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In this paper, we devise three day-to-day (DTD) road pricing schemes from their static counterparts to achieve several traffic management objectives such as regulating the traffic dynamics to the desired equilibrium, traffic restraint control, and balancing the fairness and efficiency of traffic networks, respectively. Qualitative analyses involved in the stability and convergence analysis as well as the DTD evolution of network performance admit challenges ranging from partial state stability, multiple equilibria, non-measurable system states to complex nonlinear network performance functionals. To handle these hurdles, we establish a unified stability analysis framework for qualitative analysis and control synthesis of continuous-time DTD traffic dynamics via the notion of output stability. Under this framework, by devising a proper measurable output function for the DTD dynamics in question, we can perform the relevant qualitative analyses for several continuous-time DTD traffic dynamics under different traffic control measures. For example, we investigate the DTD evolution of network performance indexes such as unfairness and inefficiency (e.g., price of anarchy (PoA)) to show how the proposed flow-dependent link toll scheme can balance the fairness and efficiency of traffic systems. We demonstrate that the proposed output stability framework can offer much more flexibility to perform qualitative analysis for these complex processes by devising suitable output functions. Finally, we show the merits of the road pricing schemes in conjunction with the output stability via numerical simulations.

It has been hypothesized that trap charge plays an important role in PMOS (positive-channel metal oxide semiconductor) device reliability. By using electron holography, trap charge in a spacer oxide was observed to cause an inversion of junction in an un-stressed PMOS device prepared using a Ga+ focused ion beam (FIB). Through 400°C annealing for 10 min in vacuum, trap charge in the spacer oxide dispersed and the junction recovered. Technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulation was used to confirm the positive trap charge effect on the junction. Furthermore, the simulation showed that a low concentration of positive trap charge at the Si/SiO2interface under the spacer led to a higher tunneling current due to an abrupt junction near the Si surface through a very localized junction inversion.

The article presents the discussion on unpredictable system for rebuilding communities devastated by natural disasters. Topics include billions being poured into petrochemical plants and gas-export terminals, as well as a steady stream of Texans crossing the border to plunk down cash at three casinos; and political priorities of congressional leadership and the White House.

Introduction: Role extension into novel areas of ultrasound practice can be challenging for health care professionals. Expansion into existing areas of advanced practice typically occurs using established processes and accredited training; however, in areas where there is no formal training, there can be a lack of support for how to develop new and progressive clinical roles.Topic Description: This article presents how the use of a framework approach for establishing areas of advanced practice can support individuals and departments with safely and successfully developing new roles in ultrasound. The authors illustrate this via the example of a gastrointestinal ultrasound role, developed in an NHS department.Discussion: The framework approach comprises three elements, each interdependent upon and inform each other: (A) Scope of practice, (B) Education and competency and (C) Governance. (A) Defines (and communicates) the role extension and area(s) of subsequent ultrasound imaging, interpretation and reporting. By identifying the why, how and what is required this informs (B) the education and assessment of competency for those taking on new roles or areas of expertise. (C) Is informed by (A) and is an ongoing process of quality assurance to safeguard high standards in clinical care. In supporting role extension, this approach can facilitate new workforce configurations, skill expansion and enable increasing service demands to be met.Summary: By defining and aligning the components of scope of practice, education/competency and governance, role development in ultrasound can be initiated and sustained. Role extension utilising this approach brings benefits for patients, clinicians and departments.

Background/aimsTo model the suitability of conventional ready-made spectacles (RMS) and interchangeable-lens ready-made spectacles (IRMS) with reference to prescribing guidelines among children and adults using a large, global database and to introduce a web-based application for exploring the database with user-defined eligibility criteria.MethodsUsing refractive power and interpupillary distance data for near and distance spectacles prescribed to children and adults during OneSight clinics in 27 countries, from 2 January 2016 to 19 November 2019, we modelled the expected suitability of RMS and IRMS spectacle designs, compared with custom-made spectacles, according to published prescribing guidelines.ResultsRecords of 18 782 presbyopic adult prescriptions, 70 619 distance adult prescriptions and 40 862 paediatric prescriptions were included. Globally, 58.7%–63.9% of adults could be corrected at distance with RMS, depending on the prescribing cut-off. For presbyopic adult prescriptions, coverage was 44.1%–60.9%. Among children, 51.8% were eligible for conventional RMS. Coverage for all groups was similar to the above for IRMS. The most common reason for ineligibility for RMS in all service groups was astigmatism, responsible for 27.2% of all ineligible adult distance prescriptions using the strictest cut-off, 31.4% of children’s prescriptions and 28.0% of all adults near prescriptions globally.ConclusionDespite their advantages in cost and convenience, coverage delivered by RMS is limited under current prescribing guidelines, particularly for children and presbyopic adults. Interchangeable designs do little to remediate this, despite extending coverage for anisometropia. Our free application allows users to estimate RMS coverage in specific target populations.

