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• Vacancies enriched WS 2 was constructed via simple cold plasma treatment. • The strong polarization attenuation effects were found to be attributed to the formation of S vacancies in WS 2 architecture. • A broadband effective absorption of 5 GHz (RL < −10 dB) at 2.19 mm thickness was achieved. Defect engineering could provide new ideas for the design of transition metal disulfide electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbers with high performance. Since the effects of dipoles on impedance matching and EMW absorption are crucial for the development of novel absorbers, the polarization attenuation dependence on defect engineering should be understood at micro- and macro-scales. In this paper, it is found that the defect-rich WS 2 nanoflowers synthesized by the cold plasma method possess excellent EMW absorption properties. Cold plasma treatment of materials is easy to perform and maintains the original shape of the material to a high degree. The formation of defects results in abundant electrochemically active sites, increased multiple reflection losses, improved dielectric properties and impedance matching in the materials. The RL min of the defect-rich material with a thickness of 3.19 mm is as high as −54.36 dB at 8.16 GHz, and the effective absorption bandwidth is 4.72 GHz. The results reveal that the formation of defective vacancies enhances the effects of dipole polarization of the material on improving its EMW absorption properties. Thus, this work provides not only a facile preparation route for novel EMW-absorbing materials, but also a new strategy for tunning defects in transition metal disulfides. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International differences in the incidence of many cancer types indicate the existence of carcinogen exposures that have not yet been identified by conventional epidemiology make a substantial contribution to cancer burden1. In clear cell renal cell carcinoma, obesity, hypertension and tobacco smoking are risk factors, but they do not explain the geographical variation in its incidence2. Underlying causes can be inferred by sequencing the genomes of cancers from populations with different incidence rates and detecting differences in patterns of somatic mutations. Here we sequenced 962 clear cell renal cell carcinomas from 11 countries with varying incidence. The somatic mutation profiles differed between countries. In Romania, Serbia and Thailand, mutational signatures characteristic of aristolochic acid compounds were present in most cases, but these were rare elsewhere. In Japan, a mutational signature of unknown cause was found in more than 70% of cases but in less than 2% elsewhere. A further mutational signature of unknown cause was ubiquitous but exhibited higher mutation loads in countries with higher incidence rates of kidney cancer. Known signatures of tobacco smoking correlated with tobacco consumption, but no signature was associated with obesity or hypertension, suggesting that non-mutagenic mechanisms of action underlie these risk factors. The results of this study indicate the existence of multiple, geographically variable, mutagenic exposures that potentially affect tens of millions of people and illustrate the opportunities for new insights into cancer causation through large-scale global cancer genomics.

• The adhesion of V/N-TiO 2 to the honeycomb ceramics leads to real-time continuous and near-complete photodegradation removal of toluene due to the synergistic effect. • The catalyst shows excellent cyclic stability and can be reused. • The overall performance of this V/N-TiO 2 @HC flow photoreactor is among the highest compared with state-of-the-art technologies. Photocatalytic degradation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a significant applying aspect of photocatalysis. Both the modulation of photocatalysts and the rational dispersion of them on supports are key for solar-driven VOC degradation. Conventional batch-type photoreactors have low efficiency while continuous-flow photoreactors suffer from the problem of incomplete removal of VOCs. Herein, aiming for continuous and complete degradation of toluene gas as the target contaminant, continuous-flow photocatalytic degradation reactors were made by adhering the vanadium and nitrogen codoped TiO 2 on honeycomb ceramics (V/N-TiO 2 @HC) by a simple sol-gel method. In such a reactor, the rich ordered pores in the HC accelerate mass transport of toluene, and the introduction of V/N dopants narrows the bandgap and widens the light absorption range of TiO 2 , together resulting in continuous and nearly-complete photocatalytic degradation of toluene. The unique and stable structure of HC allows the photocatalysts to be reused. The degradation rate of toluene gas can reach 97.8%, and after 24 rounds of photocatalytic degradation, there is still a degradation rate of 96.7%. The impacts of loading times and gaseous flow rate on the photocatalytic performance of V/N-TiO 2 @HC are studied in detail. Our study provides a practical solution for the continuous and complete photocatalytic degradation of VOCs and opens a new application field for HC. This work reports the continuous-flow photocatalytic degradation reactors using vanadium and nitrogen-codoped TiO 2 coated on honeycomb ceramics (V/N-TiO 2 @HC) by a simple sol-gel method. These reactors effectively degraded toluene gas with a nearly complete degradation rate of 97.8%, providing a practical solution for the volatile organic compounds. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimizing resource allocation is critical to achieving energy-efficient industrial Internet-of-Things (IIoT). Many tasks that require grouping IIoT devices with rich connectivity can be modeled as the well-known graph partitioning problem. However, little attention has been paid to those tasks where nodes with few connections are expected to be clustered together, which is the inverse graph partitioning (IGP) problem. Here, we focus on the IGP problem abstracted from real IIoT applications, such as spectrum allocation. First, we build a unified mathematical model for the IGP problem and analyze its characteristics in detail. Then, a novel optimization approach is proposed to provide compelling solutions, which incorporates a node clustering model based on a graph convolutional network (GCN) and a node swap procedure for local optimization. We compare the proposed approach with various baselines on substantial synthetic and real-world networks. Empirical results show that the proposed approach achieves excellent performance, especially in large networks.

