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This paper aims to develop a framework for achieving effective Housing Ownership (HO) for Primary School Teachers (PST) in Bauchi Local Government, Nigeria. This paper adopted a quantitative research approach. Self-administered structured questionnaires collected information from 357 PST in Bauchi Local Government Area, Bauchi, Nigeria. A five-point Likert scale was employed to assess the responses more quickly. Partial least squares-structural equation modelling was used to analyse the data collected using SmartPLS 2 software. This study revealed that there should be a transparent process for qualifying for a housing loan by laying down less stringent processes that are easy to understand for low-income earners (LIEs). The HF institutions should also give room for more collateral options, such as a guarantee from the employer. It also revealed that there should be synergy between the finance institutions such as commercial banks, mortgage banks, private developers, and the LIEs from the inception of the finance design stage to accommodate the PST's requirements for housing ownership. The prime consumers of these research findings are the financial institutions. This will bulk up their performance and effectiveness toward housing finance accessibility and affordability to the LIEs, such as the PST in the study area. This research used the technology organisation environment theory, a multi-perspective theory, to evaluate the concepts of institutional, finance and beneficiaries' context concerning housing finance in Bauchi by conceptualising institutional context as effectiveness and performance, finance context as affordability and accessibility and beneficiaries' context as ownership.

This paper demonstrates the application of the inverse problem for calculating diffusion coefficient distribution into a porous cylindrical sample in a one-dimensional case. The work mainly aims to adapt a well-known diffusion equation with boundary conditions to obtain humidity profiles experimentally in porous samples. Empirical equations for diffusion coefficients according to humidity distribution are also reviewed. The main focus of this paper is concentrated on the proper interpretation of water vapour diffusion in coordinate and time dependencies. For this reason, the averaged quantities are introduced.

Language proficiency assessment is considered one of the most significant issues in the world. The paper investigates language acquisition and assessment and its adaptation to international standards with the application of ICT. Current international standards in the field of evaluation of language skills have been analysed. The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), used in Europe and more than 40 countries for language learning and assessment, has been extensively analysed. In the study, the IELTS and TOEFL exam systems designed according to this standard and widely used in many countries, as well as in our country, were investigated to assess the language proficiency of English language learners. The paper also highlights the current problems of studying and evaluating the Azerbaijani language. The role of the "National Curriculum" concept in teaching the Azerbaijani language has been investigated. The current state of the acquisition and assessment of the Azerbaijani language, its adaptation to modern requirements and the role of ICT in this field are shown. Various proposals were given to improve the methods for learning and assessing the Azerbaijani language based on international experience and the application of ICT.

This study aims to analyze the prosecutor's authority in terminating the prosecution of criminal cases based on restorative justice and the impact of the issuance of Circular Letter Number 01/E/Ejp/02/2022 concerning the Implementation of Termination of Prosecution Based on Restorative Justice. The method used is normative juridical with a statutory approach and legal concepts. Primary legal materials include laws and attorney general regulations, while secondary legal materials consist of legal literature, journals, and related papers. Data analysis was done descriptively qualitatively. This research found that prosecutors have maximum authority as dominus litis in the criminal justice system in Indonesia, which includes prosecution, submission of cases to court, and termination of prosecution based on restorative justice. Article 139 and 140 paragraph (2) of KUHAP regulates the prosecutor's authority to ensure the achievement of legal objectives such as justice, certainty, and legal benefits. Prosecutors are responsible for ensuring that legal objectives can be achieved through the prosecution process. Discontinuation of prosecution based on restorative justice is important when legal objectives cannot be achieved through the submission of cases to court. Humane and conscience-based handling of criminal cases is required, with strict consideration in applying restorative justice according to specified criteria.

This paper investigates integrating and comparing digital technology in the architectural, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry on the world's six continents, concentrating on the adoption of designs, points of interest, and suggestions for AEC instruction. The study draws insights from current research and industry reports to underline the five most recent popular digital technologies—building Information Modeling (BIM), 3D Printing, the Internet of Things (IoT), Digital twins, and GIS—and their significance and the importance of aligning construction education with industry innovations. The subject utilizes an online survey, exhaustive online information search (using search engines), and choices of journals for the investigation. To begin with, the five biggest economies nations of each continent, but Antarctica was partially utilized for comparison in this subjective research to complete the seven continents of the world. The result appears that North America (US and Canada) and Europe (UK, France, and Germany) are the driving pioneers and early adopters of digital technology in architecture, engineering, and construction. Asia (China, Seoul) The AEC market is adopting this digital technology spontaneously. Oceania (except Australia) is behind Asia in the adoption rate; South America and Africa are the late adopters of this digital technology in the industry.