This systematic review provides a summary of all studies published between 2000 and 2019 using a health-related quality of life (HRQOL) patient-completed questionnaire to report outcomes following diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer. The search terms were “thyroid cancer” or “thyroid carcinoma,” “quality of life” or “health related quality of life,” and “questionnaire” or “patient reported outcome.” EMBASE, PubMed, Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and HaNDLE-On-QOL search engines were searched between 2 February and 23 February 2020. A total of 811 identified articles were reduced to 314 when duplicates were removed. After exclusion criteria (not thyroid specific, no quality of life questionnaires, and conference abstracts) were applied, 92 remained. Hand searching identified a further 2 articles. Of the 94 included, 16 had a surgical, 26 a primarily medical, and 52 a general focus. There were articles from 27 countries. A total of 49 articles were published from 2015 through 2019 inclusive. A total of 72 questionnaires were used among the articles and a range of 7 to 2215 participants were included within each article. This review demonstrated an increasing number of publications annually. The scope of enquiry into aspects of HRQOL following thyroid cancer is broad, with relatively few addressing surgical aspects and many focusing on the impact of radio-iodine. More research is required into shared decision-making in initial management decisions and HRQOL and interventions aimed specifically at addressing long-term HRQOL difficulties.

Precise control of gene expression requires the coordinated action of multiple factors at cis-regulatory elements. We recently developed single-molecule footprinting to simultaneously resolve the occupancy of multiple proteins including transcription factors, RNA polymerase II and nucleosomes on single DNA molecules genome-wide. The technique combines the use of cytosine methyltransferases to footprint the genome with bisulfite sequencing to resolve transcription factor binding patterns at cis-regulatory elements. DNA footprinting is performed by incubating permeabilized nuclei with recombinant methyltransferases. Upon DNA extraction, whole-genome or targeted bisulfite libraries are prepared and loaded on Illumina sequencers. The protocol can be completed in 4–5 d in any laboratory with access to high-throughput sequencing. Analysis can be performed in 2 d using a dedicated R package and requires access to a high-performance computing system. Our method can be used to analyze how transcription factors cooperate and antagonize to regulate transcription.

AbstractIncreasing populations in Central Australia after 1,500 cal BP led to the development of more closely spaced foraging territories, with a consequent shift towards more intensive exploitation of bush foods. We suggest that such pressure would also lead to concomitant shifts in the use of peripheral areas within individual foraging estates. A small archaeological excavation at NEP23, on Watarrka Plateau in Central Australia, provides a glimpse of this dynamic. Use of this site began around 1,350 cal BP. Given this site’s marginal location, initiation of occupation at NEP23 reflects pressure to extend the exploitation of foraging territory otherwise centred on major springs and rock holes along the base of the Watarrka Plateau.

•Re-assessment of 1932 excavations at Creag a' Chapuill Cave.•Global spatial autocorrelation of worked-stone and Bronze Age pottery.•Inter-site comparison with Rudh’ an Dunain chambered cairn and Wetweather Cave.•Creag a' Chapuill Cave deposits more complex than previously understood.

This article discusses the use of humour and explores the impact of emotionally charged material used in nursing education, putting forward suggestions about the use of stand-up comedy techniques to enhance presentation skills. It further explores neurobiological evidence that may support these suggestions. As the landscape of nurse education is changing, the article discusses how larger class sizes, online delivery via virtual learning environments and other technology-enhanced learning methods may impact on how lessons are presented.

Recent technological advancements have enabled the profiling of a large number of genome-wide features in individual cells. However, single-cell data present unique challenges that require the development of specialized methods and software infrastructure to successfully derive biological insights. The Bioconductor project has rapidly grown to meet these demands, hosting community-developed open-source software distributed as R packages. Featuring state-of-the-art computational methods, standardized data infrastructure and interactive data visualization tools, we present an overview and online book (https://osca.bioconductor.org) of single-cell methods for prospective users.

