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Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cane yield and sucrose content are the two main breeding objectives in sugarcane, and plant height, stem diameter, and brix are major constituent factors of cane yield and sucrose. Identification of associated molecular markers and exploring elite alleles with yield and sucrose traits could provide a theoretical basis and reference for marker assisted breeding of sugarcane. In this study, 62 sugarcane germplasm entries were used as the experimental materials. Three breeding traits, including plant height, stem diameter, and brix were investigated under four planting environments at maturity stage. ANOVA, genetic variation analysis and association analysis between the identified from related markers for further allele effect analysis. The result of ANOVA revealed that genotype, planting environment and their interaction had significant effect on plant height, stem diameter and brix in sugarcane. The broad-sense heritability of the three traits ranged from 0.68 to 0.76, indicating that they had stable genetic characteristics and their phenotype was mainly determined by its genotype. The frequency of these three traits showed typical quantitative traits with normal distribution characteristics. The coefficients of variation of the three traits ranged from 6.73% to 19.89%, suggesting a rich variation in phenotypes. A total of 204 alleles were found with a mean of 5.5135 per marker. The average gene diversity coefficient was 0.6779, and the average PIC value was 0.6252. The 89.19% of total markers were highly polymorphic with PIC>0.5. Population structure analysis revealed that the tested group could be divided into three subgroups. A total of 20 markers were detected associated with plant height, stem diameter, and brix traits based on MLM method, which explained 5.04%--27.98% of phenotypic variation. Seven of them detected in two or more planting environments were considered as elite markers, 8 alleles with positive effect were identified and considered as the elite alleles, and 10 typical materials were found carrying these elite alleles by allele effect analysis. These results provide a great significance for candidate gene mining of yield and sucrose content traits and parents selection of hybrid combinations in sugarcane breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beekeeping as a staple of agriculture in Kazakhstan is believed to have emerged when external bee colonies were introduced into the country. To date, six subspecies have been distributed across commercial apiaries (Apis mellifera sossimai, A. m. carpatica, A. m. mellifera, A. m. ligustica, A. m. caucasica, and A. m. carnica). In this study, we analyzed mitochondrial DNA from 21 geographically distinct populations with diverse subspecies composition and discovered 19 unique haplotypes belonging to C and M evolutionary lineages. Analysis of 9 microsatellite loci revealed strong polymorphism, with a range of 5 to 35 alleles at each locus. The observed heterozygosity across the populations varied from 0.2892 to 0.9099, and clustering analysis only allowed differentiation of each population based on its geographical location. High degree of admixture among subspecies was identified in every population, including a potential introgression from the endemic bee A. m. pomonella. Unregulated cross-breeding for the past 50 years has laid the foundation for the promiscuous genetic nature of honeybee populations in Kazakhstan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Microsatellites are important markers for livestock including ducks. The development of microsatellites is expensive and labor-intensive. Meanwhile, the in silico approach for mining for microsatellites became a practicable alternative. Therefore, the current study aimed at comparing whole-genome and chromosome-wise microsatellite mining approaches in Muscovy and Mallard ducks and testing the transferability of markers between them. The GMATA software was used for the in silico study, and validation was performed using 26 primers. Results The total number of the detected microsatellites using chromosome-wise was 250,053 and 226,417 loci compared to 260,059 and 238,462 loci using whole genome in Mallards and Muscovies. The frequencies of different motifs had similar patterns using the two approaches. Dinucleotide motifs were predominant (> 50%) in both Mallards and Muscovies. The amplification of the genomes revealed an average number of alleles of 5.08 and 4.96 in Mallards and Muscovies. One locus was monographic in Mallards, and two were monomorphic in Muscovies. The average expected heterozygosity was higher in Muscovy than in Mallards (0.45 vs. 0.43) with no significant difference between the two primer sets, which indicated the usefulness of cross-species amplification of different primers. Conclusion The current study developed a whole-genome SSR panel for ducks for the first time, and the results could prove that using chromosome-wise mining did not generate different results compared to the whole-genome approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Date palm, oasis pivot, plays a vital socio-economic part in the southern area of Morocco. However, with climate change and drought intensity and frequency increasing, the Moroccan palm grove is threatened with significant genetic degradation. Genetic characterization of this resource is key element for the development of effective conservation and management strategies in the current circumstances of climate change and various biotic and abiotic stresses. To evaluate the genetic diversity of date palm populations collected from different Moroccan oases, we used simple sequence repeats (SSR) and directed amplification of mini-satellite DNA (DAMD) markers. Our results showed that used markers could efficiently assess genetic diversity in Phoenix dactylifera L. Results: A total of 249 and 471 bands were respectively scored for SSR and DAMD, of which 100% and 92.9% were polymorphic. The polymorphic information content (PIC = 0.95), generated by the SSR primer was nearly identical to that generated by the DAMD primer (PIC = 0.98). The resolving power (Rp) was higher in DAMD than SSR (29.46 and 19.51, respectively). Analysis of the molecular variance (AMOVA) based on the combined data sets for both markers revealed a higher variance within populations (75%) than among populations (25%). Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and the ascendant hierarchical classification showed that the population of Zagora and Goulmima regions were the closest populations. The STRUCTURE analysis clustering of the 283 tested samples into seven clusters based on their genetic composition. Conclusion: The results drawn from this study will orient genotypes selection strategies for a successful future breeding and conservation program, particularly under climate change context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

