Search

Owing to the increasing popularity of online social media, Web 3.0, and Metaverse, mobile users can access intelligent and self-sustained services more conveniently than before. However, the enormous computation burden and data flow associated with these services pose tremendous challenges for future 6G networks that strive to enable diversified applications with varying user requirements. To address these grave challenges, wireless edge caching and computing are widely acknowledged as the two most successful enablers. Meanwhile, the trend of composing large services/applications as a suite of small and independent microservices (MSs) is leading to the cases where functional units can be distributed over edges, accelerating the transition of telecom architecture towards distributed MS-based paradigm. This article conceives an overarching perspective towards such distributed MSaware cellular networks (DMCNs), which embrace the conventional service caching (and computing) system as a special case. The studies are expanded based on two aspects. One is the fundamental analysis of network architecture and the other is the leading design principles, including the user’s behavior modeling, MS placement, MS migration, and the joint consideration. These key issues are compelling problems in practices, yet have been largely ignored by existing works. Several potential solutions to the aforementioned issues are presented, and by addressing the challenges and exploring the potential enablers, we can pave the way for the successful implementation and adoption of DMCNs in the future. The article also includes a pair of case studies to validate the effectiveness of the developed framework. Finally, research opportunities and future trends are discussed.

Symbiotic ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) is emerging as a promising technology, offering the potential for spectrum- and energy-efficient wireless communication. In symbiotic AmBC, passive backscatter devices (BDs) not only share spectrum resources but also harness the power of primary system to transmit their own information. Evaluating the performance of large-scale symbiotic AmBC systems presents substantial challenges. This letter employs the stochastic geometry methodology to model and analyze symbiotic AmBC networks. BDs locations are modeled as a Matern cluster process (MCP) with cooperative receivers (CRs) as parent points. Using this model, we analyze and derive successful transmission probabilities for typical base station (BS) and typical BD, drawing upon stochastic geometry principles. Simulation results validate the accuracy of our derived formulas and offer valuable insights for extending symbiotic AmBC technology to large-scale wireless communication. Symbiotic AmBC technology holds great potential for the future of wireless communication systems. By further exploring and developing this technology, we can expect advancements in energy efficiency, spectrum utilization, scalability, and integration with other emerging technologies.

Milling, as a common machining method, is widely used in rough machining and final finishing of various materials. In this paper, according to the milling temperature produced in the milling process, the formula of heat distribution coefficient for workpiece milling is established. By means of Deform-3D finite element software to carry out orthogonal cutting simulation of workpiece, the influence of different machining parameters on milling heat distribution coefficient is studied, the optimal machining parameters are determined, and the milling temperature experiment is carried out to verify the simulation temperature. The experimental results show that the simulation temperature is very close to the experimental workpiece temperature, and the error is very small, which verifies the accuracy of the method. At the same time, the influence of different initial temperature of workpiece on the milling force and stability is also studied. The results show that proper heating of the workpiece can effectively improve the milling stability of the thin-walled parts.

Modular multilevel converter (MMC) is widely used in high-voltage occasions for its good power qualities and flexible controls. However, the large number of semiconductor switches would lead to an extremely complicated electromagnetic environment. To clarify the detailed conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) mechanisms of MMC, this article builds an EMI model of MMC considering different submodule switching states. Based on this model, the EMI paths of submodule switching-on and switching-off processes are analyzed. Then, this article analyzes the effects of submodule heatsink connecting patterns on EMI, and explains the mechanisms of mixed-mode (MM) EMI phenomenon that common-mode component brings in extra differential-mode component. Simulation and experiment results verify the proposed EMI mechanisms and MM phenomenon. The conclusions of this article have great reference significance for the EMI research of MMC and other high-voltage converters.

US-guided microwave and radiofrequency ablation were effective and relatively safe for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in a multicenter prospective cohort of participants.

