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Gas sensors are beneficial in a wide range of applications, including environment monitoring, industrial, and safety. Ideal characteristics of the desired gas sensor include low cost, and low power usage. The major advancement was, the role of alloy material as heating aliment was analyzed, and presented a gas sensor with nichrome as heating element. The ZnO semiconductor metal oxide was used as sensing material. The presented sensor was designed and simulated using FEM tool. The required micro heater bias voltage is reduced. And the ZnO sensing material resistance vs thermal conductivity was analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

with the hasty growth and extensive use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), it is imperative to enhance the security for WSNs. The concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) is determined by growths of the Internet with the interconnectedness of diversified smart objects using dissimilar networking and communication technologies. Among countless basic networking technologies for the IoT, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology has become an essential building block. IoT empowered sensor networks to afford a wide variety of application areas such as smart homes, smart healthcare, smart cities and various solutions for the manufacturing industry. The incorporation of WSNs in IoT will also generate newfangled security challenges for launching secure channels sandwiched between low power sensor nodes and Internet hosts. The key management is an effective way to protect WSNs from various malicious attacks. This will lead to numerous challenges in designing new key establishment and authentication protocols. This paper discusses about several KMS Taxonomies and surveys and recent KMS which are applicable for WSN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to statistics from the Labour and Employment Ministry of India, for the years 2014-2016, forty-seven workers were injured and three died in accidents every day. A total of 3,562 workers have lost their lives while 51,124 were injured in accidents that occurred in factories across the country during that period. Industrial safety is pivotal for any manufacturing industry to prevent or lessen workplace injury. Fire extinguishers and fire exits are the two most important safety measures in case of a fire in the factory. But in most situations, accessibility to fire extinguishers and fire exits is blocked by cardboards, broken chairs, and other industrial waste that employees put there unknowingly. The main reason for this behavior is that fire extinguishers and fire exits are placed in open areas with large spaces so that accessibility to them would be easier. This has enabled employees to utilize the large open space to dump waste. To avoid these problems, we have developed an IoT-based smart sensor network to monitor fire extinguishers and fire exits for any obstacle that is blocking them. If there are any violations, the safety team will be notified of the location by the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inconsistent of power supply especially when travelling or having outdoor activities make people focus in finding the backup system which is standby generator. Therefore, this project focus on finding portable smart generator using solar panel that can automatically turn on and off through microcontroller implementation. Failure of the device will detect by microcontroller and notification will receive for next action. The Global system with mobile communication (GSM) was used to transmit the data from generator to mobile phone using short message service (SMS) for the generator status. Meanwhile, by using solar panel helps to overcome the batteries from overcharging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern organizations face numerous physical security threats, from fire hazards to more intricate concerns regarding surveillance and unauthorized personnel. Conventional standalone fire and intrusion detection solutions must be installed and maintained independently, which leads to high capital and operational costs. Nonetheless, due to recent developments in smart sensors, computer vision techniques, and wireless communication technologies, these solutions can be integrated in a modular and low-cost manner. This work introduces Integrated Physical Security System (IP2S), a multi-agent system capable of coordinating diverse Internet of Things (IoT) sensors and actuators for an efficient mitigation of multiple physical security events. The proposed system was tested in a live case study that combined fire and intrusion detection in an industrial shop floor environment with four different sectors, two surveillance cameras, and a firefighting robot. The experimental results demonstrate that the integration of several events in a single automated system can be advantageous for the security of smart buildings, reducing false alarms and delays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key benefit of the simulated PZT type-8 material two axis MEMS Scanner for LIDAR Applications is cost and size reduction. Microscopy, LiDAR, and biological imaging all use MEMS technology in conjunction with the proper mirrors and control systems. A low voltage scanning mirror is proposed in this article to take into account applications like LiDAR, particularly for UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) and gesture recognition. A lever structure made of suitable materials, such as PZT ceramic, can achieve Low Power Consumption although the scanning mirror should have a respectable FOV (Field Of View). To achieve a wide FOV and dual axis MEMS mirror acquisition, the proper activation mechanisms are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Chatbot is an artificial intelligence-based software system that imitates human communication with Artificial Intelligence. It is formulated to be the eventual personal assistant for amusement, assisting with tasks like respond to queries, obtaining driving instructions, augmenting the sensors in a smart house and playing preferred music among others. Chatbots are becoming increasingly common among companies due to their ability to minimize consumer care costs and manage various users at once. However, to perform these many tasks we need the chatbot to be as efficient as possible. To provide a solution to this, we develop Chatbot incorporated with Artificial Intelligence Markup Language (AIML) and Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA). AIML is utilized to response for standard and common queries namely, such welcoming and greetings. Although LSA can be used to answer at any time for service-related questions, ensuring user satisfaction. Any college (or) academy may utilize this chatbot to answer the questions. Due to the advent of deep learning technology, this study provides research opportunity in Chatbots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased car density has a significant negative impact on the city's quality of life. As a result, parking in densely populated areas with many cars often results in more driving time in search of free space, which can contribute to pollution. Although there are numerous new smart parking systems, the majority of them are designed for close parking. At the moment, no sensors or technologies are used for open parking spaces, such as those found in commercial complexes. Smart parking sensors and technology can help drivers find parking more easily and efficiently. The inefficiency of parking management for open parking is discussed in this paper. From the literature search it is concluded that currently, an image processing technique was used to solve the problem of open parking space is the best solution. This is because many cars are driving around unnecessarily in search of a free parking space. This can be mitigated by providing drivers with information about available parking spaces in an open parking area. The image processing technique is used to guide the driver in determining which area has a vacant parking slot. To determine the number of available parking spaces, several images of open parking areas were captured and analyzed using image processing techniques. The discovery reveals that as the value of the overall parking space increases, so does the value of marker sizes and font size. The equation of a straight line is derived from the graphs to represent the real-life equation of each graph. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now a day as technology is rapidly increasing in the way to communication has also changed. Mostly the communication became wireless and based on the near field communications (NFC). NFC becomes very familiar in the case of the payment methods and also in many Applications based on NFCs. This paper is mainly based on the tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS). Where we can use a pressure sensor to detect the pressure of a tire in any bicycle using wireless communication. Also using these NFCs can allow people to integrate loyalty in daily life as credit, debit cards, etc. and this brings innovation in mobile communications also. Like many ways to communicate it enables to make it easy to communicate using the smart sensors as like we used the pressure sensor to detect the pressure of the tire helps to prevent the damages occur by the excessive or lack of pressure in a tire. It is also one of the applications of the pressure sensor which we are using in TPMS is MPX 5500 is also has the principle of pressure sensor techniques Knowing that the pressure is the main parameter in this TPMS vehicles behavior is mostly depend on the pressure as like stability, fuel consumption, maneuverability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, significant advances in digital sensing technology and wireless communications have led to the production of small-scale smart sensors that have the ability to sense physical changes in different environments and convert them into digital signals that are collected in one central location. These networks are called wireless sensor networks (WSNs) because they have the ability to wirelessly communicate with each other for the purpose of passing data between them and deliver it to the central station. Wireless sensor networks have great importance in human environments, as they are used to monitor and record physical changes in environments that are not accessible to humans, such as environments with very high temperatures, or in cases of chemical environmental pollution, in forests and seas as well as in deep layers of earth to monitor seismic and volcanic activity. In view of the great importance of wireless sensor networks and their obvious impact on human life, and for the purpose of providing researchers with brief and complete information about these networks, we have presented this paper that briefly reviews what sensor networks are, their specifications, applications and the challenges they face. This paper also included most of the radio communication techniques used in sensor architectures. As well as touching on the most important routing algorithms in "WSNs" and their classifications with a comparison of their performance. Finally, this paper provided an overview of research trends that could lead to significant technological development and beneficial growth to overcome the challenges of wireless sensor networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless Sensor Network consist thousand number of intelligent tiny sensor nodes that form a self-sustainable and self-organising network. These network offers various potential interdisciplinary applications such as in infrastructure development for smart cities, critical health care, precision agriculture etc. Recent technological development has steered up demand of pervasive networks in day-to-day life. However, the fast pace development of wireless sensor network is hampered by few constraints like coverage problem and connectivity issues between nodes that in turn affects network lifetime. Strategic deployments of sensor nodes help in providing some pre-determined number of nodes in ensuring optimal or suboptimal coverage in designated field that also prolong network lifetime. Since maximum coverage with ensured connectivity are two separate issues, however together either they are addressed for finding set of most probable location of nodes or to density of nodes for utmost coverage of event in monitored area. These coverage cavities cause connectivity issues between normal nodes, router nodes and gateway nodes affecting performance of nodes opens interesting research thrusts. Here in this paper an approach has been presented in calculating critical points at boundary of region of interest (ROI) for multi-tier hierarchical network to detect and recovery from coverage cavities and attain long life for network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world population is rising rapidly, there is a fast depletion of resources. So to meet the requirements of increasing population, innovation is required especially in the field of agriculture. In Precision agriculture, smart sensors are used to impart data which helps the farmers in monitoring and optimizing the crop production along with record of changing environmental factors. IoT and sensor networks play a vital role in agriculture. The agricultural industry is being transformed with the use of sensors, software and AI. Combinational sensors and sensor hardware gives the data that helps in increasing the crop production and producing high yield crops which are disease free to keep pace with the increasing demand for food. This article presents a review of precision agriculture, soil less agriculture and sensors used in precision agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world has experienced a digital transformation of epic proportions in the past few years. The prospects of the Internet of Things for improving efficiency, reducing cost, achieving data-oriented predictive maintenance, and enhancing quality have now been proven well by various studies. Since everything is going online, a lot of data is available at the disposal of organizations. Useful insights can be gleaned from these large data sets, which comprise real-time data from various devices with intelligent sensors, and seamless integration. Here is precisely where Smart Devices come into the picture. IoT and smart devices are critical enablers for higher customer satisfaction, energy efficiency, and personalization. IoT-enabled smart devices like intelligent wearables (fit-bit, iWatch), voice assistants (Google Home, Alexa), smart refrigerators, smart washing machines, etc., are becoming widespread, commercially available. People using these develop routines and become dependent on them. This entire ecosystem consisting of IoT, smart devices, technologies, and the internet is highly consumer-centric and eventually leads to satisfied and happy customers. Quantitative research involving the collection and analysis of data will be carried out. Primary data will be collected by floating a questionnaire. Data from Indians (age group 18-60) will be collected using a questionnaire. Using SPSS, the descriptive analysis would be carried out on the data collected to find the mean, standard deviation, correlation, etc. of the data. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is incorporated in the research to comprehend how receptive or averse are people when it comes to IoT-enabled smart devices. The model used comprises of a factor, namely Social Context Factor which includes the Social Influence construct, and technology factors which include the following constructs, Trust, Perceived Usefulness (PU), and Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU). TAM will help one understand a user's Behavioural Intention to use IoT-enabled smart devices. The paper would help one derive the impact of technical factors and social context factors on the acceptance of IoT-enabled smart devices. The paper tries to explore the various driving factors when it comes to an individual's willingness to use IoT-enabled smart devices from different prerogatives i.e. technology, and social context. The research paper successfully extends TAM to such acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world has experienced a digital transformation of epic proportions in the past few years. The prospects of the Internet of Things for improving efficiency, reducing cost, achieving data-oriented predictive maintenance, and enhancing quality have now been proven well by various studies. Since everything is going online, a lot of data is available at the disposal of organizations. Useful insights can be gleaned from these large data sets, which comprise real-time data from various devices with intelligent sensors, and seamless integration. Here is precisely where Smart Devices come into the picture. IoT and smart devices are critical enablers for higher customer satisfaction, energy efficiency, and personalization. IoT-enabled smart devices like intelligent wearables (fit-bit, iWatch), voice assistants (Google Home, Alexa), smart refrigerators, smart washing machines, etc., are becoming widespread, commercially available. People using these develop routines and become dependent on them. This entire ecosystem consisting of IoT, smart devices, technologies, and the internet is highly consumer-centric and eventually leads to satisfied and happy customers. Quantitative research involving the collection and analysis of data will be carried out. Primary data will be collected by floating a questionnaire. Data from Indians (age group 18-60) will be collected using a questionnaire. Using SPSS, the descriptive analysis would be carried out on the data collected to find the mean, standard deviation, correlation, etc. of the data. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is incorporated in the research to comprehend how receptive or averse are people when it comes to IoT-enabled smart devices. The model used comprises of a factor, namely Social Context Factor which includes the Social Influence construct, and technology factors which include the following constructs, Trust, Perceived Usefulness (PU), and Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU). TAM will help one understand a user's Behavioural Intention to use IoT-enabled smart devices. The paper would help one derive the impact of technical factors and social context factors on the acceptance of IoT-enabled smart devices. The paper tries to explore the various driving factors when it comes to an individual's willingness to use IoT-enabled smart devices from different prerogatives i.e. technology, and social context. The research paper successfully extends TAM to such acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drainage monitoring and maintenance is one of the important key factor for environment and public safety. It plays a major role in big cities where the population is high and also in order to maintain the city clean. To do follow the functioning of drainage, regular monitoring is needed. The present system using man power is difficult to monitor and also it is not possible to identify the clogs present in the drainage system. More over worker cannot identify the place in which the clog is present. As well as the unawareness by the worker leads to accidents due to the lack of knowledge about the hole in the drainage. More Workers are involved in this cleaning process and it is difficult to get more manpower in the future. In some cities lids may be used over the drainage system for clog cleaning purposes. Workers unknowingly not close lids properly which cause accidents. All the above said problems are replaced by the smart sensors in this project and it is monitoring using the IoT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over decade industrial gases across the world have a high-risk index, becoming considered one of the most worrisome environmental problems in the world. On the consequences of concern these industrial gases that emit the greenhouse effect and that in the long term they harm the environment. These are some factors that are dangerous to humans, causing respiratory problems, as well as death fromvarious diseases originated by these gases, on other hand, the soil is also affected causing the ability to absorb nutrients to decrease or become non-fertile soil or dead. Therefore, there is a necessity to analyze the possible solutions. Under this study evaluation of the parameters to prevent these environmental variants using Long Range-IoT based components to be able to process the information and visualize them through graphics using an application to avoid and warn the effects of harmful gasses using sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nearly 5% of the world's population consists of disabled persons. People with the loss of hearing and loss of eyesight face many challenges in their daily life. People with loss of hearing are unable to communicate with normal people, so their thoughts and ideas are unnoticed. People with a loss of eyesight are unable to travel or go among the crowd without the help of others. The only mode of communication between normal and hearing-impaired people is sign language. Detecting the obstacle nearer to the visually impaired people and sending an alert in times of emergency conditions. The type of obstacle like a stick, wall, car is intimated to the impaired person by processing techniques. The obstacle type is intimated through the headphones. With the help of modern recent technologies like IoT, person movements and navigations can be recognized and recorded for future purposes. To reduce the impaired person's difficulty and to interact with the environment, there is a need to develop a system that helps them is guide the pathway for blind people and sign to speech conversion technique for hearing and visually impaired people. These will save blind people from accidents and remove the insecurity in impaired persons' minds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's Industry 4.0 generation, SMART sensors and connected technologies play a crucial role for cost-effective manufacturing. Smart sensors enable organizations to virtually monitor the efficiency of their manufacturing enterprise and to test innovative technologies in a safe environment in order to improve profits and performance. Furthermore, fire detectors are critical in industries, shops, malls, residential areas, parking facilities, and so on as they aid in the early detection of fires and smoke, thereby potentially saving lives. A buzzer or siren is typically used to signal an alarm in commercial fire detection systems. A fire alerting system can be used for a variety of purposes. "Now-a-days, the Internet of Things (IoT) concept is used in a variety of applications ranging from smart