North-eastern Himalayan (NEH) region of India possesses numerous unique and traditionally important Capsicum landraces. The extent of phenotypic variation and phylogenetic relationship of the NEH Capsicum landraces is poorly understood. Therefore, Capsicum landraces consisting of 34 Capsicum annuum L., 5 C. chinense Jacq. and 57 C. frutescens L, that were collected from different states NEH region of India, were studied for morpho-genetic diversity. Accessions were agro-morphologically characterised using the IPGRI minimal descriptors. Genetic diversity analysis was done using 20 microsatellite markers spanning all 13 linkage groups of Capsicum. Multivariate analyses indicated that C. frutescens accessions were agro-morphologically different from both C. annuum and C. chinense. On an average, 3.6 alleles per locus were detected. Considerable genetic diversity (polymorphic information content, PIC = 0.46) was found within the accessions. The phylogenetic and model-based population structure analyses classified the landraces into two to three groups with varied species homogeneity with a majority of members in a cluster belonging to the same species. This study provides important information on the morpho-agronomic variability and genetic structure of chilli landraces of northeastern India which will be useful to identify groups with similar genetic backgrounds for conservation and effective selection of parents for future breeding programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is the birthplace of foxtail millet, four traditional foxtail millet accessions of Qinzhouhuang, Taohuami, Longshanxiaomi, and Jingumi because of its good quality characteristics, has been selected as the royal tribute and is loved by people in Chinese history. To explore the genetic diversity of four Chinese famous foxtail millet and the genetic relationships among the namesakes, SSR and SRAP markers were used to analyze the genetic difference of 179 foxtail millet varieties. Results based on SSR markers showed that the genetic distance ranged from 0.0435 to 0.6304 with an average of 0.3267, the PIC was 0.2406, the allele frequency was 0.7845, and the genetic diversity was 0.2968. Based on UPGMA, 179 materials were clustered into 10 groups, and the clusters had certain correlation with their sources. The materials were divided into three groups based on structure and three groups based on principal component analysis. SRAP marker analysis revealed that the genetic distance ranged from 0.1818 to 0.9545 with an average of 0.6001, and the PIC, the allele frequency, and the genetic diversity were 0.5257, 0.5718, and 0.5688, respectively. Based on UPGMA, 179 materials were clustered into 14 groups. The materials were divided into three groups based on structure and principal component analysis. The groups were clearly divided and the origin of the groups was consistent with their source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Citrus species are among the most important and widely consumed fruit trees in the world and are subjected to increasing global cultivation. Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) is one of 30 species of citrus which is cultivated in different regions of Iran. In this study, 80 trees of 13 sweet orange cultivars of Mazandaran province were studied for genetic diversity and fingerprinting by five short simple repeat (SSR) marker. Results: The studied cultivars showed a high degree of genetic variability with an average genetic polymorphism of 98.46%. Behshahr and Jadeh Ghadim2 genotypes had the highest and lowest values in Nei genetic diversity, number of effective alleles, and Shannon index, respectively. Based on k-means clustering, the studied genotypes were divided into two main different groups. The high magnitude of genetic similarity between replicates of different cultivars indicated a potential case of homonymy or synonymy. DAPC analysis showed genetic admixture among some of the cultivars. The heatmap plot illustrated the alleles involved in cultivar differentiation. The CAPs analysis of monomorphic alleles of SSR loci indicated that these alleles differ in their sequences which add up to the genetic variability of citrus germplasm. Conclusion: In general, SSR markers, due to their codominant nature and abundance in genome, are a good indicator for cultivar fingerprinting and hybrid prediction in orange cultivars. The present results showed the high diversity of sweet orange trees in different cultivars in the north of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cabbage webworm, Hellula undalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a significant pest of brassicas and other cruciferous plants in warm regions worldwide. Transcriptome analysis is valuable for investigation of molecular mechanisms underlying the insect development and reproduction. De novo assembly is particularly useful for acquiring complete transcriptome information of insect species when there is no reference genome available. In case of Hellula undalis , only 17 nucleotide records are currently available throughout NCBI nucleotide database. Genes associated with metabolic processes, general development, reproduction, defense and functional genomics were not previously predicted in the Hellula undalis at the genomic level. To address this issue, we constructed Hellula undalis transcriptome using Illumina NovaSeq6000 technology. Approximately 48 million 150 bp paired-end reads were obtained from sequencing. A total of 30,451 contigs were generated by de novo assembly of sample and were compared with the sequences in the NCBI non-redundant protein database (Nr). In total, 71 % of contigs were matched to known proteins in public databases including Nr, Gene Ontology (GO), and Cluster Orthologous Gene Database (COG), and then, contigs were mapped to 123 via functional annotation against the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway database (KEGG). In addition, we compared the ortholog gene family of the Hullula undalis, transcriptome to Spodoptera frugiperda, spodotera litura and spodoptera littoralis and found that 391 orthologous gene families are specific to Hullula undalis. A total of 1,913 potential SSRs was discovered in Hullula undalis