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Выявляются подходы англо-американских и немецких исследователей к изучению истории массовых крестьянских переселений в Азиатскую Россию в дореволюционный период. Установлено, что работам западных авторов, опубликованным в первой половине XX в., присущи объективизм, использование «универсальных теорий» (колонизации, модернизации), стремление рассмотреть историю крестьянских миграций в общеевропейском и глобальном контексте. Во второй половине XX начале XXI в. исследователи сосредоточились на изучении особенностей крестьянских миграций в условиях «сибирского фронти-ра». Наряду с разнообразием теоретико-методологических подходов для рассматриваемого исследовательского направления характерна широкая палитра оценок переселенческого движения, от преимущественно критических в начале XX в. до преимущественно положительных в современной историографии., The aim of the paper is to present a comprehensive historiographical analysis of the works of Anglo-American and German authors who studied the history of mass peasant migration to Siberia and Far East during the post-reform era. Since the late XIX century up to the present the Western researchers have shown a great interest in the progress and results of the mass peasant resettlements beyond the Ural. In their numerous publications they used new theoretical and methodological approaches, made some valuable observations and conclusions. However, the majority of their publications have been neglected by the Soviet and contemporary Russian scholars. The present paper is meant to fill this gap, so it has the following tasks: to determine the range of relevant issues addressed by Western researchers; to delineate the main periods in the history of studying the peasant migration to Siberia; to characterize main theoretical and methodological approaches used by Western scholars; to evaluate their contribution to this field of research. The author notes that Anglo-American and German researchers considered the mass peasant migrations along with the construction of Trans-Siberian railroad as significant factors ensuring a stronger Russia's presence in Asia. In their works the agrarian history of Russia and Siberia is analyzed in the global context, while the Russian peasantry's way of life is viewed as part of the global peasant culture. In the late XIX mid-XX centuries the Englishand German-language scholars used an objectivist approach and "universal theories" of colonization (K. Wiedenfeld, W. Klumberg, H.-Y. Seraphim) and modernization (D. Treadgold). They retrieved their data from a limited amount of available sources which was offset partially by the widespread use of the works of pre-revolutionary and Soviet specialists. As the international scientific cooperation increased, Western scholars increasingly used documentary materials from the central and local archives of the USSR and Russia. In the second half of the XX early XXI centuries one of the main distinguishing features of Siberian studies in the West was an extensive use of the "frontier" theory (D. Treadgold, D. Kazmer, A. Kappeler). A contemporary German researcher E.-M. Stolberg attempted at summarizing various theoretical approaches representing the cultural history of Siberia within the political and socioeconomic frameworks, thus contributing to the development of the "frontier" theory, trans-regional and trans-cultural history. The author comes to conclusion that over the last century Western researchers demonstrated a variety of opinions: from the mostly negative attitudes in the early XX century to the mostly positive ones in the contemporary historiography. While admitting failures in implementation of some governmental measures and specific situation in Southern and Eastern Siberia or in the Far East, contemporary authors tend to write about the migrations' positive impact on the social and economic development of Asian Russia. Focusing on the specifics of situation in Siberia they often underestimate the results of governmental policy aimed at unification of social groups and creation of a "big Russian nation" in Asia. However some historians (St. Marks, A. Wood and others) urge their colleagues not to exaggerate the success of "modernization" or specifics of the Siberian frontier. Such approach along with the use of a traditional theory of "colonization" resembles evaluations and forecasts made by the researchers at the beginning of the XX century.

Рассматриваются основные компоненты контактной среды этничности и средств массовой информации в современном информационно-коммуникативном пространстве диаспоры, характеристика которых представлена в контексте практики сохранения этничности в Полонии Западной Сибири. Проанализированы пять основных параметров: организация и функционирование этнических каналов в средствах массовой информации, аудитория средств массовой информации, получающая этническую информацию, этническая информация, гражданские позиции журналистов, освещающих этническую тематику, правовые основы и нормы этнической журналистики., The relevance of the paper is proved by the role of mass media in the life of modern society. The research experience of the group of scientists, who studied the problems of the reflection of ethnicity in mass media, helped to distinguish five main parameters of interaction: organization and functioning of ethnic channels in mass media; mass media audiences that get ethnic information; ethnic information; civil journalists who spotlight ethnic matters; legal foundation and norms of ethnic journalism. Analyzing these parameters the author makes an attempt to define the character and the format of the reflection of ethnicity in mass media, it helps to find an opportunity to preserve ethnicity with a help of mass media that creates its own information and communication environment of a diaspora. By way of example, the researcher described the information and communication environment of Polonia in Western Siberia. The complexity of the problem of the nature and essence of ethnicity predetermines the existence of several approaches: primordialism, constructivism and instrumentalism. There are not unified definitions of some key concepts in this paper that were taken into consideration, such as mass media, information and communication environment. Back on topic of the main parameters of ethnic environment and mass media it is necessary to notice that during the research of communication environment of Polish diaspora in Western Siberia we marked out and analyzed four main ethnic channels the first component of ethnic environment and mass media: "Polonian organization Polonian organization", "Polonian organization country exodus", "Polonian organization host country", "Country Exodus host country". Mass media audiences that are interested in ethnic matters are a part of ethnic environment and mass media and can be divided into three parts: the representatives of Polonian organizations, interested party of the country of exodus and host country. The third parameter of ethnic environment and mass media ethnic information is considered according to its main content. The fourth component authors who spotlight ethnic information, this example was also based on Polish diaspora in Western Siberia. We managed to reveal the problem of professional shortage in this field. The problem of the legal nature of ethnic information (that is the fifth parameter) made us address the main legal documents in the sphere of mass media and also regulations of Polonian organizations. Thereby, using information and communication environment of Polonia in Western Siberia the author introduced the characteristics of the main parameters of ethnic environment and mass media, they were indicated as tools which help to preserve ethnicity in nonethnic environment.

Рассматриваются оценки отечественных историков личности и деятельности Кондратия Афанасьевича Булавина, который возглавлял казацкое восстание на Дону в 1707-1708 гг. Дореволюционные исторические труды по большей части являют собой апологетику деятельности Петра I и негативно оценивают деятельность Булавина. Советские историки первыми обратили внимание на личность атамана и дали ей подробную характеристику. Современные исследователи опровергают многие тезисы и гипотезы предыдущих исследователей. Казацкие исследователи, по понятным причинам, позитивно оценивают вождя восстания., In 1707-1708 Kondraty Afanasyevich Bulavin led the Cossack rebellion on the river Don. All the authors writing about Bulavin Rebellion used to estimate personality and actions of its leader. The aim of the paper is to monitor evolution of K.A. Bulavin's image in these evaluations. In the paper the works on historiography are classified in three periods: prerevolutionary (XVIII-XIX cent.), soviet (XX cent.), and modern. Works by A.I. Rigelman, I.I. Golikov, V.B. Bronevskiy, P.P. Lambin, S.M. Soloviev, N.I. Kostomarov, F.D. Kryukov and E.P. Savelyev were used to characterize evaluations given by prerevolutionary historiography. Works by P.N. Krasnov and V.I. Buganov, E.P. Podyuapolskaya, V.I. Lebedev represent soviet period. Post-soviet period is represented by O.G. Usenko, N.A. Mininkov, A.G. Shkvarov. During the investigation several controversial points were revealed. One of them is the study of circumstances around K.A. Bulavin's death. Soviet historical studies proposed for the first time the version of Bulavin's assas-ination (previously the official version of his death was suicide). One more controversial issue is whether Bulavin was supported by the Cossack lieutenant colonel. The settlement of this issue will help to determine the motifs of Bulavin's actions. The prerevolutionary authors were mainly apologists of Peter I politics, therefore they used to give negative evaluations to K.A. Bulavin and his actions, disregarding his biography and personal characteristics. Among these historians we can name A.I. Rigelman, I.I. Golikov, V.B. Bronevskiy, P.P. Lambin, S.M. Soloviev, N.I. Kostomarov. Soviet chronologists broadened the notion of K.A Bulavin's personality by leading discussions and publishing new archive materials. Researchers of antigovernment movements, and Bulavin Revolt in particular (E.P. Podyuapolskaya, V.I. Buganov, V.I. Lebedev), were especially notable during that period. V.I. Buganov paid special attention to outstanding personal characteristics of the Rebellion Leader. Modern historiographers continue publishing archive materials related to the rebellion and propose new hypothesis on Bulavin's origin. O.G. Usenko, unlike other historians, sees personal rather than social motifs in Bulavin's actions. The Cossack chieftain was driven by a personal offense and not by the willingness to defend the Cossack freemen. A.G. Shkvarov was the first to state Bulavin Revolt as a part of Old Believers movement. Therefore, Bulavin was led by religious motifs, although it is still not clear whether Bulavin himself was an Old Believer. Particular attention should be paid to the works on Cossacks history by F.D. Kryukov, E.P. Savelyev and P.N. Krasnov, representing Bulavin as a splendid hero, who defended Cossacks' rights from the governmental oppression. In general, we can state the scarcity of information on the Cossack leader.

Актуальность статьи обусловлена усилением и обновлением звучания национально детерминированной риторики среди общественных и государственных деятелей, а равно отдельных событий в общественно-политической жизни России и Германии, заново поставивших вопрос о значимости этнической/религиозной/лингвистической «чистоты» отдельных территорий, обществ и государств. Работа состоит из трех блоков вопросов. Первый блок охватывает эволюцию этнической статистики и регистрационного учета лиц, имеющих иностранное происхождение. Отдельное внимание уделяется эпохе национал-социализма в Германии, когда статистика стала «научным солдатом» национал-социализма и сбор данных по этнической/расовой/религиозной принадлежности жителей страны обусловил их поражение в правах и дискриминацию. Второй блок работы описывает правовое регулирование статуса «вновь прибывших», «пришлых» как «агентов иностранных государств» и «неблагонадежных лиц». Тема идентификации «чужих» и этнизация миграции раскрывается путем исследования, анализа и оценки специальных механизмов, внедряемых уполномоченными органами для контроля за движением населения как внутри, так и за пределами избранных для исследования государств. Заключительный, третий блок статьи анализирует институты Meldepflicht и регистрации (прописки) как инструментов миграционного контроля в Германии и России., Nowadays a lot of politicians, mass media representatives and individuals are keen to upgrade a nationally determined rhetoric in order to raise a special attention to ethnic, religious, and linguistic «purity» among some groups within the certain territories. It is not something new. Theoretically, the ethnization of social institutions is inter-cultural phenomena that has its roots in the development of society and individuals as well. During each historical period, unique patterns of political, legal and socio-economic circumstances have affected the preservation of identity and the construction of ethnicity in the human communities, indeed in the communities of immigrants. In the European history often immigrants found themselves easy targets for discrimination and exclusion due to «other» identity and ethnicity. The current article aims to illuminate the processes of ethnicization of immigration law through the inclusion or exclusion of immigrants» communities. German and Russian history, law and enforcement practice give many examples of the restrictions of individual rights and freedoms, according to ethnicity, occupation or human beliefs. It is important to mentioned that Russian legal system borrowed much from German legal system, however the immigration law and its application are quite differ in both countries. The current paper consists of three research blocs. The first one covers the evolution of ethnicbased statistics in Germany and Russia. A special attention is paid to the era of National Socialism in Germany, when statistics become a «scientific soldier» of a Nazi regime, and the collection of data on ethnic, racial, and religious background of German nationals led to their discrimination and to defeat of their human rights and freedoms. All those practices German authorities learned out from French regulation towards aliens after First World War. The second part of paper explains a legal construction of the free movement right and describes in a historical perspectives a different approach to rule the legal status of foreigners as newcomers, aliens, «foreign agents» and «untrustworthy persons» in both chosen countries. In addition, the paper examines the ratio of the rights and duties of foreigners and natives. The final part of paper compares Meldepflicht in Germany and registration of foreigners in Russia as the instruments of a migration control in both countries.

Анализируется информация газеты «Le Moniteur universel» о Русско-шведском договоре о дружбе, торговле и мореплавании 1801 г. Автор дает краткую характеристику газеты «Le Moniteur universel», являвшейся рупором наполеоновского правительства, оценку полноты и достоверности французской версии документа, высказывает предположение о причинах его публикации., The article analyzes the information value of the newspaper «Le Moniteur universel» on Russian-Swedish treaty of friendship, commerce and navigation, as well as the comparative analysis of the French and Russian versions of this agreement. International relations of the past are closely related to the present. They do not become outdated, do not lose their value, while continuing to influence on the political and economic contacts between the two countries. Currently, there is an increasing interest in the history of European politics in Russia, it has been studied extensively by both domestic and foreign scholars. In this regard, there is a neсessity to attract new sources. Expansion of information is possible due to francophone periodicals, in particular thanks to the newspaper «Le Moniteur universel». This is one of those sources, which gives a possibility to glance at Russia and its foreign policy through the eyes of Europeans. The advantage of this periodical is the fact that its materials have not been studied and analyzed by majority of Russian researchers. The newspaper «Le Moniteur universel» paid special attention to the signing of a treaty of friendship, commerce and navigation between Russia and Sweden in March 1801. For the first time the central governmental French newspaper published such a big article about Russia, the whole column in the "foreign state" section was devoted to it. Previously that section covered the political situation in 3 or 4 countries on the principle of the greatest interest or concern of the ruling elite in France on events in one country or another. The Treaty includes a preamble, 36 articles, a joint declaration, Russian and Swedish samples, naval papers that had to regulate the conditions (terms) of mutual control. Comparison of documents in French and Russian languages shows that the French side does not publish the full version, there are no additional samples of naval papers on Russian and Swedish languages, as referred in Article 29. The purpose of this agreement was the regulation of trade relations between Russia and Sweden. The treaty was aimed at providing friendship, peace and harmony between the two countries. It fixed the creation of a free trade zone, unimpeded movement of citizens of the contracting states, regulated the movement of ships. Most probably, the attention of the French ruling circles to the Russian-Swedish trade treaty was connected with a growing maritime conflict between France and England in the northern seas, and with clarifying the international situation in this region of Europe.

Публикуются материалы исследования двух исторических мусульманских некрополей XVII-XIX вв., располагавшихся в окрестностях г. Томска, Старого Мусульманского Кладбища и Кладбища на Юрточной горе. Впервые вводятся в научный оборот материалы полевых дневников А. П. Дульзона, содержащие важные сведения о мусульманском погребальном обряде. Проведен анализ погребального обряда, уточнена хронология некрополей. Сделан вывод о полном соответствии погребального обряда этих кладбищ мусульманскому канону., The article presents research materials of the two historical Muslim cemeteries of XVII-XIX centuries in the suburbs of the city Tomsk Old Muslim Cemetery and the Cemetery on the Yurt Mountain. For the first time, A.P. Dulzons’ field diaries introduced into scientific circulation., containing important information about the Muslim funeral rites. The burial rites is analyzed, also chronology of the cemeteries is refined. The authors came to the conclusion that the burial rites are fully met the Muslim canon. The paper analyzes funeral rites of two Tomsk necropolises the Old Muslim Cemetery and the Cemetery on the Yurtochnaya Mountain. By now, these historical cemeteries have been completely destroyed by the urban development. The paper analyzes the Muslim burial grounds on the Yurtochnaya Mountain investigated by S.M. Chugunov in 1898. The dating of necropolises is based on historical maps, numismatic materials, and written sources. The Tomsk Muslim Cemetery was established in the early XVIII century. At the same time, the Tatarskaya Sloboda the special historical district of Muslims in the neighborhood of Tomsk was established. The Tomsk Muslim Cemetery was located on the eastern margin of Tatarskaya Sloboda. It existed until 1892 and was closed when places for new graves were not available anymore. Based on archaeological sources, it was concluded that the funeral rite of these Muslim necropolises was markedly different from the rite of the Tomsk Tatars of the previous period (XVI-XVII centuries). The occurrence of the funeral rites in strict compliance with the Muslim canon is associated with the migrations of the Kazan Tatars and the Bukharans. The Yurtochnaya Mountain and the Tatarskaya Sloboda are the first historical districts of Muslims. Taking into account that the Islam penetrated into the culture of the Tomsk Tatars in the XVII-XVIII centuries, the Muslim necropolises could be abandoned both by the Tatar migrants and local Tomsk Muslims. In the XVIII century they lived together in the neighborhood of Tomsk, which is well supported by evidence. The close cultural contacts, the similar languages and the shared territory facilitated the rapid propagation of the new religious doctrine into the community of the Tomsk Tatars.

