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This study evaluated the labial and lingual cortical bone remodeling characteristics of mandibular central incisors after retraction, which remain controversial among orthodontists. Cortical bone remodeling and central incisor movement of 33 patients (aged 23.64 ± 4.30 years) who underwent mandibular first premolar extraction and incisor retraction at the crestal (S1), midroot (S2), and apical (S3) levels were analyzed using superimposed cone-beam computed tomography images on the basis of voxel-based registration of the mandibular stable region. Multivariate linear regression was used to explore the relationships between labial bone remodeling/tooth movement (BT) ratios and factors such as the ANB angle, mandibular plane angle (Mp-SN), and incisor movement patterns. The patients were divided into 4 groups according to the lingual cortical bone remodeling condition and the relationship between posttreatment incisor roots and the original lingual cortical bone border. At the 3 levels (S1, S2, and S3), the classifications of cortical bone remodeling of the mandibular incisors were calculated; t tests were used to compare the amount of labial and lingual bone remodeling, BT ratios, and lingual bone remodeling/root over the original border (BRo) ratios. The mean labial BT ratios at all 3 levels were close to 1. Multivariate linear regression indicated that the tooth movement pattern negatively correlated with the BT ratio at the S2 and S3 levels (P <0.05). Lingual bone apposition occurs when the root penetrates the original lingual cortical bone border in most patients. BRo ratios can more accurately reflect the inherent remodeling ability of the lingual cortical bone than BT ratios. The mean lingual BRo ratios were (1) S1 level: mandibular left central incisor (T31), 0.87 ± 0.25 and mandibular right incisor (T41), 0.86 ± 0.25; (2) S2 level: T31, 0.81 ± 0.12 and T41, 0.80 ± 0.22; and (3) S3 level: T31, 0.76 ± 0.20 and T41, 0.83 ± 0.26. There was no significant difference between labial BT ratios and lingual BRo ratios at the S2 and S3 levels. The amount of labial cortical bone resorption caused by mandibular incisor retraction showed varied relationships with the amount of tooth movement. Bodily retraction may decrease the labial BT ratios at the S2 and S3 levels. Active lingual cortical bone apposition occurred when the roots penetrated the original lingual border and exhibited strong remodeling ability. • A new 3D superimposition method was applied to the research of alveolar bone remodeling of retracted mandibular incisors. • Both labial and lingual cortical bone remodeled actively during mandibular incisor retraction. • A new index had been introduced to describe the inherent lingual bone remodeling ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Wheat gluten is a high‐quality, low‐priced, and nutritious plant protein. Applications of wheat gluten protein could be expanded by improving its solubility through enzymatic modifications. Herein, we investigated the effect of proteolytic processing on the physicochemical properties of wheat gluten protein. Findings: The degree of hydrolysis, trichloroacetic acid‐soluble nitrogen (TCA‐SN), and peptidyl nitrogen content of the enzymatic digestion products increased, and the TCA‐SN content exceeded 60% in all cases. The ζ‐potentials of all products after enzymatic digestion were significantly decreased and were negative. Three enzymatic solutions increased the stability of the solution system and the surface hydrophobicity of the enzymatic products to different degrees. The products after enzymatic digestion by alkaline protease had better antioxidant capacity. Conclusions: This study provides theoretical support for expanding the applications for wheat protein to achieve the added value of wheat products and enhance the utilization rate of these readily available raw materials. Significance and Novelty: This study investigates the dual enzyme stepwise enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat gluten protein by alkaline protease and neutral protease, which increases the water‐soluble protein content of wheat gluten protein. The resulting hydrolysate has a high peptide nitrogen content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a method for dynamically controlling the working slope configuration in seasonal stripping open-pit coal mines. Constructing a bench group working slope model calculates the cyclic advancement time of the stripping working slope. A mathematical optimization model is then established to minimize the transport work of the overburden, and a Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) algorithm is employed to solve it. The method is applied to the Shengli West No. 2 open-pit coal mine, and the results show that the number of benches in the bench group is 5. The working bench width is 89 m, and the working slope advancement meets the stripping and mining engineering continuity requirements while minimizing the transport work of the overburden. The maximum advancement speed of the working slope under this configuration is 320 m/year. The paper also analyzes the working slope's maximum advancement speed variation with changes in the bench combination form and cyclic advancement distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate labial and palatal cortical bone remodeling (BR) characteristics and related aspects of maxillary incisors after retraction, as these aspects are still controversial among orthodontists. Cortical BR and incisor movement of 44 patients (aged 26.18 ± 4.71 years) who underwent maxillary first premolar extraction and incisor retraction were analyzed using superimposed cone-beam computed tomography images. Labial BR/tooth movement (BT) ratios at the crestal, midroot (S2), and apical (S3) levels were compared using the Friedman test and pairwise comparisons. Multivariate linear regressions were used to explore the relationships between the labial BT ratio and several factors, including age, ANB angle, mandibular plane angle, and incisor movement patterns. According to the type of palatal cortical BR observed, the patients were divided into 3 groups: type I (no BR without root penetration