The decellularized bone matrix (DCB) provides a promising bone substitute for the treatment of bone defects because of its similar biochemical, biophysical, and mechanical properties to normal bone tissue. However, the decellularized procedure also greatly reduced its osteogenic induction activity. In this study, peptides derived from the knuckle epitope of bone morphogenetic protein-2 were incorporated into the thermo-sensitive hydrogel poloxamer 407, and the peptide-loaded hydrogel was then filled into the pores of DCB to construct a functionalized scaffold with enhanced osteogenesis. In vitro studies have shown that the functionalized DCB scaffold possessed appropriate mechanical properties and biocompatibility and exhibited a sustained release profile of osteogenic peptide. These performances critically facilitated cell proliferation and cell spreading of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and upregulated the expression of osteogenic-related genes by activating the Smad/Runx2 signaling pathway, thereby promoting osteogenic differentiation and extracellular matrix mineralization. Further in vivo studies demonstrated that the functionalized DCB scaffold accelerated the repair of critical radial defects in rabbits without inducing excessive graft-related inflammatory responses. These results suggest a clinically meaningful strategy for the treatment of large segmental bone defects, and the prepared osteogenic peptide modified composite DCB scaffold has great application potential for bone regeneration.

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal oxides (TMOs) have attracted much interest because of their unusual properties and high-temperature stability. However, due to isotropic bonding in all three dimensions and surface energy constraints, the direct synthesis of 2D TMOs with high crystal quality is challenging. Here, we develop a metal-lattice-heredity (MLH) strategy for synthesizing ultrathin TMO single crystals (e.g., Fe2O3) with tunable properties on SiO2/Si substrates. The MLH starts with chemical vapor deposition-grown 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), followed by unique sequential sulfur-to-oxygen substitution reactions to obtain TMOs, where metal atoms retain their original lattice arrangement and symmetry. Such a process results in growing single-crystalline TMOs coinciding with the morphology and thickness of TMD templates, as supported by in situoptical studies and atomic-resolved imaging. The method can be used to grow many 2D TMOs, including Fe2O3, V2O5, Cr2O3, Co3O4, and NiO, with band gaps ranging from the near-infrared to the near-UV.

Mechanical fault diagnosis is crucial to ensure the safe operations of equipment in intelligent manufacturing systems. Deep learning-based methods have been recently developed for fault diagnosis due to their advantages in feature representation. However, most of these methods fail to learn relations between samples and thus perform poorly without sufficient labeled data. In this article, we propose a new few-shot learning method named dual graph neural network (DGNNet) with residual blocks to address fault diagnosis problems with limited data. First, the residual module learns the feature of samples with image data transferred from original signals. Second, two complete graphs built on the sample features are used to extract the instance-level and distribution-level relations between samples. In particular, an alternate update policy between the instance and distribution graphs integrates the multilevel relations to propagate the label information of a few labeled samples to unlabeled samples. This technique leverages labeled and unlabeled samples to identify unseen faults, encouraging DGNNet competency in fault diagnosis tasks with very few labeled samples. Extensive results on various datasets show that DGNNet achieves excellent performance in supervised fault diagnosis tasks and outperforms baselines by a great margin in semisupervised cases.