Исследуются основополагающие принципы восприятия традиции в христианской культуре. Выявляются основные подходы к восприятию культурного многообразия; ряд проблем, встающих перед последователями традиционных культур, стремящимися к соблюдению традиции в исторически изменяющихся условиях, и проблемы мотивации, определяющие сложности установления межкультурных взаимодействий. Рассматриваются принципы пути преодоления сложностей следования религиозной традиции в условиях поликультурализма, раскрываемые священником Александром Менем в его творчестве, преимущественно труде, посвященном истории религий., In the presented paper questions are being examined, topical both for historical science and for social point of view the search of the principles of tradition preservation and development, adequate to conditions of the changing world, is very important for contemporary followers of traditional religious cultures. Fr. A. Men' devoted greater part of his creativity and service to the search and development of these principles, though his creative work that is wide-known and discussed in religious environment, extremely insufficiently included in the scientific historical discourse. Fr. A. Men' is a notable thinker and preacher of XX century, his historical conception is interesting and considering his service and social status, is unique by its approach to interpretation of culture basics. His position and comprehension of the personal perception importance, ideas of cross-cultural principles, formed to a large extent in 1970-80s, are actual for contemporary situation in the multicultural world. The paper examines basic ways of overcoming challenges of following religious tradition in conditions of policulturalism, discovered by fr. A. Men in his creative work, mainly a work dedicated to the history of religions. The cultural and religious context is researched, which is basic principles of tradition perception in Orthodox culture. Among them teleologi-city, the conception of the all-embracing Revelation, its discovery in the world and of true interpretation and following importance. For traditional cultures followers seeking for observing tradition in historically changing conditions emerge a variety of issues and motivational problems which define challenges in establishing cross-cultural communications. Basic approaches of cultural diversity perception are being defined: dichotomic perception, hierarchical approach, features of fr. A. Men' approach are analyzed. Fr. Alexander places emphasis on personality and its conscious creative search, on formation, which is unique and unconventional. Particularly, in informatization environment and policulturalism, when it is inevitable to have non-standard situations and it is necessary to search for answers and define attitude towards them. He reveals ways and principles of tradition and its spirit following and essence in non-traditional environment, he emphasizes necessity of the development of ability of picking out the essence and build relations with the essence and the surroundings.

Анализируется процесс изучения казачьего зарубежья в российской историографии. Исследуются основные темы, получившие свое развитие в трудах российских историков: численность и география, общественно-политическая и культурная жизнь, участие во Второй мировой войне казаков-эмигрантов. Объектом исследования выступили работы, посвященные непосредственно казачьей эмиграции. Выделены научные проблемы, которые не получили еще достаточного внимания со стороны исследователей, в первую очередь история казачьего зарубежья после окончания Второй мировой войны., The purpose of this research is analysis of the Russian historiography on the Cossack emigre. The object of research is presented by the papers devoted directly to the Cossack emigre. Naturally one of the pressing issues is figuring out the number of Cossacks abroad and analysis of their geographical allocation. In regard to settlement of the Cossack emigrants historians unanimously call Bulgaria, China, France, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia among the countries which sheltered the main part of the Cossacks. However the majority of the Cossacks of the South-East of the European part of Russia emigrated to the West and their main transfer point was Turkey. Don Cossacks located mainly in Bulgaria and Kuban Cossacks settled in Serbia. Besides the named countries some Cossacks were placed in Poland and Germany. Beside Turkey the transit countries were Greece, Georgia, Romania and Finland. Cossacks of Orenburg, Semi-rechye, Ural and also Siberian and Far East Cossacks were mainly leaving for China. During the country analysis of the Cossack emigrants allocation historians put their attention also to the geography of the disposal of the Cossack organizations and unions abroad. The great majority of the research works on the history of the Cossack emigration that were issued in 1990s are based on the material that had been published in the emigrant press. With the input of wider circle of sources (archive documents, memoirs, press) into the scientific turnover they become the subject of separate research. Great circle of the sources on the history of the Cossack emigration make researchers deal also with methodological problems of their use. Among the problems that attracted the researchers' attention we should note the problem of development of sociopolitical thought of the Cossack emigrants. The problem of their socioeconomic adaptation to the life abroad gained traction in a lesser degree. The study of the Cossack life in certain countries has great importance for understanding problems connected with the history of the Cossack emigre. The problem of the Cossack emigre culture also wasn't neglected by the researchers. Some part of papers put particular emphasis on staying abroad of members of certain Cossack armies. Special attention in Russian historiography is being put by the research papers devoted to the emigre personalities who had play significant role in sociopolitical or cultural life of the Cossack emigre. The main attention of the researches is compelled to the interbellum period of the Cossacks' staying abroad, that include years of the World War II. History of the interbellum period Cossack emigre still is the blank page in the Russian historical studies.

Приводятся результаты типолого-морфологической классификации и атомно-эмиссионного анализа погребального инвентаря из сплавов на основе меди, происходящего из курганного могильника северо-западного ареала тагарской археологической культуры Некрасово II. Исследование произведено в рамках современного осмысления итогов изучения памятников тагарской археологической культуры, локализованных в Мариинской лесостепи, раскопки которых осуществлялись в 1956-1976 гг. Данные элементного состава некрасовских бронз получили предварительную характеристику в сравнении с синхронным сара-гашенским металлом Среднего Енисея., The paper focuses on the research of the items from the Tagar burial mound Nekrasovo II excavated in 1970 under the supervision of A.I. Martynov. The importance of the research is much determined by the location of the site, towards the northwest zone of the Tagar culture. The excavations of a number of archaeological sites were conducted on the territory of Mariinsky forest-steppe in 1956-1976. They resulted in a wide range of archaeological remains. Due to subjective reasons (loss of archaeological finds and their descriptions, illustrations of poor quality, discrepancy between published and archival data) the finds have been studied insufficiently. Meanwhile, comparison of written records, work with the collection of finds, selection and atomic-emission analysis of metal prove the archaeological finds from the Tagar sites of Mariinsky forest-steppe to be a qualitative source of the material history of the northwest part of the Tagar society. The classification of the grave items from Nekrasovo is made according to the typology suggested by A.V. Subbotin. The types of bronze daggers, stamps, chisels, knives, awls, "mirrors", hemispherical plaques, bone arrowheads, stone and bronze beads excavated at Nekrasovo are defined in the paper. The objects of unknown purpose from Nekrasovo site are regarded as the third type according to the typology by D.G. Savinov. The typological and quantitative characteristics of Nekrasovo grave items allow the author to conclude that the burial mound Nekrasovo II was a "pure" necropolis dated as of the advanced (Saragash) stage of the Tagar archaeological culture (V-III centuries BC). Statistical treatment of the data obtained from the atomic-emission spectrometry of metals reveals six types of copper-based alloys: "pure" copper, arsenic copper or bronze, tin bronze, tin-arsenic bronze, lead-tin bronze, lead-tin-arsenic bronze. The main type of the alloys from Nekrasovo is tin bronze constituting 75% of the items made of it. The data on the metal alloys from one of the sites of the forest-steppe zone of the Tagar culture can be compared with the metal from other South Siberian archaeological sites of V-III centuries BC. In particular, metal collection from Nekrasovo "is inferior" in the amount of tin bronzes to the metal found in the Khakass-Minusinsk Basin and the Middle Yenisei sites dated as of the Saragash stage. Besides that the metal from Nekra-sovo is noted for the low amount of lead alloys. The above mentioned results give additional information about the Tagar nonferrous metallurgy and metal finishing.

Рассматриваются вопросы международного противодействия торговле людьми на постсоветском пространстве. Особое внимание уделяется определению инструментов, которые использует Европейский союз (ЕС) для того, чтобы утвердиться в качестве заметного, влиятельного и, возможно, координирующего игрока в данной сфере, которая характеризуется участием значительного числа других международных регуляторов и явным доминированием США. Делается вывод о том, что в качестве таких инструментов ЕС использует, прежде всего, экспертные знания и тактические партнерства с ключевыми международными регуляторами., Trafficking in human beings has long been defined as one of the most salient issues for post-Soviet countries’ internal security. However disputable the accuracy of the data on human trafficking in the post-Soviet space, most experts agree that massive human trafficking is taking place both within and between the countries of the post-Soviet region, extending beyond regional borders as well. Often being underestimated by the local governments, these problems have attracted attention of international actors both states (such as the USA, Russia, the UK, Sweden or Japan) and intergovernmental organisations (the EU, OSCE, UNODC, IOM, etc.). Most projects, in one way or another, are positioned as part of regional migration governance and management mechanisms that are being developed by various international bodies. But unlike international migration governance that unfolds in the absence of a global migration regime, international action against human trafficking relies on international regime layers both at global level (provided by the UN Convention and Protocol) and at regional levels for example in South East Asia or in Europe (the Council of Europe Convention). This said, one still observes divergent approaches of multiple international actors that attempt to be active governors in the field. This concerns both IOs -one may only be surprised to see how various UN bodies try to preserve the anti-human trafficking agenda within their domain, to say nothing about such IOs as IOM and individual states, with the USA being the most prominent example. This paper asks what instruments the EU deploys in order to establish itself as a noticeable, influential and potentially coordinating actor in this complex environment involving a significant number of other international governors. We do not look at direct bilateral cooperation of the EU with targeted recipient countries that have been identified as key countries of origin and/or transit for human trafficking in the region. Instead, the paper focuses on partnerships that the EU has been building with other international governors tackling this problem in the postSoviet space. We argue that, contrary to the USA mostly using a “stick” in the form of “naming and shaming” as well as sanctions/threat of sanctions linked to a system of indicators, the EU opts for softer approaches involving production and use of knowledge for policy influence through tactical partnerships with other international governors. This has important implications both for its anti-trafficking action and for its wider international governance agenda. Relying on partnerships with other international governors resulting in production and exchange of (perceived as solid and legitimate) expert knowledge leads to mutual reinforcement of the governor function that the EU and its partners have in the field of anti-human trafficking, as well as in other overlapping policy fields.

Рассматривается проблема возвращения забытого наследия в сфере изучения традиционной культуры коренных народов Сибири. Автор обращается к немногочисленным дореволюционным публикациям Макария (Невского) (1835-1926) по коренным народам Нарымского края, в которых содержатся сведения по лингвистике, религии и этнографии. С целью прийти к объективному пониманию вклада миссионера в науку в статье рассматриваются теоретические подходы миссионера., The researchers note a high actuality and significance of works that contain information about the traditional culture (of the second half of the 19th century the beginning of the 20th century) of North-West Siberian non-literate indigenous peoples. We can find plenty of such data in the records of orthodox missionaries, which are largely ignored by the recent Russian historiography of the problem. Among them are published records of Makarius (Nevsky) (1835-1926) on the indigenous peoples of Narym krai. Meanwhile we encounter foreign scholars' references to his records in the Samoyedology sphere since the 1920s. Foreign historiography shows interest in his works. At that point, linguistic materials are evaluated as relatively high-quality. H. Katz associates their high quality with the previous experience of Makarius (Nevsky's) studies in the field of Turkic languages. He was really a missionary of the Altai ecclesiastical mission whose scientific and translation activities in Turkic sphere is well known to the present Russian scholarship. But it was not born from the scratch. The researchers noted the links between Altai missionaries and A.K. Kazembek (1802-1870), N.I. Ilminsky (1822-1891) belonging to the Russian tradition of Oriental studies. The emergence and development of the tradition was in Kazan in the period from 1807 to 1855. At the same time Kazan became a Russian centre of the Orthodox missionary (usually since 1842, when the Kazan ecclesiastical academy was revived with missionary goals). Scientific Oriental studies advances within the area of Turkic languages, especially in the syntax, opened the way to begin translations into the North West Siberian peoples languages, which attempts had been ineffective before. N.I. Ilminsky theoretically rethought the scientific achievements of Russian Oriental studies researchers to solve the issues of the Russian missionary work. He succeeded in the creation of the inorodets translation system that had proven to be effective for practical translation into unwritten Siberian aboriginal languages. There are following principal characteristics of this system: the translation into people's everyday ordinary language, the adherence to etymology and syntax of the popular style of speaking, the distinguishing of perceptual features of every people (pragmatics). In each concrete case the translation was not only to convey a formal sense, but to produce the perception corresponding to the one produced by the original. The system of N.I. Ilminsky included a gradual plan for the creation of a collection of books in aboriginal languages: from account of the events of the Holy Scripture to spiritual and moral and dogmatic teaching literature. A starting point for consistent account of the most important Biblical events was to be a proper indigene's worldview. On the whole, they should have known the religious life of people, everyday life, family and social relationships, their most important aspects as viewed by the people, perceptual psychology and national character. They recorded data as accurately as possible. Thus, published works of Makarius (Nevsky), though not very large, are valuable not only as eyewitness reports but also as research papers. The research value of his works lies in the fact that orthodox missionary work of the 19th century objectively involved the problem of creating writing systems for non-literate cultures of North-West Siberian peoples whose languages are radically different from European. The solution of this problem became feasible through the achievements of the Russian oriental studies school which included Kazan missionary reformers. The papers of Makarius (Nevsky) are based on the theoretical approaches of Makarius (Gluharev), N.I. Ilminsky and his more than thirty years' personal experience among Turkic peoples. The latter fact gave opportunities to use the comparative-historical method widely. For the first time the missionary paid attention to the study of the religious life and linguistics, the most important aspects of everyday life of aboriginal peoples of Narym krai. He mentioned Khanty (Vasyugan), Selkup (Ob, Tym, Ket). His published materials include separate information on such relevant subjects of Russian his-tonography as shamanism, folklore, counting, naming ceremony, family relations, kinship terminology, calendar system and so on. Their special value is accentuated by linguistics data.

