniputation of the plots provided within the Mathematica system.This paper can be also usefull inspiration both in teaching and learning of the Continuum Mechanics, the Theory of Shells and Thin-Wall Structures.The work has been presented at the conference Polish Congress of Mechanics, Computer Methods in Mechanics PCM-CMM-2019 in Krakow.

High voltage (HV) infrastructures are growing due to the corresponding growth in industries and population. Under certain extreme weather, the required electrical load demands might exceed the generations’ capacity, which forces the network operator to execute the load shedding to avoid unwanted blackout. The increase deployments in renewable energy micro-grids offers an opportunity to aid with the load shedding risks. The paper addresses the embedded generation system and how it can be utilized to mitigate the requirements of load shedding. Furthermore, the study also focusses on the complex power transfer with and without the aid of embedded generation with energy storage. Case study is also included.High voltage (HV) infrastructures are growing due to the corresponding growth in industries and population. Under certain extreme weather, the required electrical load demands might exceed the generations’ capacity, which forces the network operator to execute the load shedding to avoid unwanted blackout. The increase deployments in renewable energy micro-grids offers an opportunity to aid with the load shedding risks. The paper addresses the embedded generation system and how it can be utilized to mitigate the requirements of load shedding. Furthermore, the study also focusses on the complex power transfer with and without the aid of embedded generation with energy storage. Case study is also included.

The paper presents considerations regarding the process of determining the fuel consumption from diesel locomotive engines. In order to know the actual fuel consumption for a given engine, depending on the parameters of the drive system operation, it is necessary to carry out activities aimed at determining its operational indicators. This can be achieved by performing tests in real driving conditions or calculating fuel consumption using a calculation method based on the engine operating conditions. The paper presents the fuel consumption of a Stage II approved locomotive engine, which is used to drive various types of off-road machines and rail vehicles. The presented results of fuel consumption include the values determined on the resistor at set operating points and in real operating conditions. Using the assumptions of the vehicle’s operating time density characteristics, a computational method for assessing the fuel consumption of traction locomotives was developed. When comparing the results of bench and real measurements, the influence of the work parameters variability on fuel consumption was determined. In the summary, conclusions regarding the developed method were formulated, and reference was made to the possibility of using this tool to assess the ecological indicators of rail vehicles.

Currently, a significant increase in the interest of the triangle grid stiffened plates and panels can be observed. Isogrid, which is equilateral triangle grid concept, was developed in 1964 by NASA as extremely efficient light-weight structures used in space program. Recently, development of machine tools, made it possible to reduce the costs of manufacturing and allowed for wider application of such structures. Paper presents preliminary experimental and numerical investigations of square isosceles triangle grid stiffened plate under pure shear loading condition. Different ways of FEM modeling of plate were considered and analyzed for simple load cases. Critical and post-critical states of deformation were compared to results of experiment conducted with use of 3D DIC system.Currently, a significant increase in the interest of the triangle grid stiffened plates and panels can be observed. Isogrid, which is equilateral triangle grid concept, was developed in 1964 by NASA as extremely efficient light-weight structures used in space program. Recently, development of machine tools, made it possible to reduce the costs of manufacturing and allowed for wider application of such structures. Paper presents preliminary experimental and numerical investigations of square isosceles triangle grid stiffened plate under pure shear loading condition. Different ways of FEM modeling of plate were considered and analyzed for simple load cases. Critical and post-critical states of deformation were compared to results of experiment conducted with use of 3D DIC system.