The adsorption process of MIPs to template molecules, and biomacromolecule MIPs being easily contaminated with bacteria have become key factors restricting MIP applications. In this work, novel BSA-MIPs with visualized adsorption efficiency and antibacterial ability were prepared by ATRP. The results showed that the BSA-MIPs could adsorb BSA specifically through homogeneous imprinted holes and had excellent antibacterial properties in the process of separation of BSA from blood plasma.The BSA-MIPs with visualized adsorption and antibacterial ability were prepared by ATRP. The TPE-SO3H with AIE properties was used to visualize the adsorption of BSA-MIPs to BSA. The [AVIM]Cl and [VDIM]Cl) was functional monomer. The results showed that the BSA-MIPs could adsorb BSA through imprinted holes and had antibacterial properties in the process of separation BSA from blood plasma.

Metal wires are of great significance in applications such as three-dimensional (3D) printing, soft electronics, optics, and metamaterials. Ga-based liquid metals (e.g., EGaIn), though uniquely combining metallic conductivity, fluidity, and biocompatibility, remain challenging to be spun due to their low viscosity, high surface tension, and Rayleigh–Plateau instability. In this work, we showed that EGaIn as a working electrode could induce the oxidization of EGaIn and interfacial electrochemical polymerization of electroactive monomers (e.g., acrylic acid, dopamine, and pyrrole), thus spinning itself from an opening of a blunt needle. During the spinning process, the high surface tension of EGaIn was reduced by electrowetting and electrocapillarity and stabilized by polymer shells (tunable thickness of ∼0.6–30 μm on wires with a diameter of 90–300 μm), which were chelated with metal ions. The polymeric shells offered EGaIn wires with an enhanced endurance to mechanical force and acidity. By further encapsulating into elastomers through a facile impregnation process, the resultant elastic EGaIn wires showed a combination of high stretchability (up to 800%) and metallic conductivity (1.5 × 106S m–1). When serving as wearable sensors, they were capable of sensing facial expressions, body movements, voice recognition, and spatial pressure distributions with high sensitivity, good repeatability, and satisfactory durability. Machine-learning algorithms further assisted to detect gestures with high accuracy.

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD) that greatly affected by regional biomechanical environment is a major cause of low back pain. Injectable hydrogels have been commonly studied for treatment of IVDD due to their capability of mimicking extracellular matrix structure to support cellular behavior and clinical prospects in minimally invasive treatment. However, most hydrogels suffer from complicated chemistry, potential uncertainty and toxicity from in-situ gelation, and mismatch with IVD mechanical environment that limit their therapeutic effects or clinical translation in IVDD or intervertebral disc defect repair. For IVD lesion repair, the study aims to develop a novel hydrogel with shear-thinning enabled injectability, high bio-safety, and mechanical properties adaptable to the IVD environment, using a simple chemistry and method. And therapeutic efficacy of the novel hydrogel in the treatment of IVDD or intervertebral disc defect will be revealed.

The charging ability at low temperatures affects the convenience and safety of electric vehicles in winter. Unlike electric cars, electric motorcycles generally do not carry high-efficiency external heating device such as heat pumps owing to strict limits on their weight and volume. This study focuses on the applicability of bidirectional pulse heating to improving the low temperature charging ability of a high-power electric motorcycle, which is also the first vehicle-used bidirectional pulse heating case. A simplified thermoelectrical model of the battery pack is proposed for onboard calculation, and a reference electrode is used to determine conservative boundary values for the bidirectional pulse and fast charging current to protect the battery cells from lithium plating and ensure the safety of the motorcycle. A map is established indicating the best preheating temperature, based on which the heating rate of the battery pack can reach 6.8 °C/min at 0 °C. The bidirectional pulse heating is tested on the electric motorcycle during winter season in Beijing, and the experimental results show that the temperature of the battery pack increases as expected. The proposed method will be applied on the motorcycle and improve with battery aging data in the future.