of the original palatal border [RPB]), type II (BR with RPB), and type III (no BR with RPB). Student's t test was used to compare the type II and III groups. The mean labial BT ratios at all levels were <1.00 (0.68-0.89). This value at the S3 level was significantly smaller than that at the crestal and S2 levels (P <0.01). Multivariate linear regression indicated that the tooth movement pattern negatively correlates with the BT ratio at S2 and S3 levels (P <0.01). Type I was noted in 40.9% of the patients, and similar proportions exhibited type II (29.5%, 25.0%) or type III remodeling (29.5%, 34.1%). The retraction distance of the incisors in type III patients was significantly larger than in type II patients (P <0.05). The amount of cortical BR secondary to maxillary incisor retraction is less than the tooth movement. Bodily retraction may lead to lower labial BT ratios at the S3 and S2 levels. Roots penetrating the original border of the cortical plate are necessary for palatal cortical BR initiation. • CBCT superimposing technique in alveolar bone remodeling study is stable and reliable. • The remodeling ability of maxillary labial alveolar bone decreases from cervical to apical level. • Roots penetrating cortical plate's border are necessary for palatal bone remodeling initiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the differences in profile changes and stability of the condyles between orthodontic camouflage treatment assisted by vertical control and that accomplished via orthognathic surgery in Class II hyperdivergent patients with TMJ osteoarthrosis (TMJOA). This study included 27 Class II hyperdivergent TMJOA patients (54 condyles) who received orthodontic camouflage treatment (13 patients) or orthognathic surgery (14 patients) Cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) scans were taken before treatment (T1) and 1 year after treatment (T2). Cephalometric and TMJ measurement analyses were conducted to evaluate the change in profile and condyles from T1 to T2 using independent samples t-test and paired t-test. Three-dimensional (3D) deviation analysis was also performed to evaluate the stability of condyles from T1 to T2. Both groups showed significant profile improvement from T1 to T2. The changes in Z angle and ANB angle were larger in the surgical group than in the orthodontic group. Condylar width, length, and height remained stable after treatment in the orthodontic group (P >.05), while they reduced by 0.67 ± 0.85 mm, 1.14 ± 1.10 mm, and 1.07 ± 1.34 mm, respectively, in the surgical group (P <.05). Superior, posterior, medial, and lateral joint spaces were significantly reduced in the orthodontic group (P <.05). 3D deviations intuitively showed that condylar bone in the orthodontic group was more stable than that in the surgical group. For Class II hyperdivergent patients with severe TMJOA, orthodontic camouflage treatment with vertical control can effectively maintain the stability of condyles while significantly improving the profile. Surgical treatment yields a better profile but may increase the risk of condyle resorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soil environment is a primary destination for contaminants such as microplastics (MPs) and heavy metals (HMs), which are frequently detected simultaneously. The long-term coexistence of MPs and HMs in the soil necessitates unavoidable interactions, affecting their environmental chemical behavior and bioavailability. These co-contaminants pose potential threats to soil organism growth and reproduction, crop productivity, food security, and may jeopardize human health via the food chain. This paper summarizes the sources and trends of MPs in the soil environment, along with the mechanisms and current research status of MP adsorption or desorption of HMs. Additionally, this paper reviews factors affecting HM adsorption on MPs, including MP properties, HM chemical properties, and other environmental factors. Lastly, the effects of MPs and HMs on soil ecology and human health are summarized. The interaction mechanisms and potential biological effects of their co-contamination require further exploration. Future research should delve deeper into the ecotoxic effects of MP–HM co-contamination at cellular and molecular levels, to provide a comprehensive reference for understanding the environmental behavior of their co-contamination in soil. [Display omitted] • MP–HM co-contamination significantly spatially overlaps in Chinese agricultural soils. • Formation mechanisms and factors influencing MP–HM co-contamination are discussed. • MPs can serve as "Trojan horse" for HMs, leading to co-toxicity. • Effects of MP–HM co-contamination on soil ecological environment are reviewed. • Research gaps of soil MPs and co-contamination of other pollutants are elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endothelia progenitor cell (EPC)-based revascularization therapies have shown promise for the treatment of myocardial ischemic injury. However, applications and efficacy are limited by the relatively inefficient recruitment of endogenous EPCs to the ischemic area, while implantation of exogenous EPCs carries the risk of tumorigenicity. In this study, we developed a therapeutic protocol that relies on the capacity of neutrophils (NEs) to target lesions and release preloaded EPC-binding molecules for high efficiency capture. Neutrophils were loaded with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles conjugated to an antibody against the EPC surface marker CD34 (SPIO-antiCD34/NEs), and the therapeutic efficacy in ischemic mouse heart following SPIO-antiCD34/NEs injection was monitored by SPIO-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These SPIO-antiCD34/NEs exhibited unimpaired cell viability, superoxide generation, and chemotaxis in vitro as well as satisfactory biocompatibility in vivo. In a mouse model of acute myocardial infarction (MI), SPIO-antiCD34 accumulation could be observed 0.5 h after intravenous injection of SPIO-antiCD34/NEs. Moreover, the degree of CD133+ EPC accumulation at MI sites was three-fold higher than in control MI model mice, while ensuing microvessel density was roughly two-fold higher than controls and left ventricular