The paper deals with the assessment of the modal parameters of the washing machine heater. At first, a numerical modal analysis based on a finite element method of the heater was performed. Consequently, the experimental modal analysis of the heater was realised to verify the finite element model. As the heater’s shape and dimensions do not allow modal parameters estimation using conventional gages of acceleration, two optical approaches were applied. In both cases, the excitation was realised using Bruel&Kjaer 8206 impact hammer. In the first one, the responses of the heater were captured by Polytec PDV-100 vibrometer, which principle is based on laser Doppler vibrometry. Such a type of device allows capturing of responses in a form of velocity only in the direction of observation. To observe the responses in three mutually perpendicular directions the high-speed digital image correlation system Q-450 Dantec Dynamics was used. Mentioned correlation system uses for the full-field measurement of displacements precise digital cameras with high image resolution. As it is not adapted for modal parameters estimation, the additional software DICMAN 3D, developed at the authors’ workplace, was used. DICMAN 3D allows evaluation of a single-reference as well as a multi-reference measurement in space and for automatic estimation of natural frequencies and damping ratios comprises an advanced estimation module with several algorithms. Finally, the influence of the temperature on the modal parameters was investigated using the finite element model of the heater.The paper deals with the assessment of the modal parameters of the washing machine heater. At first, a numerical modal analysis based on a finite element method of the heater was performed. Consequently, the experimental modal analysis of the heater was realised to verify the finite element model. As the heater’s shape and dimensions do not allow modal parameters estimation using conventional gages of acceleration, two optical approaches were applied. In both cases, the excitation was realised using Bruel&Kjaer 8206 impact hammer. In the first one, the responses of the heater were captured by Polytec PDV-100 vibrometer, which principle is based on laser Doppler vibrometry. Such a type of device allows capturing of responses in a form of velocity only in the direction of observation. To observe the responses in three mutually perpendicular directions the high-speed digital image correlation system Q-450 Dantec Dynamics was used. Mentioned correlation system uses for the full-field measurement of displaceme...

In the paper two approaches to determine a value of shape parameter for radial basis function collocation methods are presented. This value enables to achieve very accurate results in Kansa method and radial basis function-based pseudospectral one. Both approaches are based on the estimation of the condition number of the system matrix. One of them tries to find the value of shape parameter employing a heuristic that relates the condition number to computational precision, the other one searches for the largest value of this parameter that still ensures stable computation using geometrical dependence. The presented algorithms guarantee performing computation in the stable region and are more efficient than commonly used ones. Moreover they allow to automate the computational process for these methods. In the paper the algorithms are validated by a few differential equations using multiquadrics functions. The results show that the approaches lead to high accuracy especially when non-uniform grid is applied.

The paper considers the possibility of guiding forces reducing and angle of attack minimizing during the movement of a rail vehicle in curved sections of the track with the help of modern control systems. The object is process of rail vehicles movement controlling. It is suggested to use mechatronic control systems for the position of wheel pairs in the horizontal plane for their radial installation in curved track sections for optimal interaction between the railway wheels and rails with achievement of minimum lateral forces and reducing wear. A particularity of such systems is the processing of signals from the global positioning satellite receiver, the inertial unit and the acoustic emission sensor in accordance with the levels at which the control action is generated for opening or closing the corresponding electromagnetic valves. Signal processing should be carried out in real time. It is noted that the probability of failure in the software of such systems should be very small. Only if these requirements are met it can be achieved the reliability of the mechatronic system built on these principles, as well as efficiency of the received information and the guaranteed execution of the command information. Proposed the wheel pairs position mechatronic active control system allows to optimally install them in the rail track under various driving conditions of the railway transport. The results of calculations made on the example of movement along the curve of a three-axle diesel locomotive 2TE116 bogie is showed the possibility of significantly reducing the guiding forces and minimizing the wheelpairs angle of attack.The paper considers the possibility of guiding forces reducing and angle of attack minimizing during the movement of a rail vehicle in curved sections of the track with the help of modern control systems. The object is process of rail vehicles movement controlling. It is suggested to use mechatronic control systems for the position of wheel pairs in the horizontal plane for their radial installation in curved track sections for optimal interaction between the railway wheels and rails with achievement of minimum lateral forces and reducing wear. A particularity of such systems is the processing of signals from the global positioning satellite receiver, the inertial unit and the acoustic emission sensor in accordance with the levels at which the control action is generated for opening or closing the corresponding electromagnetic valves. Signal processing should be carried out in real time. It is noted that the probability of failure in the software of such systems should be very small. Only if these require...