As green solvents, ionic liquids (ILs) are quite suitable for the absorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene and its homologues. However, solvent selection is the key to the VOC absorption process. In the present study, a rapid solvent screening tool, Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS), was used to predict the solubility of toluene in 816 ILs. The effects of four structure characters, namely, the type and alkyl chain length of the cations and anions on the solubility of toluene were discussed. The following conclusions were drawn from the results: (1) ILs with pyrrolidinium-based cations showed better solubility than pyridinium- and imidazolium-based ones. (2) The solubility of toluene in PF6-based ILs increased with the increasing alkyl chain length, while its solubility in Ac-based ILs exhibited the opposite trend. (3) Toluene showed greater solubility in Cl-based ILs than those based on other anions. (4) The solubility of toluene increased with the anion alkyl chain length. Ac-based ILs were chosen as the most promising potential solvents, and further studied to determine the relationship between various interaction energy parameters and toluene solubility. The results showed that the misfit energy played a dominant role during the absorption process. Furthermore, several ILs were selected for experimental verification of the predicted solubility behavior using liquid and gaseous toluene. The results demonstrated that COSMO-RS could be used to semi-quantitatively and qualitatively predict the solubility of toluene, and this model had promising prospects in screening ILs for VOCs absorption. In summary, this study provided a fundamental basis and practical data for the control and treatment of VOCs.

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) shows remarkable variation in incidence that is not fully explained by known lifestyle and environmental risk factors. It has been speculated that an unknown exogenous exposure(s) could be responsible. Here we combine the fields of mutational signature analysis with cancer epidemiology to study 552 ESCC genomes from eight countries with varying incidence rates. Mutational profiles were similar across all countries studied. Associations between specific mutational signatures and ESCC risk factors were identified for tobacco, alcohol, opium and germline variants, with modest impacts on mutation burden. We find no evidence of a mutational signature indicative of an exogenous exposure capable of explaining differences in ESCC incidence. Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC)-associated mutational signatures single-base substitution (SBS)2 and SBS13 were present in 88% and 91% of cases, respectively, and accounted for 25% of the mutation burden on average, indicating that APOBEC activation is a crucial step in ESCC tumor development.

Abstract: The eco-friendly and low-cost poly(itaconic acid)/poly(sodium allyl sulfonate) (PIA/PSAS) new superabsorbent polymers (SAP) were prepared based on the monomers of itaconic acid (IA), sodium allyl sulfonate (SAS) and the cross-linking agent of N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) by aqueous solution process. Moreover, the expanded vermiculite (EV) particles were used as reinforcement for SAP. The absorption behaviour of SAP in different liquids were studied by the teabag method, including deionized water, 0.9% NaCl solution and cement filtration. The results showed that SAP could reach the optimal liquid adsorption state under certain experimental conditions such as the molar ratio of IA/SAS as 2:1, the IA neutralization degree of 70%, the cross-linker dosage of 0.6%, and the EV content of 2.0%. The morphology and structure of the synthetic SAP were characterized. Furthermore, the effects of SAP type and content on concrete properties were evaluated. Results showed a reduction in shrinkage and revealed SAP particles acted as miniature reservoirs lead to cure concrete internally by supplying water during hydration. The EV particles reinforced SAP composite slightly and alleviated the negative influence on the compressive strength of concrete relative to PIA/PSAS. This designed SAP showed its potential to be used as an internal curing agent for concrete due to its ability to provide comprehensive protection against shrinkage and fracture. Graphic abstract:

ABSTRACTIn this study, aerosol optical depth (AOD) and fine-mode fraction (FMF) with a 3 km resolution are retrieved from Geostationary Ocean Colour Imager (GOCI) data using a multi-temporal method. The retrieved results are input into a physical model for estimating the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) based on instantaneous satellite-based measurements. The other two input parameters of the model are planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) and atmospheric relative humidity (RH), which are simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and have the same spatial resolution as AOD and FMF. For better time-matching, the time of the simulated PBLH and RH is almost the same as that of the retrieved AOD and FMF, and is selected when uniform mixing of aerosols occurs within boundary layer in the afternoon. Finally, the ground-level dry PM2.5concentrations at a 3 km resolution are estimated over Beijing. The GOCI-estimated PM2.5results are validated by in situ measurements in the study area. The means of GOCI-estimated and in situ results are very close (131.2 μg m−3versus 123.0 μg m−3) and the correlation coefficient is about 0.84 with a linear slope of 0.81 and intercept of 31.1 μg m−3, which shows good performance of GOCI in air-quality monitoring.