contigs. This study is the first transcriptome data for Hullula undalis. Additionally, it serves as a valuable resource for identifying target genes and developing effective and environmentally friendly strategies for pest control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fifteen alfalfa populations were tested for resistance to the seedling damping-off disease sourced by Rhizoctonia solani , Fusarium solani , and Macrophomina phaseolina. In a laboratory experiment, saponin treatment significantly diminished the mycelial growth of the causal fungi of alfalfa damping-off disease. Roots of the fifteen alfalfa populations varied in saponin and lignin content. Selection for the considerably resistant plants leads to the best growth performance, desirable yield, and high nutritive values such as crude protein (CP), crude fier (CF), nitrogen free extract (NFE), ash, and ether extract (EE) contents. For the PCR reaction, 10 SSR pairs of the JESPR series primers and the cDNA-SCoT technique with seven primers were used. SSR and SCoT revealed some unique markers that could be linked to resistance to damping-off disease in alfalfa that appeared in the considerably resistant alfalfa population (the promised pop.). SSR and SCoT markers can be an excellent molecular method for judging genetic diversity and germplasm classification in tetraploid alfalfa. We recommend breeding for saponin concentration in the alfalfa plant may affect resistance to some diseases like root rot and damping-off because saponin might improve plant growth, yield, and nutritional values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Genetic variation among the natural growing populations seems due to difficult ecological and environmental conditions that end in evolution. Molecular markers (RAPD & SSR) were applied to analysis ecological effects on the DNA of (Hordewn vulgare L.). This study was consisted with Hordiwn vulture genotype (Jow 83) and five levels of KCl and MgCl2 salt solution (0, 50, 100 and 150, 200 mM). Salt treatments inhibited growth parameters including germination 0%, rate of germination, fresh and dry weight. The genetic distances among the treated barley populations were analyzed by generating dendogram from RAPD and SSR fragments. Out of Five (5) RAPD primers produced a total of 219 loci in Horclizan vulgare genotype. Out of which 49 (9.4 %) were polymorphic band, whereas 172 (34.4%) were monomorphic band with an average (43.8%) generated both monomorphic and polymorphic. While two SSR primer produced a total 26 loci in barley genotypes, out of these 5 ( 2.5%) were polymorphic band, whereas 21 (9.5 %) were mon-omorphic band with an average (18.6%) generated both monomorphic and polymorphic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microsatellites are highly polymorphic regions containing gene loci represented by multiple alleles of different lengths and nucleotide sequences. The purpose of this study was to identify reproducible specific molecular profiles of tomato varieties and F1 hybrids from the collection of the Maritsa Vegetable Crops Research Institute, Bulgaria, and of mutant lines from the Nuclear Energy Research Institute, Turkey, by detecting polymorphic microsatellite loci as markers. The study included five varieties, four F1 hybrids Bulgarian tomato, five Turkish mutant lines, and an initial landrace analysed with 19 SSR markers located in different chromosomes of the tomato genome at a distance of 6.0 cM to 146.0 cM. Fifteen microsatellite markers were used to generate polymorphic profiles. The number of bands per microsatellite locus ranged from one to eight, with a total of 62 bands among the markers analysed. The average number of SSR alleles per locus was 3.26. The dendrogram constructed with the values of genetic distance showed that all fifteen genotypes are grouped into two major clusters. Twelve form one main cluster with subclusters, while the rest of them form the other cluster. The results of the present study complement the data on the genetic heterogeneity of tomatoes and could be useful for tomato breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mung bean is a pulse crop principally grown in the tropic and subtropic parts of the world for its nutrient-rich seeds. Seven mung beans accessions from Eastern Kenya were evaluated using thirteen phenotypic traits. In addition, 10 SSR markers were used to determine their genetic diversity and population structure. This aimed at enhancing germplasm utilization for subsequent mung bean breeding programs. Results: Analysis of variance for most of the phenology traits showed significant variation, with the yield traits recording the highest. The first three principal components (PC) explained 83.4% of the overall phenotypic variation, with the highest (PC1) being due to variation of majority of the traits studied such as pod length, plant height, and seeds per pod. The dendogram revealed that the improved genotypes had common ancestry with the local landraces. The seven mung beans were also genotyped using 10 microsatellite markers, eight of which showed clear and consistent amplification profiles with scorable polymorphisms in all the studied genotypes. Genetic diversity, allele number, and polymorphic information content (PIC) were determined using powermarker (version 3.25) and phylogenetic tree constructed using DARWIN version 6.0.12. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was calculated using GenALEx version 6.5. A total of 23 alleles were detected from the seven genotypes on all the chromosomes studied with an average of 2.875 across the loci. The PIC values ranged from 0.1224 (CEDG056) to 0.5918 (CEDG092) with a mean of 0.3724. Among the markers, CEDG092 was highly informative while the rest were reasonably informative except CEDG056, which was less informative. Gene diversity ranged from 0.1836 (CEDG050) to 0.5102 (CDED088) with an average of 0.3534. The Jaccards dissimilarity matrix indicated that genotypes VC614850 and N26 had the highest level of dissimilarity while VC637245 and N26 had lowest dissimilarity index. The phylogenetic tree grouped the genotypes into three clusters as revealed by population structure analysis (K = 3), with cluster III having one unique genotype (VC6137B) only. AMOVA indicated that the highest variation (99%) was between individual genotype. In addition, marker traits association analysis revealed 18 significant associations (P < 0.05). Conclusion: These findings indicate sufficient variation among the studied genotypes that can be considered for germplasm breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food and