One of the innovations which has a major impact on education in the era of industrial revolution 4.0 is virtual laboratory. Virtual lab accommodates practical education with all limitations that exist, like tools and materials of practical equipment in schools which isn’t in line with the current technology. Although virtual laboratories have been realized as a supporting tool in learning process, their applications in vocational education have not been extensively explored yet. With the learning characteristics of the vocational which are a fairly large proportion of practical compared to theoretical activities. This paper reviews the latest developments of virtual labs to gain insight into the various virtual laboratories that may relevant to vocational education. This study used a systematic literature review of selected research papers based on relevant keywords of the virtual lab in vocational education. Insights from the papers reviewed subsequently were developed to elaborate on the use of a virtual lab to be applied in vocational education. Practical learning in vocational education with a virtual lab becomes more flexible without limited space and time. In terms of financing, the development of a virtual lab doesn’t require a large amount of investment if compared with actual laboratory development. For a long period of implementation, there must be added a basic learning process before used, the user has to get experience-based learning first that emphasizes the role of active experience and student involvement. The virtual lab can be applied to practical learning in vocational education, for example in the field of mechanical engineering it can be applied in learning to maintain fuel systems on the engine, with characteristics in the form of procedural steps. The virtual lab can be applied to facilitate students in the learning process so the learning efficiency can increase significantly.

Starting from the application field of AGV, this paper briefly introduces the four research directions of AGV guidance technology, transplanting technology, battery technology and intelligent technology. Aiming at the driving system of AGV key components, this paper introduces in detail the composition of the driving system, types of motors and calculation methods of motor decelerator selection.

LCL filter has been widely used in Shunt Active Power Filter (APF) because its effectiveness at filtering high- order harmonic. However, its inherent resonance peek has seriously affected the stability of the system. Traditionally, passive damping —series damping resistance in capacitance branch is generally used, which brings about dramatic power loss undesirably. The resonance principle has been analyzed, and then a grid current feedback control strategy is proposed in this paper. It is through sampling and feeding back the derivative and high frequency component of the grid current, that the system damping increases while the number of sensors decrease. The proposed scheme adopts a optimized parameter design method that decrease the multiple variables of feedback factors to single one reduces the complexity of system and improves the system performance. Simulation models are eventually built on Matlab/Simulink platform which verify the effectiveness of the scheme proposed in this paper.

In Formula Society of Automotive Engineering (SAE) competition, the design of efficient and powerful combustion engine is required. This paper discussed optimization of gasoline engine using Killer Whale algorithm. The modelling of gasoline engine was built using Multi-Layer Perceptron - Artificial Neural Network (MLP-ANN). A gasoline engine was simulated using Ricardo Wave commercial software to acquire data for training and testing the proposed ANN. The ANN weights were determined by utilizing Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. The objective function in this paper is to maximize power, minimize the Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and minimize the operational cost. The optimized variables are engine speed (rpm), Air Fuel Ratio (AFR), Mass Fuel Flow (MFF), Intake Pressure (IP), Intake Air Temperature (IAT), Combustion Start (CS) and Throttle Angle (TA). Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of ANN modelling is 0.021 kW for power and 0.00032 kg/kW.hr for BSFC. The optimization results show that the power increases to 13%, BSFC decreases to 11% and the cost operation decreases to 23% compare with existing design variables

The contemporary global market of the manufacturing industries thrives on customer satisfaction. The required parameters are the maintenance of the quality and on time delivery with minimum expenditure. In a competitive world, unique specialization and cooperation with customer are the primary priorities. Cloud computing manufacturing sets the paradigm for the emerging manufacturing oriented service. It further integrates and distributes manufacturing process through which complex manufacturing demands with high expectation of customer customization can be fulfilled. In this paper we studied and established a good mathematical model for customer order scheduling problem, we propose a Mixed-Integer-Linear programming model to investigate the problem size for the optimality and a heuristic based subtask scheduling algorithm is developed for solving large instances. The computational results demonstrate the practicality and effectiveness of the proposed method.The contemporary global market of the manufacturing industries thrives on customer satisfaction. The required parameters are the maintenance of the quality and on time delivery with minimum expenditure. In a competitive world, unique specialization and cooperation with customer are the primary priorities. Cloud computing manufacturing sets the paradigm for the emerging manufacturing oriented service. It further integrates and distributes manufacturing process through which complex manufacturing demands with high expectation of customer customization can be fulfilled. In this paper we studied and established a good mathematical model for customer order scheduling problem, we propose a Mixed-Integer-Linear programming model to investigate the problem size for the optimality and a heuristic based subtask scheduling algorithm is developed for solving large instances. The computational results demonstrate the practicality and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Reliable energy supply is the artery for the development and construction of island. The off-grid island microgrid model using renewable energy and diesel generator has been paid more and more attention, and the topology of island microgrid is the basis of studying island microgrid. This paper analysises the influencing factors of topological structure design of island microgrid and designs two kinds of island microgrid topology structure. Using Minimum Cut Set Method, this paper compaperd the reliability of the new microgrid topology with the existing topology of off-grid island AC microgrid and studied the influence of the ratio of AC and DC loads on the reliability of the system. Also, this paper points out the scope of application for each microgrid topology. The results can provide some references for the topology design of the island microgrid.

