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ABSTRACTMultispectral imaging has gained increased attention in recent years for monitoring and predicting crop-related characteristics. Vegetation indices can provide valuable insight into crop health and growth, especially in conventional agriculture and small-sized experimental plots. However, the effectiveness of such methods in non-conventional agricultural systems still needs to be clarified. This study was the first to test three vegetation indices (NDVI, GNDVI, NDRE) for grain yield and protein content prediction in organic farming under real-life farm management practices. Using two small-plot and one on-farm organic wheat variety trial sites, unmanned aerial vehicle-based remote sensing data was compared with physical sampling results in 2 years to assess the potential of agricultural remote sensing to predict yield and protein content on small- and medium-sized plots of organic winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.). The correlations between vegetation indices and crop traits were stronger in small- than in medium-sized plots (rmax = 0.85 and 0.75, respectively, for grain yield), probably due to increased heterogeneity of the larger plots, due to differences in weed cover, soil nutrient supply, etc., and it was strongly affected by the time of measurement. Linear equation for yield and protein content prediction was not sufficiently precise; the machine learning algorithms improved the accuracy of yield estimation. Both methods considered NDRE with a higher weight than NDVI when modelling grain yield and protein content based on the vegetation index values, which suggested that NDRE was more suitable for prediction. Small-plot-based predictions over-estimated grain yield and under-estimated grain protein content in medium-sized plots.

Thirty winter and spring durum wheat varieties and breeding lines were evaluated between 2020 and 2022 under low-input, conventional and organic management. Analysis of variance revealed statistically significant effects for the year, management, genotype and their interactions for heading, lodging, grain yield, grain width and length, test weight and thousand grain weight. In the case of ground cover, the genotype × management and the genotype × management × year interactions were not significant. In 2020 and 2022, the latest heading variety ‘Mv Makaróni’ headed on 20th and 21st of May, respectively, whilst in 2021, due to the rainy and cold spring weather, 73% of the varieties started to head only after this date. Lodging was observed only on the conventional sites in two years. The average yield of the experiment was 5.94 t ha−1. For grain yield ‘Mv Vékadur’ and ‘NS Dur’ in the low-input and conventional trials, and genotypes ‘Sambadur’, ‘NS Žad’ and line MVTD12-23 in the organic trials were found as highly stable and best performing genotypes. Significant positive correlations were found between grain width and grain weight. Early ground coverage was measured in all three managements across two years and resulted in significant positive correlation with grain yield.

Oncobiosis has emerged as a key contributor to the development, and modulator of the treatment efficacy of cancer. Hereby, we review the modalities through which the oncobiome can support the progression of tumors, and the emerging therapeutic opportunities they present. The review highlights the inherent challenges and limitations faced in sampling and accurately characterizing oncobiome. Additionally, the review underscores the critical need for the standardization of microbial analysis techniques and the consistent reporting of microbiome data. We provide a suggested metadata set that should accompany microbiome datasets from oncological settings so that studies remain comparable and decipherable.

MoCu alloys were fabricated by the mechanical alloying method and consolidated by cold and hot pressing at 950 °C with the addition of ceramic α-Al2O3(1–2.5 wt%). XRD was used to define the crystallinity and lattice defects of the mixed powder, milled powders, and hot-pressed samples after mechanical alloying experiments. The crystallite size of Mo and Cu significantly decreased after the milling process and the homogeneous phase distribution was found in the hot-pressed specimen, however, large agglomerates of Mo and α-Al2O3particles were found in the mixed specimens. The lattice parameter and lattice strain values indicated the existence of a finer Cu fraction positioned on the grain boundaries of Cu. Based on the SEM-EBSD analysis, the isotropic crystallographic texture was found in all samples. The hardness (265–266 HB) and yield strength (849–878 MPa) were significantly increased in the bulk samples due to the effect of milling and relative density still reached 95 %. The hardness and yield strength were improved in the milled and mixed samples by increasing the α-Al2O3content, however, formability was decreased equally.

