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In diesem Artikel wird die probabilistische Modellierung und Vorhersage für die Standzeit und Zuverlässigkeit eines Fräswerkzeugs mittels der Bayesianischen Statistik beschrieben. Zur Entwicklung des probabilistischen Modells wird eine Markov-Chain-Monte-Carlo-Simulation (MCMC) auf das Taylor-Standzeit-Modell angewendet. Die A‑priori-Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen werden aus der Literaturrecherche ermittelt. Aus anschließenden Fräsversuchen werden ein Trainings- und ein Testdatensatz generiert. Die Versuche werden in einem Bereich der Schnittgeschwindigkeiten von 300 bis 400 m/min durchgeführt. Die A‑posteriori-Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen werden unter Verwendung des Trainingssatzes berechnet. Mittels der trainierten A‑posteriori-Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen werden anschließend die Testdatensätze bei den Schnittgeschwindigkeiten von 300 bis 400 m/min vorhergesagt. Es folgt ein Vergleich des probabilistischen Standzeitmodells mit den Testdatensätzen. Anschließend werden die A‑posteriori-Verteilungen der Werkzeugstandzeit verwendet, um eine Zuverlässigkeitsanalyse unter Verwendung der Zuverlässigkeitsfunktion in Abhängigkeit der Schnittgeschwindigkeit durchzuführen. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Werkzeugstandzeit- und Zuverlässigkeitsfunktion die gemessenen Werkzeugstandzeiten innerhalb der Unsicherheitsintervalle mit einem maximalen Vorhersagefehler von 18 % mit lediglich zwei Trainingsdatenpunkten vorhersagen können.

Évaluer l’efficacité du cerclage indiqué sur des antécédents en cas de grossesses gémellaires.

To establish normal current values of various biochemical parameters during pregnancy in the northern area of Paris (France) in a subgroup from the PreCARE cohort and to study their changes according to the term of pregnancy, and to determine the influence of maternal precarity.

(Lancet.2022;400:592–604)Antenatal corticosteroids are recommended worldwide to help premature fetus lung maturity. However, the current recommended dose may be too high, based on some neurological, mental, and behavioral side effects. This study compared a half-dose (12 mg) of antenatal betamethasone to the typical full dose (24 mg) to determine if a half-dose can be as effective as a full dose, as well as to ultimately determine if a half-dose should be recommended in order to lessen side effects.

Déterminer la prise en charge des patientes avec une rupture prématurée des membranes avant 37 semaines d’aménorrhée (SA).

Déterminer les mesures permettant de prévenir la prématurité spontanée et ses conséquences (hors rupture des membranes).

Déterminer les mesures permettant de prévenir la prématurité spontanée et ses conséquences (hors rupture des membranes).

Déterminer les mesures permettant de prévenir la prématurité spontanée et ses conséquences (hors rupture des membranes).

Évaluer les bénéfices et les risques, à court et à long terme, associés à l’administration d’une cure unique de corticoïdes anténatals, ainsi qu’aux stratégies de prise en charge qui en ont été issues : cures répétées et cure de sauvetage.

Déterminer les mesures permettant de prévenir et traiter la dystocie des épaules pour tenter de diminuer la morbidité néonatale et maternelle associée.

Déterminer les mesures permettant de prévenir et traiter la dystocie des épaules pour tenter de diminuer la morbidité néonatale et maternelle associée.

Déterminer l’impact de la réalisation (i) d’une confrontation fœto-pelvienne pour l’aide au choix de la voie d’accouchement, (ii) d’une césarienne, (iii) d’un déclenchement du travail et (iv) de certaines modalités de prise en charge de l’accouchement sur le risque de survenue d’une dystocie des épaules chez les patientes enceintes d’un fœtus macrosome, en association ou non à un diabète maternel, et chez celles aux antécédents de dystocie des épaules.