This paper is devoted to the leader-following problem involving a Caputo-type fractional derivative with respect to another function, which is a mathematical model describing dynamics of the leader and a number of agents. The sufficient conditions are given to guarantee that the leader-following consensus is achieved in the system. The main tools in the investigation are the properties of Volterra equations and a standard fixed point theorem.This paper is devoted to the leader-following problem involving a Caputo-type fractional derivative with respect to another function, which is a mathematical model describing dynamics of the leader and a number of agents. The sufficient conditions are given to guarantee that the leader-following consensus is achieved in the system. The main tools in the investigation are the properties of Volterra equations and a standard fixed point theorem.

Nanopositioning techniques present an important capability to support the state-of-the-art synchrotron radiation instrumentation research for the Advanced Photon Source (APS) operations and upgrade project. To overcome the performance limitations of precision ball-bearing-based or roller-bearing-based stage systems, compact nanopositioning flexure stages have been designed and developed at the APS for x-ray beamline instrumentation applications. Recent progress of such stages development is discussed in this paper, which includes: rotary flexure stages with degrees travel range and 10-nrad-level resolution for x-ray monochromators and analysers, tip-tilting flexure stages for K-B mirror based nanofocusing hard x-ray optics, and linear vertical and horizontal nanopositioning flexure stages with centimeter-level travel range and microradian-level motion trajectory reproducibility for x-ray optics and sample manipulation. The mechanical design and preliminary test results are described in this paper.

In recent years many of the people are suffering from diabetics which may result damaging the human eye sights by damaging the blood vessels of the retinal by form exudates around the optic disc. In this paper, we intend to build retinal exudates from fundus image to predict the severity of diabetics resulting in blood vessels tissue damages. In order to analysis the blood vessels damage and diabetic severity initially we use appropriate image pre-processing techniques to remove any noise from the retinal funds image, to remove the noise in this paper we use wavelet transform and first order Gaussian derivative and matched filter to segment the fundus image by rotating the original image by certain angle. The filtered data is stored in the matched filter bank, then by applying k-NN clustering technique to identify minimum value in each filter bank and marking such minimum value center of k-nearest neighbor value. Further, Support vector machine a supervised learning algorithm is applied to the identified k-nearest neighbor values thereby predicting the severity of blood vessel tissue damage from the fundus image.

The problem of proposing a framework for linear moment matching is tackled. It is possible to define notions of moments, i.e., from a complex "s-domain" approach and from a time-domain point of view. Based on these notions, reduced order models that achieve moment matching are obtained. This paper sets the basis to develop the theory of model reduction by moment matching for PDE (nonlinear) systems.The problem of proposing a framework for linear moment matching is tackled. It is possible to define notions of moments, i.e., from a complex "s-domain" approach and from a time-domain point of view. Based on these notions, reduced order models that achieve moment matching are obtained. This paper sets the basis to develop the theory of model reduction by moment matching for PDE (nonlinear) systems.

This paper mainly studies the development status and model of power battery. The performance of different battery is analyzed from several aspects. The models are also evaluated and analyzed. The article is presented in a large number of charts which is able to compare or query the performance of different batteries more intuitively. This paper also has reference value to related fields.

This paper presents an approach for the interaction prediction and convergence analysis and the optimal control problem of the dynamic systems, which eventually improves the numerical accuracy of the results. The convergence behavior of the proposed algorithms for analyzing the study case presented in this paper, can be solved in hierarchical structures by introducing a set of coordination variables. The lower level solves the local optimization problems while keeping the coordination variables fixed, and the upper level uses the optimal trajectories received from the lower level to update the coordination vectors, which afterwards are sent back to the lower level. In accordance with the coordination parameters, there will be two approaches considered in this paper: first, the interaction prediction where the coordination vector is an input and second, the cost prediction approach with the coordination vector. A mathematical study of the convergence behavior of the proposed algorithms is presented. It is shown that the new algorithm is convergent under given sufficient conditions which are strongly related to the interaction between the subsystems and the integration period.