agriculture to smart healthcare". In the current work, the primary goal of the proposed system is to create an IOT-based fire alarming system. The proposed model makes use of a variety of integrated detectors, including heat, smoke, and flame. The alarming system makes use of a temperature and a smoke sensor, which not only detects the presence of a fire in a specific location but also alerts authorities, and also transmits the relevant information via IOT. Further, the proposed system aims to minimize false alarms, making it more reliable for safety environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a rapid increase in the agriculture field due to the fertilizer use, the fertilizer has increased the growth of crop production and negative effect over the fertilization is also reduced. The fertilizer is considered as the crucial point in the world of agriculture. In precision agriculture correct amount of fertilizer is given based on the smart fertilization this includes the information or data set, sensor or smart tools. This could provide smart fertilization and integrated nutrient management. The recent research in prediction method like machine learning based hyperspectral imaging support the N fertilization accuracy. By using image processing method, the damage caused by the various nutrients such as iron, potassium and nitrogen can be predicted by using Red, Green and Blue (RGB) color image. The present imaging technology cannot predict the exact nutrients present in the soil. Hence, a biomarker method has been proposed to overcome the challenges. This could be able to predict the exacts quantity of nutrients present in the soil and the prediction rate of the particular nutrients is with high specificity. This paper presents an overview of the present approach to plant phenotyping by imaging and plant biomarker-technology and to soil estimation by using image technologies for smart fertilization management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things (IoT) has made a successful impact on our personal and professional life. More specifically, the internet of medical things (IoMT) is capturing a crucial role in improving healthcare and providing medical facilities to human-being worldwide. Different smart sensors are connected to patients and transfer important data to the healthcare system to monitor and provide better patient treatment. As a result, the number of users is increasing drastically. Connected Internet of Things (IoT) devices will be 52.2 billion by 2022. Although IoMT is counted as a promising apart in healthcare, the security of patients' information is still a challenging issue that should be thoroughly addressed. Access control is one of the leading security mechanisms introduced to healthcare to limit access to patients' information to only authorised individuals. In healthcare, access to the medical record of patient's within a minimal time is also extremely important because less time maybe save a life. In this research, we design an access control architecture (ACA). That uses a hybrid approach by combining a fine-grained attribute-based access control model (ACM), role-based access control model (RBAC), Capability-based access control model (CBAC), and using fog computing. Fog computing is a new era of cloud computing that provides computation, storage, and application services to end-users. This implemented schema is eXtensible Access Control Markup Language (XACML) driven. Our designed architecture reduces the existing processing time and the number of policies. We have emulated a testbed, provided a performance evaluation of our architecture, and made it compatible for practical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy sufficiency to build the world through the industrial revolution 4.0 has become a hot topic of research on energy since the last decade. Various researchers from all over the world have been competing in how to produce alternative electricity as an additional option from conventional power plants with the smallest investment figures. The specific objective of this research is to create technology for energy management in off-grid hybrid-powered buildings so that investment in hybrid electricity systems is optimal. The smart power outlet used ACS-712 current sensor and a ZMPT101B voltage sensor to measure the electricity. Arduino Nano microcontroller and ESP8266 NodeMCU made the device monitorable through the internet. Added a relay module to switch the device remotely. Also, there were micro SD module and DS3231 RTC to log the data. This device used the smartphone interface with the Android operating system. The smart power outlet experiment result was good, the average error was 3.27% with one data shift in the data logging between the delivery time and the timer in a 30 seconds gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lot many indoor localization and mapping process has been introduced during the modern computing era, however the localization techniques has been applied in Artificial intelligence since few years in different environments as a robotic services,. The comparative study on various indoor localization algorithms like Dead Reckoning and smart SLAM are examined and data collection process with various sensors on smart devices and robots are examined for future POS Model building with effective customer services at the huge Shopping malls and predictions for the customer based on his history. Machine learning algorithms implementation into POS(Point of sale) at Large Shopping mall will help the users in identifying and pointing needed product will make the POS system faster service to Customers. This makes the user assistance and sales process as quick as we like E-commerce applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of things-Any device that is connected to internet represents internet of things. A thing can be a sensor or device or anything that physically exist in the real world. Now-a-days-IOT plays a very major role in every aspect of life. IOT sensors made efficiency and convenience for human life. Internet of things in the field of irrigation is very beneficial to farmers. In IoT-based smart irrigation, system monitors the crop condition with the help of sensors and automating the irrigation system. IoT-based smart farming is highly efficient than traditional model. IOT in agriculture has given a very big impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research had shown that conventional AR-IoT applications only specialize in the localized area for industrial monitoring. One of the biggest challenges in the application of AR technology in the industry is the absence of the tools and skills to do so. Therefore, this paper introduces a programming algorithm for the development of an off-site AR-monitoring for a material handling process. A case study was conducted on a simple process using a conveyor system to sort out coloured cubes into respective buckets using TSC3200 colour sensor and ESP32 microprocessor. The CAD design of the conveyor was re-designed and imported into Unity to create the virtual 3D visualization of the machine. The simulation is made in sync with the movements of the real machine, through the communication between smart sensors and microcontroller, ESP32 using Uduino concept. The connection is cloud-based with the use of MQTT to communicate between different devices. From the fusion of these concept, a programming algorithm was created. The AR-Simulasi Apps allows user to access the virtual version of the process in real-time remotely, in Augmented Reality environment. The AR 3D visualization was superimposed in real world using AR