nutritional security continue to be the issues of concern in developing countries like ours. Exploring the reservoir of high potential unexplored genetic resources could address the world's food and nutritional insecurity. The availability of diverse data and the population structure of any crop germplasm is a valuable genetic resource for discovering genes that can help achieve food and nutritional stability. We used seven ISSR and seven SSR markers to investigate diversity among 63 buckwheat genotypes, including landraces from India's northwestern Himalayas. Various parameters such as percent polymorphism, PIC, resolving power, and marker index was used to evaluate the inequitable efficacy of these markers. We foundthat both marker systems are effective in detecting polymorphism in buckwheat germplasm. Seven ISSRs produced 55 polymorphic bands, while seven SSRs produced 32bands. When compared to ISSRs, SSRs had a greater average PIC value (0.43) than that of (0.36). ISSRs, on the other hand, had a resolving power of (4.38) compared to (1.42) for SSRs. The hierarchical cluster analysis dendrogram divided genotypes into three major clusters. We found that both marker systems were equally accurate in grouping buckwheat genotypes according to their geographical origins. Using 7 ISSR and 7 SSR markers, the model-based STRUCTURE analysis established a population with two sub-populations that correspond to species-based groupings. Within the population, there was a high level of genetic diversity. These results have consequences for both buckwheat breeding and conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mung bean is a pulse crop principally grown in the tropic and subtropic parts of the world for its nutrient-rich seeds. Seven mung beans accessions from Eastern Kenya were evaluated using thirteen phenotypic traits. In addition, 10 SSR markers were used to determine their genetic diversity and population structure. This aimed at enhancing germplasm utilization for subsequent mung bean breeding programs. Results: Analysis of variance for most of the phenology traits showed significant variation, with the yield traits recording the highest. The first three principal components (PC) explained 83.4% of the overall phenotypic variation, with the highest (PC1) being due to variation of majority of the traits studied such as pod length, plant height, and seeds per pod. The dendogram revealed that the improved genotypes had common ancestry with the local landraces. The seven mung beans were also genotyped using 10 microsatellite markers, eight of which showed clear and consistent amplification profiles with scorable polymorphisms in all the studied genotypes. Genetic diversity, allele number, and polymorphic information content (PIC) were determined using powermarker (version 3.25) and phylogenetic tree constructed using DARWIN version 6.0.12. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was calculated using GenALEx version 6.5. A total of 23 alleles were detected from the seven genotypes on all the chromosomes studied with an average of 2.875 across the loci. The PIC values ranged from 0.1224 (CEDG056) to 0.5918 (CEDG092) with a mean of 0.3724. Among the markers, CEDG092 was highly informative while the rest were reasonably informative except CEDG056, which was less informative. Gene diversity ranged from 0.1836 (CEDG050) to 0.5102 (CDED088) with an average of 0.3534. The Jaccards dissimilarity matrix indicated that genotypes VC614850 and N26 had the highest level of dissimilarity while VC637245 and N26 had lowest dissimilarity index. The phylogenetic tree grouped the genotypes into three clusters as revealed by population structure analysis (K = 3), with cluster III having one unique genotype (VC6137B) only. AMOVA indicated that the highest variation (99%) was between individual genotype. In addition, marker traits association analysis revealed 18 significant associations (P < 0.05). Conclusion: These findings indicate sufficient variation among the studied genotypes that can be considered for germplasm breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a hardy crop packed with nutritional and medicinal benefits. Exploitation of wild pomegranate germplasm is necessary to meet the modern-breeding objectives of superior quality, high yield and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Genetic diversity and genetic relatedness among 61 cultivars of six countries and 35 wild accessions of Himalaya (India) were assessed using 60 SSR markers. Seventeen polymorphic markers produced 55 polymorphic alleles with an average of 3.24 alleles per locus, 1.69 effective alleles, moderate polymorphic information content (0.33) and moderate gene diversity (0.37). Low-to-moderate genetic differentiation was observed among the accessions from different countries with FST values ranging from 0.015 to 0.140. Himalyan wild accessions exhibited modest genetic differentiation of 0.152 from rest of the cultivars. Phenetic analysis based on genetic distance, clustered 97 genotypes into two major clusters of Himalayan wild accessions and cultivars, with no clear distinction between countries. Congruently, population STRUCTURE analysis revealed the presence of two sub-populations, one of Himalayan wild type and the other of cultivated type (Central Asian). Genetically distant Himalayan wild accessions with high gene diversity can be exploited in breeding for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses using modern breeding tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fibromyalgia is a syndrome characterized by chronic pain, depression, fatigue, and sleep disturbance. Different hypotheses have emerged about its pathogenesis, but central sensitization, which plays an important role in the development of neuropathic pain, is considered to be the main mechanism. We aim to compare patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls with different electrodiagnostic testing, and if present, to corroborate whether there is any relationship between electrodiagnostic measures. Also, we sought to test the diagnostic value of some of these measures. Methods: A case-control study of thirty-one patients with fibromyalgia with a duration of illness ranging from 5 months to 10 years were recruited for the study. Full medical history, clinical neurological examination, and electrodiagnostic tests of the upper and lower extremity including nerve conduction studies, needle electromyography, sympathetic skin response, cutaneous silent period and muscle fiber conduction velocity. Results: Sympathetic skin response latency and cutaneous silent period