An updated global COI barcode reference data set for Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and first record of this species in Bhutan.

[Display omitted] • First detection of Fall Armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda , in Bhutan. • Errors in public DNA databases have complicated identification of this species. • An updated reference DNA barcode data set for FAW is presented. • We argue that such reference data sets are needed for pest species identification. • Recent outbreaks of Northern Armyworm, Mythimna separata , in Bhutan are discussed. We report the first detection of Fall Armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797), in Bhutan. FAW feeds on more than 300 plant species and is a serious pest of many. It has been spreading through Africa since 2016 and Asia since 2018. In Bhutan, this species was first detected in maize fields in the western part of the country in September 2019 and subsequently found infesting maize crops in southern parts of the country in December 2019 and April 2020. Using morphological and molecular techniques the presence of the first invading populations of S. frugiperda in Bhutan is confirmed through this study. We present an updated reference DNA barcode data set for FAW comprising 374 sequences, which can be used to reliably identify this serious pest species, and discuss some of the reasons why such compiled reference data sets are necessary, despite the public availability of the underlying data. We also report on a second armyworm species, the Northern Armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker, 1865), in rice, maize and other crops in eighteen districts of Bhutan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]