Background Although mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) rates are at an all-time low in Western Europe, potentially preventable transmissions continue to occur. Duration of antenatal combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) is strongly associated with MTCT risk.Methods Data on pregnant HIV-infected women enrolled in the Western and Central European sites of the European Collaborative Study between January 2000 and July 2009 were analysed. The proportion of women receiving no antenatal ART or 1–13 days of treatment was investigated, and associated factors explored using logistic regression models.Results Of 2,148 women, 142 (7%) received no antenatal ART, decreasing from 8% in 2000–2003 to 5% in 2004– 2009 (?2=8.73; P<0.01). A further 41 (2%) received 1–13 days of ART. One-third (64/171) of women with ‘insufficient’ (0 or 1–13 days) antenatal ART had a late HIV diagnosis (in the third trimester or intrapartum), but half (85/171) were diagnosed before conception. Pre-term delivery<34 weeks was associated with receipt of no and 1–13 days antenatal ART (adjusted odds ratios [ORs] 2.9 [P<0.01] and 4.5 [P<0.01], respectively). History of injecting drug use was associated with an increased risk of no ART (adjusted OR 2.9; P<0.01) and severe symptomatic HIV disease with a decreased risk (adjusted OR 0.2; P<0.01). MTCT rates were 1.1% (15/1,318) among women with=14 days antenatal ART and 7.4% (10/136) among those with insufficient ART.Conclusions Over the last 10 years, around one in 11 women in this study received insufficient antenatal ART, accounting for 40% of MTCTs. One-half of these women were diagnosed before conception, suggesting disengagement from care.

To date, the majority of therapeutic peptides and proteins have to be administered via parenteral routes, which are painful and inconvenient. Consequently, “injectable-to-oral-conversions” are highly on demand. Apart from a poor membrane uptake, however, an extensive presystemic metabolism of orally given peptide drugs is responsible for a comparatively very poor oral bioavailability. This presystemic metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract is based on luminally secreted enzymes (I) including pepsins, trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase and carboxypeptidase A/B, on brush border membrane bound enzymes (II) including various carboxypeptidases and aminopeptidases and on cytosolic enzymes (III). In addition, thiol-disulphide exchange reactions between orally administered peptide drugs and sulfhydryl bearing components of the gastrointestinal juice are responsible for a presystemic metabolism. Strategies to avoid a presystemic metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract are on the one hand based on chemical modifications of peptide drugs in order to make them more stable towards an enzymatic attack. On the other hand various formulation techniques are applied in order to protect therapeutic peptides, being incorporated in appropriate carrier systems. They include liposomes, nano-/microparticles and matrix tablets comprising various auxiliary agents such as enzyme inhibitors and multifunctional polymers. Within this review an overview about “the enemy's strength” and the current strategies to avoid a presystemic metabolism of orally administered peptides is provided.

To date, the majority of therapeutic peptides and proteins have to be administered via parenteral routes, which are painful and inconvenient. In order to gain sufficient high blood concentrations after oral application, various barriers in the gastrointestinal tract have to be overcome. Apart from a poor membrane uptake and intense enzymatic degradation, this study will demonstrate that thiol–disulphide reactions are an underestimated essential part of the presystemic metabolism. Glutathione, integrative part of the antioxidant defence system in the gastrointestinal tract, may play an important role in the inactivation of orally given peptides and proteins. In order to verify this hypothesis, desmopressin which bears a single disulphide bond was used as model peptide drug. Desmopressin was incubated with GSH in various concentrations, and the extent of thiol/disulphide exchange reactions between the peptide drug and GSH was investigated in dependence on pH and ratio of reactants determined as a function of time via HPLC, LC-MS and Maldi-Tof-MS analyses.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether Huntington's disease (HD) affects autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning. METHODS: Twenty patients with HD who had positive genetic test results underwent standardised ANS function tests including sympathetic skin responses (SSRs) of the hands and feet, measurements of heart rate variability (HRV), both during five minutes of resting and deep respiration, and an orthostatic blood pressure test. Patients were classified according to the motor subscale of the unified Huntington's disease rating scale (UHDRS; mean (SD) score 26.4 (13.6)) and divided into two subgroups: UHDRS &lt;25 points (early stages, E-HD) and UHDRS ≥25 points (mid stages, M-HD). Autonomic indices were compared with those obtained for a group of well matched healthy controls (n=60). RESULTS: Overall, patients showed lower HRV indices than controls. Multivariate analysis with the independent factor of "group" (controls, E-HD, M-HD) showed a significant group effect on both the high frequency power (F=4.32, p=0.017) and the coefficient of variation (F=4.23, p=0.018), indicating a significant reduction in vagal modulation in the M-HD group. There was a shift in autonomic neurocardiac balance towards sympathetic predominance in the M-HD group compared with controls (F=2.89, p=0.062). Moreover, we found an inverse correlation between the severity of clinical HD symptoms (assessed by the UHDRS) and the modulation of cardiovagal activity (p=0.028). Vagal dysregulation was present in two patients; one of them also showed a pathological blood pressure test and a latency prolongation in the SSRs of the hands. Two other patients had pathologically reduced SSR amplitudes. Only patients of the M-HD group were affected. CONCLUSION: Autonomic dysfunction is present even in the middle stages of HD and affects both the sympathetic and parasympathetic branch of the ANS.