There is a noteworthy overlap between the clinical picture of biliary acute pancreatitis (AP) and the 2018 Tokyo guidelines currently used for the diagnosis of cholangitis (AC) and cholecystitis (CC). This can lead to significant antibiotic and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) overuse. We aimed to assess the on‐admission prevalence of AC/CC according to the 2018 Tokyo guidelines (TG18) in a cohort of biliary AP patients, and its association with antibiotic use, ERCP and clinically relevant endpoints. We conducted a secondary analysis of the Hungarian Pancreatic Study Group's prospective multicenter registry of 2195 AP cases. We grouped and compared biliary cases (n= 944) based on the on‐admission fulfillment of definite AC/CC according to TG18. Aside from antibiotic use, we evaluated mortality, AC/CC/AP severity, ERCP performance and length of hospitalization. We also conducted a literature review discussing each criteria of the TG18 in the context of AP. 27.8% of biliary AP cases fulfilled TG18 for both AC and CC, 22.5% for CC only and 20.8% for AC only. Antibiotic use was high (77.4%). About 2/3 of the AC/CC cases were mild, around 10% severe. Mortality was below 1% in mild and moderate AC/CC patients, but considerably higher in severe cases (12.8% and 21.2% in AC and CC). ERCP was performed in 89.3% of AC cases, common bile duct stones were found in 41.1%. Around 70% of biliary AP patients fulfilled the TG18 for AC/CC, associated with a high rate of antibiotic use. Mortality in presumed mild or moderate AC/CC is low. Each of the laboratory and clinical criteria are commonly fulfilled in biliary AP, single imaging findings are also unspecific—AP specific diagnostic criteria are needed, as the prevalence of AC/CC are likely greatly overestimated. Randomized trials testing antibiotic use are also warranted.

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a proven risk factor for acute pancreatitis (AP). However, NAFLD has recently been redefined as metabolic‐associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). In this post hoc analysis, we quantified the effect of MAFLD on the outcomes of AP. We identified our patients from the multicentric, prospective International Acute Pancreatitis Registry of the Hungarian Pancreatic Study Group. Next, we compared AP patients with and without MAFLD and the individual components of MAFLD regarding in‐hospital mortality and AP severity based on the revised Atlanta classification. Lastly, we calculated odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using multivariate logistic regression analysis. MAFLD had a high prevalence in AP, 39% (801/2053). MAFLD increased the odds of moderate‐to‐severe AP (OR = 1.43, CI: 1.09–1.89). However, the odds of in‐hospital mortality (OR = 0.89, CI: 0.42–1.89) and severe AP (OR = 1.70, CI: 0.97–3.01) were not higher in the MAFLD group. Out of the three diagnostic criteria of MAFLD, the highest odds of severe AP was in the group based on metabolic risk abnormalities (OR = 2.68, CI: 1.39–5.09). In addition, the presence of one, two, and three diagnostic criteria dose‐dependently increased the odds of moderate‐to‐severe AP (OR = 1.23, CI: 0.88–1.70, OR = 1.38, CI: 0.93–2.04, and OR = 3.04, CI: 1.63–5.70, respectively) and severe AP (OR = 1.13, CI: 0.54–2.27, OR = 2.08, CI: 0.97–4.35, and OR = 4.76, CI: 1.50–15.4, respectively). Furthermore, in patients with alcohol abuse and aged ≥60 years, the effect of MAFLD became insignificant. MAFLD is associated with AP severity, which varies based on the components of its diagnostic criteria. Furthermore, MAFLD shows a dose‐dependent effect on the outcomes of AP.

Assemblysomes are EDTA- and RNase-resistant ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes of paused ribosomes with protruding nascent polypeptide chains. They have been described in yeast and human cells for the proteasome subunit Rpt1, and the disordered amino-terminal part of the nascent chain was found to be indispensable for the accumulation of the Rpt1-RNP into assemblysomes. Motivated by this, to find other assemblysome-associated RNPs we used bioinformatics to rank subunits of Saccharomyces cerevisiaeprotein complexes according to their amino-terminal disorder propensity. The results revealed that gene products involved in DNA repair are enriched among the top candidates. The Sgs1 DNA helicase was chosen for experimental validation. We found that indeed nascent chains of Sgs1 form EDTA-resistant RNP condensates, assemblysomes by definition. Moreover, upon exposure to UV, SGS1mRNA shifted from assemblysomes to polysomes, suggesting that external stimuli are regulators of assemblysome dynamics. We extended our studies to human cell lines. The BLM helicase, ortholog of yeast Sgs1, was identified upon sequencing assemblysome-associated RNAs from the MCF7 human breast cancer cell line, and mRNAs encoding DNA repair proteins were overall enriched. Using the radiation-resistant A549 cell line, we observed by transmission electron microscopy that 1,6-hexanediol, an agent known to disrupt phase-separated condensates, depletes ring ribosome structures compatible with assemblysomes from the cytoplasm of cells and makes the cells more sensitive to X-ray treatment. Taken together, these findings suggest that assemblysomes may be a component of the DNA damage response from yeast to human.