Graphical Abstract:

Grapevine (Vitis viniferaL.) is an economically important fruit crop in the world, and China ranks first in the production of grapes with approximately 15% of the world's total yield. However, diseases that cause the death of grapevine shoots pose a severe threat to the production of grapes. In this study, the fungus Neopestalotiopsis eucalyptiwas identified as a causal pathogen of grapevine shoot rot based on the morphology of conidia and a phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic analysis was performed with three isolates based on the combined sequence of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA, part of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (Tef) and the β-tubulin (Tub2) genes. The three isolates were all identified as N. eucalypti. Pathogenicity tests of the three fungal isolates were conducted on grapevines shoots in vitroand in vivo. The results showed that all three fungal isolates caused severe rot lesions on the inoculated grapevine shoots, and N. eucalyptiwas re-isolated from the inoculated grapevine shoots. Therefore, N. eucalyptiwas confirmed as a causal agent of the grapevine shoot rot. This is the first report of N. eucalypticausing grapevine shoot disease in China.

Nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCoR1) is a corepressor of the epigenetic regulation of gene transcription that has important functions in metabolism and inflammation, but little is known about its role in alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). In this study, we developed mice with hepatocyte-specific NCoR1knockout (NCoR1Hep−/−) using the albumin-Cre/LoxP system and investigated the role of NCoR1in the pathogenesis of ALD and the underlying mechanisms. The traditional alcohol feeding model and NIAAA model of ALD were both established in wild-type and NCoR1Hep−/−mice. We showed that after ALD was established, NCoR1Hep−/−mice had worse liver injury but less steatosis than wild-type mice. We demonstrated that hepatocyte-specific loss of NCoR1attenuated liver steatosis by promoting fatty acid oxidation by upregulating BMAL1 (a circadian clock component that has been reported to promote peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα)-mediated fatty β-oxidation by upregulating de novo lipid synthesis). On the other hand, hepatocyte-specific loss of NCoR1exacerbated alcohol-induced liver inflammation and oxidative stress by recruiting monocyte-derived macrophages via C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2). In the mouse hepatocyte line AML12, NCoR1knockdown significantly increased ethanol-induced CCL2 release. These results suggest that hepatocyte NCoR1plays distinct roles in controlling liver inflammation and steatosis, which provides new insights into the development of treatments for steatohepatitis induced by chronic alcohol consumption.

Botryosphaeria dothideais a destructive fungal pathogen that causes Botryosphaeria canker and fruit ring rot on apple worldwide. Autophagy is a process of self-degradation that maintains intracellular homeostasis vialysosomal pathway. To date, the biological role of autophagy in B. dothidearemains unknown. In this study, we identified and characterized the autophagy-related gene BdATG8in B. dothidea. BdATG8was able to restore the defect in nitrogen starvation tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATG8deletion mutant. GFP-BdAtg8 was shown to be a useful marker for monitoring autophagy in B. dothidea. Target deletion of BdATG8(ΔBdAtg8) blocked autophagy and significantly impaired mycelial growth, conidiation and perithecium formation. In addition, ΔBdAtg8showed significantly increased sensitivity to phytoalexin and oxidative stress, suggesting that BdATG8plays critical roles in overcoming phytoalexin and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated plant immunity. Pathogenicity assays revealed that ΔBdAtg8almost lost ability to infect hosts. Overall, our results indicate that BdATG8plays an important role in fungal development, stress responses and pathogenesis in B. dothidea.

The human brain forms functional networks of correlated activity, which have been linked with both cognitive and clinical outcomes. However, the genetic variants affecting brain function are largely unknown. Here, we used resting-state functional magnetic resonance images from 47,276 individuals to discover and validate common genetic variants influencing intrinsic brain activity. We identified 45 new genetic regions associated with brain functional signatures (P< 2.8 × 10−11), including associations to the central executive, default mode, and salience networks involved in the triple-network model of psychopathology. A number of brain activity-associated loci colocalized with brain disorders (e.g., the APOEε4 locus with Alzheimer’s disease). Variation in brain function was genetically correlated with brain disorders, such as major depressive disorder and schizophrenia. Together, our study provides a step forward in understanding the genetic architecture of brain functional networks and their genetic links to brain-related complex traits and disorders.