For development and optimization of high density ferroelectric random access memory (FeRAM) devices, it is highly important to understand the polarization switching process. As demands on measurement hardware for these nonlinear devices rise with falling cycle time, the development of faster measurement equipment is desired for observation. We report on the direct investigation of the switching behaviour near device operation frequency of chemical solution deposition (CSD) prepared thin films of perovskite materials such as strontium bismuth tantalate SrBi 2 Ta 2 O 9 (SBT) and lead zirconate titanate Pb(Zr 0.3 ,T 0.7 )O 3 (PZT) with a newly developed measurement setup. In this work, high speed dynamic hysteresis measurements are performed to further explore the dynamic behaviour of polarization switching into the frequency domain. Virtual Ground measurements down to 100 ns cycle time of excitation signal were achieved, providing additional insight into device operation. A rise of Vc with a factor of 0.065 kV/decade between measurements at 10 Hz and 10 MHz of excitation frequency was confirmed.

Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) and SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT) are promising candidates for the use as cell capacitor materials in ferroelectric non-volatile memory devices (FeRAMs). For years it has been an outstanding challenge to perform electrical measurements on samples with pad sizes which are equal to the pad size of real cell capacitors of integrated memory devices. Up to now either larger sample capacitors or an array of several hundred capacitors in parallel could be investigated with typical measurement techniques [1]. But, both measurements can hardly detect the failure of a single capacitor in the submicron range.

AbstractThe fatigue behavior of PZT thin films was investigated. The fatigue excitation signal was changed with respect to the shape, the amplitude, and the frequency of the signal. It is shown that the fatigue excitation signal has a strong influence on the fatigue behavior of the films. Additionally, electrical characterization of a single 1 μm2SBT capacitor is reported.

Abstract.: Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) has proven useful in the differentiation of various tumour entities, including breast cancer. In patients with primary breast cancer we performed a 3-h imaging protocol to examine possible improvements in tumour detectability and image contrast. Twenty-nine patients with primary breast cancer with a diameter of ≥2 cm that was demonstrated to be malignant by biopsy or surgery were injected with 370–740 MBq 18F-FDG and scanned in the prone position. Data were acquired 0–40 min, 1.5 h and 3.0 h after injection. After correction for measured attenuation, decay and scatter and iterative reconstruction, standardised uptake values (SUVs) and tumour-to-non-tumour and tumour-to-organ ratios were calculated. Visual analysis was performed using transverse, sagittal and coronal slices as well as 3D reprojection images. Tumour-to-non-tumour and tumour-to-organ ratios were significantly higher for the 3-h images than for the 1.5-h images. SUVs did not increase to the same extent. Lesion detectability was 83% in 1.5-h images compared to 93% in 3-h images. We conclude that tumour contrast in breast cancer is improved by starting the PET acquisition at 3 h p.i. rather than at 1.5 h p.i.

We recently observed that specific inhibitors of post-proline cleaving aminodipeptidases cause apoptosis in quiescent lymphocytes in a process independent of CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV. These results led to the isolation and cloning of a new protease that we have termed quiescent cell proline dipeptidase (QPP). QPP activity was purified from CD26(-) Jurkat T cells. The protein was identified by labeling with [(3)H]diisopropylfluorophosphate and subjected to tryptic digestion and partial amino acid sequencing. The peptide sequences were used to identify expressed sequence tag clones. The cDNA of QPP contains an open reading frame of 1476 base pairs, coding for a protein of 492 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of QPP reveals similarity with prolylcarboxypeptidase. The putative active site residues serine, aspartic acid, and histidine of QPP show an ordering of the catalytic triad similar to that seen in the post-proline cleaving exopeptidases prolylcarboxypeptidase and CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV. The post-proline cleaving activity of QPP has an unusually broad pH range in that it is able to cleave substrate molecules at acidic pH as well as at neutral pH. QPP has also been detected in nonlymphocytic cell lines, indicating that this enzyme activity may play an important role in other tissues as well.

