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The risk of new establishments of Queensland fruit fly (Qfly), Bactrocera tryoni , in pest-free areas is linked to the fruit carried by road travellers. However, there is little information on what proportion of carried fruit is infested. Previous studies examined the numbers of fruits carried by travellers but not if the fruits were infested. Here, we report on the results of 989 fruit consignments seized on three main entry roads into the Fruit Fly Exclusion Zone and assessed for infestation. We found 1.01% of consignments were infested with tephritids. However, only 0.2% were infested with sufficient Qfly to potentially result in a new establishment. Within the main fruit groups carried, we detected stone fruit, tomatoes, pome fruit, citrus, bananas and tropical fruit in that order. Based on our data and previously published figures, we estimated that there were 1148 consignments infested with tephritids that entered the zone annually. Additionally, we estimated that 227 vehicles carried Qfly-infested fruit consignments into the quarantine zone annually and each of these had the potential to start a new establishment. Our results will help inform managers of quarantine zones. • Travellers carrying fruit pose a risk to fruit fly pest free regions. • We assessed 989 fruit consignments seized fruit for infestation. • Only 0.2% were sufficiently infested to result in a new establishment. • We estimated that 227 vehicles posed a risk to the quarantine zone each year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • First detection of Fall Armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda , in Bhutan. • Errors in public DNA databases have complicated identification of this species. • An updated reference DNA barcode data set for FAW is presented. • We argue that such reference data sets are needed for pest species identification. • Recent outbreaks of Northern Armyworm, Mythimna separata , in Bhutan are discussed. We report the first detection of Fall Armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797), in Bhutan. FAW feeds on more than 300 plant species and is a serious pest of many. It has been spreading through Africa since 2016 and Asia since 2018. In Bhutan, this species was first detected in maize fields in the western part of the country in September 2019 and subsequently found infesting maize crops in southern parts of the country in December 2019 and April 2020. Using morphological and molecular techniques the presence of the first invading populations of S. frugiperda in Bhutan is confirmed through this study. We present an updated reference DNA barcode data set for FAW comprising 374 sequences, which can be used to reliably identify this serious pest species, and discuss some of the reasons why such compiled reference data sets are necessary, despite the public availability of the underlying data. We also report on a second armyworm species, the Northern Armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker, 1865), in rice, maize and other crops in eighteen districts of Bhutan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interception data pertaining to Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Thysanoptera, and Hymenoptera collected at the Korean quarantine border were cross-checked with incursion data during 1996–2014. Overall, 114,636 interception records of 1,075 species belonging to the six orders were detected, while 33 species (out of 2,710 newly recorded species belonging to the six orders) were confirmed as incursion species in Korea. Of the 33 species, only 14 (42.42%) were recorded as being intercepted at the quarantine border. These results indicate that recent incursion species in Korea are not subject to inspection at Korean borders. Of the 33 incursion species, 30 (90.90%) are agricultural pests, and 10 species (30.30%) are hemipteran. About these species, two factors, greenhouse cultivation and parthenogenesis of exotic species, are newly suggested as reasons for successful incursion into Korea. This study reveals that border inspections do not provide useful information to protect against occurrences of exotic incursive species and that the current quarantine system needs improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how language is used to suggest sexual aggression in Shakespeare’s The Rape of Lucrece. Tarquin commits rape because he wants to sexually conquer Lucrece. Such devices as metaphors of violence and other linguistic devices in the poem are examined for evidence of sexual conquest. The study argues that the kind of language that Tarquin uses reflects his behaviour and actions in significant ways. For example, the language reflects his ideologies and the exercise of power. There are several ways in which the language manifests itself. Examples include figurative language such as imagery and metaphors. The study concludes that the structural metaphor of the poem is crucial to the understanding of rape as the worst form of intrusive crime, comparable to the incursion of a territory by foreign forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on measuring the detection-effort curves or how detectability of plants modify with search effort, size and abundance of plants, and observer experience in orange hawkweed species (Hieracium aurantiacum in Victoria. It says that the study conducted search experiment to estimate detection-effort curves. Results show that hawkweed's detection probability is raised when search effort and number of plants is increased.

Meaning can be communicated in addition to — and on top of — underlying processes of the information exchange. Meaning is provided to observations from the perspective of hindsight, while information processing follows the time axis. Simulations of anticipatory systems enable us to show how an observer can be generated within an information process, and how expectations can also be exchanged. Cellular automata will be used for the visualization. The exchange of observations among observers generates (a) uncertainty about the delineations in the observed system at each moment in time and (b) uncertainty about the dynamics of the interaction over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camelthorn (Alhagi maurorum Medik.) is a State prohibited weed in Victoria. State Prohibited Weeds either do not occur in Victoria, or there is an expectation they can be eradicated from the state. The Victorian Government aims to eradicate all new incursions of State prohibited weeds as soon as they are detected. This paper describes the occurrence of camelthorn in Australia, its identification, reproduction and dispersal, ecology, impacts and its allellopathic nature. It also describes an eradication and management program initiated by the Victorian Government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]