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Supplemental digital content is available in the text.The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and acute pancreatitis (AP) increases continuously, therefore, to understand the effects of preexisting diabetes on AP is crucially needed. Here, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis in which AP patients including DM and non-DM groups were sorted. Several outcome parameters were analyzed, and the odds ratio (OR) and standardized mean difference with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.We found 1417 articles, of which 9 articles involving 354,880 patients were analyzed. More complications were seen in diabetic patients than in non-DM patients (OR, 1.553 [95% CI, 1.266–1.904]; P< 0.001). Intensive care unit admission (OR, 1.799 [95% CI, 1.442–2.243]; P< 0.001) and renal failure (OR, 1.585 [95% CI, 1.278–1.966]; P< 0.001) were more frequent in DM patients. There was a tendency of higher mortality and local complications (OR, 1.276 [95% CI, 0.991–1.643]; P= 0.059; and OR, 1.267 [95% CI, 0.964–1.659]; P= 0.090, respectively) in preexisting DM. Length of hospitalization was longer in DM patients (standardized mean difference, 0.217 [95% CI, 0.075–0.360]; P= 0.003). Preexisting DM negatively influences the outcome of AP and increases the risk of renal failure, local complications, and mortality.

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The aim of the current study was to review the available data regarding eosinophil density in healthy tissue specimen originating from lower gastrointestinal segments to support suggested diagnostic cutoffs widely used in clinical practice. A systematic search was performed in 3 different databases. Calculations were made with Comprehensive MetaAnalysis software using random-effects model. Cell number measurements were pooled using the random-effects model and displayed on forest plots. Summary point estimations, 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and 95% prediction intervals (PIs) were calculated. The cumulative mean cell numbers were 8.26 (95% CI 4.71-11.80) with PI of 0-25.32 for the duodenum, 11.52 (95% CI 7.21-15.83) with PI 0-60.64 for the terminal ileum, and 11.10/ high-power field (HPF) (95% CI 9.11–13.09) with PI of 0.96 to 21.23 in the large intestine and the rectum (HPF area = 0.2 mm2). Previous studies included control patients with irritable bowel syndrome and functional gastrointestinal disorders. As mucosal eosinophils have a role in their pathomechanism, those patients should have been excluded. A critical point of interpreting reported data is that HPF is relative to the technical parameters of the microscopes; therefore, it is important to report findings in cell/mm2. The present meta-analysis does not support the higher (>20) or lower (<10) cutoff values for healthy tissue eosinophil number. In contrast to the esophagus, there is no normal cutoff eosinophil density in the small intestine and the colon. A prospective, multicenter study to establish normal mucosal eosinophil density is clearly needed.

The profiles of polar metabolites were determined in wholemeal flours of grain from the Broadbalk wheat experiment and from plants grown under organic and low-input systems to study the effects of nutrition on composition. The Broadbalk samples showed increased amino acids, acetate, and choline and decreased fructose and succinate with increasing nitrogen fertilization. Samples receiving farm yard manure had similar grain nitrogen to those receiving 96 kg of N/ha but had higher contents of amino acids, sugars, and organic acids. A comparison of the profiles of grain from organic and low-input systems showed only partial separation, with clear effects of climate and agronomy. However, supervised multivariate analysis showed that the low-input samples had higher contents of many amino acids, raffinose, glucose, organic acids, and choline and lower sucrose, fructose, and glycine. Consequently, although differences between organic and conventional grain occur, these cannot be used to confirm sample identity.

In case of free form surface milling the quality of the manufacturing is described by the accuracy of the shape and the surface roughness. The 3D surface finishing milling by ball-end milling cutter is one of the most often used machining technologies. In case of ball-end milling the surface roughness can be described theoretically based on the tool diameter and the density of the tool path, but the experience shows than other parameters have effect on the surface roughness. In the article the effect of the different cutting parameters, like feed (fz), depth of cut (ap) and width of cut (ae), is presented in case of plane surface, and the surface roughness is compared with the theoretical roughness, and an estimation method is presented.