Дается характеристика комментаторской традиции Бхагавад-гиты на примере комментариев Днянешвара и Бхакти-веданты Свами Прабхупады. Автор показывает значение комментаторских традиций в индуизме и выявляет причины негативной реакции индийской общественности на суд в Томске над «Бхагавад-гитой как она есть»., This paper shows the value of commentary traditions in Hinduism on the example of «Bhagavad-Gita.» Interpretation of the «Bhagavad Gita» was a compulsory part of the «triple canon», along with the interpretation of the Upanishads and the «Brahma-sutras,» and this «triad» comment created shaft foundation of the philosophical school, which would incorporate one or another current. Especially the presence of a commentary can be an important indication of the existence of the theological discourse and methodology of modernization of the ancient religion preserved like this to the present. Numerous commentaries, translations, transcriptions and imitations are an integral part of Hinduism, and culture in general. The paper is devoted to the two popular commentaries on the Bhagavad Gita: «Light of the true faith» and the «Bhagavad Gita As It Is.» «Luminary of the true faith» (Bhavarthadipika) was created at the end of the XIII century by the poet-philosopher Jnaneswara, renowned for being a first to comment on «Gita» not in the sacred Sanskrit, yet in the old Marathi, spoken language of the specific historical and cultural region of India Maharashtra. «Luminary» incorporated the original lines from the «Bhagavad Gita» and became the holy book of the so-called tradition varkari Marathi speaking Hindus. For seven centuries, since the work of «Luminary», Marathi has undergone significant change and the text became difficult to understand, so the '«Luminary» was commented by means of modern Marathi. Another commentary on the Bhagavad-gita, most common in the West, is known as «Bhagavad-gita As It Is.» Written by the founder of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, the text became community-forming for Prabhupada's followers, and for the Indians who were brought in line with other traditions overseas and in India. Being an integral part of the commentary tradition within Hinduism, «Bhagavad-gita As It Is» became the subject of judicial proceedings on charges of extremism in Russia. The paper describes the reaction of Indian governments and Indian public to Tomsk court over the book -demonstrations of protests, sharp newspaper articles in the papers, accounting of the topic of «Russian ignorance,» etc. If one examines the analogy between varkari and Hare Krishna followers, it can be noted for sure that both schools, representing the major branches of Western and Eastern Vaishnavism, formed in a similar manner. In conclusion the author shares her thoughts on the specifics of Hinduism schools definitions and on the current «dialogue of religions» in India, which deals with friendly professional study of different religions of each other.

Рассматривается деятельность библиографического бюро и библиотечной комиссии Института исследований Сибири в 1919-1920 гг. Преимущественно на основании архивных материалов проанализированы состав бюро и комиссии, их структура, смета этих подразделений. Освещена деятельность бюро по составлению сибирской библиографии и словаря сибирских деятелей. Рассмотрен вопрос формирования фондов библиотеки, способы ее комплектования, обозначен круг дарителей. Охарактеризованы условия работы сотрудников библиографического бюро и библиотечной комиссии Института исследований Сибири., The article is devoted to the bibliographic bureau and library committee of Siberia research institute in 1919-1920. In the paper there is analyzed the staff of bureau and committee, their structure, the estimate of these divisions, there is showed the activities of bureau of compiling Siberian bibliographies, Siberian figures dictionary. Paper ransiders the formation of the library, the methods of its acquisition, the circle of grantors, described the working conditions of employees of bibliographic bureau and library committee of Siberia research institute. The task of bibliographic bureau was to work on the general bibliography of Siberia. In the bibliographical bureau entered M.K. Azadovsky, P.G. Liubomirov, A.I. Milutin, M.G. Kurlov, E.V. Diehl, etc. M.K. Azadovsky was appointed the head of the bureau. Bureau was composed of the departments «Literature and literary criticism», «Review and bibliographical notes», «Review of current literature», «Review of Foreign Literature», etc. The large projects implemented by bureau can be called bibliographic pointers «Siberia in the Russian journalism 19011917», «Siberia in the Russian historical journals and periodicals of 1901-1917» and dictionary of Siberian figures. In compiling the bibliography office employees viewed about 100 journal titles (both general and specific scientific and monthlies) and more than 150 titles of scientific and periodical press. It has been viewed nearly 10,000 numbers of various editions and publications. Number of composed bibliographic cards reached 23,000. At the institute as an independent structural unit there was formed a library. The library is enriched both by donations and through buying of books. The largest acquisition was the purchase of G.N. Potanin library. The library fund grew rapidly. On October 15, 1920 in the fund there were listed more than 3000 titles of books and periodicals, and more than 8,000 copies of books, pamphlets, magazines, etc. After the restoration of Soviet power in Siberia because of the problems with financing the activities of the Institute has been discontinued. Thus, at the Institute for Siberian Research during the Civil War, there was made the first a large-scale attempt in the region to establish the work to information support of researches and building a large thematic library. Despite the short duration of the institute, Bureau of bibliographic and library staff managed to do a great job that will be continued in the next decade at the Tomsk University.

Рассматривается проблема типологической сопоставимости явлений буддийской книжной культуры Бурятии с явлениями иной этноконфессиональной книжности. Анализу подвергается парчин литература, которая представлена одновременно и в философской схоластике, и в религиозном ритуале. Материалом для исследования послужили фонды тибе-то-монгольской литературы Центра восточных рукописей и ксилографов ИМБТ СО РАН и базы данных, полученные в ходе социально-археографических экспедиций по Бурятии и Забайкальскому краю (2006-2011 гг.). Обращение к социо-антропологической составляющей конфессиональной книжности дает возможность по-новому увидеть сущность КЭКК, а именно, бивалентность конфессионального текста, Modern studies in the field of confessional book culture (CBC) face a lot of questions. One of the most important is as follows: is there a typological similarity in CBC beyond ethnic and religious specificity? The phenomenon I consider in this paper is a symbiosis of philosophy (scholastic studies) and religious practice (ritual) in CBC. Results of my fieldwork of Buddhist book culture in Buryatia indicate that the Phar phyin (Prajna-paramita) texts are central and bivalent in CBC (i.e. involving both scholastic philosophy and religious ritual). I do emphasize that while studying this problem the methods of social archaeography are very important. I focus on not only a book per se but also on socio-cultural context around it. Phar phyin (Prajna-Paramita) literature is a foundation of scholastic education in Buryatia. Phar phyin literature in Buryat monastic education system can be divided into two groups: 1. translations of original Indian works (root texts); 2. Tibetan and Mongolian commentaries. In the Buryat monastic tradition it is accepted to divide Tibetan and Mongolian commentaries into four groups: (1) pre-Geluk authors, (2) those penned by great reformer Je Tsongkapa and his disciples, (3) Jamyang Shepa and his contemporaries, (4) authors (17-20 th) from Gomang college of Drepung Monastery, Sera Monastery (Lhasa, Central Tibet), monasteries of Amdo (Northeastern Tibet), Mongolia and Buryatia. Phar phyin books kept by Buryat Buddhist laymen usually include: (1) a great collection of Shataskhasrika-Prajnaparamita (Prajnaparamita in One Hundred Thousand Verses), (2) a collection of Ashtasahasrika-Prajnaparamita (Prajnaparamita in Eight Thousand Verses), and (3) Vajrachhedika Prajnaparamita (Diamond Prajnaparamita). Thus, in cultural reality of Buddhist Buryatia, Phar phyin literature exists on two levels: as a scholastic manual and an everyday ritualistic literature. Therefore, the paper forwards a hypothesis that confessional texts may have a bivalent character, and the nature of CBC lies in interaction of ritual and philosophy.

Анализируются антропологические материалы из аварийных раскопок 2012 г. на территории Богородицко-Алексеевского мужского монастыря. Изучение данных материалов дает информацию о демографии, социальном статусе, антропологическом составе, палеопатологических особенностях, состоянии здоровья, образе жизни населения города. Исследуются патологические изменения, зафиксированные на остеологическом материале. Были выявлены: дегенеративно-дистрофические заболевания позвоночника и суставов, травмы и посттравматические изменения. Эти патологические изменения свидетельствуют о частых микротравмах, о тяжелых физических нагрузках, случайных бытовых травмах. Подобная информация позволяет реконструировать исторические события в г. Томске конца XVIII-XIX в., This paper analyzes the new anthropological materials from the emergency excavations in Bogoroditsk-Alexis friary. The bone materials (skull and postcranial skeleton) are a unique historical source for the reconstruction of life of the population of Siberian cities in XVII-XIX centuries, which is relevant to such scientific trend as urban archeology. Comprehensive study of anthropological materials according to different systems of indications provides information on the demography, social status, anthropological composition, paleopathological characteristics, health status, lifestyle, nutrition, economic activity of first townsfolk. The first experience of the anthropological study of the Tomsk population based on the Orthodox cemetery data was the paper of S.M. Chugunov who analyzed the data by means of the craniometric technique. The accumulated data on the close to the present population one require special methods of studying involving assistance of medical faculties' staff. The remains of those buried in the above mentioned cemetery (BAM-2012) were the object of the study. There were carried out the sex-age identifications of the 60 individuals, including 37 men, 22 women and one child. Most bones are adequately preserved and presented as relatively complete skeletons. After the osteoscopic analysis the skulls and post-cranial skeletons with most marked pathological indications (30 male and 13 female) were selected. The report is devoted to the analysis of the pathological changes fixed on the osteologic material. The degen-erative-dystrophic diseases of a spine and joints, trauma and post-traumatic changes and abnormalities were identified. These lesions show frequent microtraumas, sometimes acute spinal injuries from heavy physical exertion, random injuries, falling from a horse, a brawl (costal and tubular bones fractures), and daily monotonous exercise stress on certain parts of a musculoskeletal system. The latter fact provides information about a person's career (a carpenter, loader, and rider). Such information together with the epidemiological situation in Tomsk at the end of XVIII and XIX century allows reconstructing of historical moments in Tomsk life.

Приводятся некоторые итоги палеографического описания рукописей на бересте из заимочной коллекции сибирских старообрядцев. Дается характеристика почерков, материалов и средств письма, оформления рукописей. Анализируется практика письма, использование полууставной и скорописной графики. Приводится краткая характеристика репертуара рукописей в сравнении с репертуаром рукописей на бумаге. Проведенное исследование позволяет сделать предварительные выводы о месте кириллической письменности (в частности, письма на бересте) в жизни и быту сибирских старообрядцев., Some results of paleographical description of birch-bark manuscripts of Zaimochnaya (squatting) collection, belonging to Siberian old-believers, are summarized in this article. The material for writing (birchbark) is described; its processing methods are noticed (peeling of the upper layer, pressing). All the manuscripts under description consist of one gathering of a small format (octavo). The reason for using birch-bark as a material for writing could well be connected with the absence of paper; and letters to hermits prove this assumption. Two types of handwriting are used in the manuscripts: semi uncial and cursive. All manuscripts under study can be divided into three parts: the first group manuscripts written in large scratchy semi uncial, the second group in more professional semi uncial, the third group in cursive with a large variety of scripts. Writing practice is analyzed, which allows to reconstruct the methods of pen sharpening and make a conclusion about the qualification of a scriber. Tools for writing, used by old-believers, are enumerated: pen, pencil, a pointed object, which was used for scratching the text. It is shown, that there was not close connection between text type and the way of writing: sacral texts were not always rewritten in semi uncial. Material for writing and type of handwriting were not strict markers for dividing sacral/secular spheres. In general, all that was said about handwritings should be considered as degradation, reduction of graphical tradition, loss of definite relations in the pair text method of its reproduction. This process was still in progress in secluded old-believers hermitages in the middle of XX century, as one can see from the materials under study. A short description of the repertory of birch-bark manuscripts in comparison with that of paper ones is given. It is shown that menologies and texts for household use predominate among birch-bark manuscripts. Birch-bark manuscripts performed a function of filling repertory lacunas; they also performed a communicative function. Writing was very widespread in everyday life of hermits, it was very common for them, and notably it was Cyrillic writing primarily. However, writing was not interpreted by hermits as some sacral attribute, connected with the sacral world only; on the contrary, it was also widely used for household needs. The research allows to draw some preliminary conclusions about the place of Cyrillic writing (particularly, writing on birch-bark) in everyday life of Siberian old-believers.

Рассматривается проделанное основоположником методологии системного анализа Александром Александровичем Богдановым (1873-1928) исследование процессов перехода западноевропейского капитализма в «финансовую» фазу развития в первой четверти XX в. С позиций тектологии в статье оценивается связь финансового капитала с милитаристскими группами и государственной бюрократией, характеризуются перспективы развития общества под воздействием данного триумвирата экономических и политических сил. Особое внимание уделено обстоятельствам возникновения мирового военного кризиса 1914-1918 гг. и следующей за ним «военно-коммунистической» трансформации социальной системы., This article is about the research of processes of transition of the West-European capitalism in a financial phase of development in the first quarter XX of century. This research was made by Alexander Bogdanov (1873-1928), the original founder of system analysis methodology (Bogdanov was the first scientist in the world who investigated laws of organization process, which subsequently became a basis of tectology first methodology of the system analysis). The union of the financial capital with militarist groups and state bureaucracy is estimated from tectologic positions and the prospects of development of a society under influence of this union of economic and political forces are characterized. Bogdanov approved, that the financial capital aimed only at profit extraction, inevitably deforms all socio economic system, having made a basis of its functioning not consumer, but virtual symbolical cost embodied in such specific goods, as various valuable papers and credit obligations (which were named the paper gold by Bogdanov). In this situation state bureaucracy will be compelled to play a role of financial capitalists pay ability guarantor, and militarist groups will be converted to the tool of maintenance of virtual symbolical values of the financial capital and also become a primary factor of social and political stability. By a result of development of the given union financial capitalists the government officials and military headquarters, on Bogdanovs idea, inevitably must be wars getting more and more large-scale character. The special attention is given to circumstances of global military crisis in 1914-1918, to following for it military-communist transformation of social system, and to changed role of intellectual group in a society under influence of the military communism. Bogdanov approved, that the First World war planned as Blitzkrieg, has taken the form of exaustable war not because it has appeared most large-scale war, that is why, that the socio economic system, deformed by the financial capital, objectively could not organize life-support of a society (received super-profits remained virtual and were not converted in vitally necessary resources, the requirement in which has strongly increased). A problem of life-support was compelled to solve by the state bureaucracy which has established military-communist leveling distribution of the vital boons and directive planning of their manufacture. The intellectual group turned into the basic organizing force of a society and which has pushed aside the financial capital from production management was actively involved in process of planning.

Дан биографический очерк и характеристика основных научных интересов известного российского историка профессора Томского университета Анисы Нурлгаяновны Жеравиной, жизнь и творчество которой отразили все сложности развития российского социума и гуманитарного знания в ХХ в. Особое внимание уделено особенностям функционирования «научных школ» и роли историка в современной культуре., In this paper you can find a biographical sketch and description of the main scientific interests of the famous Russian historian a professor of Tomsk University Anisa Nurlgayanovna Zheravina, whose life and work reflected the complexities of Russia in the twentieth century. The fate of A. Zheravina demonstrates that the historian can live in harmony with himself, despite the change of life circumstances, following the main principle of historians not a word of lie. Mindedness and learning, the desire to impart knowledge to pupils and colleagues, this all words about her life. Practically all Zheravina's life associated with the national history department of Tomsk University, where she was a graduate student, associate professor, professor, when he had to the head of the department. While her research interests was diverse, they can be reduced to a few areas the history of the Siberian peasants, the history of Tomsk city, a Siberian press, the Russian culture. A.N. Zheravina made a significant contribution to the study of Russian history, she was among the leading scientific schools of Tomsk State University, who study the history of Siberia. She is author of more than 80 scientific papers about history of the peasantry, management and culture of Siberia, including three books about the history of the peasantry and the imperial economy in Siberia. In the book "Imperial farm in Siberia. 1747-1861"(Tomsk, 2005) A.N. Zheravina investigated Crown ownership in Siberia and has identified the financial foundation of Russian imperial family, which allowed her to be independent and autonomous in domestic politics in the second half of XVIII the beginning of the twentieth century. Past five years Zheravina's innovative research, continuously supported by grants from the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation. Her contribution to the preparation of highly qualified personnel was essential. She was supervisor of successfully defended 16 PhD theses, and three doctoral dissertations in the "History" specialty. A.N. Zheravina is a member of two doctoral dissertation councils at Tomsk State University in the field of history and ethnology, a permanent member of expert committees and dissertations opponent. The 80th anniversary of A.N. Zheravina gave occasion to her colleagues to reflect on the fate of Russian historians in the rough for the country of the twentieth century.