Though chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods have been widely used in the growth of two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDCs), the controllable fabrication of 2D TMDCs is yet hard to achieve because of the great challenge of concisely controlling the release of precursors vapor, one of the most critical growth kinetic factors. To solve this important issue, here we report the utilization of oxide inhibitors covering Mo source during CVD reactions to manipulate the release of Mo vapor. In contrast to the lack of capability of conventional CVD methods, 2D molybdenum dichalcogenide (MoX2, X = S, Se, Te) monolayers were successfully fabricated through the proposed CVD protocol with the oxide-inhibitor-assisted growth (OIAG) strategy. In this way, despite the fact that only separated MoTe2flakes were prepared, both MoS2(continuous and clean) and MoSe2(continuous but dotted) monolayer films at the scale of centimeter were obtained. The presented OIAG method enables a comprehensive understanding and precise control of the reaction kinetics for improved growth of 2D MoX2.

A substrate plays a crucial role in controlled growth and property modulation of two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). In this work, we report multiple regulation over growth direction, band structure, and dimension of an epitaxial monolayer (1L) WS2by an m-plane quartz substrate. The as-grown WS2is oriented on a 2-fold symmetric m-quartz based on an anisotropic lattice match, which is distinct from that on c-sapphire. Owing to the large thermal expansion coefficient, the m-quartz generates a large compressive thermal strain in the as-grown WS2. By manipulating this thermal strain, the band structure of 1L-WS2can be in situ regulated and a direct–indirect band gap transition occurs when the thermal strain exceeds 0.5%. Moreover, the unique atom distribution of the m-plane quartz established an anisotropic diffusion barrier for adlayer monomers which restricted the growth of WS2uniaxially. By exploiting this, the dimension of WS2can be tailored from a 2D triangle to a one-dimensional ribbon with controlled growth time. This work not only deepens the understanding of the relationship between a substrate and a material but also provides an effective way to directly regulate the as-grown TMDCs with desirable structures and properties.

Non-layered two-dimensional (2D) materials have sparked much interest recently due to their atomic thickness, large surface area, thickness- and facet-dependent properties. Currently, these materials are mainly grown from wet-chemistry methods but suffer from small size, low quality, and multi-facets, which is a major challenge hindering their facet-dependent property studies and applications. Here, we report the facet-engineered growth (FEG) of non-layered 2D manganese chalcogenides (MnX, X ​= ​S, Se, Te) based on the chemical vapor deposition method. The as-grown samples exhibit large-area surfaces of single facet, high-crystallinity, and ordered domain orientation. As a proof-of-concept, we show the facet-dependent electrocatalytic property of non-layered 2D MnSe, proving they are ideal candidates for fundamental research. Furthermore, we elucidate the underlying mechanism of FEG during the vapor growth process by the interfacial energy derived nucleation models. The method developed in this work provides new opportunities for regulating and designing the structure of 2D materials.

Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors have attracted great attention to extend Moore’s law, which motivates the quest for fast growth of high-quality materials. However, taking MoS2as an example, current methods yield 2D MoS2with a low growth rate and poor quality with vacancy concentrations three to five orders of magnitude higher than silicon and other commercial semiconductors. Here, we develop a strategy of using an intermediate product of iodine as a transport agent to carry metal precursors efficiently for ultrafast growth of high-quality MoS2. The grown MoS2has the lowest density of sulfur vacancies (~1.41×1012cm−2) reported so far and excellent electrical properties with high on/off current ratios of 108and carrier mobility of 175 cm2V−1s−1. Theoretical calculations show that by incorporating iodine, the nucleation barrier of MoS2growth with sulfur-terminated edges reduces dramatically. The sufficient supply of precursor and low nucleation energy together boost the ultrafast growth of sub-millimeter MoS2domains within seconds. This work provides an effective method for the ultrafast growth of 2D semiconductors with high quality, which will promote their applications.

Thermochemical conversion technology for the resource utilization of biomass can not only treat wastes polluting the environment but also efficiently generate hydrogen-rich gas for industrial applications. In this paper, the simulation calculation and experimental studies were employed to investigate the catalytic pyrolysis of herb residues for the preparation of hydrogen-rich gas. The results of thermogravimetry–Fourier transform infrared, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies showed that the catalytic pyrolysis of herb residues by 10 wt % Ni/CaO catalyst exhibited the lowest apparent activation energy compared to pyrolysis catalyzed with CaO or no catalyst. Under the catalysis of 10 wt % Ni/CaO and the temperature range of 500–700 °C, the content of H2in the catalytic pyrolysis gas products of herb residues was higher, while the content of CO2was lower. Furthermore, in the presence of 10 wt % Ni/CaO catalyst, the catalytic pyrolysis experiment of herb residues in a moving bed reactor was carried out at 500–700 °C. The results showed that the distribution of hydrogen-rich gas composition with an increasing temperature was consistent with the thermodynamic simulation results. Specifically, with a rising pyrolysis temperature, the H2content increased initially and then decreased, which reached the highest ratio at 650 °C with an experimental value of 67.31 vol %.