The production technology for automotive foundry castings has developed significantly during the past decade. The production of cylinder hats with more and more complex designs could be rather challenging for core makers. Heating might cause the annealing of the core, thus, the buoyancy of the molten metal increases which might cause the movement of the core. The heat distortion of the cores was examined with a Hot Distortion Tester. A universal Instron 5982 device was used for bending, wedge penetration strength and cold and hot compression tests. The test bars were prepared with cold- and hot-box processes using DMPA (Dimethylpropyl-amine) under laboratory conditions. The tests showed that the decrease of the bending strength is proportional to the amount of additives. The compression test results showed that the test bars produced with cold-box compression have the lowest and the ones with furan resin mixtures have the highest compressive strength.

In this paper the effect of the strain path change was studied in aluminum alloy containing 0,25% Mg. In metals alloys different metal forming processes can create strong crystallographic and morphologic texture. Both of them can cause direction dependency of the mechanical and other properties. The aim of this paper is to analyze how the effect of the increasing reduction of cold drawn wire appears as a result of the uniaxial compression performed in the direction opposite of drawing. Compression test were performed. Through the results of these tests the changes of the direction of deformations were analyzed qualitatively and numerically. These results provide the possibility to use uniaxial compression test to evaluate the mechanical behavior of cold drawn aluminum.

Hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) lays downstream to catabolic melanocortins and at least partly mediates their catabolic effects. Age-related changes in the melanocortin system (weak responsiveness in middle-aged and a strong one in old rats) have been shown to contribute to middle-aged obesity and later to aging anorexia and cachexia of old age groups. We hypothesized that catabolic (anorexigenic and hypermetabolic) CRF effects vary with aging similarly to those of melanocortins. Thus, we aimed to test whether age-related variations of CRF effects may also contribute to middle-aged obesity and aging anorexia leading to weight loss of old age groups. Food intake, body weight, core temperature, heart rate, and activity were recorded in male Wistar rats of young, middle-aged, aging, and old age groups (from 3 to 24 months) during a 7-day intracerebroventricular CRF infusion (0.2 μg/μl/h) in a biotelemetric system. In addition, CRF gene expression was also assessed by quantitative RT-PCR in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of intact animals of the same age groups. The infusion suppressed body weight in the young, aging, and old rats, but not in middle-aged animals. Weak anorexigenic and hypermetabolic effects were detected in the young, whereas strong anorexia (without hypermetabolism) developed in the oldest age groups in which post mortem analysis showed also a reduction of retroperitoneal fat mass. CRF gene expression in the PVN increased with aging. Our results support the potential contribution of age-related changes in CRF effects to aging anorexia and cachexia. The role of the peptide in middle-aged obesity cannot be confirmed.

The cytomolecular discrimination of the Am- and A-genome chromosomes facilitates the selection of wheat-Triticum monococcumintrogression lines. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) with the commonly used DNA probes Afa family, 18S rDNA and pSc119.2 showed that the more complex hybridisation pattern obtained in T. monococcumrelative to bread wheat made it possible to differentiate the Amand A chromosomes within homoeologous groups 1, 4 and 5. In order to provide additional chromosomal landmarks to discriminate the Amand A chromosomes, the microsatellite repeats (GAA)n, (CAG)n, (CAC)n, (AAC)n, (AGG)nand (ACT)nwere tested as FISH probes. These showed that T. monococcumchromosomes have fewer, generally weaker, simple sequence repeat (SSR) signals than the A-genome chromosomes of hexaploid wheat. A differential hybridisation pattern was observed on 6Amand 6A chromosomes with all the SSR probes tested except for the (ACT)nprobe. The 2Amand 2A chromosomes were differentiated by the signals given by the (GAA)n, (CAG)nand (AAC)nrepeats, while only (GAA)ndiscriminated the chromosomes 3Amand 3A. Chromosomes 7Amand 7A could be differentiated by the lack of (GAA)nand (AGG)nsignals on 7A. As potential landmarks for identifying the Amchromosomes, SSR repeats will facilitate the introgression of T. monococcumchromatin into wheat.