Анализируются экономические основы и результаты Столыпинской аграрной модернизации, рассматриваемые как органичная часть социального процесса включения российского крестьянства начала ХХ в. в земельно-рыночные и хозяйственные рыночно-капиталистические отношения., The paper focuses on the economic foundations of Stolypins agrarian reforms. Relying on the well known and thoroughly verified primary sources on the problem, the paper tries to analyze the economic content of the reforms major elements and results as an integral part of Russian peasantrys inclusion into the land-market and market-economy relationships.. The major strategic objective of Stolypins agrarian modernization was to increase the agricultural productive forces, to improve the peasants well-being, to stabilize the social and political situation in the countryside and to establish a societal foundation for monarchy and order in the face of prosperous land owners. According to P.A. Stolypin, Russias future agrarian system had to include small prosperous market-oriented households of peasantry and highly developed large capitalist farms of land gentry. The reformers saw the way to achieve these objectives and develop a modern agrarian system through the establishment of a free land market that had to provide for the transfer of land to efficient peasants by peaceful and economic means. Accordingly, the reform had three economic elements: 1) the market mobilization of community lands; 2) the expansion of the market for gentry-owned and state-owned land; 3) the support of the state to the peasants resettlement to Siberia and the development of the regional land market. The destruction of the land community was the major component of agrarian transformations. The decree of November 9, 1906 and the law of June 14. 1910 allowed the peasants to leave the community, to transfer their plots to private property and to move from a community parcel land usage to individual plots represented by farmsteads and cut offs. The law of May 29, 1911 established that settlements where the land redistribution had taken place would be considered to have moved to the hereditary ownership of land plots. On the whole, from 1907 to 1915 2.5 million households, or 27 % of community members, left communities and secured their lands as private property. 2.8 million households with homestead ownership should be added. Consequently, 5.3 million peasants, or 40 % of their total numbers, became land owners. Applications for land redistribution were submitted by 6.2 millions, or more than 60 % of all the community members. With the help of the Peasant Bank, peasants purchased 4 million dessiatinas of genry lands. On the total, they purchased 10 million dessiatinas. From 1906 to 1916 3 million persons moved beyond the Urals, to the lands of the national colonization fund. Thus, the years of the Stolypin land reform saw the beginning of the development of a class of owner peasants and of the united land market (40 % of communal and 20 % of gentry lands). The Stolypin reform pushed the countrys agrarian development along the road of the peaceful evolution. It created the prerequisites for the economic victory of a peasant enterprise over a gentry estate in the sphere of agricultural production and in the land market. The reform unleashed the creative modernization potential of peasantry manifested in the rapid development of rural cooperatives. But the Stolypin modernization remained unfinished it was interrupted by the bloody epoch of revolutions and the civil war.

Представлены результаты библиометрического анализа 340 диссертационных работ, посвященных изучению направлений и форм музейной деятельности, истории музейного дела, отдельных музейных учреждений и различных аспектов их деятельности., The paper presents the results of bibliometric analysis of 340 dissertation researches on the areas and forms of museum activities, history museum, museum of individual institutions and the various aspects of their activities. Theses have a special place among the documents of a scientific nature: they give an idea of trends in the development of science and about the topics which help to identify more unexplored aspects of theme. The paper presents the analys of domestic dissertation research of the museum in general and museum institutions. Total found 340 dissertation research of the museum"s theme. As a result, quantitative analysis revealed that the major increase in knowledge of the museum"s theme is carried out within the three branches of science (history, culture and education). Analysis of issues of dissertation research presents the following results: several studies have been covered issues of economic and managment issues, of new technologies in various areas of museum activities, the emergence of new trends in museum activities. The study confirmed that the museum as an institution, as a cultural phenomenon, as a center of scientific research is an integral part of society. The study of museum today has become one of the most urgent tasks in connection with the increased interest in cultural heritage, its study, preservation and reproduction, which actualizes the necessity to build coordination work with the constant analysis and discussion of research of museum issues.

Рассматривается проблема соотношения социальной и исторической памяти. Социальная память направлена на достижение ценностно-смыслового консенсуса, память историческая стремится сохранить и передать фактические знания о прошлом. Социальная память и память историческая, имея идентичный объект отражения, отличаются способами фиксации его содержания и формами отражения социального бытия., In the paper the problem of social and historical memory correlation is stated. The correlation of real past, its preservation and adequate understanding by actual present is meant. Historical memory is conscious addressing to the past implying all the positive and negative sides. It is an attempt to restore the true character of the past events reflected in historical theory. Historical memory is a subject of research of historians who have the aim to reveal what was really happening during this or that historical event as well as it is a subject of research of philosophers who try to find out the main tendencies and meaning of historical development that are reflected in historical consciousness. As social memory covers a wide range of material kept in memory, it is less connected with the real carriers of its content and is less exposed to manipulation. Moreover, the process of social memory existence itself is realised in such forms of its existence which embrace deep essential characteristics of a society rooted in myths and archetypes. Historical memory appears as a reflection of a particular "order" for this or that reception of the past. It results in rerecording and revaluating of the historic past where its content is either consciously profaned or sublimated. Social memory is directed at reaching value and meaning consensus whereas historical memory is aimed at preserving and handing over real knowledge about the past. While having identical object of reflection both social and historical memory are different in terms of ways of its content recording and forms of social existence. The core systematically important aspect that brings together social and historical memory is a person (the mankind as a whole) who performs as a carrier of both historical and social memory. But a person combining some things of temporary and eternal, universal and particular character is constantly constructing his attitude to the world, and this ongoing creative dialogue can cause the appearance of social memory. Therefore, a person, social group or the society as a whole act as both objects and subjects of historical and social memory. Objects to the extent to which they reveal their objective social existence in the society. Subjects as they can change actively and even manipulate the social memory content. The issue of social memory "age" is considered in the paper. Historical memory as an earlier form of reception of a person's and mankind's existence has a great longer history and is, accordingly, older. Social memory appears when the original unity of the society is lost and there is a necessity for building up some other theoretical constructors that can reflect a social existence of a person, group or state.

Показано становление структур гражданского общества в Томске, одном из крупнейших сибирский центров, на рубеже XIX-ХХ вв., охарактеризованы основные формы и способы проявления гражданских инициатив, выявлены факторы, влияющие на их развитие., At the turn of the XX-th century all the spheres of life in Tomsk underwent profound changes, influenced by the capitalist modernization. The institutions of the civil society began to take shape. The citizens social activism was materialized in the activities of public organizations and political parties, in publishing activities, in organizing various campaigns. This article tries to generalize, expand (by means of using new sources) and systematize the information about the origins of the institutions of civil society in Tomsk in the late 19th early 20th centuries, to show the dynamics of their formation and functioning. Greater public activism was connected with the development of education and culture. In the 1880s 1890s the Tomsk clergy set up the affiliations of missionary organizations. The developments of the institutions of civil society in Tomsk, as well as in the whole country, was strongly influenced by the First Russian Revolution. The liberal and revolutionary ideologies became wide-spread. A reflection of the democratization of public life was the creation of the branches of liberal political parties, trade unions, the expansion of the network of non-governmental periodicals. The student organizations were represented by scientific and technical study groups and sport clubs, as well as by a number of organizations uniting people from the same areas/ The organizations of national minorities were tightly controlled by the authorities who thwarted every attempt on their part to exceed the limits of the permitted activities. In the war years the womens movement became more active. The major forms of student associations were still the organizations of descendants from the same areas, with a notable increase in the share of those uniting students from Siberian regions (Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk). The activities of the clergy were also touched by the events. The war brought significant changes in the social life of the city and the public conscience. Growing prices on food, clothes, household goods, as well as their shortage since the autumn of 1915, engendered discontent and animosity. In February 1916 the first sugar riot happened in Tomsk. There were rumours of the approaching famine. In August 1916 cards on sugar were introduced in Tomsk, in January 1917 cards on flour, and later on bread. There was growing public resentment against the authorities. Siberian papers reprinted satirical articles against the tsar and his associates from Moscow and Petrograd papers. By the early 1917 here were clear signs of the revolutionary situation in Tomsk, although the economic crisis in the region was much less salient than in the central part of the country. At the turn of the 20th century the capitalist modernization, accompanied by the changes in the social structures, resulted in the development of the elements of civil society. Since mid-19th century till 1917 at least 235 public and 20 cooperative organizations and the branches of all the big Russian parties functioned in Tomsk with varying degree of activism, 81 periodicals were published. The movements of workers, youth, women, national minorities were gaining strength. 19 conventions and conferences were held in Tomsk, the representatives of the city took part in 11 all-Russian conventions. However, the development of the elements of civil society was hindered by the policies of the tsarist regime. The lack of conditions for the full materialization of civil initiatives paved the way for the setting up of illegal organizations and the reinforcement of anti-government sentiments.

Рассматривается проблема формирования базы знаний в Центре сопровождения студентов с инвалидностью (ЦеССИ). В Центре, который начал работу в ТУСУРе, отсутствует постоянный штат сотрудников, его работу поддерживают студенты из проектных групп. Содержится описание собственных разработок авторов, таких, как анализ сонаправленности. Применение на практике всех указанных методик позволит руководителю подобной организации успешно накапивать и передавать знания об основной деятельности., The paper addresses the problem of building a knowledge base in support of the Supporting Center for Students with Disabilities (SCSD). The center, which began to work in TUCSR, has no permanent staff, its work is supporting by students from the project teams. This approach has both advantages and disadvantages. One of the main drawbacks is the need to constantly train new employees basic techniques and methods. In this situation it becomes necessary to create a knowledge base, to which could handle each new employee of the Centre. Using such a database reduces the time between the formation of a new team and bringing it to the project, reduces the risk of failure in the organization, generally increases the success of activities undertaken by the Center. This paper contains an analysis of experience adapting reception center accumulation and transfer of knowledge, which are used in IT-design, such as mind maps, documentation of the necessary data, iterative reporting, etc. Authors disclose the concept of "cold" and "hot" communications, affirms the principle of "from hot to cold communications. Also, the article describes the authors' own developments, such as analysis of codirectionality The practical application of these techniques will allow the head of such an organization successfully collect and transmit knowledge about the main activities.

Рассматриваются причины, цели и итоги посещения Г.Н. Потаниным Горного Алтая в период с 1852 по 1915 г. Отмечено, что Потанин посещал этот регион в связи с военной службой в 1852-1856 гг., в связи с экспедициями в 1863-1864 и 1877-1879 гг., а также во время поездок на отдых в 1908-1915 гг. Во время этих посещений Потанин занимался научным изучением края больше всего как этнограф и фольклорист. Результаты этого изучения им опубликованы и представляют научный интерес и по настоящее время., In this paper the motives, purposes and results of visiting of Altai (Russian Altai) by G.N. Potanin in period from 1852 till 1915 are analyzed. For the first time Potanin visited this region in 1852 when he arrived to Semipalatinsk for military service. From here he went to Ust-Kamenogorsk, where for the first time in his life he saw mountains western flanks of Altai. He had also been in these locations later, because of both military service and expeditions in 1863-1864 to the mountain range Tarbagatay and lake Zaysan. Here he also became acquainted with life and economical activity of the population of valley of Buhtarma. In 1855-1856 Potanin was on a military service at the stanitsas Antonyevskaya and Charyshskaya in the valleys of northern flanks of Altai. All this time besides military service and expeditionary works he was actively occupied by studying geography of the territory, collecting herbarium, researching ethnography and folklore of both Russian and native population of this region. In 1877 and 1879 Potanin traversed Altai through the Chuyskiy road in view of expeditions to Mongolia. He used this circumstance too to research the geography of the region and the economic status of aboriginal population, and also to collect folklore stuff. Next period of visiting of Altai by Potanin was related to the so-called voyages in 1908-1915 to Anos and Onguday for the rest. In actual fact he used this time for ethnographical observations, collection and processing of folklore stuff. Potanin published all collected materials completely enough (the paper cites references to these publications). The results of his ethnographical observations and folklore stuff are of scientific interest up to the present time.

Статья посвящена изучению роли «китайских» рынков в процессах постсоветских городских трансформаций. На примере Иркутска ставится вопрос о том, каким образом рынки взаимодействуют с городом и какие последствия имеют такие взаимодействия. Анализ строится в рамках концепции естественного развития городской среды, подчеркивающей роль рынка в организации пространства города. На основе изучения «китайских» рынков Иркутска обосновывается тезис о том, что, несмотря на изменения формата и внутренней организации таких объектов, они по-прежнему остаются неотъемлемым элементом городской среды и одной из доминант ее развития., The paper is devoted to research of the function of "Chinese" markets in the processes of Post-Soviet urban transformation. The example of Irkutsk shows how the markets interact with the city and consequences of these interactions. "Chinese" markets transformed into integral part of the city infrastructure and consequently became an important factor of development of urban space. The important result of market integration lay in the fact that the market interrelation with the urban space is not in the research field. Hence, the aim of the study is determination and analysis of "Chinese" market's role in the processes of urban space organization in Irkutsk. The empirical basis of study is the results of observation of the largest Irkutsk "Chinese" markets "Shankhai" ("Shanghai") and "Kitai-gorod" ("China-town"). Transformations of "Shankhai" reveal interrelation between reshaping of "Chinese" market and city's spatial changes. This market changed many forms from the open market (like a grass-root place of bargain) to the container market and later to the contemporary shopping mall. Nevertheless, despite the form modifications the essence of "market" relations remains unchanged. "Shankhai" plays formative role for the central part of the city as the area of bargain and its infrastructure. The second case of "Kitai-gorod" appeared as a result of attempts to control the future development processes of "Shankhai". In this case, the formative role of market is enhanced and demonstrates another way to "Chinese" market's influence on organization of urban space. The market is located in the city's peripheral so it strengthens the spatial connections between the city areas and ensures the integration of outskirts in urban social space. At the same time, it contributed to the separation of the new "Chinese" market from "Shankhai". The changes of Irkutsk "Chinese" markets demonstrate their role in city development processes. "Chinese" markets have economic function, which is closely related with their social importance. The markets are the basis of new urban localities, which define development of spatial and social development of the city. Markets provide people-to-people and human-space interactions. They determine the multifunctionality of urban space and the system of the intercity connections. In this way, the "Chinese" markets have a special meaning: despite their new forms, these markets set the context for further spatial development of Irkutsk. On the one hand, transformation of "Chinese" markets is the answer to changes in social life of the city, but on the other hand, this is evolution of urban development mechanism.