latency were not different between the patients and the control group. Cutaneous silent period duration was prolonged and the muscle fiber conduction velocity is faster in the subjects with fibromyalgia. The latter measures have similar diagnostic value. Sex has no significant impact on electrodiagnostic measures and the latter not correlated with patients' age. Conclusion: A central sensitization and concomitant deregulation of the efferent higher motor centers might be implicated in the pathogenic mechanism of fibromyalgia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was carried out in Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops treatment area in 2014 and 2015 years. As seed material, 15 local bean genotypes (Turtul, Turtul-1, Turtul-2, Turtul-4, Turtul-5, Turtul-6, Turtul-7, Calikiran, Elazig 1, Cali Bean, Horoz, Black, Kozan 3, Kozan 4, Susehri) of Adana, Hatay, Mersin, Kahramanmaras, Osmaniye, Sivas provinces and varieties "Onceler- 98" and "Dermason" were used. Genetic similarity index values were determined by using 22 primer pairs. The genotypes with the lowest similarity index were Turtul-5 and Calikiran (0.183 ), Calikiran and Cali (0 .204 ), Elazig-1 and Kozan-3 (0.257), Calikiran and Onceler-98 (0.273), Calikiran and Turtul-2 (0.293), Onceler-98 and Turtul 2 (0.293) and Calikiran and Horoz (0.378). The genetic similarity index values are examined, the most similar genotype pairs were; Turtul-4 and Kozan-4 (1.000), Dermason and Cali (1.000), Siyah and Turtul-6 (1.000), Susehri and Turtul 1 (1,000), Turtul and Turtul 4 (0.904), Turtul and Kozan-4 (0.904) and Turtul and Turtul-2 (0.904) genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.) is a perennial plant, which is high in nutritional value and resistant to environmental conditions, and it is one of most frequently preferred feed crop among the leguminous family. In this study, it was aimed to determine the genetic diversity of some alfalfa ecotypes and their varieties by DNA, protein, nucleus, and chromosome counts. The genetic distance between the populations of control (M. truncatula), five different cultivars (Alsancak, Bilensoy, Iside, Plato, Bilensoy82), and three different ecotypes (Erzurum, Muş, and Konya) was investigated by cytogenetic analysis, flow cytometry, simple sequence repeats (SSR), and SDS PAGE techniques. Results: Cytogenetic analysis of these tested plants has verified the existence of expected levels such as diploid, triploid, and tetraploid as well as aneuploid (2n = 4x = 30) plants. Flow cytometry analysis have displayed that all of tested plants were tetraploid, whereas cytological analysis had either diploid, triploid, or tetraploid. Genetic diversity dendrogram was created using Erzurum, Muş, Konya, Bilensoy82, Alsancak, and Plato varieties. The Iside and Bilensoy were found to be morphogenetic in relationship. Our control plant, M. truncatula, did not have a similarity relationship with other ecotypes and cultivars. The total numbers of protein bands differed among tested plants from 140 kDA to 25 kDa. Conclusions: This paper first reports on the genetic variation of Turkish alfalfa plants by using detailed analysis techniques. This work provides important findings for the classification, conservation, and innovation of alfalfa germplasm resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This current study presents, for the first time, the complete chloroplast genome of two Cleomaceae species: Dipterygium glaucum and Cleome chrysantha in order to evaluate the evolutionary relationship. The cp genome is 158,576 bp in length with 35.74% GC content in D. glaucum and 158,111 bp with 35.96% GC in C. chrysantha. Inverted repeats IR 26,209 bp, 26,251 bp each, LSC of 87,738 bp, 87,184 bp and SSC of 18,420 bp, 18,425 bp respectively. There are 136 genes in the genome, which includes 80 protein coding genes, 31 tRNA genes and four rRNA genes were observed in both chloroplast genomes. 117 genes are unique while the remaining 19 genes are duplicated in IR regions. The analysis of repeats shows that the cp genome includes all types of repeats with more frequent occurrences of palindromic; Also, this analysis indicates that the total number of simple sequence repeats (SSR) were 323 in D. glaucum , and 313 in C. chrysantha , of which the majority of the SSRs in these plastid genomes were mononucleotide repeats A/T which are located in the intergenic spacer. Moreover, the comparative analysis of the four cp sequences revealed four hotspot genes (atpF, rpoC2, rps19 , and ycf1), these variable regions could be used as molecular makers for the species authentication as well as resources for inferring phylogenetic relationships of the species. All the relationships in the phylogenetic tree are with high support, this indicate that the complete chloroplast genome is a useful data for inferring phylogenetic relationship within the Cleomaceae and other families. The simple sequence repeats identified will be useful for identification, genetic diversity, and other evolutionary studies of the species. This study reported the first cp genome of the genus Dipterygium and Cleome. The finding of this study will be beneficial for biological disciplines such as evolutionary and genetic diversity studies of the species within the core Cleomaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding of fish genetic characterization plays a vital role in the conservation and utilization of fish genetic resources of grouper species. The present study was carried out to assess the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in five grouper species, Epinephelus spp. from eastern Saudi Arabian coast using two molecular marker systems, inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and microsatellite (SSR) markers. In total, 219 individuals grouper specimens (Epinephelus tauvina, E. coioides, E. bleekeri, E. malabaricus, and E. areolatus) were genotyped with 10 ISSR and 11 SSR selected primers. The ISSR produced 94 DNA fragments, of which 44 were polymorphic with an average of 2.13 fragment per primer. While SSR primers generated 107 alleles, all of them were polymorphic with an average 9.72 per primer. ISSR and SSR techniques demonstrated a high level of gene diversity and genetic distances illustrated by UPGMA dendrograms among the grouper species. The results proved that the SSR markers were highly informative and efficient in detecting genetic variability and relationships of the Epinephelus spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, attempts were made to confirm the origin of mango (Mangifera indica L.) embryos produced in vitro through