Individual variations of white matter (WM) tracts are known to be associated with various cognitive and neuropsychiatric traits. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from 17,706 UK Biobank participants offer the opportunity to identify novel genetic variants of WM tracts and explore the genetic overlap with other brain-related complex traits. We analyzed the genetic architecture of 110 tract-based DTI parameters, carried out genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and performed post-GWAS analyses, including association lookups, gene-based association analysis, functional gene mapping, and genetic correlation estimation. We found that DTI parameters are substantially heritable for all WM tracts (mean heritability 48.7%). We observed a highly polygenic architecture of genetic influence across the genome (pvalue = 1.67 × 10−05) as well as the enrichment of genetic effects for active SNPs annotated by central nervous system cells (pvalue = 8.95 × 10−12). GWAS identified 213 independent significant SNPs associated with 90 DTI parameters (696 SNP-level and 205 locus-level associations; pvalue < 4.5 × 10−10, adjusted for testing multiple phenotypes). Gene-based association study prioritized 112 significant genes, most of which are novel. More importantly, association lookups found that many of the novel SNPs and genes of DTI parameters have previously been implicated with cognitive and mental health traits. In conclusion, the present study identifies many new genetic variants at SNP, locus and gene levels for integrity of brain WM tracts and provides the overview of pleiotropy with cognitive and mental health traits.

•Clinical Stenotrophomonas maltophiliaCYZ was isolated from an immunocompromised patient.•Functional annotations of the COG and GO databases revealed specific means to resist antibiotics in S. maltophiliaCYZ.•Phylogenetic relationship revealed that S. maltophiliaCYZ was close to strains isolated from the nosocomial environment.•S. maltophiliaCYZ was susceptible to levofloxacin, TMP-SMX and minocycline.

Grape white rot is a destructive fungal disease occurring worldwide. Recently, Coniella vitiswas identified as the predominant pathogen causing this disease in China. As the periderms of grape shoots are severely degraded by C. vitis,it was speculated that cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) might play a key role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the hydrolytic activity of the CWDEs of C. vitis.The results showed that xylanase (Xy) and xyloglucanase (XEG) had high levels of hydrolytic activity both in vitroand in vivo.Furthermore, a high-virulence fungal strain exhibited higher levels of Xy and XEG activities compared with a low-virulence strain. The genome of the fungus was found to harbor two XEG-coding genes CvGH74Aand CvGH74B,which belonged to the glycoside hydrolase (GH)74 family. The expression level of CvGH74Awas found to be high during pathogen infection. CvGH74Agene deletion mutants were generated using the split-marker method. The deletion of CvGH74Adecreased both the hydrolytic activities of XEG and Xy and also the ability of the fungus to infect the grape leaves. No differences in the hyphal growth, morphology of colonies, or conidiation were found between the ΔCvGH74Amutant strains and the wild-type strain. Together, these results suggested that CvGH74Aacted as an important virulence factor, and its enzymatic activity might regulate the virulence of the pathogen. This study was novel in reporting that GH74 XEG acted as a virulence factor in C. vitis.

FgGCN5,a GCN5homolog in Fusarium graminearum,plays a critical role in hyphal vegetative growth, asexual and sexual reproduction, deoxynivalenol (DON) biosynthesis and plant infection. For nuclear localized GCN5, four conserved sequence motifs (I–IV) are presented in the catalytic domain and a bromodomain in the carboxy-terminus. As a lysine acetyltransferase, conserved negatively charged residues are present to neutralize the protons from lysine substrates. However, the role of conserved motifs/domains and residues in FgGCN5 are unclear. Here, we generated deletion mutant strains for each the conserved motifs/domains and a glutamate residue 130 (E130) replacement mutant. Deletion of each conserved motif in the catalytic domain and replacement of E130 site resulted in manifold defects in hyphae growth, asexual and sexual development, DON biosynthesis, and plant infection. Phenotypic defects in the mutant strains were similar to deletion mutants. The deletion of the bromodomain led a significant reduction in DON production and virulence, with no effects on hyphae growth, asexual or sexual reproduction. FgGCN5 was further found to localize to the nucleus in conidia and hyphae cells. In conclusion, FgGCN5encodes a nuclear localized acetyltransferase. The conserved motifs in the catalytic domain and E130 are essential for correct functions of the gene. The conserved bromodomain is important for DON production and pathogen virulence. This was the first report to identify the functions of conserved motifs/domains in FgGCN5, which will contribute to our understanding of the mechanism(s) by which FgGCN5regulates F. graminearum.