Данное исследование основано на сопоставлении и интеграции генетических и антропологических данных по близким к современности группам населения Восточной Европы, Кавказа, Сибири и Центральной Азии с помощью многомерной статистики. Результаты анализа указывают на высокий уровень генетического и антропологического сходства манси, селькупов и саамов, что больше согласуются с гипотезой единого происхождения большинства уралоязычных народов, чем с теорией их метисного европеоидно-монголоидного происхождении. Также наши данные позволяют говорить о родстве тубаларов и некоторых предков юкагиров с западносибирскими угорскими и самодийскими группами. При этом тубалары демонстрируют достаточно высокий уровень генетического своеобразия, который видимо является следствием действия таких стохастических процессов, как генетический дрейф и / или эффект основателя в условиях малой численности популяции и её относительной репродуктивной изоляции. Наши данные также указывают отличное от эскимосов и чукчей происхождение алеутов., The paper is focused on population history of indigenous groups of Siberia and Russian Far East. By means of multivariate statistics we compared and integrated genetic (single-nucleotide polymorphism) and morphologic cranial metric (14 traits), cranial nonmetric (6 traits) and dental (10 traits) data on different Northern Eurasian modern groups. Analysis consisted of two stages. On the first stage we analyzed different systems of traits separately using principal component analysis for nonmetric traits and canonical variate analysis for metrical characteristics. After that, the results of nonmetric and metric analyses were combined by regarding PCs and two CVs as new traits and subjecting them to new PC analysis. The resulting integral principal components minimize the statistical errors inherent in the analysis of single systems. Basically we found high level of correspondence between morphologic and genetic data. For the first vectors which divide European and Asian groups correlation coefficients between genetic and morphologic data are between 0.89-0.95 (p

Исследованы обстоятельства жизненного пути, общественной деятельности в эмиграции в Болгарии и вероятной гибели осенью 1944 г. генерал-лейтенанта русской армии Н.Э. Бредова. Приведены сведения по истории русской диаспоры в Болгарии, вновь открытые архивные материалы, уточняющие события Гражданской войны на Юге России, Бредовского похода, деятельности органов военной контрразведки СССР Смерш и спецслужбы Народно-освободительной армии Югославии ОЗНА на территории Болгарии и Югославии., The circumstances of the lifepath of the participant of Russian-Japanese war and World War I, general lieuthenant Nikolay Emilievich Bredov are observed in the paper. It is underlined that he went down in history of the Civil war as a head of "Bredov's March" (an ordered retirement of his troops from Transnistria to Poland on February 1920). As a result of it, nearly 20 thousand men were saved from death. The materials of researches on Russian diaspora in Bulgaria which was one of the most representative, consisting mainly of ex-officers and rank-and-file members of White armies, and new-founded archive documents are considered. The information about N.E. Bredov's fate after the Soviet Army entered the country and the Revolution of 1944 has been verified. It remained unknown before. Any information about any repressions used against him are absent in the archives of Federal Security Service and Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russian Federation. Regarding Bulgaria as the place of concentration of Russian emigrants looking forward to continuing an armed struggle against the USSR, and as the field of active counteraction between the secret services of the USSR and Germany, the archive materials of the military counterintelligence (SMERSH) of the Soviet Army troops acting in Bulgaria in 1944 were studied. Based on the documents found, it was stated that N.E. Bredov was detained by the officers of SMERSH service of the 3rd Ukrainian forefront on the 25th of October, 1944. The record of his interrogation that took place on the 18th of November, 1944 contains the details about the events of the Civil war in the South of Russia, Bredov's March, an information about the staff and activities of one of the Russian organizations in Bulgaria Society of Russian General Staff officers. There are not any grounds for accusing N.E. Bredov presented in the considered materials, except for his acknowledgement that he and his fellows from Society of Russian General Staff officers had negative opinion about the Soviet reality. There is an information in archive documents that the SMERSH in the field work on the territory of Bulgaria and Jugoslavia collaborated with OZNA (Otdel Zaschity Naroda Department of Nation Security, special service of Jugoslavia), in particular, transported some of the arrested Russian emigrants to them. The same happened to N.E. Bredov, who was delivered to OZNA members from Vrshaz (Jugoslavia) on the 24 th of November, 1944. Taking into account the fact that OZNA practiced mass shootings without any trial at that time, one can suggest that he was executed at the end of 1944.

Структурирование жилого пространства является универсалией человеческого проксемического поведения. Однако сами способы организации жилого пространства различаются в разных культурах и могут меняться под влиянием иноэтничного окружения. В работе рассматриваются трансформации в организации жилого пространства дома, происходящие в семьях народов Кавказа, переехавших в Москву., Dwelling house is an image of human-cultural space, it is a material reflection of identities and values of its inhabitants, and its location and internal structure organizes social relations of households. Structuring of the living space is a generalist of proxemics human behavior. In all cultures we found rules of etiquette governing the location of individuals in the house, depending on their status, age, sex and relationship. In proxemics it is expressed in the form of ethnic and etiquette regulations of ritualized communication in typical situations of interaction. The spatial organization of living space of house is absorbed in the process of socialization of children and reproduced and unchanged during adult life. These cultural standards are stereotyped and extremely stable, many of them remain almost unchanged for hundreds of years, preserving the imprint of an ancient culture. At the same time in a living space of home there is a change all the time. Such example is the structuring of the living space of home of a compact ethnic group living in another ethnic environment. This paper deals with the transformations of the organization of living space of home, taking place in the family of Caucasus ethnics migrated to Moscow. The study was conducted by interviewing children and adolescents of different ethnics and ages. It was found that ethnicity, number of family members, their age and gender composition and the number of rooms in the house or flat are the determining factors in the structuring of living space. Our data showed that the majority of children and adolescents strictly observes norms and traditions of the spatial behavior in the family (gender segregation, respect for elders, the rules of seating at the dining table). Girls stricter follow the norms of behavior of their ethnic, which dictated to them by both parents and boys of their nationality. However, at school, in another ethnic environment, migrants are slowly beginning to adopt standards of behavior of the ethnic majority. They note that in Moscow they can do something that is unacceptable in their own region, but for Moscow it is a normally. According to the classification of the J. Fast, in our study in proxemic category "open" families we included Armenians and Georgians, and to the "closed" Nakhs (Chechens and Ingush), Dagestanis and Azerbaijanis. These differences explain of different religious settings, and greater freedom of the Armenian and Georgian women.

На основе технологического и сравнительного анализа выявлены виды текстильных материалов из остяцких могильников XVI-XVII в. Пачангского и на Остяцкой Горе, применявшихся при изготовлении одежды предками нарымских селькупов (остяко-самоедов). Показано происхождение этих находок и определена их принадлежность к местному или привозному (импортному) текстилю. Наряду с этим выявлено, имеются ли аналоги данного текстиля среди других погребальных памятников XVI-XVII вв. Прикетья и на р. Оби., The aim of the paper is to examine the textile findings from the above-mentioned burial grounds as an important historical source for studying the traditional costume of the Selkups who lived along the Ob River. Technological analysis is used as one of the basic research methods. The study shows the prevalence of wool fabrics among the textile findings. Six samples of the best preserved wool fabrics were analyzed. It was found out that they were made by plain weave. Fabrics made of medium yarns twisted in one direction according to the Z-Z pattern with a slight felt-like overlay on one side prevail. Two fabric samples with a denser felt-like overlay are made by plain weave, but from yarns twisted in different directions according to the Z-S pattern. Therefore, they can be attributed to broadcloth. One sample is made of medium yarn, the other one from yarn of group 3 attributed to thick yarn. Fabrics of grades III and IV were used for clothing. The findings also include textiles made of zero-twist silk (silk fabric, spun threads, hand woven silk cord) and fabrics of plant origin (cotton?). Thus, fragments of clothes from the above-mentioned burial grounds are represented by various materials. The textiles are based on two fabrication technologies: woven and nonwoven. In addition to woolen textiles, the findings include textiles made of non-woven silk (silk fabric, spun threads, silk cord) and fabrics of plant origin (cotton?). The analyzed fabrics are supposed to have been imported. Wool textiles are likely to have been delivered from the most developed textile manufacturing centers in the European part of Russia. Silk and plant textiles are likely to be of oriental origin (China or Central Asia). It is noteworthy that twill-woven fabrics have not been found in the monuments under study. The comparative technological analysis of these textiles against fabrics of the 16th-17th centuries from the Tomsk-Narym Ob region and the Keti river shows that there are similar fabrics among them.

Анализируется уровень медицинского обслуживания населения в крупных городах Западной Сибири в 1914-1917 гг. На основе вводимых в научный оборот архивных источников делается вывод о том, что в годы Первой мировой войны в Омске, Томске, Новониколаевске и Барнауле оно было организовано на неудовлетворительном уровне. Горожане столкнулись с загруженностью лечебных учреждений военнопленными и беженцами, а также военнообязанными, для которых изначально не было построено достаточно лечебных учреждений. С первого года войны сибирские города захлестнули многочисленные эпидемии заразных заболеваний, источником которых часто были вышеупомянутые социальные группы. Среди причин возникновения неблагоприятной эпидемической обстановки автор выделяет: недостаток врачей, медикаментов и медицинских инструментов вследствие ухода персонала на войну и прекращения импорта из заграницы, антисанитарные условия проживания вынужденных переселенцев, плохое питание больных, а также недофинансирование лечебных заведений. Вместе с тем подчёркивается, что сибирские врачи и местные власти предпринимали ряд эффективных мер по борьбе с заразными заболеваниями и смогли предотвратить более масштабные эпидемии., The article attempts for the first time to comprehensively analyze the impact of the First World War on the state of medical care in the rear of the large cities of Western Siberia in 1914-1917. The choice of research topic is not accidental: the majority of modern scientific articles is devoted to military medicine and care of the sick and wounded soldiers, and period of the First World War in the development of civil medicine practically does not stands out, and therefore, complete conclusions about how the war has affected on health care of citizens remaining in the rear were not made. The article consists of three parts. At the beginning of the article the author makes a brief historiographic review of pre-revolutionary, Soviet and contemporary literature on the subject, and gives substantiation of its relevance. Then the main part of the paper attempts to describe the epidemiological situation in the cities of Western Siberia in 1914-1917 and to highlight the causes of its deterioration. Finally, in the third part of the article the author discusses the steps of local authorities in the fight against infectious diseases and on the basis of the analysis and synthesis of information from archival sources and literature makes the conclusions. Firstly, the author concludes that in the first year of the war many epidemics of infectious diseases such as typhoid and typhus, measles, syphilis and widely spread dysentery swamped Siberian cities. Secondly, it is emphasized that the source of these diseases often were prisoners of war, refugees and soldiers of the Russian army. Thirdly, it is noted that the intended spaces for the local population in hospitals especially in the first years of the war were often occupied by aforecited social groups, because originally there were not enough hospitals. Fourthly, among the main causes of the unfavorable epidemiological situation were: lack of doctors, medicines and medical instruments due to the leaving personnel to the war and an end of import from enemy countries, unsanitary living conditions of internally displaced persons, malnutrition of patients, as well as under-funding of medical institutions. At the end, the author concludes that during the war medical care of cities such as Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Novonikolayevsk was organized poorly. However, the author notes that the Siberian doctors and local authorities had taken many effective measures to combat infectious diseases and were able to prevent a large-scale epidemic. It should be noted that the issues discussed in the article allows partially fill the "white spots" in the history of the Siberian everyday life.

На примере издававшейся в Хабаровске газеты «Приамурские ведомости» показаны положение официальной периодической печати и её роль в государственной пропаганде Российской империи во время Первой мировой войны 1914-1918 гг. Анализ содержания «Ведомостей» показывает бедность публицистики официальной печати. Документы Российского государственного исторического архива Дальнего Востока позволяют сделать вывод, что правительство недооценило необходимость широкого освещения и популяризации своей политики в военное время. Редакторам официальных изданий в провинциях было предписано оставаться в рамках местных культурно-просветительских, общегуманитарных нужд и запросов, совершенно не касаясь политики. Вследствие этого «Ведомости» оказались исключены из обсуждения вопросов, волновавших провинциальное общество., By the beginning of World War I Russian Empire had extensive media system. "Pravitel'stvennyi vestnik" was central government newspaper. In addition to it, there were published newspapers of the Senate, Synod and various ministries. In provinces the official press was presented by so called "gubernskie vedomosti". The article on the example of the newspaper "Priamurskie vedomosti" shows the position of the official periodical press and its role in the government propaganda of the Russian Empire on the eve of Revolution of 1917. "Priamurskie vedomosti" did not have many differences from "Vedomosti" of the XVIIIth century. Their feature was weak journalistic. Instead of articles and feuilletons the newspaper pages were filled with the ordinances by the governor-general and governors, with the information about the appointments, transfers and dismissals of officials and with the official announcements. Chronicle department was devoted mainly to the governor-general. The content analysis of newspaper of World War I period shows that the government had intention to hide from the public what was going on at the front lines. According to "Priamurskie vedomosti" the people had been willingly donating money to the war and the soldiers have been bravely going to the battle with great patriotic enthusiasm since the first days of the war. Actually there was nothing in the paper about military operations, except for the official telegrams of Supreme Headquarters and implausible stories about the acts of bravery of soldiers and cossacks. The newspaper wrote that Germany wanted to "destroy" Russia and the victory over Germany would lead Russia to economic and cultural prosperity. The council of the provincial newspapers' editors held in 1916 showed that such a weakness of journalism in the official press was not accidental. The documents of the Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East make it possible to come to the conclusion that the Government underestimated the need to publicize and promote their policy. Editors of official newspapers in the provinces were ordered to remain within the local cultural, educational, general humanitarian needs and demands, not touching policy. As a result, "Vedomosti" in the Far East, as in other areas, proved to be excluded from the discussion of questions of concern to provincial russian society. The ship of Russian Autocracy had been receiving blows from the front and rear and was just about ready to sink but the helmsmen continued to stand on what "there couldn't be no place for policy in official publications". All appeals to the government to begin to answer the public criticism left voices in the wilderness. Authority, like Sphinx, continued to keep the majestic silence, while trying to shut the mouth of private press by using censorship. But it did not work. As a result most part of Russian private media had become the opposition almost completely separating the Supreme power from the people. That is why the coup d'etat of February, 1917 happened in Russia with such success.

Дается общая характеристика феномена «этнического ренессанса» Сибири рубежа ХХ-ХХ1 вв. и на примере Республики Алтай и Республики Хакасия рассматриваются реальные социои этнокультурные программы, определяющие его содержание. Делается вывод, что начиная с 1990-х гг. категория «этнический ренессанс» была использована для обозначения процессов эт-нополитической суверенизации народов постсоветского пространства (в том числе Сибири) и роста их самосознания. Согласно программным разработкам региональных элит, модели этнического ренессанса опирались на концепцию «этнической личности». На протяжении 1990-2010-х гг. повсеместно были приняты законы, актуализирующие этнические ценности и институции, а также законы, направленные на сохранение и популяризацию культурного (в том числе нематериального) наследия. Современную социокультурную жизнь Сибири характеризуют традиционалистские и инновационные тенденции. В пространстве макрорегиона «этнический ренессанс» становится формой и механизмом модернизации его полиэтничного сообщества и интеграции этого сообщества в российское и мировое социокультурное пространство., The paper presents a general description of the phenomenon of the "ethnic renaissance" in Siberia at the threshold of the XX-XXI centuries. The real social, ethnic and cultural programs involved in the ethnic renaissance process are described on the examples of the Autonomous Republics of Altai and Khakassia. The authors conclude that the notion of the ethnic renaissance has been used to denote processes of ethnic and political sovereignization of peoples of the post-Soviet entity (including indigenous peoples of Siberia) and increasing national self-consciousness since the 1990s. The ethnic renaissance models have been based on the concept of "ethnic individuality" that was proposed by national elites. Social and scientific notion of ethnic renaissance in Siberia emerged as an opposition to diffusion of the objective bases of ethnicity (territory, culture and language) in the context of globalization, social-economic integration and cultural unification. It was a reaction to the change of the political system and national policy of Russia in the late XX early XXI centuries. Depolitization of the social movement for the ethnic revival in Siberia took place in the early XXI century. The process was aimed at revival of national culture, language and education. The category of "cultural heritage" (preservation, research, interpretation and popularization) has become the key topic in elaboration of the future development models of Siberian regions. Ideology and practices of cultural heritage preservation have been based on the concepts proposed by international (UNESCO and UNO), Russian and regional institutions. Laws on revival of ethnic values and institutions and legal acts on preservation and popularization of cultural (including non-material) heritage have been adopted by regional governments throughout Siberia since the 1990s. Regional renaissance programs have been aimed at preservation of historical and cultural landscapes and sacred places as well as regional development on the basis of both traditional and modern technologies. The proposed programs represent a combination of various trends: increasing interest to archaic features and modernism; attempts to reconstruct authentic practices and stylization; cultural heritage sacralization and integration of traditional practices into recreational and commercial local programs. The features of ethnic renaissance in Siberia are ethnic performances at various local festivals, handicraft centers, folklore movements, ecological and ethnological museums. The "ethnic renaissance" of the threshold of the XX XXI centuries has become the form and method of modernization of the ethnic and poly-ethnic regional communities and their integration in the Russian and global social and cultural entity.