marker. Therefore, the relationships among accuracy, augmented simulation error and object interaction were investigated. The results of the numerical simulation indicate that the AR-IoT 3D simulation would be a great potential for the current AR-IoT monitoring applications used by industries. In which it shall enhances user interaction for better viewing and perception between human and machine for off-site monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In big cities, parking has become a crucial issue with the increasing number of vehicles and the tighter parking area. Manual parking arrangement and poor parking management cause traffic congestion, chaos, and crime. Drivers frequently get confused in finding out an Off-Street parking area. The drivers have no information about the availability of the parking area in real time. The drivers know the availability of the parking space when they directly arrive in the area. This matter is considered a waste of time and fuel. Therefore, it is necessary to create a parking management system that is supported by Internet of Things (IoT) technology so that parking arrangement and management becomes more efficient. In this study, a four-wheeled vehicle detection system was made using a Magnetometer sensor that would read the value of the magnetic field strength around the sensor and would detect the presence of a four-wheeled vehicle object that would pass above the sensor. This sensor technology was collaborated with IoT technology as a system for monitoring the availability of parking areas. An HMC-5883L Magnetometer Sensor was used to access cardinal directions using a combination of MEMS magnetometer in the x, y, and z directions of the sensor to direct a robot towards the bearing angle and set it as a compass set point that was used for the navigation process. The test results showed that the detection system has succeeded in measuring the magnetization of magnetic materials such as ferromagnetic found in four-wheeled vehicles and the accuracy system reached 100%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the sphere of medicine, IOT is meant to keep people safe and healthy plays a crucial part in communicating with doctors and patients through the use of health monitoring equipment and lowering healthcare costs in the future years. The internet of things (IoT) is making the world a smarter and more efficient village by allowing a variety of sensors and smart gadgets to gather and analyse data for a variety of reasons. As a result of these smart things, the healthcare system is growing wiser. When basic health facilities lack comprehensive medical care infrastructure, emerging countries gain. However, there is currently no specialized architecture for smart health units that can allow for this gathering and transferring patient health information to headquarters hospitals where live patient assistance is offered. Here, a smart IoT-based healthcare system is proposed, which includes a smart medical kit linked to sensors and a server for frequent health tracking. This smart medical kit is associated with sensors to measure the health parameters like body temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate for the effective function of the body. The proposed idea can alert the patient and their relatives in case of any abnormalities in their health parameters and also get suggestions from the doctor without physical contact with the doctor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the advanced world that we have today, it is important for consumers to have devices that are smaller in size and are easily available, and should be powerful in terms of specifications and performance. Also, there is a demand for the industries to miniaturize the parts as smaller as possible in order to meet the consumer requirements. A sensor is a key element in any automated system/device as it senses the physical changes in the environment and processes this data. Thus, paving way for smart sensors which have revolutionized the tech industry by their ability to consist an entire data conversion and processing units on a single chip or the System on Chip (SoC). The presented review paper describes about the research survey performed on sensors, transducers, and also on the evolving smart sensor technology which helped in innovating the state-of-the-art sensor technology such as the smart dust. A detailed study on the smart dust sensor technology and its capabilities to sense physical phenomena such as sound, vibration, temperature, light, magnetism, acceleration, position, stress, humidity, and chemical traces has been analyzed. At present, the smart dust sensor technology is under critical research, testing, and prototyping process. Furthermore, the future scope of the smart dust or mote technology is discussed by the describing the need for these sensors in various fields and also by showing the graphical representation of the Gartner's hype cycle. The paper concludes by presenting the important aspects of a smart dust sensor, its usability, necessity, and also estimating the impact of this sensor technology in the rapid advancement of the tech industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In agriculture, intelligent sensor approaches have gained a lot of attention in the past several years. Planning many operations and missions with limited resources and little human involvement is used in agriculture. New agricultural approaches are currently highly popular among producers like Machine learning.As a result of the technique,Machine learning helps keep the irrigation system appropriate. It optimizes water use, supplies the field with needed water and fertility, increases output, decreases handling, and decreases crop disease.Plants are grown in a growth chamber under completely controlled circumstances by misting them with a nutritional solution instead of dirt.Backpropagation networks(BPN) train BPN to discover the appropriate correlating proportion between the characteristics by providing reference crop growth properties and their capacity to supply nutrients from their reserves in both instances and external crop production applications. For all-weather circumstances, the system is updated immediately, and no water dispersion for crops occurs. By analyzing the cloud and monitoring the temperature, this set-up can rapidly feel the weather and be used as a water conservation device. Forecasting may be improved by gathering real-time weather, soil and air quality, and crop maturity data in order to make better judgments in the future. A data collecting system that generates and gathers information autonomously in isolated or remote areas is described in this study.A line-following robot regularly gathers soil moisture data from the sensor module and air temperature data from the sensor module. It uploads the data to a computer through a cloud connection for further analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A smart home sensorized security system consists of several electronic devices like Camera, sensor and a wireless communication device which provide owners to remotely access the security system and also on wireless devices they get the SMS notification. There are many camera devices that may constantly keep eye on the sites. The camera devices consist of PIR sensors that are used for motion detecting functions and provide unusual status reporting signals and necessary image information to the communications device when the movements of an unknown person have been observed. The wireless communication or SMS communication is done via GSM module. For giving alert information SMS communication is