ejection fraction was > 50%. Therapeutic cell biodistribution, MI site targeting, and treatment effects were confirmed by SPIO-enhanced MRI. This study offers a new strategy to improve the endogenous EPC-based myocardial ischemic injury repair through NEs mediated SPIO nanoparticle conjugated CD34 antibody delivery and imaging. The efficacy of endogenous endothelial progenitor cell (EPC)-based cardiovascular repair therapy for ischemic heart damage is limited by relatively low EPC accumulation at the target site. We have developed a method to improve EPC capture by exploiting the strong targeting ability of neutrophils (NEs) to ischemic inflammatory foci and the capacity of these treated cells to release of preloaded cargo with EPC-binding affinity. Briefly, NEs were loaded with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles conjugated to an antibody against the EPC surface protein CD34 (SPIO-antiCD34). Thus, we explored sites targeting with nanocomposites cargo for non-invasive EPCs interception and therapy tracking. We demonstrate that SPIO-antiCD34 released from NEs can effectively capture endogenous EPCs and thereby promote heart revascularization and functional recovery in mice. Moreover, the entire process can be monitored by SPIO-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging including therapeutic cell biodistribution, myocardial infarction site targeting, and tissue repair. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic widely used in various personal care products. Research has found that exposure to TCS can cause toxic effects on organisms including neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, disorders of lipid metabolism, and abnormal vascular development, and the corresponding toxic mechanisms are gradually delving into the level of abnormal expression of miRNA regulating gene expression. Although the downstream mechanism of TCS targeting miRNA abnormal expression to induce toxicity is gradually improving, its upstream mechanism is still in a fog. Starting from the abnormal expression data of circRNA in zebrafish larvae induced by TCS, this study conducted a hierarchical analysis of the expression levels of all circRNAs, differential circRNAs, and trend circRNAs, and identified 29 key circRNA events regulating miRNA abnormal expression. In combination with GO and KEGG, the effects of TCS exposure were analyzed from the function and signaling pathway of the corresponding circRNA host gene. Furthermore, based on existing literature evidence about the biological toxicity induced by TCS targeting miRNA as data support, a competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNA) network characterizing the regulatory relationship between circRNA and miRNA was constructed and optimized. Finally, a comprehensive Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework of multiple levels of events including circRNA, miRNA, mRNA, pathway, and toxicity endpoints was established to systematically elucidate the toxic mechanism of TCS. Moreover, the rationality of the AOP framework was verified from the expression level of miRNA and adverse outcomes such as neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response by knockdown of circRNA48. This paper not only provides the key circRNA events for exploring the upstream mechanism of miRNA regulating gene expression but also provides an AOP framework for comprehensively demonstrating the toxicity mechanism of TCS on zebrafish, which is a theoretical basis for subsequent hazard assessment and prevention and control of TCS. [Display omitted] • All circRNAs of zebrafish exposed to gradient concentration triclosan were detected. • 29 key circRNA events bound miRNA were identified in zebrafish exposed to triclosan. • A ceRNA network was constructed and optimized based on existing literature evidence. • A comprehensive AOP framework including multiple toxicity endpoints was constructed. • The rationality of the AOP framework was verified by knocking down typical circRNA48. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immobilizing Fe-based nanoparticles on electron-rich biochar has becoming an attractive heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysts (Fe/BC) for wastewater decontamination. However, the insufficient graphitization of biochar causing low electron transfer and by slow H 2 O 2 activation limited its application. Herein, we firstly constructed FeS/biochar composite through all-solid molten salt method (Fe/MSBCs), which can provide strong polarization force and liquid reaction environment to improve carbonization. As expected, the obtained Fe/MSBCs exhibits high surface area and fast interfacial electron transfer between FeS and biochar. More importantly, the partially oxidized FeS (001) facet facilitate H 2 O 2 adsorption and thermodynamically easily decomposition into •OH. Such a synergistic effect endowed them excellent photo-Fenton degradation performance for methyl orange (MO) with large kinetic rate constants (0.079 min−1) and high H 2 O 2 utilization efficiency (95.9%). This study first demonstrated the critical regulatory role of molten salt method in iron-based biochar composites, which provide an alternative for H 2 O 2 activator in water pollutant control. [Display omitted] • Mackinawite/biochar photo-Fenton catalysts was constructed by molten salt method. • Partially oxidized FeS (001) facet facilitates H 2 O 2 thermodynamically activation. • Interface electron transport is enhanced between partially oxidized FeS and biochar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water purification efficiency of the traditional ecological floating beds (EFB) is unstable, and their ability to remove nitrogen and phosphorus is easily influenced by factors such as environmental temperature and microbial quantity. This study introduces inorganic electron donors and biofilm carrier materials into the EFB system, constructing Iron-Carbon Composite EFB (ICEFB), Sponge Iron Composite EFB (SIEFB), Zeolite Composite EFB (ZEFB), and Bio-ball Composite EFB (BEFB). The experiment investigates the water purification performance of each EFB at different temperatures and examines the water purification capabilities of the sponge iron-zeolite composite