Развитие современной науки в сторону междисциплинарности ставит проблему релевантности использования нетрадиционных для гуманитарного познания методологий. Рассматриваются два подхода авторов, использующих междисциплинарные методы: Л.Н. Гумилева, чьи взгляды подвергаются критике по критериям научности с момента первых его публикаций, и Э.С. Кульпина, который создал новое направление научных исследований, назвав его «социоестественная история» и противопоставив «традиционной истории». Выбор именно этих авторов обусловлен их схожестью в концепциях и методологии -акцент ставится на природные факторы в истории, методология опирается на междисциплинарность. В то же время реакция научного сообщества на их творчество сильно разнится., The development of modern science toward interdisciplinary puts a problem of relevance of using unconventional methodologies for humanitarian knowledge. This article considers two authors using interdisciplinary methods: L.N. Gumilev, whose views have been criticized by scientific criterions since his first publications, and E.S. Kulpin, who seated the new direction of scientific researches called "Social-natural history" and who opposed that to «traditional history». The choice of these authors is caused by their similarity in conceptions and methodology the accent is put on natural factors in history, the methodology bases on interdisciplinarity. At the same time the reaction of scientific community to their studies widely varies. Why is one of the theories in fact is beyond the "scope of science" and the other theory is perceived quite tolerantly? The answer to a question is not found in the Russian and foreign science, although the historiography of the theory of L.N. Gumilev is presented in large volume. We will try to answer this question, using comparative analysis of methodological approaches of both theories. The interdisciplinary research requires knowledges in the different branches of sciense. The researcher can solve the problem by himself, if he has all necessary knowleges. According to E.S. Kulpin this variant is not rule, but the exception. Gumilev is an exception, he tried to be an expert in everything that made his work and an assessment of his papers difficult. The Social-natural research is complex and usually requires a team of different specialists. Any member of the team can set the task, but the head or all team members must determine what is needed to solve the problem. It is difficult to say that the methodology of Social-natural history is new in science, it is recognized in many areas of knowledges (for example, the principle of a complementarity which is used in quantum mechanics), but it was not applied for historical researches in such numbers yet. Also it is difficult to call the methodology of Social-natural history unrecognized methods of history: it can met in archeology or in social anthropology, but not always as the main methods. L.N. Gumikv and E.S. Kulpin tried to find a new explanations of old and unsolved problems in interdisciplinary research. However, the methods which L.N. Gumilev attributes to the natural sciences, not always those are. Critics find freely created tables and schedules, and terms of other scientific disciplines are not always justified and adapted for humanitarian research.

Статья посвящена анализу дискуссии, развернувшейся в Европейском Союзе в связи с подготовкой реформы политики сплочения 2013 г. Анализируются ключевые предложения Европейской Комиссии и реакция на них правительств и региональных властей Великобритании, Германии, Испании, Италии и Франции. Обсуждение проекта Еврокомиссии выявило неготовность центральных и региональных элит к расширению полномочий наднациональных органов ЕС в сфере политики сплочения. Дискуссия выявила широкие расхождения в позициях региональных властей. Последние, будучи важными участниками реализации политики сплочения, не смогли оказать существенного воздействия на разработку реформы., Cohesion policy aimed at reducing disparities in the development of EU regions is one of the major EU policy areas which in the current financial perspective (2014 to 2020) accounts for about a third of the Union''s budget. This paper focuses on the preparations for the cohesion policy reform of 2013 which determined the substance and shape of the policy for 2014-2020. In particular, the positions of governments and regional authorities of France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK are analyzed. In November 2010 the European Commission put forward its suggestions concerning the reform of the cohesion policy. The key idea was a close link between the cohesion policy and "Europe 2020" strategy, the concept of EU''s economic development for 2010-2020 aimed at ensuring a "smart, sustainable and inclusive" growth of EU''s economy. It was suggested that a practice of signing partnership contracts between the Commission and member states should be introduced. The Commission put forward idea of earmarking a "performance reserve": 5% of cohesion policy''s budget was to be reserved as a reward to the countries and regions demonstrating the most progress in reaching the policy objectives. A new category of funding recipients was envisaged, that of "intermediate regions" with the per capita GDP from 75% to 90% of the EU average. The Commission''s suggestions were met with mixed responses of regional authorities and national governments. Many regions reacted with caution to the idea of making a close link between the cohesion policy and the "Europe 2020" strategy, underlining that the former''s main objective should remain the reduction of economic disparities. Most of the regions were wary about making contracts between the Commission and national governments, perceiving the risks of centralizing the cohesion policy. Many regions insisted on signing trilateral contracts, with regional governments participating on an equal footing. Most of the regions did not endorse the idea of the "performance reserve". The governments of the EU''s major member states voiced opposition to the EU-wide "performance reserve" which would in fact be tantamount to the expansion of the Commission''s prerogatives. Opinions divided on the introduction of a new category of funding recipients, "intermediate regions". Eventually, the European Commission''s major suggestions were approved and laid the foundation for the 2013 reform of the cohesion policy. The idea of the "performance reserve" was rejected. Regional authorities did not obtain a direct access to concluding contracts with the Commission. On the whole, the reactions of the national governments and regional authorities of the EU''s major states to the Commission''s suggestions demonstrated that central and regional elites were not ready for the expansion of EU supranational institutions'' competences in the domain of cohesion policy.

Анализируются демографические показатели аялынской группы тоболо-иртышских татар по материалам могильника Чепля-рово 27. Палеодемографический анализ включал в себя составление таблицы процентных соотношений различных возрастных групп, расчет демографических показателей и построение таблиц смертности. В итоге были выявлены следующие особенности половозрастной структуры населения лесостепного Прииртышья: достаточно высокий уровень детской смертности (60,2%), наибольший процент умерших приходится и у мужчин, и у женщин на возраст 35-45 лет, индивиды, находящиеся в категории старше 55 лет, составляют 5% от общего количества взрослых. В результате сравнительного анализа между этно-территориальными группами тоболо-иртышских татар было установлено, что изучаемая выборка представляет собой па-леопопуляцию, хорошо адаптированную к условиям окружающей среды, а также является приемлемой моделью для изучения палеодемографических процессов, протекавших на территории лесостепного Прииртышья в XVII-XVIII вв., Currently the main characteristics of the demographic structure of the population of forest-steppe Cis-Irtysh in the XVII-XVIII centuries are not studied, although there is a representative anthropological material. The paper presents an analysis of the demographic structure of the ayalynskaya group of Tobol-Irty sh Tatars. Materials for the study are based on the definition of sex and age of individuals of burial ground Cheplyarovo 27 (the second half of XVII XVIII centuries.). The age and sex determination of groups Tobol-Irtysh Tatars made A.N. Bagashev were also used for intergroup analysis. It should be noted that a small number of children's burials or lack of information about them, comparison was held according to the age of the adult individuals. The work consisted of two stages. The first one was intra-group analysis, which included the preparation of the table of percentages of different age and sex groups, the calculation of paleodemography indicators and the construction of mortality tables. As a result, certain features have been identified sex and age structure of the population Cis-Irtysh forest-steppe: a fairly high level of infant mortality (60.2 %) account for the largest percentage of deaths in both men and women at the age of 35-45 years, individuals who are in the category of over 55, is 5 % of the total number of adults. The analysis showed that paleopopulation was well adapted to environment. The next step was to conduct intergroup analysis. On the basis of age and gender definitions of the group of Tobol-Irtysh Tatars were calculated basic demographic indicators (sex ratio, the average life expectancy for adults, the percentage of individuals of the first reproductive age (20 to 35 years), of the final age group (55+). The comparative analysis showed that virtually all of the compared groups of Tobol-Irtysh Tatars on the main demographic indicators fit into the general pattern of the demographic processes of the ancient population. In addition, studied sample is acceptable model for studying paleodemography processes on the territory of the forest-steppe Irtysh in XVII-XVIII centuries. Further accumulation and analysis of new materials for the Tobol-Irtysh Tatars, will provide fuller information on the demographic processes taking place on the territory of West Siberia and the forest-steppe Cis-Irtysh.

Ставится задача исследования материалов археологии Сибири Позднего Средневековья и начала Нового времени с точки зрения проблемы «восточного вклада» в развитие Руси/России XIII-XVIII вв. Задача ставится на фоне наблюдаемого оживления в области исторической археологии и новой постановки вопросов взаимодействия европейского и русского «ориентализма», берущего начало в XVI в. Предлагается обзор состояния науки на этом направлении, кратко характеризуются современное состояние представлений о возможных подходах к оценке вклада исламского мира и восточной части Евразии (до тихоокеанского побережья) в развитие Московского государства., The paper aims to enrich the study of impact of the Orient and Islam on Russia within the so-called Russian archaeology. The need for such discourse is rooted deeply in the Russian tradition of cultural dichotomy between 'the East' and 'the West'. In essence, we believe in contacts with the East being extremely fruitful for the development of Northern Eurasia/Rus. However, we have no evidence of it being the case in archaeology, architecture or art. There is nothing similar to the forms which are typical of the civilizational frontier territories (Spain, the coast of Italy and Sicily, Balkan and Trans-Caucasian countries, etc.). Is this gap real? The archaeology of Siberia may help solve the issue. The Age of Discovery and the fall of Constantinople were a decisive factor in the competition between land and sea. Caravans became less profitable (in the mid XVI century, it was proved by the Muscovy Company's failure to create a trade route to Central Asia via Russia). This means that goods from Oriental and Southern countries reached Russia not directly but through Europe, with sailors and traders. Importantly, the rulers of Muscovy chose not Eastern but Western historical models as prototypes for their insignia. For Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich insignia were ordered in Constantinople (1660-1662) as 'replicas' of the insignia of 'Pious Emperor Constantine the Great', just as others ordered Tamerlan's, Alexander the Great's or Julius Caesar's helmets. Images of the East were attractive for Renaissance artists and that is reflected in 'ethnographic portraits' by Pisanello, Lorenzetti and de Ferrara, or in paintings depicting Eastern art objects (form carpets to spheroconical vessels). However, there is nothing of the kind seen in the art of Muscovy of the XIII to XVII centuries. Even Eastern ornaments found their way to Russian art through Europe. For example, there are only few cases known of the bacini technique being used in architectural decoration in Muscovy. Also, Tsar's richly carved stone tombs of the XVII century at the Archangel Mikhail Cathedral in the Kremlin replicate oriental patterns of Italian textiles. And vice versa, the XVII century ordinary headstones of Moscow and Kazan are directly connected to Volga Bulgaria's carved ornaments. There are also other visible examples of direct acquaintance with Eastern ornamentation in Muscovy. XV century carved friezes follow Turkic, particularly Anatolian (Cappadocian), Seljuk patterns. They were apparently introduced through Crimea (Solhat, Chufut Kale) or/and the Lower and Middle Volga (Sarai Berke, Great Bulgar). On the whole, though, the impact of the East even on the ornaments of Muscovy is limited. There is little or no evidence of that available in architecture and construction engineering. Moving beyond the Urals and across Siberia, Russians gained profits from overland trade with the Far East and Central Asia up to the XIX century. But trade and diplomatic relations with China had been only established by the end of the XVII century. It is the task of archaeology in Siberia to evaluate the real scale of exotic goods (such as porcelain) going to the European part of Russia through China in the XVI and XVII centuries.

Рассматривается тайное военно-политическое сотрудничество Польши и Германии против СССР в течение 1933-1935 гг. Неофициальный диктатор Польши Юзеф Пилсудский, стремясь к восстановлению Великой Польши, вопреки решениям Локарн-ской конференции и проекту «пакта четырех» заставил Гитлера включить Польшу в планы последнего завоевания «жизненного пространства» на Востоке. С одной стороны, началась реализация так называемого польско-германского «воздушного пакта», который курировал Геринг, а с другой осуществлялось тесное взаимодействие Главного штаба Войска Польского и Генерального штаба рейхсвера под главенством генералов Фабрыцы и Райхенау. Процесс польско-германского военно-политического сотрудничества координировался лично Пилсудским., The aim of this paper is to study the Polish-German political and military cooperation against the Soviet Union during the 1933-1935 years, with the involvement of Soviet intelligence documents from the so-called "personal archive of I.V. Stalin". Among other things, special attention is paid to the adventurous nature of the methods by which Marshal J. Pilsudski made Chancellor A. Hitler to include Poland in his "Eastern plans" for conquering "living space"("Lebensraum"). Until the XVIII century Polish-German relations developed as the relations of ongoing military-political confrontation. After three partitions of Poland, Prussia, which became one of the states-separators permanently transformed the perception of the image of Germans as an enemy. Being for a long time in the three different states left an imprint on the historical fate of the Poles. During World War I Polish military units fought in the ranks of the Entente, and on the side of the Triple Alliance. After the rebirth of the Polish state in November 1918 the figure of Jozef Pilsudski came out on the first plan. He led the so-called Polish Legions as part of the Austro-Hungarian army during WWI, and he held the position as a "Head of State" until 1922. His cherished goal was to revive the Great Poland in the borders of 1772, to create a federation of satellite states and push Russia to the Urals. After the Locarno conference, which opened the way to the East for Germany, but at the same time has transformed Poland into its possible victim, Pilsudski in May 1926 made a coup and began to actually determine the foreign policy line of Poland alone. In December 1932, he decided to refocus Polish foreign policy from France to Germany. However, the new rulers of the German National Socialists did not want it. During the winter and spring of 1933, Pilsudski, bluffing threat of preventive war, forced German Chancellor Hitler to include Poland in its plans to conquer Lebensraum in the East. After the ex-head of the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs E. Sapieha made it clear to Western politicians in late August 1933 that Poland is ready to participate in the campaign to the East, German Minister Neurath and Goebbels, the propaganda minister met with the Polish Minister Beck in late September. At the meeting they agreed upon community of Polish and German interests in the East. As a result of the ensuing Polish-German secret talks January 26, 1934 the Polish-German declaration on mutual non-aggression was concluded. Later it became clear that it was hiding a secret agreement on military and political cooperation. During 1934 spring 1935 there has been a realization of the secret military and political cooperation. On the one hand, it was in charge of the air aspect of Reich Marshal Goering, Hitler personally ordered that custody of the process of creating the so-called "air pact". On the other hand, full swing secret cooperation between the General Staff of the Polish Army led by General Fabrytsy and Reichswehr General Staff headed by General Reichenau, it personally oversaw the Marshal Pilsudski. The second direction was able to light thanks to the so-called documents of "personal archive of I.V. Stalin" the Soviet intelligence documents.