Groundwater is vital to industry, agriculture, and drinking water production. A growing amount of groundwater needs to be managed effectively because of the effects of climate change and growing demand. Conventional methods frequently prove inadequate for managing groundwater and tackling these issues. This study investigates how to use machine learning, Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, and civil engineering to create a more reliable and effective groundwater management strategy and Infrastructure in our environments. Real-time monitoring capabilities offered by IoT technology allow for ongoing data collection on groundwater levels, quality, and usage. Machine learning algorithms can use this data to forecast future patterns and anomalies, providing an initiative-taking groundwater management tool. Civil engineering solutions like artificial recharge and sophisticated irrigation systems are crucial for sustainable usage and replenishment. This paper thoroughly analyzes current developments in various domains and suggests a synergistic framework to improve groundwater management by fusing machine learning, IoT, and civil engineering. According to our research, integrating these technologies can maximize groundwater resource utilization, raise aquifer sustainability, and increase the accuracy of groundwater monitoring and forecasting. The suggested framework offers a comprehensive and innovative technological solution to overcome the shortcomings of current groundwater management techniques. Future research should concentrate on improving integrated systems and investigating their applications across various geographical and climatic contexts to ensure the sustainable management of groundwater resources globally.

This paper discusses the juridical implications of the appointment of a Juvenile Judge whose diversion conference implementation does not meet the requirements for diversion. It is structured based on doctrinal research findings, employing a legislative approach and conceptual analysis utilizing teleological interpretation. The research findings indicate that the juridical implications of appointing a Juvenile Judge whose diversion conference implementation does not meet the requirements for diversion lie in the action of the Juvenile Judge in prescribing diversion despite not meeting the mandatory diversion provisions, which, when solely considered from a grammatical interpretation of the Juvenile Justice Law, constitutes an ultra petite action. However, when viewed from a teleological interpretation, the Juvenile Judge's action aligns with the purpose of the Juvenile Justice Law, namely to keep children away from judicial processes to avoid stigmatization. Moreover, even if the judge takes an ultra-petite action, it is based on the principle of the best interests of the child, as long as the contents of the diversion agreement do not contradict the Law, religion, local community norms, morality, or contain elements that the child cannot implement, or exhibit lousy faith, then the Chief Judge should still issue a Decree on the Diversion Agreement.

This research aims to determine the regulation of electronic transactions in Notarial deeds (Notary Study in West Lombok). This type of research combines normative legal elements, which are then supported by adding data or empirical elements. Notaries, Temporary Notary Officials, Substitute Notaries, and MPDs carry out electronic notarial deed arrangements, and after 25 years, the Notary must submit their protocol to the MPD. The UUJN/UUJN-P does not regulate whether notary protocol storage is limited to paper media (conventional) or allows for digital storage using electronic media by a notary. This is because the Notary's protocol is considered a state archive, and the Archives Law governs the permissibility of storing archives using electronic media. Implementing notarial deeds via electronic means to increase legal certainty and data security, namely by storing Notarial protocols digitally using electronic media not regulated in UUJN/UUJN-P, legal responsibilities arising from violations or unlawful acts apply to legal provisions. In general, whether civil, criminal, or administrative, to the Notary concerned. Another responsibility of the Notary who holds the protocol is to keep the parties' data confidential in connection with legal acts outlined in the form of an authentic deed.

Death is a natural event that can have negative consequences for humans, psychological in nature, as well as environmental health. Efficient land use management is critical for preparing for the dead in metropolitan settings, particularly in Nigerian cities. The accessibility, sufficiency and efficacy of management solutions for the deceased are crucial, particularly in Nigerian cities with various populations and land uses. This research focused on the long-term viability of urban management systems for the deceased and the facilities and services provided by cemeteries. The scarcity of amenities and services in cemeteries causes problems for urban management systems, such as adequate burying space, upkeep and surveillance. Inefficient methods of handling the demands of city dwellers near cemeteries in city planning should be handled to enhance citizens' quality of life and protect and enhance the urban area. Scientific research papers, journals, conference proceedings and theses were used to review the literature on urban management for the deceased. Critical concerns discussed include managing cities for the dead, rising demand for burying space, ecological methods and balancing the needs of the living with the dead. These strategies include reusing places, promoting cremation, creating green burial grounds, and developing inclusive ecosystems. It is self-evident that as cities grow, so will demand for burial space, prompting a move toward more sustainable and environmentally friendly techniques. Providing services and facilities for mourners can help ease their grieving and foster a sense of solidarity to balance the needs of the living and the dead. Cemeteries must be appropriately incorporated into the city's fabric.

This article explores the distinct discursive features prevalent in economic texts, focusing on the unique language patterns, rhetorical strategies, and communicative functions characterising this genre. The study identifies critical elements that differentiate economic discourse from other professional and academic writing forms by analysing various economic documents, including academic papers, financial reports, and policy briefs. These features include specialised terminology, quantitative data presentation, argumentative structures, metaphor, and analogy. The findings highlight how these characteristics effectively convey complex economic concepts, persuade diverse audiences, and facilitate informed decision-making. This analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of the linguistic and rhetorical conventions in economic writing, offering valuable insights for economists, educators, and communicators.