Analysis of the carcinogen bioassay of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthaiate (DEHP) has shown that the designated maximum tolerated dose was exceeded in the low- and high-dose groups of male rats, in the high-dose group of female rats, and in the low- and high-dose groups of female mice. Significant differences in tumor incidence among small populations of laboratory animals within the testing facility further confounded interpretation of the bioassay. Critical data on food consumption, nutritional status, clinical signs, clinical pathology, and intestinal microorganisms are lacking. This review concludes that because of major deficiencies in the available data, the studies cannot be interpreted as showing a carcinogenic effect due to DEHP alone. Epigenetic mechanisms to explain the biologic effects are examined.

We recorded cardiovascular responses to serotonin (5- HT) and to two selective serotonergic agonists following ketanserin treatment in 3 groups of conscious rats aged 4, 14 or 24 months. The selective agonists were DOI (5- HT2agonist), and phenylbiguanide (5- HT3agonist). Before ketanserin treatment, pressor responses to 5- HT or DOI were larger while reflex bradycardic responses to 5- HT or phenylbiguanide were smaller in 14- and 24- month than in 4- month- old rats. Ketanserin treatment lowered blood pressure consistently, and the ensuing hypotension was more pronounced in 14- and 24- month than in 4- month- old rats. Pressor responses to DOI were attenuated similarly in all rats, but those to 5- HT were reversed to depressor responses whose magnitude was smaller in 14- and 24- month than in 4- month- old rats. On the other hand, bradycardic responses to 5- HT and phenylbiguanide were enhanced in 14- and 24- but not in 4- month- old rats. Our results indicate that even before ketanserin was given, old rats had enhanced pressor responses to 5- HT2agonists together with weakened bradycardic responses to 5- HT3agonists. Following ketanserin treatment, 5- HT2pressor responses were blocked while 5- HT3bradycardic responses were enhanced but only in old rats. These results are compatible with the interpretation that the more pronounced hypotension produced in old rats by ketanserin is due to two complementary effects on serotonergic receptors: blockade of 5- HT2pressor responses coupled with selective enhancement of 5- HT3bradycardic responses. (Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 6: 239–248, 1994)

A rigid platform symmetrically supported by four sloping cables is proposed for measuring the center-of-gravity coordinates and the moments and products of inertia of large vehicles such as buses, trucks, and trailers. In addition to a torsional degree-of-freedom, the system undergoes pitch and roll motions about axes through the system instantaneous center which lies directly below the center of the platform at the intersection of the cable lines-of-action under quiescent conditions. The natural frequencies and normal modes of the freely vibrating loaded platform are used as inputs to a linearized System Identification Algorithm for computing the inertia properties of the test vehicle. Hypothetical test data generated from the Free Vibration Analysis of a sample test configuration are used to evaluate the sensitivity of the System Identification Algorithm to inaccuracies in test data or to truncation errors in computation.

Zusammenfassung: Nach groen Eingriffen ebenso wie nach Operationen bei hinflligen oder lteren Patienten mu mit Strungen der Lungenfunktion, des Gasstoffwechsels und des Herzleistungsvermgens gerechnet werden. Wir mchten daher die routinemige Kontrolle der Blutgaswerte in der Ihnen vorgestellten Analysenzusammensetzung als ein sicheres Verfahren zur rechtzeitigen Erkennung therapiebedrftiger Ateminsuffizienz anempfehlen.