Рассмотрены изменения, происходившие в национальном составе населения Западной Сибири в 1989-2010 гг. Выявлены основные показатели динамики численности и удельного веса крупных народностей как в общем, так и в региональном разрезе. Исследованы причинно-следственные связи между важнейшими событиями в истории изучаемого экономического района, в частности, хозяйственными и политическими мероприятиями советских государственных органов и количественным составом отдельных этнических групп, а также особенности исторического генезиса последних. Изучено влияние демографических факторов на изменение национальной структуры населения Западной Сибири, в том числе миграции, естественного прироста, а также ассимиляции., National composition of the population of Western Siberia is considered in the article that is offered to the readers. The aim of the article is to research dynamics of ethnical structure of economic region in post-Soviet period. Demographic processes among the major nationalities in a number proportion are in the center of our attention. Indigenous peoples of the North will not be considered in the paper because transformation of their number in post-Soviet period is a topic of the separate work. The authors used published and non-published materials of the all-Union Census and all-Russian Census of the population in 1989-2010-s that were elicited from central and regional archives and libraries. Statistical index of number dynamics and unit weight of major peoples are revealed in the article as in general as in regional line. Cause-and-effect connections between important events in the history of researched economic region, particularly, economic and political actions of central state bodies and number composition of separate ethnical groups are researched. Impact of essentially demographic factors on the change of national structure of the population of Western Siberia, including migration, natural increase, and assimilation are researched. It is concluded that collapse of the Soviet Union entailed definite changes in national composition of Western Siberian population. The appeared border barriers made the population's movement difficult and, consequently, migration of the peoples of the former European Union republics of the USSR to economic region. Transformation of command-administrative system and change of state economic paradigm to the profit of market principles that mean the regions' self-sufficiency decreased attraction of Eastern regions and stimulated the population's flow-out, and easing of visa regime led to immigration of the major part of Germans and Jews to foreign countries. In the first decade of the XXI century the question of economic rise of Siberia (including the Western) becomes urgent again. However, demographic potential of European territories and other traditional donor-regions turned to be extremely weak after reforms period. Besides, according to the level of economic development they did not yield to Siberian territories significantly. At the same time economic and internal political situation in Caucasus and Central Asia was less favorable, and it promoted to inflow of their labor resources to eastern parts of the country despite the borders building. In new conditions formation of national composition of the population of Western Siberia, where the leading position belongs to Russians, was formed under new demographic trends and also assimilative processes that significantly quickened after disintegration of the Soviet Union.

Прослеживается история исследований бронзовых и медных изделий тагарской археологической культуры методами химического анализа. Излагаются результаты работ химиков второй половины XIX в. по изучению элементного состава сплавов на медной основе с территории Минусинских котловин эпохи раннего железа. Приводятся результаты химических анализов тагарского цветного металла, полученные советскими учеными до начала массовых спектральных анализов 1960-х гг. Описаны организационные и методические составляющие аналитических работ по изучению состава древнего металла в 1860-е - 1950-е гг., The paper focuses on the history of the studies of the chemical composition of bronze and copper products of the Tagar archaeological culture in the period from the 1860s to the 1950s. G.V. Struve was one of those who received the first results and published the information about the composition of the knives from the Minusinsk hollow. Materials for chemical analysis were provided to him by V.V. Radlov, the initiator of that analysis. Chemical analyses of archaeological metal, a part of which was later attributed by archaeologists to the Tagar culture, were also conducted in the XIX th century by the chemists F.F. Beilstein, E.F. von Bibr, D.A. Porzhezinski, P.A. Grigoriev, A.A. Kartsev, D.A. Sabaneyev and F.K. Kruger. They were mainly professors of chemistry at universities of Moscow, St. Petersburg and Tomsk. The attempts to organize planning of analytical work on metal study on the territory of Russia in general and Siberia in particular testify to the appearance of the first theoretical basis of application data on the elemental composition of bronzes in historical constructions of the XIX th century. The first organizations of this kind were Chemical-technical commission of the Anthropological exhibition Committee, established in 1877, and the Commission on conduction of chemical-technical analyses of ancient bronzes of the Imperial archaeological society, founded in 1881. Chemical analyses of ancient metal during the mentioned period were carried out by the "wet" method, successive chemical decomposition. Significant difficulties in the ancient metal study in Russia occurred in the first quarter of the XX th century. The crisis phenomena, associated with the methodological gap between the world and Russian sciences and coincided with the beginning of the source base growth represented by a large number of archaeological finds, were overcome by G.P. Sosnovski and due to the discovery of the Tagar culture. A significant proportion of implements of this culture were made from bronze and copper. The final approach to the study of the elemental composition of ancient bronzes by chemical analysis appeared in the 1950s. Analytical work by the chemists L.P. Kashtanov and A.V. Korolev were the last examples of general Siberian metal research. The 1960s are marked by the introduction of mass-spectrum analyses and the appearance of a separate subject study of archaeology dealing with the elemental composition of non-ferrous metals of the Tagar culture.

Проводится анализ роли следов российского присутствия в общественных городских пространствах Северного Китая. Главное внимание будет сосредоточено на механизмах воспроизведения российского (Маньчжурия) и изобретения сибирского символического поля в синкретической среде приграничных районов китайской Внутренней Азии. В современном Китае рост интереса к российскому наследию подчинен неолиберальному переописанию культурного пространства региона в категориях инвестиционной привлекательности с сохранением идеи стабильной фронтирной лояльности местного населения. Демилитаризация региона привела к попыткам включения российского наследия в современную жизнь приграничных городов. Модели этого включения во многом отвечают потребностям новой демографической и культурной ситуации, созданной фронтирными формами социализма, поиску новых форм коллективной памяти и локальной идентичности. Де-проблематизируя Россию как часть локальной истории, регион практически изобретает новые культурные модели, не встречающиеся в его прошлом. Городские пространства в этом контексте становятся местом материализации политического консенсуса по отношению к прошлому., Transformation processes changed formerly isolated and militarized borderland «bastion» towns into places of informal transborder contact, which in the case of Chinese borderland regions resulted in both spatial and temporal consequences in the form of a direct confrontation of their residents with the traces of Russian presence. Opening the borders and a sharp increase in borderland residents» mobility inspired attempts at creating new history for the new borderland territories. The neighbor (Russia) is no longer an enemy or a threat and turned into a source of cultural diversity. In Inner Mongolia the simultaneous overlapping of four national narratives of the past (Chinese, Mongolian, Evenki, and Russian) stimulated unique practices of separating the experience of negatively evaluated Russian colonization from the material traces of Russian presence perceived as positive. This paper aims at analyzing the role played by the traces of Russian presence in Northern Chinese urban public spaces. It will mainly focus on the mechanisms of reproducing the Russian (in Manchuria) and developing the Siberian symbolic fields in the syncretic environment of Chinese borderland Inner Asian regions. In contemporary China the growth of interest in Russian inhabitants is subject to neoliberal rewriting of the cultural space of the region from the perspective of their investment attractiveness and still with the idea of local residents» frontier loyalty. In this context it is worth emphasizing that demilitarization of the region lead to attempts of including Russian inhabitants in the contemporary life of borderland cities. Models of this inclusion to a great extent reflect the new demographic and cultural situation created by the frontier variations of socialism the search for new forms of collective memory and local identity. Dr-problematizing Russia as a part of local history, the region develops completely new cultural models. New hybridity includes northern Chinese cities and towns in the barely noticeable systems of signs that differentiate them from the rest of the country. The new decoration of openness and multiculturality is not only a tool for cultural policy, but also to the majority of new city residents is a basis for new identity that creates the context of the Russian»s presence and cultural richness of area. In this context city spaces have become a place of materialization of the political consensus related to the past.

Рассматривается вопрос, стимулирует ли китайский капитал мобилизацию этничности в Приморье. Исследование фокусирует внимание на трех категориях китайских предпринимателей в Приморском крае: мелких торговцах на рынках, представителях малого бизнеса, представителях среднего и крупного бизнеса. Сделан вывод, что ни одна из социальных групп не проявляла интереса или не была в состоянии на долгосрочной основе войти в политическое или культурное пространство региона, обменять экономический капитал на повышение своего социального статуса в России., The article aims to answer the question if Chinese capital stimulate mobilization of ethnicity in Primorsky krai. Massive migration of Chinese entrepreneurs in 1990 2000s, their long-term residence and stable positions in economic field of Russian border regions could have provided fertile ground for converting economic resources into cultural or political ones. The research focuses on three groups of Chinese entrepreneurs in Primorsky krai: petty traders (including shuttle traders), owners of small enterprises and representatives of mediumand large-size business. The empirics of the paper are sociological materials including series of semi-structured interviews with officials, representatives of business and local mass media as well as short conversations with local residents and field observations. The author came to the conclusion that none of the three studied groups of Chinese entrepreneurs took interest to or was able to penetrate into political or cultural space of the region for quite a long time, or to exchange economic resources for higher social status in Russia. Though it would be a mistake to deny the chinesation of the region as it has become a social phenomenon created by collective imagination. Petty traders and owners of medium/large-size business haven»t strived to integrate in Russian society. Their physical migration or investment inflow into Russia was the result of desire for economic gains, but not for settling in culturally alien country. Their business activities usually were localized within limited territory as this enclaveness was an optimal strategy to minimize costs of living in alien society. Large-size business made organizational decisions that constrained mobilization of ethnicity but enabled effective involvement in host society, especially in its administrative field. Loyalty of Russian local authorities toward companies with Chinese investment and their Chinese labor was partially based on the abandonment of ethnical/confessional manifestations. Russian projects of Chinese middle/large-size companies were much more represented in the Chinese public space than in the Russian one as the companies depended on financial resources of PRC»s state sector. Representatives of small-size business who were permanent residents in Russia made attempts to consolidate Chinese businessmen in Primorsky krai but this efforts did not meet with support of the Chinese community. In the future, only this social group will be interested in mobilizing Chinese ethnicity but their efforts most likely will gain minimal success as their economic resources are scarce and the group is divided.

Рассматривается проблема этнизации городского пространства под влиянием миграционных процессов, которая стала предметом обсуждения школы-семинара, прошедшего в Томске 18-21 июня 2015 г. Характеризуется технология работы школы. Обязательными условиями участия для слушателей являлись подготовка и презентация научного текста по проблематике мероприятия. Ключевыми элементами работы были групповое рецензирование и индивидуальные консультации экспертов., The paper, introducing the theme of this special issue, presents the problems of ethnicization of urban spaces due migration processes discussed at a workshop held in Tomsk 18-21 June 2015. The main feature of migration society in eastern Russia was and is its multiculturality formed as a result of a synthesis of the heterogenous native population with a no less diverse incoming, migrant one. When and how this diversity was conceived as ethnic (national in the Russian tradition), what is the dynamic and the fundamental characteristics of this process in the conditions of radical social and political changes in the country, part of which was and is Siberia? These questions might be formed in the categories of the process of «ethnicization». To what extent do Siberian cities, partly transforming from the elements of pre-Soviet imperial states, partly developing as a purely Soviet project, with ethnicity as a peculiarity of urban areas? What are the functions of ethnicity and the ethnicization of urban areas in the life of the lateand post-Soviet city? An expert part of the workshop was devoted to a discussion of the new functions of ethnicity in urban areas and migration as a mechanism for the appearance of these new functions. The academic topicality here is closely connected with public relevance: ethnicity actively exists in modern urban communities, but a gap between its new (for example, economic) functions and the common interpretation of ethnicity occurs. Commonplace stereotypes and phobias become topical in this gap, leading to a rise in social strife. Contradictory situations relating to ethnicity cause conflicts and it is easily used in manipulations. Correspondingly, as a basis of social discussion there is precisely such an attempt at understanding the new role of ethnicity and its comparison with set stereotypes. The school work technique is examined. An indispensable condition for the audience»s participation was preparation and presentation of academic texts according to the topic. The key element of work was group reviewing and individual advising by experts.

Исследуются истоки программы «Союз ради прогресса» в инициативе Ж. Кубичека. Анализируются предпосылки возникновения концепции президента Бразилии, дается ее характеристика, отмечаются черты, ставшие основой программы Дж. Кеннеди. В результате сравнения бразильской и американской программы преобразований делается вывод о наследовании идей Кубичека программой «Союз ради прогресса». Наряду с родством политических программ отмечается и принципиальное различие в методах и целях решения межамериканских проблем., In 1961, under new foreign policy of the United States toward the countries of Latin America, the program called "Alliance for Progress" was adopted. Despite the unprecedented scale of Kennedy administration approach, the principles underlying it, were not unique. With an eclectic nature, the program concentrated upon the ideas developed in the past decade within the walls of the White House and intellectual society of the United States, as well as outside the country. Along with the United States in the late 1950s, Latin American countries made attempts to develop a new approach to the cooperation arrangement in the region. One of the concepts, aimed at overcoming the crisis of Pan-American relations, belonged to J. Kubitschek (1956-1961). This article explores the origin of the "Alliance for Progress" initiative of the Brazilian president, known as the "Pan-American operation". The paper examines the pre-conditions for the concept emergence, considering its contents, marking the traits, which became the basis of John. F. Kennedy program. Also, the study highlights the process of cooperation between the countries of Latin America and the United States during the discussion of the project objectives; also the tasks and objectives of the parties are defined. Number of sources analysis allows the author to come to the following conclusions. Despite the fact that the project of the President of Brazil was not implemented, it set the ideas which were adapted in the United States, taking into account their own interests; they were brought into practice in Kennedy's policy, becoming the basis for a large-scale program called "Alliance for Progress". The program of development and assistance to the countries of Latin America kept an ideological base, proposed by the president of Brazil. The "Alliance for progress" as the plan of Kubitschek, was based on the mechanism of attracting foreign aid to enhance the economic growth of less developed partner due to the help of the leading country presented by the United States. Besides solving economical problems, the plan was aimed to make inter-American relations more harmonious. Comparison of Latin American project to transform relationship and realized program "Alliance for progress "gives an opportunity to talk about the difference in approaches of the United States and Latin America to solve the issues of cooperation. It's obvious that the USA is eager to solve the political issues, while the Latin American partner focuses on social and economic development of the region. It's also clear that the USA tends to totally control the process of decisions developing, making and implementing, manifested in the work at the projects "Pan-American operation" and "Alliance for progress" in spite of the independence of Latin American countries, which demonstrated willingness to solve their problems actively.

Используются методы естественных наук для выявления технологических особенностей археологической керамики средневекового Томска, а также установления вероятных источников минерального сырья. Результаты анализов глин позволили вычленить в коллекции группы керамики, в целом пересекающиеся с группами, выделенными визуально, но не идентичные. Обозначены дальнейшие направления исследования., During the excavation of the medieval Russian city a researcher always find a huge number of various handicraft products, because the city is the center of the craft. The leading role is played by the fragments of ceramics, which are the most numerous findings on medieval Russian monuments. Ceramics as one of the categories of archaeological material a multi-faceted, informative source containing information not only on pottery as a social and economic institution, but also about family relations, ethno-cultural contacts, ideological views, the level of technological development. The study of archaeological ceramics is interfaced with some difficulties which were described in the other papers. Nowadays there is a practice of using natural methods of analysis of the ceramic material to clarify the composition of the molding compounds, to identify possible sources of raw materials, refining temperature and firing mode and a number of other physical and mechanical properties of the ceramic material. The authors of this article set an aim to evaluate the capabilities of the methods of the natural sciences to identify the technological features of ceramics from the medieval Tomsk archaeological collection, and also to determine its probable sources of minerals. The objects of the study are the fragments of ceramics found in the cultural layer of Tomsk Kremlin in mid XVII-XVIII centuries, which is located on the southern cape of Voskresenskaya mountain, and various fragments of clay with different mineral composition found on the territory of the modern city. Obtained data allowed us to make a preliminary conclusion about the existence of the resource base for the development of ceramic production in the medieval Tomsk, which is confirmed by the similarity of the mineral composition of clays with local archaeological ceramics (except porcelain and apparently tiles). The historical names of Tomsk streets also indicate the nature of the local pottery and brick production connected with it. Information about the clay fields as a possible source of raw materials for Tomsk ceramic crafts is also found in written materials. The analysis results allows to identify a collection groups of ceramics similar with the groups selected by visual inspection, but not identical. In addition, the groups identified by various scientific methods are similar, but not identical. This fact gives a ground for thoughts and further researches. To reinforce conclusions, and possibly get new data it is necessary to conduct larger studies of Tomsk Kremlin ceramic collection using spread spectrum of natural science methods, including structural and textural analysis and microprobe.