somatic embryogenesis by using explants which were presumed as of diverse origin using SSR markers. SSR markers used in the study detected a total number of 148 alleles per locus with the mean number of alleles ranging from 8 alleles (MiKVR–81) to 11 alleles per SSRs (MiIIHR–21478). The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.92 (MiKVR–81) to 1.00 (MiKVR–71). The polymorphic information content (PIC) value was maximum (0.895) in MiIIHR – 21478 and minimum (0.830) in MiIIHR – 78. In both cv. Vellaikolumban and cv. Olour, the position of barcode for all nucellar embryos was observed to be similar to that of the maternal parent and the barcode of zygotic embryo in vitro were observed to be different from the mother plant with all 16 primers. Dendrogram constructed using SSR marker data by the Neighbour joining method resulted in two main clusters with Vellakolumban and Olour samples in separate clusters. Each cluster was divided into two subclusters consisting embryos produced from the nucellus tissue and the mother plant in one sub cluster and embryos produced from zygotic embryo formed a separate cluster in both cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Universidad del Valle de Guatemala is the property of Universidad del Valle de Guatemala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Vascular streak dieback is a serious disease of cocoa throughout the world and breeding of resistant varieties is the most reliable management strategy. Molecular markers linked with resistance enable marker-assisted breeding by tracking the resistance genes in each generation. To identify the markers linked with resistance, four accessions each of highly resistant, highly susceptible and partially resistant categories were screened with ISSR and SSR primers. Of the 71 ISSR and 46 SSR primers used, five ISSR primers UBC811, UBC815, UBC826, UBC857 and UBC866 have yielded reproducible markers for resistance. Cloning and sequencing of UBC857 marker showed 94% identity with SSR clone mTcCIR42. Screening of genotypes with mTcCIR42 primers generated distinct markers for resistance. Identified ISSR markers represent at least three different genes. Results were further validated using the resistant and susceptible progenies and are being used in marker-assisted selection for VSD resistance in cocoa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciência Florestal (01039954) is the property of Ciencia Florestal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Black gram [ Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] is an important food source which is rich in digestible good quality protein and many minerals. But the information on grain minerals and SSR marker based variability study is scanty. Therefore, to examine the variability for protein and minerals in black gram, 60 genotypes were screened for protein and three minerals (calcium, potassium and phosphorus) along with 11 SSR markers. The germplasm displayed ample variability for protein and minerals. The average value of protein, calcium, potassium and phosphorus content was 22.96%, 135.26 mg/100 g, 468.59 mg/100 g and, 325.96 mg/100 g. Phosphorus was significantly correlated with potassium in positive direction. A total of 66 alleles were identified from 60 black gram genotypes. The number of alleles per SSR marker was six with a range of 2–12. PIC value ranged from 0.30 (CEDG 92) to 0.90 (Vmg SSR 29 and Vmg SSR 53) with average PIC of 0.60. The major allelic frequency ranged from 0.13 to 0.78. The minimum and maximum molecular distance were found to be 0.09–1.00. The average genetic distance between 60 black gram genotypes was 0.69. The current experiment indicated that the studied genotypes exhibited ample genetic variability at biochemical and DNA level and can be used for black gram improvement during selection and hybridization program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indian dill seed (Anethum sowa Roxb. ex Fleming) is an important member of family Apiaceae. It is a significant seed spice having many medicinal properties. But, this aromatic herb is still orphan from breeding and crop improvement perspective as no serious attention has been given by breeders. To swift the breeding program, molecular markers play the main role. But due to the paucity of markers, breeding is slower in dill seed. Therefore, an attempt was made to develop the genomic SSR markers in dill seed through next-generation sequencing. A total of 2119.51 Mbp of raw data were generated on the Miseq NGS platform during survey sequencing. In 2,25,956 contigs created by Spades assembler, a total 48,951 repeat motifs were identified. A set of 20,294 primer pairs (dimer to hexamer repeats) were produced. Among detected repeat motifs, 48.89% was mononucleotides. Of 12 primers, 10 (83%) primers could be successfully amplified in dill seed and produced 11 amplicons. During cross-genera amplification of markers, 9 out of 10 primers could be successfully amplified in related genera. Developed markers can also be used to initiate the molecular breeding program, association mapping and to assess the evolutionary relationship among seed spices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pennywort (Centella asiatica L.) is commonly grown in the tropical world for its nutritional and medicinal values. Valuable saponins in pennywort are extensively investigated for their anti-tumour activities. The diversity in morphology, phytochemical contents and genetics among pennywort accessions has been extensively studied to identify elite landraces for large-scale production. While pennywort is widely consumed in Vietnam, a systematic characterization of their diverse morphology, secondary metabolites and genetics is lacking. In this work, 26 pennywort accessions were collected across Vietnam and Laos. Their morphological features and yields were characterized under uniform agro-climatic conditions at Hue city in central Vietnam. The highest yield was obtained with HUIB_CA20 (478 g per tray), compared to the lowest yield in HUIB_CA19 (107 g per tray). Furthermore, a range of phytochemical markers, including vitamin C, reducing sugar, carotenoid, tannin, phenolic, flavonoid and saponin contents, were determined. Based on yield, phenolic and flavonoid contents, HUIB_CA20 and HUIB_CA27 were determined to be elite cultivars in this germplasm. Finally, microsatellite analysis was performed to explore the genetic diversity within the germplasm. Using fourteen SSR primer pairs, a total of 47 alleles were identified with 45 alleles (96 %) being polymorphic. These results will be useful for breeding