Objectif. - Déterminer les modalités de prise en charge en cas de présentation du siège. Matériel et méthodes. - Consultation de la base de données MedLine, de la Cochrane Library et des recommandations des sociétés savantes françaises et étrangères. Résultats. - En France, 5 % des femmes accouchent d’un enfant en présentation du siège (NP3). Un tiers d’entre elles ont une tentative de voie basse (TVB) (NP3), et 70 % de ces dernières accouchent par voie basse (NP3). La tentative de version par manœuvre externe (VME) est associée à une diminution du taux des présentations du siège à l’accouchement (NP2) et à une diminution du taux de césarienne (NP3) sans augmentation de la morbidité maternelle (NP3) et périnatale sévère (NP3). Il est recommandé d’informer les femmes ayant une présentation du siège de la possibilité de réaliser une tentative de VME à partir de 36 SA (Accord professionnel). En cas de présentation du siège à terme, la TVB pourrait être associée à une augmentation du risque composite de mortalité périnatale ou de survenue d’une morbidité néonatale sévère comparativement à la césarienne programmée (CP) (NP2). Il n’a pas été retrouvé de différence entre la TVB et la CP concernant le développement neurologique de l’enfant à 2 ans (NP2), le développement psychomoteur et cognitif entre 5 et 8 ans (NP3), et le niveau intellectuel à l’âge adulte (NP4). Les risques de complications maternelles sévères à court et à long terme semblent comparables après une TVB et une CP en l’absence de grossesse ultérieure. En cas de grossesse ultérieure, l’antécédent de césarienne expose la femme à des complications sévères (placenta accreta, rupture utérine notamment). Il est recommandé de proposer aux femmes qui souhaitent une TVB à terme une pelvimétrie (GradeC) et de vérifier l’absence d’hyperextension de la tête fœtale (Accord professionnel) pour décider avec elles de leur voie d’accouchement. La présentation du siège complet, l’antécédent de césarienne, la nulliparité, la rupture des membranes à terme avant travail ne contre-indiquent pas la TVB (Accord professionnel). La présentation du siège à terme n’est pas une contre-indication à un déclenchement du travail lorsque les critères d’acceptation de la voie basse sont réunis (Grade C). Conclusion. - En cas de présentation du siège à terme, les risques de complications sévères pour l’enfant et la mère sont faibles en cas de TVB ou de CP. Pour le Collège national des gynécologues et obstétriciens français, la TVB est une option raisonnable dans la majorité des cas (Accord professionnel). Le choix de la voie d’accouchement doit être partagé par la patiente et le médecin, en respectant le droit à l’autonomie de la patiente (Accord professionnel).

We compared fMRI and cognitive data from nine hormone therapy (HT)–naive women with data from women exposed to either opposed conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) (n 10) or opposed estradiol (n 4). Exposure to either form of HT was associated with healthier fMRI response; however, CEE-exposed women exhibited poorer memory performance than either HT-naive or estradiol-exposed subjects. These preliminary findings emphasize the need to characterize differential neural effects of various HTs.

An instrumental method for determining sodium heparin in aqueous solutions is described that has the advantages over the USP grading procedure of being simpler and quicker but just as reproducible. It is based on the principle that heparin concentration in solutions can be determined by measuring the recalcification clot time of heparinized sheep plasma by mechanical means. The concentration is read from a standard curve of clot time versus, concentration of standard heparin.

(BJOG. 2018;125:587–595)While antenatal care has been thought to be beneficial to women since its inception more than a century ago, it is difficult to evaluate modern antenatal care as both patients and providers are reluctant to take part in randomized trials. The associations between antenatal care utilization and severe maternal and perinatal morbidity have not been extensively investigated, in part due to the many confounding factors to be considered. Because of this lack of evidence, there are vastly differing recommendations worldwide. This study aimed to assess the association between the adequacy of antenatal care utilization and severe maternal and perinatal morbidity (SMM and SPM) in France.

Le lait maternel est, par ses bénéfices, le mode d’alimentation optimal du nourrisson. Sa non pratique semble engendrer des inégalités sociales de santé s’ajoutant à celle connu : prématurité, petit poids pour l’âge gestationnel, anomalie congénitale, morbi-mortalité maternelle. Pour la promouvoir, il est capital de connaître les déterminants liés au choix d’allaiter. L’objectif de ce travail est, en se basant sur la cohorte PreCARE, d’évaluer l’effet de la précarité maternelle sur le choix d’alimentation du nouveau-né, à terme, en sortie de maternité.