Introduction Physiotherapists are learning to perform diagnostic thoracic ultrasound but it is currently unknown how they are learning, how they are using thoracic ultrasound in their practice, or any factors affecting the implementation of thoracic ultrasound into practice. The aim of this survey was to explore the use of thoracic ultrasound by physiotherapists. This information could be used to aid training and implementation strategies to assist physiotherapists to integrate thoracic ultrasound safely into their practice.Methods A questionnaire comprising of open/closed questions was distributed to respiratory physiotherapist. Distribution was at three national study days and via a specialist newsletter containing a link to a SurveyMonkey™ questionnaire.Results A total of 133 questionnaires were returned with 31 reported that they used thoracic ultrasound imaging and 101 reporting they did not. The most common roles of thoracic ultrasound in practice were to: enhance the ability to differentially diagnose respiratory pathologies, aid respiratory assessment and support clinical reasoning. Of the 133 respondents, 58 reported that they had undertaken training in thoracic ultrasound imaging and 75 had not. The most common factors identified regarding thoracic ultrasound implementation were team support, ultrasound machine availability/cost, time pressures and mentor availability.Discussion This survey has provided an understanding of thoracic ultrasound practice amongst respiratory physiotherapists in the UK. The survey results demonstrated the barriers that inhibit current practice and highlighted the importance of mentor support. There was a good understanding by all respondents regarding the clinical application of thoracic ultrasound. These findings are being used to develop professional guidance and ensure safe practice of thoracic ultrasound.

Understanding the molecular functions of less-studied proteins is an important task of life science research. Despite reports of basic leucine zipper and W2 domain-containing protein 2 (BZW2) promoting cancer progression first emerging in 2017, little is known about its molecular function. Using a quantitative proteomic approach to identify its interacting proteins, we found that BZW2 interacts with both endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial proteins. We thus hypothesized that BZW2 localizes to and promotes the formation of ER-mitochondrial contact sites and that such localization would promote calcium transport from ER to the mitochondria and promote ATP production. Indeed, we found that BZW2 localized to ER-mitochondria contact sites and that BZW2 knockdown decreased ER-mitochondrial contact, mitochondrial calcium levels, and ATP production. These findings provide key insights into molecular functions of BZW2, the potential role of BZW2 in cancer progression, and highlight the utility of interactome data in understanding the function of less-studied proteins.

The need to accurately measure and predict weld residual stresses (WRS) has led to several examinations intent on developing best-practice guidelines in the assessment of welded structures. The present investigation examines two benchmark weld specimens; both specimens are autogenous edge-welded beams, with welds deposited using a mechanised tungsten inert gas process. However, one of the beams was made from AISI 316LN austenitic steel, while the other was made from SA508 Gr.3 Cl.1 ferritic steel. Considerable differences in the cross-weld residual stress profile were observed between the two beams, prompting a detailed examination of why such differences exist. Computational weld mechanics was used to assess both processes; model validation was achieved using previously reported WRS and micro-hardness measurements. A comparison of the numerical solutions indicates that the shape misfit resulting from a sharp weld-induced thermal gradient causes significant longitudinal tensile stresses in the heat-affected zone in both specimens. The presence of influential solid-state phase transformations in the ferritic specimen leads to the formation of compressive stresses in the weld metal, while the stresses remain tensile in the weld metal region of the austenitic specimen. The compressive stresses in the ferritic specimen serve to offset the tensile stresses in the HAZ, leading to a reduction of the self-equilibrating WRS present in the ferritic parent metal.

The time of arrival of people in Australia is an unresolved question. It is relevant to debates about when modern humans first dispersed out of Africa and when their descendants incorporated genetic material from Neanderthals, Denisovans and possibly other hominins. Humans have also been implicated in the extinction of Australia’s megafauna. Here we report the results of new excavations conducted at Madjedbebe, a rock shelter in northern Australia. Artefacts in primary depositional context are concentrated in three dense bands, with the stratigraphic integrity of the deposit demonstrated by artefact refits and by optical dating and other analyses of the sediments. Human occupation began around 65,000 years ago, with a distinctive stone tool assemblage including grinding stones, ground ochres, reflective additives and ground-edge hatchet heads. This evidence sets a new minimum age for the arrival of humans in Australia, the dispersal of modern humans out of Africa, and the subsequent interactions of modern humans with Neanderthals and Denisovans.

Recently, the World Health Organization confirmed 120 new human cases of avian H7N9 influenza in China resulting in 37 deaths, highlighting the concern for a potential pandemic and the need for an effective, safe, and high-speed vaccine production platform. Production speed and scale of mRNA-based vaccines make them ideally suited to impede potential pandemic threats. Here we show that lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-formulated, modified mRNA vaccines, encoding hemagglutinin (HA) proteins of H10N8 (A/Jiangxi-Donghu/346/2013) or H7N9 (A/Anhui/1/2013), generated rapid and robust immune responses in mice, ferrets, and nonhuman primates, as measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and microneutralization (MN) assays. A single dose of H7N9 mRNA protected mice from a lethal challenge and reduced lung viral titers in ferrets. Interim results from a first-in-human, escalating-dose, phase 1 H10N8 study show very high seroconversion rates, demonstrating robust prophylactic immunity in humans. Adverse events (AEs) were mild or moderate with only a few severe and no serious events. These data show that LNP-formulated, modified mRNA vaccines can induce protective immunogenicity with acceptable tolerability profiles.