The press and sinter method remains the standard among powder metallurgy processes for powdered stainless-steel materials. It delivers low cost, low oxidation rate, and adequate corrosion resistance. Furthermore, 17-4PH is a martensitic stainless-steel that is commonly used for high-strength and medium-ductility stainless steel parts. However, a few studies have investigated the press and sinter method for producing 17-4PH parts. This shortage is due to the high hardness (low compressibility) of 17-4PH powder. Thus, the main objective of this study is to evaluate the press and sinter method in terms of the manufacturing process, the influencing factors, and the theoretical basis of press and sinter methods in conjunction with metal injection molding technology for the production of 17-4PH parts. First, the literature and monographs are examined and summarized to cover the previous results, research progress, development trends, and applications of press and sinter method 17-4PH parts. Following the theoretical analysis, the practical investigation was conducted by producing parts with cold pressing from 800 to 1600 MPa, followed by sintering: the sintering temperature was 1200 °C for one hour under a protective vacuum atmosphere. ImageJ analysis was performed to measure the sinter density. The results showed an increase in relative sinter density from 84.43% to 96.43% for 800 and 1600 MPa, respectively, while the earlier results reached 93.47%. Overall, the press and sinter method enables the production of high-hardness 17-4PH parts with a high density, without using additives like lubricants, wax, or alloying elements.

Six cropping populations, three variety mixtures and one diversity population were developed from winter wheat varieties and studied for physical, compositional and end-use quality traits for three years (2011–2013) under different European climatic and management conditions in order to study the stability of these traits resulted by the genetic diversity. The beneficial compositional and nutritional properties of the populations were assessed, while variation and stability of the traits were analysed statistically. No significant differences were found among the populations in low-input and organic management farming systems in the physical, compositional and processing properties, but there was a difference in the stability of these traits. Most of the populations showed higher stability than the control wheat variety, and populations developed earlier had higher stability than those developed later. Furthermore, some populations were found to be especially unstable for some traits at certain sites (mostly at Austrian, Swiss and UK organic sites). Protein content of the populations was high (13.0–14.7%) without significant difference among them, but there was significant variation in their gluten content (28–36%) and arabinoxylan content (14.6–20.3 mg/g). The most outstanding population for both protein and arabinoxylan content was a Hungarian cropping population named ELIT-CCP. It was concluded that the diversity found in the mixtures and CCPs have stabilizing effect on the quality parameters, but a higher stability was observed under low-input than under organic conditions. These results could be beneficial not only for breeders but also for the consumers in the long run.

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases were originally described as DNA repair enzymes. PARP-1, PARP-2 and PARP-3 can be activated by DNA damage and the resulting activation of these enzymes that facilitate DNA repair, seems to be a prerequisite of successful aging. PARP activation helps to maintain genomic integrity through supporting DNA repair systems; however, in parallel these enzymes limit metabolic fitness and make the organism more prone for metabolic diseases. In addition, several other pathways (e.g., proteostasis, nutrient sensing, stem cell proliferation or cellular communication) all contributing to aging, were shown to be PARP mediated. In this review we aim to summarize our current knowledge on the role of PARPs in aging.

On medieval church legislation in the Kingdom of Hungary - the diocesan law tribunal of Esztergom under the vicar Matteo di Vicedomini di Piacenza (1399-1428). In this paper the authors present the organization and work of medieval ecclesiastical courts of the Hungarian Kingdom in the 14thand 15thcenturies in general, and on the other hand they examine this in detail by evaluation of a single court’s activity. The diocesan law courts were tribunals of first instance led by an officialis who was called in Hungary vicarius generalis, usually a doctor of canon law helped by assessores and staff. The seats of the archbishops of Esztergom and Kalocsa were tribunals of second instance, and the former was, as a primate, also a third degree forum since 1394/95. In comparison to Hungarian secular courts, literacy played a major role, although none of the judiciary registres have survived from the territory of Hungary before 1525. The jurisdiction of ecclesiastical courts was probably the broadest at the turn of the 14thand 15thcenturies (cases of clergy, matrimonial and quarta puellaris lawsuits, hereditary cases, questions of oaths, benefices, wills and purity of the faith). This was constricted by the jurisdiction of secular courts already in the 15thcentury. - These phenomena can be explored and analyzed also through the activity of the Esztergom Tribunal under the vicar Matteo di Vicedomini di Piacenza, who served there as a judicial vicar between 1399-1403, 1411-1423 and 1425-1428. According to the charters we know he dealt with various types of cases. It can be observed how the tribunal and its members worked even in the absence of the vicar, how the charters were sealed and which were the tasks of the assessores, the notars and scribes.