used for security purposes. If an unknown person attempts to enter the house, an alarm is sent to the cell phone to which the device is attached, informing the person regarding presence of someone inside the house while the owner not at home. The house owner can then take whatever action he likes, such as calling the cops or his family, to protect his home from an unknown intruder. When the device is in active mode, it will also start alarming if an unknown person enters the building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern conditions, the development of modern transport systems with the use of information and communication technologies for the purpose of traffic management becomes relevant. Transport infrastructure includes the use of cameras and sensors to collect data on traffic conditions and the environment. By integrating vehicles and sensor devices, it is possible to improve the efficiency of the transport system. Consider the options for integrating sensor technologies and transport infrastructure to achieve a sustainable intelligent transport system that ensures safety and traffic control. Using a real example, we will consider the urgent problems that need to be solved when integrating such systems on the street-road network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many accidents now take place due to over-speed, drowsiness and drunken drivers. Statistics show that every four minutes people die in 2017 because of traffic crashes and thousands of accidents in India, which are higher in numbers than any other accidents, where people have died. But in the case of rescue indicators their lives may have been spared. We are also going to incorporate our thoughts on steps to mitigate the crash and precautionary measures. This proposal immediately identifies the precise location of the crash by GPS and allows GSM to transmit the data to the nearest rescue car, the police department and the individual's family members. Accident can be detected by the accelerometer sensor and accident magnitude can be detected by the tilt sensor. The tilt angle of the chassis can be monitored. The driver's sleepiness can be detected with a DMD. The driver's somnolence is sensed and the driver is alerted by alarm by calculating the percentage of eyelid closing over the period. Through this tool, the speed of a car can be measured, who is responsible for the crash and the direction of GPS can be seen with the mobile theft detection program. Both data can be analyzed using the sensor value in a microcontroller and sent to the cloud site. The main benefits of the device are cost efficient, stable and victim-friendly, fast savings in energy usage, greater precision, time efficiency and the risk of human error are reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When driving at night, especially when traveling long distances, being drowsy is a major cause of accidents in vehicles. Sleep deprivation affects persons who work in the transportation industry, such as taxi drivers, bus drivers, truck drivers, and people who travel great distances. To avoid this, driving when feeling drowsy becomes quite difficult. According to several studies, weariness contributes to approximately 20% of all traffic accidents, with the figure reaching up to 50% on some highways. The drowsiness detection system was proposed to detect the drowsiness of the driver and to alert the human by alarming the driver as well as send alert messages to their respective people (e.g., family members, car owner, manager of a specific travel company) about the presence of drowsiness is demonstrated in this work. The blinking behavior of the eyes is the essential visual indicator for identifying tiredness because it reflects the driver's condition the most accurately. The device performs satisfactorily in natural lighting situations, regardless of whether the driver is using driving accouterments such as glasses, hearing aids, or a cap. This idea was developed in response to a high number of traffic incidents involving drivers who had fallen asleep at the wheel. It is intended to avoid these mishaps by using a rigid system that is convenient and does not require the purchase of specialized gadgets. The approach is successful in detecting drowsiness in 93.37 percent of cases. Our team used a camera with Open CV (computer vision) techniques to determine and observe the driver's blinking habit. Computer vision techniques have been used to construct a non-intrusive driver sleepiness monitoring system, which is included in the proposed method. Drowsiness will be detected by the system within two to three seconds, depending on the system configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional concrete can be provided with piezoresistivity by modification with carbon nanotubes. Such self- sensing composites can be used for fabrication of durable smart sensors for structural health monitoring. To allow the wide practical application of this technology various aspects having effect on the electrical properties of cement-based sensors must be studied. This research focuses on the effect of temperature and water content on electrical resistance of cement composite containing different amount of carbon nanotubes. Change of electrical resistance over curing time is also considered. Electrical resistance of composites is shown to considerably decrease with rise of temperature and increase with removal of water. It is recommended to measure the variation of electrical resistance of carbon nanotube cement based sensors with change of temperature and water content prior to their use to provide the adequate correction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of the intelligent systems, which process data received from various types of sensors, raises the question for the change in the nature of the information they provide. In the proposed material is attempted to analyze the nature of the change of the a posteriori information for the presence of a certain type of events, processes, phenomena or objects received by sensors in the process of monitoring and analysis of the environment in which they operate. Because of natural and man-made interferences in the environment, in which operate the intelligent systems and the sensors, the decisions of the sensors are of a random nature. It is accepted, that the decisions of the intelligent systems are based on the criterion of minimum average risk or on derived from its criteria for a maximum ratio between the a posteriori probabilities for the presence or absence of the corresponding object, phenomenon or event. As an absolute maximum of this ratio can be achieved after an infinite number of decision-taking cycles by the sensors, the introduction of a threshold value for this ratio is proposed in this study. In the paper are examined one of the most common types of sensors - those working in discreet mode of operation. A mathematical description of the change of the a posteriori probability for the existence of a certain type of events, processes, phenomena or objects is proposed, and the dependence of this probability on the main characteristics of the sensors is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production efficiency is among the most important for the success of the companies. The more efficient production lines are in the companies, the more products with higher quantity and quality would come out of them. When Lean approach is applied even during the design and development phase of the assembly line, this will lead to less need for subsequent optimizations of this line when it is in serial production. And in this way time and money will be saved, i.e. cost