programs aiming to create elite pennywort cultivars with enhanced properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study aimed to use recurrent selection method to cross some cotton genotypes for population improvement for some important traits; such as high yield, earliness and good fiber quality, under late planting date. The mean value (68.83 g) of hybrid No. 4 for seed cotton yield/plant was highly significant compared to its direct parents; P1 and P5 (43.85 and 51.51 g, respectively). For earliness index, three hybrids No. 1, 2 and 3 were highly significant (90.23, 88.85 and 87.26 %) compared to the best original parent (82.91 %) and commercial variety G. 86 (80.91 %). In hybrids, the estimates of GCV (9.47, 3.39 and 5.51) for earliness index, fiber length and fiber strength, respectively, and the estimates of PCV (9.72 and 3.60) for earliness index and fiber length, respectively, were higher than that obtained in F6 generation. Heritability values; in hybrids, for earliness index, fiber length, uniformity index and fiber strength (94.99, 88.18, 31.25 and 81.50 %, respectively) were higher than the recorded values in the F6 generation (72.92, 84.9, 10.26 and 12.80 %, respectively). The observed gain of the best five selected hybrids for seed cotton yield was ranged from 4.51 to 26.37% for seed cotton yield and from -8.08 to 3.86 % for earliness index compared to the better parent. While, observed gain values were ranged from 14.82 to 38.84% for seed cotton yield and from -5.83 to 6.41% for earliness index compared to commercial variety. Observed gain values for earliness index of two selected hybrids (No. 5 and 7) and hybrid No. 4 were significant and highly significant, respectively, compared to commercial variety. For fiber length, the observed gain value of one hybrid No. 7 was highly significant compared to better parent and commercial variety. Pointed to fiber elongation trait, the observed gain value for hybrid No.5 was significant compared to commercial variety. In terms of micronaire reading, the observed gain value of hybrid No. 4 was significant compared to the better parent. Meanwhile, hybrid No. 6 and No.4 were significant and highly significant, respectively, compared to commercial variety. In addition for quantifying the level of polymorphism among two original parents, five direct parents and ten hybrids resulted from hybridization among the five direct parents by using EST-SSR and SSR markers. A total of three EST-SSR and nine SSR primers were used and the percentage of polymorphism was found to be 84.21 % for EST-SSR and 88.31 % for SSR markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delimiting species boundaries in recent plant radiations can be challenging. The New Zealand native Myosotis pygmaea (Boraginaceae) species group is a case in point. This species complex is of interest as it includes threatened species as well as possibly threatened unnamed putative taxa. Integrative taxonomic approaches using multiple lines of evidence are frequently used to overcome the difficulties of identifying lineages resulting from recent radiations. Here we analyse genotypic data from nearly 500 Myosotis individuals using microsatellite markers, and compare and co‐analyse this dataset with previously published morphological data. Within the M. pygmaea group, several genetic clusters can be identified, none of which align exactly with the current taxonomy and morphological variation previously identified. When co‐analysing the molecular and morphological data, M. brevis can be distinguished from the remainder of the M. pygmaea species group, but no other species or previously recognised morphological groups are supported. Other groupings within the molecular dataset appear to reflect geographic structure. Within the M. pygmaea species group, the resulting pattern of low within, and high between, population genetic variation is consistent with self‐fertilization and low levels of seed dispersal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and Purpose: The computed tomography angiographic (CTA) spot sign has been shown to predict hematoma expansion in patients with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), but the significance of the spot sign density (SSD) and the spot sign ratio (SSR) has not yet been explored.Methods: Using the institutional Neurocritical care and Stroke registry, we retrospectively reviewed patients with ICH from January-2013 to June-2017. We selected patients who had baseline CT-head (CTH), CTA with positive-spot sign within 6 hours of last known well and at least one follow-up CTH within 24 hours. Baseline demographics and variables known to affect hematoma-volume were collected. Hematoma-volumes and SSR were calculated using computer-assisted 3D-volumetric measurement and the average of the surrounding hematoma density divided by the SSD, respectively. The 2-sample t test and the area-under-the-curve (receiver operating characteristic) were used to detect the association between hematoma expansion and outcome at discharge.Results: A total of 320 patients were reviewed; 22 met the inclusion criteria. Significant hematoma expansion (volume expansion ≥12.5 cc or ≥33% compared to baseline) was noted in 14 (64%) subjects. SSD was significantly higher in subjects with hematoma expansion (216 ± 66) than those without (155 ± 52, P = .036). With a cut-off SSD of ≥150 HU, we had sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 75%. For SSR, lower ratios suggested a trend toward hematoma expansion, although it was not statistically significant (P = .12). There was no significant correlation between SSD or SSR and modified ranking scale at discharge and after 3-6 months.Conclusion: SSD might be a good predictor of hematoma growth. Although SSR showed a trend toward expansion, results were not statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This work aimed to characterise Moringa oleifera (Mo) and Moringa peregrina (Mp), grown in Saudi Arabia, based on nutritional and molecular markers. Seven genotypes per species were evaluated using 1-year-old trees. The nutritional characterisation included chlorophyll, protein, macronutrients, micronutrients, and heavy metals. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) was applied using nine primers for genetic characterisation. Significant differences in nutritional content were found between the two species and among the genotypes of each species. Mp had more chlorophyll content, however Mo contained higher protein, Fe and Zn. Correlations among nutritional characteristics allowed representative classification of genotypes based on these pertinent indicators only. Cluster analysis separated the genotypes of each species in independent group, but three Mo genotypes and two Mp genotypes were distinguished for their variability in nutritional properties. Most Mo genotypes amplified the nine SSR primers, however 6/9 primers only produced bands in Mp genotypes. The number of amplified primers per Mp genotype varied from zero to six. A strong relationship was found between nutritional and molecular classifications of genotypes. The efficient classification based on four chemical characteristics could be beneficial for Moringa evaluation. The correlation between genetic and nutritional variability could serve in improving Moringa and identifying genetic criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many molecular markers used by researchers to assess genetic relationships among species or intra-species in molecular studies. They use most of them to determine the precise similarities or dissimilarities. When researchers determine which to use, they consider a number of criteria, such as infrastructure, finance, labor and purpose. In this study, genetic diversity has been observed with using four different marker systems such as: Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR), Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR), inter primer-binding site (iPBS) and sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and all binary data set from these marker systems were calculated with the objective of assessing the marker system efficiency. The highest polymorphism percentages respectively were obtained from SSR marker with 96.6% and SRAP marker with 95% and the Cophenetic correlation coefficient respectively was estimated for each marker system r=0.85; 0.84; 0.98; 0.97. In a combined analysis of these markers, genetic similarities among all individuals ranged from 0.51 to 0.84, with a mean similarity of 0.64. However, correlations between the different molecular marker systems have shown that complementary information produced by different markers (codominant and dominant) for genetic studies involving polymorphism, and that the prediction of relationships is important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tree peony has been recently recognised as an oil crop in China. To identify the molecular markers associated with nine important oil-related traits, we performed association analysis among 205 P. rockii genotypes for three consecutive years using 102 polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSRs). As a result, the phenotypic traits showed higher coefficient of variation (CV) level ranged from 7.47% to 72.76%. Based on the general linear model (GLM, Q) and mixed linear model (MLM, Q + K), the marker-trait associations were different; however, a total of 74 allelic variations were repeatedly detected in all the three consecutive seasons, with 15 SSR markers associated with five traits, such as yield per plant (Y), the number of valid fruits per plant (PFN), the produced seed ratio (YFWR), hundred seed weight (HKW), and linolenic acid content (LA). In conclusion, the SSR markers ps207, ps328 and ps356 associated with Y, and ps345 associated with LA, which would provide an efficient reference for oil tree peony breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Botryosphaeria dothidea causes diseases in many different hosts worldwide. This species has become the most prominent fungal taxon causing grapevine trunk disease in China, with a recent disease outbreak. To reveal the genetic diversity and explore the origin of B. dothidea , six novel microsatellite markers were developed and used for the genotyping of 151 isolates obtained from China and overseas. The results demonstrated the high genetic diversity of the B. dothidea populations. Bayesian cluster analysis separated the total B. dothidea isolates into five genetic populations. B. dothidea isolates from Chinese grapevines were observed to share alleles with isolates from different hosts within China and from grapevines growing overseas, indicating both endemic host shifts and exotic introduction. In addition, unique pathogen genotypes were identified in Chinese grapevine isolates. Hence, we infer that B. dothidea isolates from multiple origins are contributing to the dieback and canker outbreak currently occurring in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peganum harmala L. is a perennial herbaceous plant and can be a future drug due to its wide medicinal purposes. Despite its economic importance, the molecular genetics of P. harmal have not yet been studied in detail. Genetic diversity of 12 P. harmala genotypes were investigated by using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR), PCR-RFLP of rDNA-ITS, PCR-SSCP of rDNA-ITS and Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers. The level of polymorphism revealed by ITS-SSCP is the lowest, followed by ITS-RFLP then ISSR and the highest polymorphism level was reported for SSR marker. The AMOVA analysis implied that most of the variation occurred within the Populations. A value of inbreeding coefficient F is estimated by the three co-dominant markers was nearly equal and offer an indication of the partial out-crossing reproductive system of P. harmala. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCOA) plot revealed a clear pattern of clustering based on the locations of collected plants which coincide with the isolation by distance. The study revealed that ITS-SSCP and ISSR markers respectively were more informative than the other used markers in the assessment of genetic diversity of P. harmala . The results reflect the great diversity of P. harmala and data obtained from this study can be used for future collecting missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three basic populations of Reid population (PH6WC) x Non-Reid population (PH4CV), Reid population (PH6WC) x DOM population (M5972), Non-Reid population (PH4CV) x DOM population (M5972) were constructed. Haploid technique was used to obtain haploid populations, whose distorted segregation were detected by SSR markers. The populations of PH6WC x PH4CV, PH6WC x M5972, PH4CV x M5972 obtained 45, 40 and 34 diversity markers, respectively. Segregation distortion results showed that three markers were skewed in the haploid population based on PH6WC x PH4CV and PH6WC x M5972, both of which were biased toward maternal PH6WC with segregation distortions frequencies at 6.67% and 7.50%, respectively. PH4CV x M5972 based haploid population did not detect distorted segregation sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)