Atomically smooth hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) films are needed for emerging applications of two-dimensional (2D) devices based on van der Waals heterostructures. Currently, it is difficult to prepare high-quality, large-area single crystalline h-BN monolayers by standard chemical vapor deposition. Here, we develop a free-molecular-flow growth model for h-BN synthesis by constructing a narrow gap within Cu/supporting substrates stacking, improving upon earlier studies by increasing domain sizes up to ∼80 μm. Further, the edges of h-BN varying from negative-curved to straight, positive-curved, and even round were reliably modified by varying the precursor heating temperature. Moreover, the merging processes of h-BN films are experimentally investigated, demonstrating the Bravais law is applicable for the coalescence of h-BN domains. This work not only offers a promising strategy for high-quality h-BN growth and insight into its growth dynamics which sheds light on reliable edge controllability and possible properties modification of other 2D crystals, but also enriches the understanding of the classical crystal growth theory and extends its applicability into the growth and evolution of 2D crystals.

In this work, two small molecule acceptors (IDIC and IDIC-4F) with different crystallinities and energy levels have been successfully applied in nonfullerene-based all-small molecule organic solar cells (NFASM-OSCs). The donor DFDT(DPP)2was chosen because of complementary absorption with IDIC and IDIC-4F. As an acceptor, IDIC-4F exhibited a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) than IDIC due to better crystallinity. This work not only shows us how to balance the relationship between Vocand Jscbut also suggests how to get a good phase separation morphology. Moreover, increased crystallinity helps to inhibit bimolecular recombination and increase charge mobility. By optimizing the device preparation conditions, the best PCE of 9.43% for DFDT(DPP)2:IDIC-4F as an active layer was achieved with excitable Jsc(16.83 mA cm–2) and fill factor (FF) (0.65). The FF and Jscof the resultant device show a significant increase, which is among the top efficiencies based on diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) being the terminal acceptor groups of NFSM-OSCs reported in the literature up to now.

The colorectal adenoma–carcinoma sequence has provided a paradigmatic framework for understanding the successive somatic genetic changes and consequent clonal expansions that lead to cancer1. However, our understanding of the earliest phases of colorectal neoplastic changes—which may occur in morphologically normal tissue—is comparatively limited, as for most cancer types. Here we use whole-genome sequencing to analyse hundreds of normal crypts from 42 individuals. Signatures of multiple mutational processes were revealed; some of these were ubiquitous and continuous, whereas others were only found in some individuals, in some crypts or during certain periods of life. Probable driver mutations were present in around 1% of normal colorectal crypts in middle-aged individuals, indicating that adenomas and carcinomas are rare outcomes of a pervasive process of neoplastic change across morphologically normal colorectal epithelium. Colorectal cancers exhibit substantially increased mutational burdens relative to normal cells. Sequencing normal colorectal cells provides quantitative insights into the genomic and clonal evolution of cancer.

Multi-fractured horizontal wells (MFHWs) are effective for developing unconventional reservoirs. A complex fracture network around the well and hydraulic fractures form during fracturing. Hydraulic fractures and fracture network are sensitive to the effective stress. However, most existing models do not consider the effects of stress sensitivity. In this study, a new analytical model was established for an MFHW in tight gas reservoirs based on the trilinear flow model. Fractal porosity and permeability were employed to describe the heterogeneous distribution of the complex fracture network. The stress sensitivity of fractures was also considered in the model. Pedrosa substitution and perturbation method were applied to eliminate the nonlinearity of the model. Analytical solutions in the Laplace domain were obtained using Laplace transformation. The model was then validated and applied. Finally, sensitivity analyses of pressure and rate were discussed. The presented model provides a new approach to estimate the effect of fracturing. It can also be utilized to recognize formation properties and forecast the dynamics of pressure and the production of tight gas reservoirs.

This study aimed to explore the factors influencing the relapse of sputum-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in elderly patients with diabetes.