will be minimized. The combination of Lean practices and Industry 4.0 technologies could be called Lean 4.0. The productivity would be even higher when using Lean 4.0. The main goal of this paper is to analyze how semi-automated automotive industry assembly line to be designed implementing Lean 4.0 approach. In order to achieve it, Lean analysis was performed for the elements of the most important KPI of the assembly lines – the overall equipment effectiveness. Based on it, Lean 4.0 technologies which would eliminate the negative impact over each element were selected. In the conclusion, few assembly line design recommendations for the automotive industry were given, such as incorporating smart sensors, adjustable actuators, internet connection, Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the assessment of the strength at early age and automatic curing of concrete using the IoT (Internet of things). IoT can be used for SHM (structural health monitoring) and for other civil engineering applications. Evaluating the strength of concrete structures at early age is very important for a structural engineer, similarly the controlling the waste of water during continuous curing of concrete done manually is also a matter of concern. So the concept of assessing the early age strength using smart rock sensor and automatic curing using moisture sensors are installed to address the above issues in construction. The functioning of these entire processes can be monitored and controlled from remote location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Civil structure is typically large-scale and it is complex in behavior and they create huge impact in modernized nations. Assessment of a structure's integrity is a challenging task. Studying and implementing structural health monitoring technique is becoming essential to predict the deformation in the structural components which may cause tremendous loss to human life as well as to economy. The prime objective of our proposal is to use sensors to incessantly keep an eye on the buildings and to build a warning system for the consumers prior to damage through Global System for Mobile communication (GSM). Prototype resembling the structural components like beam, column, etc. can be monitored by using various sensors like load cell, accelerometer and vibration sensor. The monocratic function of the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system involves detection of changes in the structures by sensors and it transmits the signal to the controller which ensures the threshold of the incoming signal. Real-time variation in magnitudes of loads, inclination and vibration are sent as SMS to users through GSM. Further physical phenomenon of structures can be monitored by using various sensors which guarantees the existing structure a smart one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world rival combat is a crucial aspect in any nation's security. The countrywide security mainly depends on soldiery, naval, air force and a vibrant role is played by soldiers. Number of apprehensions have been elevated about the wellbeing of these warriors. The Defense subdivision of homeland would be potent for their safekeeping. This system will be beneficial for soldiers, who encompass in undertakings or in special actions. In rival terrain, our territorial army not only have to deal with the physical risk, but also with load and exhaustion caused by prolonged processes or even due to lack of doze. So, for their security persistence we need a tool to remote soldier performance and health monitoring. And, in this project a device is instigated by means of biosensors for health nursing purpose. Also, a GPS is been utilized in demand to track the location of the soldier. Moreover, a GSM modem is also used to brand the system wirelessly compatible. This system permits GPS tracking of these soldiers. It is probable by M- Health. It can be well-defined as mobile computing, communication technologies, medical sensors for health maintenance. In this system, smart sensors are attached to the body of soldiers for detection and prevention. This is applied with a particular server system for broad agility. This server will furnish the affinity to the server at the base station with the use of wireless assembly. Individual soldier also has a GSM module that permits to interconnect with the base station if any wounds noticed. As quick as any other soldier cross the rival borders it is tremendously tough for the soldiery base station to distinguish the particular or predicted location as well as the health condition of all the soldiers. In our project we have come up with an idea of tracking soldier and this tool is implemented by means of biosensors for health monitoring purpose as well as to stretch the condition status of the soldier all through the war for their safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wearable devices are gaining its popularity in recent years. This paper presents the performances of our smart shoes as a wearable biomedical device in capturing the heartbeat signal from dorsalis pedis. Generally, the heartbeat measured from an artery was located on the chest, hand, fingertip, and ear or neck. Even though the pulse from dorsalis pedis has a smaller amplitude compared to the other artery location, the integrated sensor on our smart shoes can capture the signal with high precision. The experiment was conducted several times to three groups of healthy participants; they were kid, mature, and elder. The results show that the smart shoe sensor could measure the dorsalis pedis pulse and has a maximum error rate of 11.76% compared to the digital tensimeter. Unlike the standard measurement and other commercial devices, our device gives a small gap in RMS error, which is acceptable for clinical needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spices and beverages plays an important role in every cuisine. The quality of these products should be good enough for their best use. The processing steps involved during their manufacturing and the implementation methodology determines the quality of these products. Among spices, Pepper is known as the king of spices. For assuring the quality of pepper, better methods during processing must be adopted. Withering is the most crucial process in the manufacturing of black pepper. It determines the quality and durability of the final product. In this paper, a system is implemented to attain the desired Moisture Loss (ML) during the withering process of black pepper. This is achieved by predicting in advance the ML using Machine Learning algorithm. The main factors influencing the prediction process are inlet and outlet temperature and relative humidity. A prototype trough is developed with smart sensor nodes placed at the inlet and outlet for measuring moisture and temperature. The data measured is saved in a database and this is utilised to predict the ML using ANN(Artificial Neural Network). The error between predictedML and actual ML due to weight loss is analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HVAC system is a necessary component of environment to maintain the temperature and humidity to be kept at certain levels by using air taken from outside to ensure the indoor comfort. The purpose of the study is to reduce the electricity energy usage and cost from air conditioning by using smart embedded-analytics sensors to provide the automatic thermal control in an area. In this study, we used sensors such as temperature and humidity sensors to detect and read the currently temperature and humidity of an area monitored by a microcontroller. The cloud-based system and