Gizzard Shad Dorosoma cepedianum, a pelagic detritivore found throughout the USA, are an important prey fish for many sport fish species and are often stocked in an attempt to bolster sport fish growth and condition. To date, there has been little research on how many or at what density prespawn adult Gizzard Shad should be stocked in order to produce a year-class suitable for sport fish consumption within that year. In Lake Oahe, South Dakota, Gizzard Shad are an important prey resource for Walleyes Sander vitreusand other sport fish when the number of Rainbow Smelt Osmerus mordaxis low. However, severe winters in 2009–2011 extirpated the Gizzard Shad population in Lake Oahe (or reduced its abundance to below the detectable limit). Thus, Gizzard Shad were stocked in 2012 and 2013 to improve short-term prey fish production. During this time, we sought to identify how many or at what density prespawn adult Gizzard Shad need to be stocked in select embayments of Lake Oahe to achieve larval Gizzard Shad production similar to that in years when natural reproduction took place. Although the results were quite variable, we found positive linear relationships between the density of larval Gizzard Shad and the number and density of adult stockings, with the number of adults stocked providing a better indication of later larval production than adult stocking density. In general, stocking 150 prespawn adult Gizzard Shad would produce larval densities =5.0 fish/100 m3in select embayments of a large Midwest reservoir. Received November 8, 2016; accepted February 15, 2017 Published online April 27, 2017

AbstractPuntutjarpa Rockshelter was the first archaeological site excavated in the Australian desert. Dug between 1967 and 1970, the archaeological sequence was originally interpreted as a continuous record spanning the last 10,000 years BP. With a new series of radiocarbon and OSL dates we show that Puntutjarpa primarily contains a mid-Holocene deposit with a veneer of last millennium material and a thin underlay of terminal Pleistocene evidence. We show that over the last 12.0 kyr, there were three discrete phases of site-use at Puntutjarpa – 12.0–9.7 kyr, 8.3–6.2 kyr and ∼1.1–0 kyr – each with differences in the nature and intensity of occupation. This removes key field evidence for the ‘Australian Desert Culture’, a concept that has increasingly become an anomaly since the 1980s.

AbstractGizzard Shad Dorosoma cepedianum, a pelagic detritivore found throughout the USA, are an important prey fish for many sport fish species and are often stocked in an attempt to bolster sport fish growth and condition. To date, there has been little research on how many or at what density prespawn adult Gizzard Shad should be stocked in order to produce a year-class suitable for sport fish consumption within that year. In Lake Oahe, South Dakota, Gizzard Shad are an important prey resource for Walleyes Sander vitreusand other sport fish when the number of Rainbow Smelt Osmerus mordaxis low. However, severe winters in 2009–2011 extirpated the Gizzard Shad population in Lake Oahe (or reduced its abundance to below the detectable limit). Thus, Gizzard Shad were stocked in 2012 and 2013 to improve short-term prey fish production. During this time, we sought to identify how many or at what density prespawn adult Gizzard Shad need to be stocked in select embayments of Lake Oahe to achieve larval Gizzard Shad production similar to that in years when natural reproduction took place. Although the results were quite variable, we found positive linear relationships between the density of larval Gizzard Shad and the number and density of adult stockings, with the number of adults stocked providing a better indication of later larval production than adult stocking density. In general, stocking 150 prespawn adult Gizzard Shad would produce larval densities ≥5.0 fish/100 m3in select embayments of a large Midwest reservoir.Received November 8, 2016; accepted February 15, 2017 Published online April 27, 2017

This case reports on the micro-computerised tomography (CT) images of a periapical calcified dome following spontaneous apexification as a subsequence of trauma. An immature, maxillary central incisor was found to be non-vital one month following trauma. The tooth had minimal signs of structural damage; however, there was radiographic evidence of spontaneous apexification. The tooth suffered a second traumatic episode two years later and was decoronated to facilitate bone retention during osseous development. The patient presented with swelling and pain 36 months later, and the tooth root was extracted. The root was embedded in resin, and cross-sectional images were obtained using micro-CT. Analysis of the images provided insight into the structure of the calcified dome that formed following the first traumatic injury.

Several letters to the editor are presented in response to articles in previous issues including "Elementary" comparison test in the July 2016 issue, "Attracktive" about the BMW M4 GT's steam engine in the June 2016 issue, and "The Game of Life: Chrysler Edition" by Jared Gall in the July 2016 issue.