system through column experiments. Additionally, the nitrogen and phosphorus removal kinetics of the EFB system and the nitrogen and phosphorus removal processes of the filler system (Sponge iron-Clinoptilolite filling system) under column experiments are analyzed. The results indicate that the nitrogen and phosphorus removal performance of SIEFB and ICEFB, which are coupled with inorganic electron donors and biofilm carrier fillers, surpasses that of ZEFB and BEFB. Under the conditions of 20–30 °C, SIEFB and ICEFB achieve maximum removal rates of 99.33% and 99.27% for NH 4 +-N, and 64.42% and 52.22% for TN, respectively. The maximum removal rates and removal loads for TP reach 89.35%, 80.92%, and 10.73 g/(m3∙d), 9.54 g/(m3∙d), respectively. Additionally, column experiments demonstrate that the addition of sponge iron enhances the phosphorus removal rate of the zeolite filling system. The nitrogen and phosphorus removal processes of the four EFB systems can be well-fitted by utilizing a first-order kinetic model based on the Arrhenius equation and the Monod kinetic model. Anticipating that this research could further perfect the application of ecological floating bed technology in water treatment, and contribute to the restoration efforts of water environments. [Display omitted] • Constructed composite ecological floating beds (EFB) using inorganic electron donors and biofilm carrier fillers. • The EFB loaded with iron-based fillers exhibits superior nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency. • At temperatures between 20-30 °C, the SIEFB demonstrates the best nutrient removal performance. • First-order and Monod kinetics equation can effectively fit the nutrient removal process in EFB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a typical organophosphorus flame retardant, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) is refractory in aqueous environment. The application of TAP is a promising method for removing pollutants. Herein, the removal of TCEP using TAP was rigorously investigated, and the effects of some key variables were optimized by the one-factor-at-a-time approach. To further evaluate the interactions among variables, the response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design was employed. Under optimized conditions (pH 5, [PS] 0 : [TCEP] 0 = 500:1), the maximum removal efficiency (RE) of TCEP reached up to 90.6%. In real-world waters, the RE of TCEP spanned the range of 56%− 65% in river water, pond water, lake water and sanitary sewage. The low-concentration Cl- (0.1 mM) promoted TCEP degradation, but the contrary case occurred when the high-concentration Cl-, NO 3 -, CO 3 2-, HCO 3 -, HPO 4 2-, H 2 PO 4 -, NH 4 + and humic acid were present owing to their prominently quenching effects on SO 4 •-. Both EPR and scavenger experiments revealed that the main radicals in the TAP system were SO 4 •- and •OH, in which SO 4 •- played the most crucial role in TCEP degradation. GC-MS/MS analysis disclosed that two degradation products appeared, sourcing from the replacement, oxidation, hydroxylation and water-molecule elimination reactions. The other two products were inferred from the comprehensive literature. As for acute toxicity to fish, daphnid and green algae, product A displayed the slightly higher toxicity, whereas other three products exhibited the declining toxicity as compared to their parent molecule. These findings offer a theoretical/practical reference for high-efficiency removal of TCEP and its ecotoxicological risk evaluation. [Display omitted] • Thermally activated persulfate (TAP) enhanced the removal of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) in aqueous environment. • The order of reaction conditions in TAP was TCEP initial concentration > PS initial concentration > solution pH. • The low-concentration Cl- (0.1 mM) promoted TCEP degradation, but high concentration Cl- retarded. • SO4 •- was dominant in the TAP system for TCEP degradation. • Compared to parent TCEP, the ecotoxicity of degradation products were reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temperature at the terminal cold chain changes sharply, which severely affects the quality of frozen dough products. This study focused on the variations of texture, moisture distribution, starch-ordered structure, and microstructure of frozen dough bread during terminal freeze-thaw (TFT) treatment. The specific volume of the frozen dough bread after TFT-6 decreased by 45% and obvious holes appeared on the surface. Meanwhile, TFT-6 (TFT with 6 cycles) increased the bread hardness by 205 gf and chewiness by 190 gf compared to the frozen storage (FS). The maximum fermentation height of dough bread under the TFT-6 decreased by 21.19%, the gas holding rate decreased by 23%, and proportion of bound water (A 21) decreased by 36.88% compared to the fresh dough bread (p<0.05). Then, the starch was reordered after TFT treatment, compared with the fresh dough bread, the relative crystallinity of TFT-6 treated bread increased by 8.7% and the R 1047/1022 (proportional relationship between ordered and amorphous structures) increased by 89.33%, while scanning electron microscope (SEM) images illustrated that the internal structure of the TFT-treated bread showed obvious loose and porosity characteristics. TFT negatively affected frozen dough breads, such as bread hardening, larger empty spaces, and reduced volume, which was related to water migration and deterioration of starch structure. The above experiments provided a theoretical basis for revealing the effect of TFT in production applications. • Terminal freezing and thawing (TFT) led to deterioration of bread quality. • TFT damaged the internal starch and gluten network structure of bread. • TFT weakened the ability of gas production and fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A microextraction method for the determination of triclosan and methyltriclosan in marine environmental samples was developed. The disperser was first serves as a preliminary extractant for analytes, then as a frozen solvent to remove impurities at −20 °C, and finally as a disperser agent in the microextraction procedure. With the extractants solidified and float on the surface of the