BP180, also termed collagen XVII, is a hemidesmosomal transmembrane glycoprotein expressed in basal keratinocytes, and functions as a cell–matrix adhesion molecule in the dermal–epidermal junction of the skin. Its function, other than cell–matrix adhesion, remains unclear. We generated a mouse strain with BP180 dysfunction (termed ∆NC16A), which develops spontaneous skin inflammation accompanied by an influx of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). We used the B16 mouse melanoma model to demonstrate that BP180 dysfunction in either skin or basal keratinocytes promotes MDSC influx into skin and tumor progression. MDSC depletion reduced tumor progression in ∆NC16Amice, demonstrating a critical role for BP180 dysfunction-driven MDSCs in melanoma progression. This study provides the first direct evidence that BP180, a cell–cell matrix adhesion molecule, possesses antitumor function through modulating infiltration of MDSCs. Basal keratinocytes actively participate in skin microenvironment changes caused by BP180 dysfunction. ∆NC16Amice could be a new animal model to study the melanoma microenvironment.

Volumetric variations of the human brain are heritable and are associated with many brain-related complex traits. Here we performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of 101 brain volumetric phenotypes using the UK Biobank sample including 19,629 participants. GWAS identified 365 independent genetic variants exceeding a significance threshold of 4.9 × 10−10, adjusted for testing multiple phenotypes. A gene-based association study found 157 associated genes (124 new), and functional gene mapping analysis linked 146 additional genes. Many of the discovered genetic variants and genes have previously been implicated in cognitive and mental health traits. Through genome-wide polygenic-risk-score prediction, more than 6% of the phenotypic variance (P= 3.13 × 10−24) in four other independent studies could be explained by the UK Biobank GWAS results. In conclusion, our study identifies many new genetic associations at the variant, locus and gene levels and advances our understanding of the pleiotropy and genetic co-architecture between brain volumes and other traits.

Hydrogel is an ideal scaffold in the fields of regenerative medicine and tumor therapy because of its biomimetic ability to modulate tissue microenvironment. Herein, we fabricated a new kind of self-healing hydrogel based on graphene nanoparticle and expanded its application in postoperative recurrence of breast cancer. First, a facile method was used to prepare self-healing hydrogel via Schiff-base linkage, which composed of chondroitin sulfate multialdehyde (CSMA), branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) and BPEI conjugated graphene (BPEI-GO). BPEI-GO was doped in the network and participated in Schiff-base reaction and stabilized the structure, as well as provided sustained drug delivery, and near-infrared laser (NIR)-triggered photothermal effect. The hydrogels exhibited excellent self-healing (∼100%) and improved mechanical properties (7,000 Pa). Further, in vitro breast cancer cell inhibition study showed enhanced cell killing efficiency with synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy. In the breast cancer postoperative recurrence prevention mice model, we found that combination of Doxorubicin (DOX) and photothermal therapy in CSMA/BPEI/BPEI-GO hydrogels group reduced tumor recurrence to 33.3%, compared with 66.7% for DOX-loaded hydrogels without NIR irradiation, 66.7% for local administration of free DOX, 100% for hydrogels with NIR irradiation, blank hydrogels, and blank control. This study suggests the great potential of CSMA/BPEI/BPEI-GO hydrogels for postoperative recurrence prevention of breast cancer.

We prepared high-purity Sr1–xBaxFeO2F by a low-temperature fluorination method, investigated the average structure by synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SXRD), and measured second harmonic generation (SHG) in this material. For BaFeO2F, the average and local structures were investigated by time-of-flight (TOF) neutron diffraction and the X-ray pair distribution function (PDF), respectively. In addition, the magnetic moment under a magnetic field was measured. SHG was observed for Sr1–xBaxFeO2F (x= 1.0, 0.9, and 0.7) and was below the detection limit for x= 0.5. The average crystal structure of BaFeO2F was determined by the refinement of the TOF neutron diffraction data to be a cubic structure in which Fe3+ions are displaced to (x, x, 1/2) off-site positions with a 1/12 occupancy. The magnetic structure was a G-type antiferromagnetic structure, and the magnetic moments of the Fe3+ion were 3.84 and 3.50 μBat 3 and 300 K, respectively. According to the X-ray PDF analysis, the local structure was not a cubic structure with the equivalent displacement of the Fe3+ion to the off-site positions but a noncentrosymmetric structure in which Fe3+ions are displaced in various directions in distorted BX6octahedra. These local polar domains induce the SHG. The coexistence of polar domains with different polarization directions results in a cubic average structure. The formation of local polar domains was supported by the canted ferromagnetic components observed in magnetic moment measurements carried out under an applied magnetic field.