Many primary care professionals manage injection or infusion therapies in patients with diabetes. Few published guidelines have been available to help such professionals and their patients manage these therapies. Herein, we present new, practical, and comprehensive recommendations for diabetes injections and infusions. These recommendations were informed by a large international survey of current practice and were written and vetted by 183 diabetes experts from 54 countries at the Forum for Injection Technique and Therapy: Expert Recommendations (FITTER) workshop held in Rome, Italy, in 2015. Recommendations are organized around the themes of anatomy, physiology, pathology, psychology, and technology. Key among the recommendations are that the shortest needles (currently the 4-mm pen and 6-mm syringe needles) are safe, effective, and less painful and should be the first-line choice in all patient categories; intramuscular injections should be avoided, especially with long-acting insulins, because severe hypoglycemia may result; lipohypertrophy is a frequent complication of therapy that distorts insulin absorption, and, therefore, injections and infusions should not be given into these lesions and correct site rotation will help prevent them; effective long-term therapy with insulin is critically dependent on addressing psychological hurdles upstream, even before insulin has been started; inappropriate disposal of used sharps poses a risk of infection with blood-borne pathogens; and mitigation is possible with proper training, effective disposal strategies, and the use of safety devices. Adherence to these new recommendations should lead to more effective therapies, improved outcomes, and lower costs for patients with diabetes.

When an 18-year-old Arthur Smith Woodward arrived at the new home of the natural history collections of the British Museum on Cromwell Road, South Kensington in August 1882, he could not have envisaged the treasure trove of vertebrate fossils that awaited him. Even before the move to South Kensington, the collections already contained many fossil fish specimens first described and figured by the famous Swiss zoologist and geologist Louis Agassiz in his monumental work Recherches sur les Poissons Fossiles. The fabulous fossil fish collections of Lord Egerton and the Earl of Enniskillen arrived shortly after, including many more of Agassiz's type specimens. However, Agassiz had left much work undone and ideas on fossil fish systematics had changed in the 50 years since he had started publishing his research. Making full use of the collection, and adding to it, Smith Woodward embarked on a scientific career that was to see him become the world's leading authority on fossil fishes. When he retired from the Museum at the age of 60, his successors inherited the most extensive and well-documented collection of fossil fishes in the world.

Arthur Smith Woodward commanded international respect and acclaim. He was honoured in scientific circles from Russia to the Americas and throughout Europe, particularly for his outstanding work on fossil fish. He was distinguished in both his exceptional abilities as a vertebrate palaeontologist and in his tall, authoritative presence. He appeared confident, contained and in control, while his intellectual gifts had been apparent from a very early age. He was a remarkable scientist, but a man whose reputation has for too long been seen through the prism of the Piltdown forgery.

This article introduces a practical triage tool designed to assist commanders, jungle training instructors (JTIs) and medical personnel to identify Defence Personnel (DP) with suspected exertional heat illness (EHI). The challenges of managing suspected EHI in a jungle training environment and the potential advantages to stratifying the urgency of evacuation are discussed. This tool has been designed to be an adjunct to the existing MOD mandated heat illness recognition and first aid training.

AbstractDespite continuing interest in whether plant residues and microwear can give an archaeological 'signature' for the grinding of grain, few studies have looked at what is actually present on ethnographic seed-grinders. In this paper, we map the distribution of use-polish and residues on a classic Central Australian millstone. We begin by setting out an explanatory 'cradle–to–grave' model of the dynamics of millstones to assist our interpretations. We then apply various methods of functional analysis to map the distribution of microwear and residues across the millstone. Several dynamics are evident: (1) the kinetics of grinding create spatial variability in use–polish and residues; (2) systemic factors lead to a palimpsest of different residues, not all of which relate to the major function of the implement; and (3) various systemic factors degrade some of the traces on millstones well before they are buried. Our results for this Central Australian millstone show that there is substantial variability within and between grinding grooves, reflecting the continuing attrition of these surfaces. Starch, which was presumably a primary residue, is poorly preserved, even on the most recent ground surfaces. There is a diversity of other residues present, reflecting secondary use of this millstone as an impromptu work surface. We conclude that the long systemic use–lives of these durable implements can complicate their identification as seed–grinders, and raise issues for future functional research.

An essay is presented on sending messages to the account of her late wife, Emily, on the search engine Yahoo. The author mentions that he sent messages to the Yahoo account of his wife marking the milestones of their children and acknowledging important dates such as anniversaries and birthdays. He explores his relationship with Emily, particularly during their marriage and when Emily was hospitalized.