Background: In very preterm infants, exposure to hyperoxia has been associated with worse neurological outcome. In the immature rodent brain, white matter damage (WMD) and perturbed myelination can be caused by hyperoxia via oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptotic cell death. Decreased proliferation and delayed maturation of oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPC) have been found to contribute to WMD. The antibiotic minocycline exerts pleiotropic neuroprotective effects in various models of hypoxia/ischemia or inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases and is therefore a promising candidate for protection against hyperoxia-mediated brain injury.Methods: Rat pups and their mothers were kept at 80% oxygen for 24 hours from P6 to P7. Treatment with minocycline was performed i.p. 12 hours before, at the beginning and at 12 hours of hyperoxia exposure. Control animals were kept at room air. P7 rat brains (n=4) were then perfused for cryosections. Immunohistochemistry was performed for Ki67 (proliferation), NG2 (OPC), TUNEL (apoptosis) with a DAPI (DNA) mounting medium followed by analysis using confocal microscopy.Results: Hyperoxia induced a marked reduction of OPC numbers in the white matter both through reduction of proliferation (NG2/Ki67 co-staining) and increased rates of apoptosis. In hyperoxia-exposed animals, treatment with minocycline led to significantly higher OPC numbers and proliferation and to decreased apoptosis as compared to pups not receiving minocycline.Summary: In immature rat brains, minocycline reduces the toxic effects of hyperoxia on white matter OPC

Impaired neurological development in premature infants is often caused by periventricular white matter injury (PWMI) in association with myelin damage. Exposure to hyperoxia (80% O2) was reported to perturb myelination process during development in neonatal rodents. We analyzed cellular changes in neonatal mice that were exposed to 48 hours of 80% oxygen from postnatal day 6 (P6) to postnatal day 8 (P8). We found that MBP expression was reduced and apoptosis in NG2+ oligodendroglial progenitor cells (OPC) was induced by hyperoxia at P8 and after four days recovery in room air at P12, whereas MBP returned to control levels at P15 and P30. In order to identify hyperoxia-induced changes in astrocytes that might contribute to oligodendroglial cell damage, we characterized expression of GFAP and GLAST in the WM. Hyperoxia did not affect survival or proliferation of astrocytes in the WM, but protein levels of GFAP and GLAST were decreased at P8. These returned to control levels after four days of recovery in room air (P12). Cultured astrocytes exposed to 24h hyperoxia displayed a decreased maximal uptake velocity (Vmax) of 3H-D-aspartate and a decrease in GLAST expression. MRI measurement using diffusion tensor imaging in animals at P30 and P60 revealed a long term impact of oxygen toxicity on the WM as indicated by decreased fractional anisotropy in adult animals after prior exposure to hyperoxia. Our data suggest that hyperoxia causes a long-term disturbance of WM integrity under involvement of altered astroglial glutamate homeostasis. (T. Schmitz and J. Ritter: equal contributions to this work).

Background: In neonatal medicine, oxygen is frequently used in the treatment of respiratory diseases, and preterm infants are generally exposed to relative hyperoxia compared to in-utero conditions. Recently, oxygen has been identified to cause apoptosis in the brain of newborn rats and rodents. Therefore, it may contribute to the development of cerebral palsy and neurocognitive defects often seen in preterm infants. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, i.e. IL-1b and IL-18, have been proven to be involved in neuronal apoptosis caused by hyperoxia. In contrast, IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic cytokine that may have neuro-protective properties.Methods: We analysed expression of IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) and IL-10 in cortex and thalamus of six day old newborn Wistar rats (P6) exposed to 80% oxygen for 0, 2, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours. mRNA levels were determined by semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and protein expression was analysed by immunoblotting.Results: Compared to rats not exposed to hyperoxia, mRNA of IL-10 and IL-10R increased markedly during oxygen exposure with peak levels at 6 and 24 hours, respectively (IL-10R: p<0.01, IL-10: p=0.01). A four-fold upregulation of IL-10R protein was found at 24 hours.Conclusions: Expression of anti-inflammatory IL-10 and IL-10R in the brain of newborn rats is upregulated during exposure to neurotoxic doses of oxygen. IL-10 may act as an internal neuroprotective agent against hyperoxia-induced cell death.