The development of bone tissue engineering indicates some new paths for bone defect repair. Mild photothermal therapy (PTT) is flourishing as an exciting potential method for bone regeneration. Polydopamine nanoparticles exhibit good absorption at infrared wavelengths and can be used as a viable option for the application of mild PTT to bone defects. Herein, a gelatin-methacryloyl/poly(methyl methacrylate)/polydopamine (GelMA/PMMA/PDA) hydrogel was formulated and assessed in terms of mechanical and biological features. We observed that the addition of methacryloyl groups into gelatin and the introduction of PMMA improved the mechanical properties of the hydrogel and ensure the biosecurity. The GelMA/PMMA/PDA hydrogel demonstrated favorable photothermal ability, biocompatibility, and osteogenic effect. In the rat skull defect model, the GelMA/PMMA/PDA hydrogel with mild PTT possesses better bone repair compared with hydrogel-only and control groups. Thus, this mild photothermal hydrogel platform has a beneficial osteogenic ability and provides a novel approach to treat bone defects.

ReS2nanosheets have recently attracted attention because of their excellent electrocatalytic properties. It has also been reported that the electrocatalytic activity of solid‐solution ReS2−xSexnanosheets is improved by tuning the bandgap structure through a solid solution with Se. However, Se has application limitations in that it is highly toxic. Thus, herein, solid‐solution ReS2−xTexnanosheets are focused. Solid‐solution ReS2−xTex(x= 0, 0.5, and 1.0) bulk is synthesized by solid‐state reactions. The optical bandgaps of ReS2, ReS1.5Te0.5, and ReSTe are measured to be 1.29, 1.07, and 0.99 eV, respectively. Solid‐solution ReS2−xTex(x= 0, 0.5, and 1.0) nanosheets are obtained by the ultrasonic exfoliation and Li‐intercalation exfoliation of the ReS2−xTexbulks. The typical lateral sizes and thicknesses of the ReS2, ReS1.5Te0.5, and ReSTe nanosheets by ultrasonic exfoliation are 200 and 6 nm, 160 and 3 nm, and 600 and 2 nm, respectively. The typical lateral sizes and thicknesses of ReS2, ReS1.5Te0.5, and ReSTe nanosheets using the Li‐intercalation exfoliation method are 150 and 2 nm, 100 and 1 nm, and 100 and 1 nm, respectively. In the nanosheets obtained from both exfoliation methods, the lateral size is not composition‐dependent, and the thickness decreases with increasing xin ReS2−xTex. ReS2−xTex(x= 0, 0.5, and 1.0) bulk is synthesized by solid‐state reactions. Optical bandgaps of ReS2, ReS1.5Te0.5, and ReSTe are measured to be 1.29, 1.07, and 0.99 eV, respectively. ReS2−xTexnanosheets are obtained by the ultrasonic exfoliation and Li‐intercalation exfoliation of ReS2−xTexbulks. The lateral size and thickness distributions of nanosheets obtained by both methods are measured by AFM.

The inorganic fouling of NF membrane caused by long-term operation as a pretreatment process seawater desalination cannot be ignored. In this study, an osmotic cleaning with NaCl solution was proposed for controlling NF membrane inorganic fouling in seawater desalination. The effects of cleaning solution concentration, cleaning time and cross-flow velocity of cleaning solution were investigated in this study and the results showed that the cleaning efficiency increased with the cleaning time, the cleaning solution concentration, and the cross-flow velocity of cleaning solution. The water flux of NF membrane for synthetic seawater filtration was recovered to 99.8% of the initial water flux after 5 min of osmotic cleaning with 17 wt% NaCl solution at 0.69 m·s-1of cross-flow velocity and 25 oC, and reached to 100.0% after 10 min of cleaning. The repeated fouling and cleaning experiment indicated that osmotic cleaning shows high efficiency and long-term stable performance of water flux recovery. The microstructure analysis indicated that CaSO4and CaCO3deposited on the membrane surface were efficiently removed, and the main mechanism is that the backwash flux creates synergy effect with ion-exchange to removes the inorganic fouling on the membrane surface. By comparing the changes in water flux and permeate water quality after cleaning with different cleaning methods, it was found that osmotic cleaning has better cleaning efficiency and less membrane damage. The results indicated that the osmotic cleaning is a process combines with dissolution, backwashing and tangential scouring and shows highly efficient performance to control inorganic fouling on NF membrane.