On medieval church legislation in the Kingdom of Hungary - the diocesan law tribunal of Esztergom under the vicar Matteo di Vicedomini di Piacenza (1399-1428). In this paper the authors present the organization and work of medieval ecclesiastical courts of the Hungarian Kingdom in the 14thand 15thcenturies in general, and on the other hand they examine this in detail by evaluation of a single court’s activity. The diocesan law courts were tribunals of first instance led by an officialis who was called in Hungary vicarius generalis, usually a doctor of canon law helped by assessores and staff. The seats of the archbishops of Esztergom and Kalocsa were tribunals of second instance, and the former was, as a primate, also a third degree forum since 1394/95. In comparison to Hungarian secular courts, literacy played a major role, although none of the judiciary registres have survived from the territory of Hungary before 1525. The jurisdiction of ecclesiastical courts was probably the broadest at the turn of the 14thand 15thcenturies (cases of clergy, matrimonial and quarta puellaris lawsuits, hereditary cases, questions of oaths, benefices, wills and purity of the faith). This was constricted by the jurisdiction of secular courts already in the 15thcentury. - These phenomena can be explored and analyzed also through the activity of the Esztergom Tribunal under the vicar Matteo di Vicedomini di Piacenza, who served there as a judicial vicar between 1399-1403, 1411-1423 and 1425-1428. According to the charters we know he dealt with various types of cases. It can be observed how the tribunal and its members worked even in the absence of the vicar, how the charters were sealed and which were the tasks of the assessores, the notars and scribes.

The machining of free form surfaces is a current and important issue in die and mould industry. Beside the complex geometry, an accurate and productive machining and good surface quality are needed. The finishing milling carried out by a ball-end or toroid milling cutter defines the surface quality, which is characterized by the surface roughness and the tool path trace. The surface quality is defined by the properties of the milling cutter, the type of surface and its position, as well as the cutting parameters. This article focuses on the z-level milling of steep surfaces by 2.5D milling strategy. The importance of the different elements of the tool path is presented, the effect of cutting parameters is investigated, and a formula to predict the surface roughness is suggested.

In this study the bonding properties of three layer-plated aluminum sheets are investigated. The alloys applied in specific layers were as follows: AlMn1Si0.8 (core alloy) and AlSi10 (liner). The bonding was performed on a Von Roll experimental roll mill using hot rolling. The experimental temperatures were 460, 480 and 500 °C, respectively. To qualify bond development, T-peel test was used. The test was performed using an Instron universal material testing machine. T-peel test can be well used for the qualification of bond strength as the peel-off force and bond value developed on contacting surfaces are proportional. In addition to T-peel test, optical micrographs and SEM micrographs were also captured, in which typical bond faults were sought. The study aims at modelling the technology used in industry and exploring some typical bond faults as well as suggesting the causes generating these and their remedy. The impact of surface roughening before heating was studied as well. Also, the study aimed at confirming the suitability of T-peel test to qualify bond strength.

Dynamic recrystallization (DRX) characteristics of an 5182 Al alloy was investigated at temperatures ranging from 673 K-773 K and constant strain rates of 0.01 s-1, 0.1 s-1, 1 s-1, 10 s-1, and 50 s-1. The average grain size of the as-casted alloy was 160 μm and was refined to 20 μm via deformation at 773 K, 50 s-1 to a strain level of 0.5 (40%). The true stress-strain curves were determined and divided into two main groups based on the temperatures and strain rates. The activation energy of the DRX in the examined aluminum alloys was calculated, being 175,87 kJ/mol. During the crystallization process compound phases were crystallized along the border of initial grains due to the great content of Mg, Mn and Fe. It was deduced from the metallography examination that most of the new grains formed via necklacing mechanism from the mentioned borders during the DRX.

The edge preparation of tools increases tool performance, which has an important role in the manufacturing process. The drag finishing process has several input parameters which have an effect on the quality of the prepared tools. During this case study, the parameters of this edge preparation process were investigated and a phenomenological mathematical model was developed in order to estimate the edge radius of the examined twist drill. The calculated model created with design of experiments (DOE) is appropriate for setting the parameters of the edge preparation device in order to achieve the desired edge radius for twist drills.