aqueous phase at low temperature, a separation was achieved to avoided use of specialized laboratory instruments. The method was optimized using Plackett-Burman design and central composite design as follows: 146 μL octanoic acid as extractant, 793 μL acetoneas disperser, 3.0 min centrifugation and 1.1 min vortex time. The limits of detection were 0.022–0.060 μg L−1 or μg kg−1 and recoveries were 83.3–103.5% for TCS and MTCS in seawater, sediments and seafood. The method has excellent prospects for sample pre-treatment and trace-level analysis of triclosan and methyltriclosan in marine environmental samples. Graphical abstract Extraction using freezing-disperser and fatty acid extractant combined solidification of floating organic droplet for determination of triclosan and methyltriclosan in complex marine matrices (seawater, sediment and seafood). Prominent advantages of the newly developed method: (1) the freezing-disperser was simultaneously used as preliminary enrichment solvent, frozen purification solvent and disperser, greatly reducing the use of organic solvent; (2) solidification of fatty acid at low temperature achieves an excellent separation which reduces operational error and avoids use of specialized, non-commercially available laboratory devices; and (3) suitable for extraction of polar chemicals, such as triclosan and methyltriclosan. Unlabelled Image Highlights • Freezing-disperser acetone used as preliminary enrich, purification and disperser solvent • Octanoic acid used as environmental-friendly extraction • Solidification of floating organic droplet makes the separation more conveniently. • Plackett-Burman and Central Composite design for factor screening and optimization • This proposed method gave lower LODs (0.022–0.060 μg L−1/μg kg−1) for marine samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract β-Diketone antibiotics (DKAs) are widely used in human and veterinary medicine to prevent and treat a large variety of infectious diseases. Long-term DKA exposure to zebrafish can result in lipid metabolism disorders and liver function abnormalities. Based on our previous miRNA-seq analyses, miR-144 and miR-125b were identified as target genes regulating lipid metabolism. DKA-exposure at 12.5 and 25 mg/L significantly increased the expressions of miR-144 and miR-125b. The expression levels for the two miRNAs exhibited an inverse relationship with their lipid-metabolism-related target genes (ppardb , bcl 2a, pparaa and pparda). Over-expression and inhibition of miR-144 and miR-125b were observed by micro-injection of agomir-144 , agomir-125b , antagomir-144 and antagomir-125b. The over-expression of miR-144 and miR-125b enhanced lipid accumulation and further induced lipid-metabolism-disorder syndrome in F1-zebrafish. The expression of ppardb and bcl2a in whole-mount in situ hybridization was in general agreement with results from qRT-PCR and was concentration-dependent. Oil red O and H&E staining, as well as related physiological and biochemical indexes, showed that chronic DKA exposure resulted in lipid-metabolism-disorder in F0-adults, and in F1-larvae fat accumulation, increased lipid content, abnormal liver function and obesity. The abnormal levels of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TCH) in DKA-exposed zebrafish increased the risk of hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. These observations improve our understanding of mechanisms leading to liver disease from exposure to environmental pollution, thereby having relevant practical significance in health prevention, early intervention, and gene therapy for drug-induced diseases. Highlights • DKA exposure resulted in lipid metabolism disorder and liver function abnormality. • miR-144 and miR-125b as the lipid-metabolism-disorder related target genes. • Over-expression of two miRNAs induce F1-zebrafish lipid-metabolism-disorder syndrome. • Expressions of two miRNAs exhibit an inverse relationship with their target genes. • Abnormal TG and TCH levels increased risk of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Nitrous oxide, one of the powerful long-lived greenhouse gases, is emitted mainly through biological processes, especially from fertilized soil. It is critical to partition the contribution of different pathways to N 2 O emissions and the relevant characteristics of microbial communities to identify the key N 2 O processes. An microcosm was conducted to partition the N 2 O emissions from different pathways, and the changes in soil mineral nitrogen and various nitrifiers (amoA bacteria and amoA archaea) and denitrifiers (nirS, nirK, and nosZ) were also determined using qPCR and high-throughput sequencing methods. Different gas inhibitor combinations (i.e., 0.06% acetylene, pure oxygen, 0.06% acetylene in pure oxygen, and pure helium) were used to partition the N 2 O pathways. A 5% oxygen treatment, with and without acetylene, was also included so that the N 2 O emissions could be measured under lower oxygen partial pressure. Results showed that ammonia-oxidation (AO) and successive nitrifier denitrification (NiD) were the main pathways contributing to N 2 O emissions at the earlier period after ammonium sulfate application with the cumulative N 2 O emissions accounting for 30.9% and 59.2% of the total N 2 O emissions, respectively. The higher NiD N 2 O contributions occurred when the soil nitrite concentration appeared higher, especially under the lower oxygen conditions. Higher N 2 O emissions from AO and NiD were associated with the compositional proportion of some dominant AOB species. Denitrification contributed more N 2 O (63.6%–69.3%) in the later period during incubation, coinciding with the following characteristics for denitrifiers: a) lower nosZ/(nirS + nirK) ratio, b) more diversity in nirS, and c) different proportions of some dominant species in nirK. Our results demonstrated that higher AO and successive NiD were the main N 2 O emission pathways, suggesting that controlling the ammonium content and weakening the AO are critical in decreasing N 2 O emissions. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Ammonia oxidation and nitrifier denitrification pathways contribute greatly to N2O emissions in non-flooded calcareous soil. • Compositional proportion of dominant nitrifiers contribute greatly to nitrification sourced N2O emissions. • Quantity, diversity and compositional structures are associated with denitrification derived N2O emissions. N 2 O pathways are associated with nitrifiers and denitrifiers in abundance, diversity, and community aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environment pollution often occurs as an obvious combined effect involving two (or more) elements, and this effect changes with the concentrations of the different elements. The effects on barley root elongation were studied in hydroponic systems to investigate the toxicity of Cu–Ni combined at low doses and at a fixed concentration ratio. For low doses of Cu–Ni, the addition of Ni (<0.5 μM) to Cu significantly decreased Cu toxicity for barley, but the addition of Cu (<0.25 μM) had no significant effect on Ni toxicity. At a fixed concentration ratio, according to the single effective concentration (EC) (barley root elongation inhibitory concentration) values of Cu and Ni, five sets of Cu–Ni fixed ratios were used: ECn(Cu)+ECm(Ni) (n + m = 100) (ECn and EC m indicate toxicity unit value for n% and m% inhibition of barley root length, respectively). The calculated toxicity unit value for 50% inhibition of root length ranged from 0.44 to 0.98 (i.e., <1), indicating a synergistic effect. To consider the interactions between the metal ions, the extended concentration addition model (e-CA) was established by integrating the Cu–Ni interaction into the concentration addition model (CA), and the data of two groups (the low doses of Cu–Ni and at a fixed concentration ratio) were respectively fitted. The e-CA accurately predicted the root length of barley under the Cu–Ni combined action. The correlation coefficient (r) and the root-mean-square error ( RMSE ) between predicted and observed values were 0.97 and 6.6 (low-dose group) and 0.96 and 8.12 (fixed-ratio group), respectively, and e-CA significantly improved the prediction accuracy compared to the traditional CA model without consideration of the Cu–Ni competition (r = 0.89, RMSE  = 14.16). The results provided a theoretical basis for evaluation and remediation of soil contaminated with heavy metal composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geological environment carrying capacity (GECC) is the key to regional sustainable development (RSD). The study has become an international heat due to frequent global geological disasters, which have resulted in socio-economic losses, weakened GECC. Therefore, this study combined with quantity of information (QI), random forest (RF) and XGBoost (XGB) algorithms, constructed a GECC assessment model in Xiuyan, China based on remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) techniques. The validity of the model was verified by disaster information in two period. The results reveal that the indicator system of RS image can reflect the geological factors' influence on GECC more truthfully, and avoided duplication of indicators. The correlation coefficients of the indicators were all less than 0.9, which showed the validity of the indicator system. The QI_RF model performed best with high accuracy (0.96). The mean absolute error (MAE) is 0.098. The disaster management cost (DMC), elevation and rainfall were the main indicators with weights over 0.1. The GECC in study area is mainly balanced. Although the overloaded area was smallest, it was the key area to limit the RSD, which had been improved by adjusting the land or human activities planning. Compared with the results of geological disasters in two period, the disasters in overloaded area were reduced by 58%, which showed that the improvement measures under this model were effective. The method of GECC assessment based on RS and integrated model proposed in this study takes into account the common indicators that affect the development of geological disasters. It can provide reference for RSD under the influence of geological disasters and has universal applicability. [Display omitted] • GECC was analyzed by QI, RF, XGB and their integration models. • The accuracy of indicator input was improved by RS interpretation. • This study does not require a separate risk assessment of geological disasters. • The model QI_RF was the best with accuracy greater than 0.95 with minimum error. • The measures under model QI_RF had effectively reduced geological disasters by 37%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current risk assessment models for metals such as the biotic ligand model (BLM) are usually applied to individual metals, yet toxic metals are rarely found singly in the environment. In the present research, the toxicity of Cu and Zn alone and together were studied in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) using different Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ concentrations, pH levels and Zn:Cu concentration ratios. The aim of the study was to better understand the toxicity effects of these two metals using BLMs and toxic units (TUs) from single and combined metal toxicity data. The results of single-metal toxicity tests showed that toxicity of Cu and Zn tended to decrease with increasing Ca 2+ or Mg 2+ concentrations, and that the effects of pH on Cu and Zn toxicity were related not only to free Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ activity, respectively, but also to other inorganic metal complex species. For the metal mixture, Cu–Zn interactions based on free ion activities were primarily additive for the different Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ concentrations and levels of pH. The toxicity data of individual metals derived by the BLM, which incorporated Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ competition and toxicity of inorganic metal complexes in a single-metal toxicity assessment, could predict the combined toxicity as a function of TU. There was good performance between the predicted and observed effects (root mean square error [ RMSE ] = 7.15, R 2 = 0.97) compared to that using a TU method with a model based on free ion activity ( RMSE = 14.29, R 2 = 0.86). The overall findings indicated that bioavailability models that include those biochemistry processes may accurately predict the toxicity of metal mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