The synthesis, crystal structures, photoluminescence, and magnetic properties of the melilite-type oxysulfide Sr2MnGe2S6O were investigated. This compound crystallizes in the melilite structure with space group P4̅21m, in which two kinds of anions, S2–and O2–, occupy different crystallographic sites in an ordered manner. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility of Sr2MnGe2S6O shows a broad peak due to a two-dimensional magnetic interaction between Mn ions in the abplane. The specific heat data show that this compound has an antiferromagnetic transition temperature (TN= 15.5 K) that is much higher than that of the oxide analogue Sr2MnGe2O7(TN= 4.4 K). DFT calculations showed that the magnetic interaction is enhanced by covalency in the Mn–S bonding.

The human microbiome has captured the attention of both researchers and the lay press. Given its emerging role in health and disease, it is imperative that studies are communicated well so that in turn the public does not misinterpret the findings.

The aim of this study is to investigate the degradation efficiency and mechanism of atenolol (ATL) by catalytic ozonation with Al2O3supported manganese-cerium mixed oxides (Mn-Ce@Al2O3), prepared by the impregnation-calcination method. The Mn-Ce@Al2O3with 0.2 wt% manganese and 0.2 wt% cerium exhibited superior catalytic performance, resulting in complete ATL degradation and 63% mineralization. Mn-Ce solid solution on the surface significantly increased the specific surface area (279.5 m2/g). High amount of Ce3+, Mn3+and high density of surface-active oxygen were contained on the surface of the catalyst, which facilitates the formation of oxygen vacancies and promotes the electron transfer in the catalyst. Combined with the low charge transfer resistance, surface protonated hydroxyl group, which was the active site of 0.2Mn-Ce@Al2O3, was more likely to adsorb ozone and decompose it into reactive oxygen species. O2·−and •OH were found to be the dominant active radicals for ATL degradation and mineralization that followed first-order kinetics. 17 intermediates were identified and 3 main degradation pathways were summarized, in order to provide reference for the complete mineralization of ATL.

Bacillus thuringiensisBt185 and its insecticidal spectrum-expanded engineering strains are considered as potential biocontrol agents to soil insect Holotrichia parallela, Holotrichia oblitaor Anomala corpulenta. Here we reported the complete genome of strain Bt185, it harbors eight plasmids, and plasmid pBT1850294 carries three cry8genes.

A carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composite and its electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (SE) were investigated. Its absorptance, reflectance and shielding effectiveness (SE) were analysed. The CNTs composite has a shielding effectiveness (SE) of more than 25 dB (>99.68%) in frequency range from 30 MHz to 5 GHz. The testing results also demonstrate that the shielding mechanism of the CNTs composite is mainly EMI absorption of electromagnitic radiation. The high SE of the CNTs composite in the study is attributed to a high aspect ratio (>3000) and good conductive network of CNTs within the composite.

Reversible photochromic reaction of hexacarbonyltungsten(0) caused by the photodissociation of a carbonyl ligand was studied in cross-linked transparent polymers: polymer of bis(hydroxymethyl)tricyclo[5,2,1,02,6]decane dimethacrylate (A) and polymer of tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)methane tetrakis(acrylate) (B). Rate constants of the photodissociation and recombination reactions were determined from the observed spectral changes. Because the dimensions of the cavities in these polymers, determined by the positron annihilation experiments, were similar to those of the complex [W(CO)6], the photoactivated complexes could contribute to the coloring of the polymer only when the dissociated CO molecule moved to the neighboring space. In polymer B, with a higher density of cross-links between polymer chains, the complex had a higher dissociation rate constant but a lower saturation concentration. These results indicated that the kinetics of the dissociation are controlled by thermal motion of the polymer chains around the gate to the neighboring space. The decay of the complex after recycling of the dissociation–recombination process was much smaller in polymers, especially in polymer B, than in DMF solution.