A copper-catalyzed intramolecular cascade reaction of conjugated enynones has been achieved via a pivotal 1,4-sulfinate migration step. This process leverages a cost-effective and ecofriendly copper salt as catalyst, enabling the efficient construction of five- and four-membered rings in a rapid, sequential manner, producing furan-tethered benzocyclobutenes in good to excellent yields under mild conditions. The reaction is characterized by 100% atom economy, outstanding efficiency, and excellent diastereoselectivity in the cases studied. The robustness of this method is evidenced by its compatibility with air exposure and the use of undistilled, commercially available solvents, further enhancing its practicality.

Temperature measurement is critical for many scientific experiments and technological applications. Diverse thermometers have been developed for the thermal sensing at macroscopic length scales. However, in situand quantitative temperature measurement of nanoscale objects in a convenient approach is still a challenge. Here, we demonstrate a new type of optically readable VO2nanowire-based thermometer, based on the unique axial gradient phase transition behavior along single-domain VO2nanowires, which is attributed to the hydrogen doping of single-crystalline VO2nanowires through hydrothermal fabrication and the hydrogen engineering via a postannealing process. Besides the appropriate microscopic size and user-friendly operation, the as-prepared optically readable VO2nanowire-based thermometers have ultrahigh relative sensitivity (∼17.4%/K) and temperature resolution (∼0.026 K), enabling the sensitive monitoring of the thermal environment of small spaces or the temperature of even nanoscale structures.

The treatment of bone defects has been a long-standing challenge in clinical practice. Among the various bone tissue engineering approaches, there has been substantial progress in the development of drug delivery systems based on functional drugs and appropriate carrier materials owing to technological advances in recent years. A large number of materials based on functional nanocarriers have been developed and applied to improve the complex osteogenic microenvironment, including for promoting osteogenic activity, inhibiting osteoclast activity, and exerting certain antibacterial effects. This Review discusses the physicochemical properties, drug loading mechanisms, advantages and disadvantages of nanoparticles (NPs) used for constructing drug delivery systems. In addition, we provide an overview of the osteogenic microenvironment regulation mechanism of drug delivery systems based on nanoparticle (NP) carriers and the construction strategies of drug delivery systems. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of NP carriers are summarized along with their prospects and future research trends in bone tissue engineering. This Review thus provides advanced strategies for the design and application of drug delivery systems based on NPs in the treatment of bone defects.

Zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSCs) have been widely considered as promising candidates for flexible electrochemical energy storage devices. The key challenge is to develop hydrogel electrolytes with high hydrophilicity, anti-freezing, bending resistance, and stable interface with electrodes. This study reported a hydrogel electrolyte system that can meet the above functions, in which the zincophilic and negatively charged SO3−, migratable Na+, abundant hydrophilic functional groups, gum xanthan, and porous architecture could effectively promote the electrochemical performance of ZHSCs. ZHSCs with such hydrogel electrolytes not only exhibited good low-temperature performance but also showed excellent bending resistance ability. A high specific capacitance could be kept after a long air-working lifespan over 10,000 cycles under a wide operation voltage of 1.85 V at −10 °C. Furthermore, flexible ZHSCs could maintain the capacitance retention of 93.18% even after continuous 500 bends at an angle of 180°. The designed hydrogel electrolytes could be also used for other electrochemical energy storage devices with anti-freezing and bending resistance by changing electrolyte salt.

Seeking a straightforward, cost-effective, and convenient method to fabricate multicomponent alloy powders holds great significance for their potential applications in industry. In this work, we successfully synthesized multicomponent alloy powders of CoCrFeNi and AlFeNiV via a molten salt method. Compared with traditional methods reported previously, such as mechanical alloying and gas atomization, the molten salt method demonstrates several advantages, including a simpler synthesis process, cost-effective, higher purity, lower reaction temperatures, and ease of large-scale production. Moreover, we further synthesized a P-doped multicomponent alloy catalyst (CoCrFeNi-P) through gas phosphorization and proved that it shows enhanced electrocatalytic performance in seawater electrolysis, which can achieve a current density of 100 mA cm–2at an overpotential of 462 mV. The CoCrFeNi-P catalyst maintained its catalytic activity for seawater electrolysis over a continuous period of 100 h. The multicomponent alloy powders reported herein hold great promise for applications in catalysis fields.