So far, few data are available on the reproductive toxicological assessment of β-diketone antibiotics (DKAs), a class of ubiquitous pseudo-persistent pollutant, in zebrafish ( Danio rerio ). Herein, we reported the reproductive effects of DKAs by means of transcriptome analysis (F1-zebrafish), changes in a series of reproductive indices (F0-zebrafish) and histopathological observations. A total of 1170, 983 and 1399 genes were found to be differentially expressed when compared control vs. 6.25 mg/L, control vs. 12.5 mg/L and 6.25 vs. 12.5 mg/L DKA-exposure treatments, respectively. Among three comparison groups, 670, 569 and 821 genes were respectively assigned for GO analyses based on matches with sequences of known functions. In 149 KEGG-noted metabolic pathways, the preferential one was the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathway, followed by oxidative phosphorylation, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and so on. By qPCR verification, 6 genes ( c6ast4, igfbp1b, mrpl42, tnnc2, emc4 and ddit4 ) showed consistent gene expression with those identified by transcriptome sequencing. Due to DKA-exposure, the concentrations of plasma estradiol and testosterone, and the gonado-somatic index were significantly dose-dependently declined. Also, DKA-exposure led to declining in zebrafish reproductive capacity, reflecting in fertilization, hatchability and egg production. Histopathological observations demonstrated that zebrafish ovary and testis suffered serious damage after DKA-exposure. The 4-oxo-TEMP signals increased obviously with increasing DKA-exposed concentrations, implying disruption of balance between generation and clearance of 1 O 2 . In summary, DKAs not only produce reproductive toxicological effects on F0-zebrafish, but also result in adverse consequences for growth and development of F1-zebrafish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the role of cadherin-11, an integral membrane adhesion molecule, in periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) under mechanical stimulation. Materials and Methods: Human PDLCs were cultured and subjected to mechanical stress. Cadherin-11 expression and cell morphology of PDLCs were investigated via immunofluorescence staining. The mRNA and protein expressions of cadherin-11 and type I collagen (Col-I) of PDLCs were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. Small interfering RNA was used to knock down cadherin-11 expression in PDLCs. The collagen matrix of PDLCs was examined using toluidine blue staining. Results: Cadherin-11 was expressed in PDLCs. Mechanical stress suppressed cadherin-11 expression in PDLCs with prolonged force treatment time and increased force intensity, accompanied by suppressed β-catenin expression. Simultaneously, mechanical stress altered cell morphology and repressed Col-I expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner in PDLCs. Moreover, knockdown of cadherin-11 with suppressed β-catenin expression resulted in altered PDLC morphology and repressed collagen expression, which were consistent with the changes observed under mechanical stress. Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that cadherin-11 is expressed in PDLCs and modulates PDLC morphology and collagen synthesis in response to mechanical stress, which may play an important role in the homeostasis and remodeling of the PDL under mechanical stimulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to frequent application as a broad-spectrum bactericide, triclocarban (TCC) exposure has raised great concern for aquatic organisms and human health. Herein, based on transcriptome sequencing data analysis of zebrafish, we confirmed that TCC induced oxidative stress and dysimmunity through transcriptional regulation of the related genes. With aid of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) assembler database, 52 common differentially expressed genes, whose functions were related to immunity, were screened out by virtue of the meta-analysis of pancreatic cancer sample data and differential transcription profiles from TCC-exposed larvae. Acute TCC exposure affected formation of the innate immune cells, delayed mature thymic T-cell development, reduced immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels and promoted excessive release of the pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1β and tnfα). Under TCC exposure, the expressions of the genes associated with immune cell abundance in pancreatic cancer were significantly down-regulated, while the levels of ROS were prominently increased in concomitant with suppressed antioxidant activity. Moreover, a series of marker genes (pi3k , nrf2 , keap1 , ho-1 and nqo1) in the PI3K/Nrf2 antioxidant-stress pathway were abnormally expressed under TCC exposure. Interestingly, vitamin C decreased the malformation and increased the survival rate of 120-hpf larvae and effectively alleviated TCC-induced oxidative stress and immune responses. Overall, TCC exposure induced immunotoxicity and increased the risk of pancreatic cancer by inhibiting the antioxidant capacity of the PI3K/Nrf2 signal pathway. These observations enrich our in-depth understanding of the effects of TCC on early embryonic-larval development and immune damage in zebrafish. [Display omitted] • Triclocarban (TCC) induces abnormal formation of immune cells in zebrafish. • By the Cancer Genome Atlas, 52 common differentially expressed genes are screended out. • TCC triggers oxidative stress and dysimmunity through regulation of the related genes. • TCC increases oxidative stress levels by inhibiting the PI3K/Nrf2 pathway. • Vitamin C rescues immunotoxicity and oxidative stress caused by TCC exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristics of the dough modification are crucial to the quality of the final product. This study aimed to investigate the effects of wheat oligopeptide (WOP) on dough rheology, physicochemical, and protein distribution properties. Rheological results showed that WOP increased the viscoelasticity, extensibility, and strength of the dough. The pasting experiments illustrated