the sensors are connected via wifi in the presence of MQTT protocol. The protocol enables publish and subscribe method which provide the communication between sensors, cloud-based system and HVAC system. This communication can serve thermal control automatically thus resulting the optimize usage of energy from air conditioning according to the external environment temperature and humidity. The control of the temperature and humidity from air conditioning can be designed through the programming embedded in the microcontroller. The monitoring result can be displayed from the control panel to ensure how the system works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roll forming is a highly productive manufacturing process for complex profiles or precision tubes used in automotive, aerospace, building and many other industries. Shorter product life-cycles and increasing product customization require new manufacturing concepts. Digitalization enables companies to cope with these new challenges. Digitized machines and processes become one of the key factors in advanced roll forming. The application of smart sensors is a first step towards digitized roll forming. Edge devices enable the connection of different types of sensors in order to form smart objects which in turn can be assembled into smart factories. The better quality of collected smart data allows, for instance, the development of new roll forming applications and more detailed FE roll forming simulations. Higher flexibility in roll forming production and smaller lot sizes require new and fast methods for choosing the right roll forming line and setting it up. This paper presents a new model, based on FE-simulations without friction, for prediction of torques in roll forming lines, supporting the selection of roll forming lines or machine parameters. A semi analytic model is derived to predict the required driving torques of the rolls for different machine configurations without performing additional time consuming FE-simulations. The model is verified with data acquired by smart sensors installed in a 3D roll forming line. First results of this approach are presented and show the possibilities of the digital twin concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this work is to provide a hazard free environment for power generation in thermal power plants. Estimation of Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) emissions from flame images in thermal and gas turbine power plants is of great importance in the domain of image processing. The primary objective in detection, recognition and understanding of combustion conditions offers a feed forward control action for minimizing flue gas emissions. In this work, soft sensors using feed forward neural network trained with Back Propagation Algorithm (BPA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) are used for flame image classification. The solution includes the Internet of Things (IoT) where the intelligent sensors are connected to the embedded computing system to monitor the fluctuation of parameters relating to the flame colour. The first step is to define a feature vector for each flame image including 8 feature elements, which are the brightness of flame, the area of the high temperature flame, the brightness of high temperature flame, the rate of area of the high temperature flame, the flame centroid and Linear Binary pattern (LBP) respectively. The quality of the captured images is enhanced using curvelet transform. The concept of object (flame feature) recognition and classification (BPA and PSO) of the flame image is carried out to measure the SO2 emissions from the flame colour. A PC based online setup for flame monitoring to detect SO2 emissions in thermal and gas turbine power plants at the furnace level is proposed here. The effectiveness of the system is inferred from the specificity and sensitivity of the soft sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LoRa is a new technology platform for Internet of Think (IoT). LoRa was first developed and launched by Semtech Corporation in 2015. The presence of this technology provides a choice of wireless systems in addition to Wifi, bluetooth and GSM networks as infrastructure in Internet of Thinks. IoT is an information network that can connect various kinds of sensor and control equipment through the internet, with intelligent communication between connected equipment. The IoT system allows objects to be censored or controlled remotely through an access network thus creating an opportunity to directly integrate various physical objects into a computer system. IoT connectivity especially in embed devices has stimulated the creation of various intelligent systems that affect people's daily lives. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review on LoRa and its potential application to develop rural areas in Indonesia. Applications include smart agriculture, smart environments, smart flood sensors, water systems monitoring, healthcare, industrial control and data communication in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some of the authors have recently developed a new nanocomposite cement-based sensor, termed "carbon nanotube cement-based sensor", for applications in vibration-based structural health monitoring of civil structures. The sensor is made of a self-sensing cement paste doped with multi walled carbon nanotubes. The mechanical deformation of this composite material results into a measurable change of its electrical resistance. Previous work was devoted to fabrication, dynamic characterization and to implementation in full-scale structural components. This work addresses electrical modelling of the sensor, and specifically seeks to validate a lumped circuit model for use in dynamic sensing. After a brief overview of carbon nanotube cement-based sensors, the electrical model is presented. Salient parameters of the circuit are identified on sensors with varying electrodes' morphologies. The results indicate that the proposed equivalent circuit model is capable of closely replicating the step response of the sensor to an imposed potential difference. Notably, such linear model is likely to anticipate superharmonic components in the electrical current in the response to sinusoidal mechanical deformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deflection sensors have attracted significant attention due to their wide application in pressure and temperature measurements in practical systems. Several techniques have been proposed, studied, and tested to realize optical deflection sensor elements, including Mach-Zehnder (MZI), and Fabry-Pérot interferometers. In this work, a novel optical deflection sensor that is comprised of two cascaded optical resonators is proposed and analyzed. The proposed structure is designed to operate in the multi-stable (input to output) regime. As the first resonator is equipped with a movable mirror, which is connected to a diaphragm in order to sense changes in deflection, the second resonator is filled with non-linear material. It is demonstrated that such a structure has a novel memory property, aside from having the ability to yield instant deflection measurements. This novel property is attributed to the non-linear refractive index of the medium of the second resonator. Furthermore, the sensor sensitivity (which is the ratio of the change in the output light intensity to the change in the induced deflection) is enhanced due to the input-output multi-stable behavior of the proposed structure. This device possesses a promising potential for applications in future smart sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]