Исследуется контртеррористическая политика США в Афганистане после обострения ситуации и активизации террористических и радикальных группировок с 2006 г. Атака на Америку заставила Вашингтон прибегнуть к ответным мерам была начала война в Афганистане. Успехи, достигнутые США на первом этапе в Афганистане, были в значительной степени подорваны усилиями движения «Талибан», а также последующими неадекватными мерами, принятыми руководством США., This paper investigates the U.S anti-terrorist policies in Afghanistan after 2006, following the escalation of the situation and activation of terrorist and radical groups. The successes achieved by the US in the first phase in Afghanistan, have been largely undermined the efforts of the movement "Taliban", which after 2006 began their offensive.The events of September 11, 2001 became a kind of Rubicon for the modern world. The terrorist acts in New York and Washington, D.C were the unprecedented acts of terrorism ever. The preparation and implementation of such actions were definitely beyond the power of any marginalized group of terrorists. The study of the "Counter-Terrorist policy of the U.S" (2001-2008) requires the research of the official documents of two countries from 2001 through 2009, which is possible to do only in the named countries, using the best available opportunities. Besides, it is very important to conduct thorough research in the archives of these two countries so as to find out what officials say and write about the issue. This article is about the military component of the U.S strategy in Afghanistan. On the same day, September 11, U.S. President George W. Bush delivered an address to the nation, in which he said that "America was attacked" and that " the U.S. will not make a distinction between those who commit acts and those who covered the terrorists." The head of the U.S. declared a state of emergency to calm the nation. He said: "Our army is strong and ready." The U.S. president made it clear that his country was preparing retaliatory measures against the organizers of the terrorist attacks and those who supported them. "America, he said crushed its enemies before and will do it this time». At the begining of the U.S antiterrorist operation in Afghanistan, Washington achieved considerable success. It should be noted that the major factor of destabilization of Afghanistan was the war in Iraq. Washington transferred its attention and put all resources on military operations in Iraq, and forgot Afghanistan. This article qualitatively explores the real reasons of destabilisation the situation in Afghanistan and the U.S counter-terrorism policy. Serious concern was expressed about Pakistan, which, though not included in the list of the countries that support terrorism, has a substantial influence on the Islamic Movement of "Taliban". During the civil war in Afghanistan, Pakistan provided all possible assistance to the Taliban. After winning the civil war in Afghanistan, the Taliban regime was officially recognized by Islamabad. Although the Taliban was not included in the list of terrorist organizations, Washington did not recognize the Taliban as a legitimate government in Afghanistan. In regard to the Taliban, the U.S. administration issued a separate document imposing sanctions against the regimes that sponsor terrorism. On the conclusion, the author wrote that the arsenal of action and mechanisms of implementation U.S is not enough to stabilize the situation in Afghanistan.

Рассматривается влияние процесса социокультурной и экономической модернизации крестьянского хозяйства на развитие сельского хозяйства Сибири. Автор считает, что инновационная перестройка и рационализация внутреннего экономического строя крестьянского хозяйства являлась решающим фактором бурного роста сельскохозяйственного производства Сибири в начале ХХ в. Быстрое развитие сельского хозяйства было также обусловлено крестьянским типом аграрной модернизации, происходившей в общинно-кооперативной форме., In the early XX century Siberia was the country’s agricultural periphery which was undergoing a rapid development and colonization. The pivot of its historical evolution was the sociocultural and economic modernization of a peasant household. It became a decisive factor of the rapid growth of regional agriculture. The problem of the modernization and development of the agricultural production received a wide coverage in Siberian studies. Siberian historiography connected the growth of agriculture with the capitalist entrepreneurial activities of well-to-do peasantry. Its main objective is to define the origins, modernization factors and the development dynamics of agricultural production in Siberia in the early 20th century in the light of the sociocultural concept of economic modernization of the traditional regional peasant household. This paper relies on the published data of Russia’s state and ministerial statistics as well as on the published and primary archive materials of the Tomsk Region’s agricultural census of 1901 and 1916. In Siberia, annual average gross harvests of grain increased by 90% in 1901-1917.Cattle increased by 50%. Meat production increased by 45%. Sales of Siberian butter beyond the Urals increased from 50 thousand poods in 1897 to 5.7 million poods in 1913, including the 4.5 million poods exported abroad. The rapid growth of capitalist agricultural production made Siberia one of the country’s leading bread-producing regions. Having 6% of population, Siberia provided 10% of Russia’s gross grain harvests. The wide and dynamic development of agriculture was driven by the prevalence of the peasants’ type of agricultural evolution in Siberia. The integration of Siberian family-based peasant’s household into the system of the all-Russian market gave a strong impetus to its modernization. The economic modernization of the West Siberian countryside in the early XX century was reflected in the deepening of its market specialization, rationalization of its production and technical basis, greater capitals disposed by the peasant households and economic innovations. The traditional community-based nature of peasants’ economic culture conditioned the dominance of the cooperative way of the economic evolution of Siberian peasantry. As of 1916, 55% of peasant households in Siberia were covered by various forms of cooperatives. Thus, the economic development of the Siberian countryside in the early XX century constituted mainly the community-cooperative type of peasant’s agricultural evolution. In Siberia, cooperatives were the main vector of peasants’ agricultural evolution.

Рассматривается современное казачество с точки зрения социальной драматургии Ирвинга Гофмана. Иллюстративным кейсом выступает казачья смена на форуме «Селигер», участие в которой принимал автор летом 2014 г., используя методы включенного наблюдения и биографического интервью. Ключевой аналитической категорией выступает «исполнение». «Исполняя» казачество для других, для самих себя у казаков нет однозначных представлений о границах своего сообщества. Поэтому важным является вопрос аутентичности вопрос об «истинном казаке». В заключение делается вывод о двух тенденциях в дискурсе о казачестве: навязываемая сверху «мы»-идентичность, которая «исполняется» на публике, и конструирование мы-идентичности «на местах» внутри сообщества и на уровне каждого отдельного члена., The paper explores the phenomenon of modern Cossacks through the concept of Erving Goffman's social dramaturgy. Here, the Cossacks' presence at the Seliger forum is taken as a case study. The author herself took part in the forum in summer of 2014 using the methods of participant observation and biographical interviews. 'Performance' is used here as a key analytical category. Based on Goffman's terms, the Seliger forum is considered a "front stage" and serves as the prime base for a standard set of expressive techniques and tools, developed intentionally or unintentionally by an individual in the course of a performance. The Cossack ideology was visualized via banners placed around the camp, with slogans, if translated, roughly reading the following: 'Thank God that we are Cossacks', 'The Cossack race is endless!', etc. The Cossacks attach great importance to a proper dress code: girls had to walk around at the forum wearing long skirts (that is the Cossack idea of a decent dress code) in order to visually differ from the rest of the forum participants. Boys had to wear 'sprava' (the Cossack uniform), if they had it. Otherwise, they would have to wear T-shirts with the Cossack distinguishing sign on them. It is noteworthy that the leader of the group used the term 'branding' then to highlight the importance of adhering to the dress code in order to help distinguish the Cossack youth from other people at the forum. Furthermore, this dress code suggests Cossack girls and boys follow and respect certain rules of conduct. Another important category in Goffman's work is that of a 'back stage'. The inner life of Cossack camps, the relationship within Cossack groups the so-called 'dvadtsatki' discussions of pressing issues of the Cossacks are all part of this category. Naturally, the problems and differences that exist among the Cossacks are not shown to outsiders, and are discussed within the community only, with an imaginary unity being demonstrated by them to everyone else. As every Cossack group tries to maintain the coherence in viewing the situation, to that end, they hide or mitigate certain facts. While there is the 'performance' of being Cossacks intended for others, among themselves the Cossacks do not have a clear idea of where the boundaries of their community lie. Therefore, the important question of authenticity arises that is the question of being a 'true Cossack'. In conclusion, there are two trends being observed in the discourse about the Cossacks: 1) 'we'-identity imposed top-down and 'performed' in public, and 2) the construction of 'we'identity 'on the ground', within the community, by each of its members individually.

Рассматривается вопрос о приоритетах внешней политики СССР в 1924 г. через призму публикаций на международные темы в старейшей российской региональной газете «Красноярский рабочий». Тема дипломатического признания представлена через сопоставление отношения СССР к странам Запада и Китаю. В анализе материала газетных публикаций акцент сделан на особенности процесса формирования общественных представлений советских людей в сфере международных отношений, объяснении мотивов поведения западных стран и Китая в отношении Советского Союза, и наоборот, а также риторике публикаций., The issue of external policy priorities of the USSR in 1924 is viewed through the prism of publications of the oldest regional Russian newspaper "Krasnoyarsk Worker" devoted to the international relations. The problem of diplomatic recognition is observed with the comparison of the relations of the USSR and Western countries and China. At this work the general review of the newspaper issues from 1923 to 1924 on problems of external policy of the Soviet country is presented. On the base of the comparative-historical analysis of newspaper publications theme priorities are found out and the balance of western and eastern directions of the USSR policy at the first part of 1920s is defined. The process of shaping of public perceptions of regional papers' readers in the sphere of international relations is overviewed. Moreover, the rhetoric of publications is analyzed and the range of incentive motives that made the process of recognition of the Soviet state inevitable according to the "Krasnoyarsk Worker" is researched. It is concluded that the newspaper solved the problems of informational support of the most important events of external policy on the regional level shaping correct (according to the party plank) perception of events or processes. Because of such a position the newspaper acted as an exposer of the "imperial" policy of western countries. The major volume of publications from 1923 to 1924 is devoted to Germany depicting the reparation crisis and proletarian struggle at the cutting edge. Among personalities they highlighted Raymond Poincare who was shown as a cruel imperialist and a reactionary manipulating both western countries and China. Generally, even the amount of publications on the certain theme formed the hierarchy among problems and objectives of the Soviet external policy. As a result Chinese issues are out of the cutting edge in the newspaper. The data about China is the poorest and unvaried. The number of these publications is directly dependent on success of L. Karakhan's mission. All of major publications are keynote conceptually expanding the Soviet authorities' views towards Germany, Great Britain, France or China. Semantic duality, ideological cliches, and presenting information in a false way admittedly but in an advantageous propagandistic way were typical for the publications of the newspaper in general. "Krasnoyarsk Worker" solved the problem of explanation of the governmental policy and shaping it in a way of public perceptions of major events including international ones.

Рассмотрено современное состояние «тангуноведения» как самостоятельного научного направления, обозначены основные тенденции в изучении мифа о Тангуне, показано, что этот миф вызывает большой интерес исследователей. Анализ тематики работ современных южнокорейских авторов убеждает, что в настоящее время наиболее активно происходит исследование мифа о Тангуне в рамках изучения национальной идентичности. Ярким представителем этого направления является Чон Ён-хун, работы которого были охарактеризованы в статье., The article observes the present state of the "Dangun Studies", as an independent scientific field. The main trends in the study of the Dangun myth are defined. This myth generates interest among researchers in different areas, such as archaeology, history, philosophy, anthropology, folklore, literary, political and cultural studies etc. In 1997 scientific society the "Dangun Society" was established. It is the first scientific union of researchers who study the Dangun Myth. The reason of the society's establishment, purpose and direction of future activities were determined at the first meeting of this society. Questions and issues concerning the "Dandun Studies", that should be solved, are discussed in modern researches (for example the articles of Yoon Nae-hyun, Jeong Young-hun). The analysis of subjects of the articles of modern South Korean researchers who study the Dangun myth showed that generally the myth was researched in the context of national identity study. The main reason that today the issue of national identity is becoming more important is processes of globalization. In Korean Peninsula the problem is challenging because of separation of one nation and the existence of two states. The Dangun Myth and its ideas can be useful for solving these problems. A researcher who develops this scientific field and should be worth noticing is Jeong Young-hun. He was one of those who promoted the "Dangun Society". It was he who introduced the term the "Dangun nationalism» for scientific use and defined it as consciousness and movement which are based on belief that Dangun was the Korean's common ancestor and promoted the integration of Korean nation. These ideas are part of Korean national identity. By the end of the 19th century they started to play an important role in Korean national identity and national integration movement. The basis of these ideas contains in Korean history. The article also examines papers of Jeong Young-Hun. The key points Jeong Yong-Hun paid attention to were political ideas in the Dangun Myth, the Dangun nationalism in different periods of Korean History, national integration movement, South and North Korean's understanding of Dangun, and also the influence of the Dangun Myth on modern Korean society that is shown up in dangi (chronology which starts from the era of Old-Joseon's foundation by Dangun), national holiday gaecheonjeol and the ideology of hongikingan.

Анализируется информация газеты «Le Moniteur universel» о походе Великой армии Наполеона Бонапарта в Россию в 1812 г. Даются краткая характеристика газеты «Le Moniteur universel», выборочное изложение бюллетеней Великой армии, преимущественно тех, которые содержали информацию о погоде в России. Оценивается влияние бюллетеней на формирование мнения французского общества о русском походе Наполеона Бонапарта, делается предположение, как появился миф о «генерале Морозе»., The present article analyzes the information from the newspaper "Le Moniteur universel" about the campaign of Napoleon Bonaparte's Grand Army to Russia in 1812. The author gives a brief description of the newspaper "Le Moniteur universel", makes a selective summary from bulletins of the Grand Army, mostly those that contain some information about the weather in Russia. It's estimated the influence of bulletins on the formation of public opinion in the French society about the Russian campaign of Napoleon Bonaparte, it gives a suggestion about the origin of the myth about "general Frost". At the present time interest in the history of Russia's European policy is increasing as never before, it has been studied extensively by both domestic and foreign scientists. In this regard, there is a neсessity to attract new sources. Expansion of information is possible due to francophone periodicals, in particular thanks to the newspaper "Le Moniteur universel". This is one of those sources, which gives a possibility to glance at Russia and its foreign policy through the eyes of Europeans. The advantage of this periodical is the fact that its materials have not been studied and analyzed by majority of Russian researchers. In the time of hostilities of 1812, newspaper "Le Moniteur universel" paid special attention to the bulletins of the Grand Army. In fact the military bulletins were issued from the beginning of the military campaign, personally written by Napoleon Bonaparte and reflected his views on the course of hostilities, the political situation in Russia, the public mood and the position of the soldiers and officers of the Grand Army. Reading the papers about the Russian campaign, we can imagine what Napoleon wanted to tell to his subjects from distant Russia. It appeared as military publications, the military newsletters were intended for the whole society, including for the Grand Army. Napoleon knew that his soldiers will read them, so it was important in the minds of men to magnify their own image and status. In fact, the content of the bulletins is a description of the weather conditions in distant Russia, there is not even a brief description of the Russian army, which manifested itself more than equal enemy, there are no reports about its success in the theater of hostilities, are not mentioned tactical errors, which Napoleon committed and which played not the last role in the course of military events. After reading the bulletins of the Grand army, it can be concluded that the great French army was defeated not by Russian generals, but by terrible and insidious "general Frost".