that WOP decreased the peak viscosity, breakdown, and setback values. The fermentation results showed that WOP significantly increased the fermentation height and gas-holding rate of the dough. Meanwhile, the water migration ability of the dough was significantly inhibited after WOP incorporation. Furthermore, the electrophoresis results further proved that WOP could effectively enhance the aggregation of small molecule proteins. The microstructure results further demonstrated that the dough exhibited more uniform and continuous characteristics with the WOP incorporation, which was consistent with our hypothesis. In conclusion, WOP has the ability to strengthen the dough network structure, providing a new idea for future modification of dough and its products. [Display omitted] • Wheat oligopeptide (WOP) inhibited the pasting properties. • WOP promoted the dough stability and fermentation volume. • WOP promoted the aggregation of gluten proteins to form a denser network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of important major and trace elements may competitively inhibit cadmium (Cd) absorption in human cells and reduce Cd toxicity. However, the impact of essential elements on the cytotoxicity of metals can be difficult to quantify and anticipate. Cd acute toxicity to Caco-2 cell viability was studied in culture solutions and modeled by a biotic ligand model (BLM). The individual effects of the cations potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), ferrous ion(Fe2+), zinc (Zn2+) and manganese (Mn2+) on Cd toxicity were also investigated. The results indicated that the toxicity of Cd in culture solutions to cell viability declined with increasing concentrations of Zn2+ and Mn2+ in the solutions, while K+, Ca2 +, Mg2 + and Fe2+ had no significant effect. Using the BLM, the stability constants for the binding of Cd2 +, Zn2+, and Mn2+ to biotic ligands were determined to be log K CdBL = 5.76, log K ZnBL = 4.39 and log K MnBL = 5.31, respectively. Moreover, it was calculated that 51% occupancy of the biotic ligand sites for Cd by Cd was required to cause a 50% reduction in Caco-2 cell viability. A BLM was successfully established using the estimated constants to predict the Cd cytotoxicity to Caco-2 cell viability as a function of solution characteristics, so that the effective concentrations that reduced cell viability by 50% (EC50) could be predicted by the BLM within 1.6 fold changes of the observed EC50. The application's viability and precision for foretelling Cd toxicity in Caco-2 cells are discussed. [Display omitted] • We first attempt to apply a biotic ligand model (BLM) to evaluate Cd toxicity to human cells. • Cd cytotoxicity is reduced by protective effects from Zn2+and/or Mn2+. • The stability constants for the binding of Cd2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+ to BL were determined. • The application of BLMs to assess toxicity in panels of human cells is possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human activities have resulted in lead and sulfur accumulation in paddy soils in parts of southern China. A combined soil–sand pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of S supply on iron plaque formation and Pb accumulation in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) under two Pb levels (0 and 600 mg kg −1 ), combined with four S concentrations (0, 30, 60, and 120 mg kg −1 ). Results showed that S supply significantly decreased Pb accumulation in straw and grains of rice. This result may be attributed to the enhancement of Fe plaque formation, decrease of Pb availability in soil, and increase of reduced glutathione (GSH) in rice leaves. Moderate S supply (30 mg kg −1 ) significantly increased Fe plaque formation on the root surface and in the rhizosphere, whereas excessive S supply (60 and 120 mg kg − 1 ) significantly decreased the amounts of iron plaque on the root surface. Sulfur supply significantly enhanced the GSH contents in leaves of rice plants under Pb treatment. With excessive S application, the rice root acted as a more effective barrier to Pb accumulation compared with iron plaque. Excessive S supply may result in a higher monosulfide toxicity and decreased iron plaque formation on the root surface during flooded conditions. However, excessive S supply could effectively decrease Pb availability in soils and reduce Pb accumulation in rice plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel ratiometric fluorescent probe was constructed for sensitive assay of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) and glucose, which utilized the synergistically enhanced effects of Ce3+ and Fe2+ on copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) and coumarin. In the CuNCs-Ce3+/Fe2+-coumarin system, Ce3+ triggered the aggregation-induced emission phenomenon of CuNCs, and Fe2+ catalyzed the Fenton reaction to efficiently yield hydroxyl radical (•OH). In the presence of H 2 O 2 , the 625-nm red fluorescence of CuNCs was sharply quenched owing to the oxidation of CuNCs to Cu(II) by •OH, but the 460-nm blue fluorescence of 7-hydroxycoumarin from the oxidation of coumarin by •OH dramatically increased. Based on the reversible changes in two fluorescence signals, a satisfactorily ratiometric probe was constructed for H 2 O 2 assay with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.6 μM accompanied by a visual color variation from red to blue. For glucose assay, this ratiometric probe gave a linear range of 3.2–160 μM and LOD of 0.96 μM owing to the oxidization of glucose to yield H 2 O 2 in the presence of glucose oxidase and O 2. Overall, the newly developed ratiometric probe shows a great prospect in real applications for visual assay of H 2 O 2 and glucose by our naked eyes. [Display omitted] • A novel ratiometric fluorescence probe is designed based on CuNCs-Ce3+/Fe2+-coumarin. • Synergism of Ce3+ and Fe2+ lay foundation for construction of a sensitive probe. • Ce3+ triggers the aggregation-induced emission property of CuNCs. • Fe2+-catalyzed Fenton reaction yields more •OH to promote oxidation of coumarin. • This ratiometric fluorescence probe is used to detect H 2 O 2 and glucose by naked eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]