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Overvoltage may occur in low-voltage direct current (LVDC) distribution system during fault recovery, and cause permanent damages to the vulnerable power electronics devices. To suppress the overvoltage, the parameter matching principle of the inductance type superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) is proposed. First, by deriving the equivalent circuit of LVDC system during fault recovery, mechanism and related factors of the overvoltage were studied. It is found the inconsistent drop rate of voltages of converters during the fault is the main reason for fault recovery overvoltage. Then, the method was proposed by designing the inductance in accordance with the capacitance of each converter with keeping voltage drop rate of the converter is the same and the fault current is within the breaking ability of DC circuit breaker. Finally, the method is validated by simulation in PSCAD/EMTDC, resulting in the overvoltage is reduced by 50%.

Limited by the turn-off ability of single power module, parallel connection of insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) is essential to enable breaking ability of current in the order of tens of kA. To realize high utilization rate of parallel power modules with turn-off inconsistency in dc circuit breaker, breaking current balance enhancement method is proposed in this article. There are two main contributions. First, by addressing transient switching behavior of parallel IGBT modules with centralized- and decentralized-snubber circuit (C-SC, D-SC) which consists of RC and metal oxide varistor (mov), It is revealed D-SC exhibits superior switching performance than C-SC for the first time, especially in terms of breaking current balance and voltage overshoot suppression. Second, as breaking current imbalance is generated by the turn-off inconsistency of parallel IGBTs with D-SC, the imbalance current can be calculated by turn-off time difference, parasitic inductance and residual voltage of mov, and increasing parasitic inductance is a practical way to suppress this imbalance current. Theoretical analysis based on the circuit modeling and current commutation process elaborates the findings, which are then confirmed by simulation and experimental results.

Copper-phenylacetylide (PhC2Cu) is a promising candidate for photocatalysis. Herein, an S-scheme heterojunction of PhC2Cu/Ag/Ag2MoO4(PAM) photocatalyst was synthesized for the effective and stable photocatalytic reduction of sulfamethazine (SMT) under blue LED light. In the optimal PAM40 system, the kinetic rate constant for the degradation of SMT was 0.1622 min−1, which was 16.3 times that of PhC2Cu (0.0099 min−1). The enhanced photocatalytic performance was attributed to efficient photoexcited charge separation, higher innergenerated-H2O2and greater oxidation–reduction capacities for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The potential photocatalytic mechanism of the S-scheme PAM40 was elucidated through relevant characterization and experimental investigations, which confirmed the existence of an internal electric field (IEF), which promoted photocarrier separation and transport. The SMT degradation pathways were proposed, and the developmental toxicities of the intermediates were predicted. Moreover, this work compounded the materials with innergenerated-H2O2capability (PhC2Cu) and with H2O2catalytic capability (Ag2MoO4), which provides an innovative perspective for the synthesis of S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts with superior activities.

Peroxydisulfate-based nonradical oxidation processes (PDS-NOPs) are appealing for wastewater purification due to their high efficiency and environmental friendliness. Herein, we design and synthesize metal-free amorphous carbon nitride (ACN) with N3C-site vacancies for the photoactivation of PDS to eliminate pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater. Integrated with electron paramagnetic resonance and radical scavenging tests, the nature of the nonradical pathways in PDS activation is unveiled to be an electron-transfer regime. The in situRaman spectrum analysis and electrochemical test show that PDS molecules combine with positively charged nitrogen vacancies to form a metastable complex (i.e., ACN–PDS*) with high chemical potential. Then, the complex selectively extracts electrons from coexisting organic pollutants to trigger the oxidation reaction. In addition, the introduction of nitrogen vacancies not only enhances the surface affinity between the catalyst and PDS but also accelerates the transfer efficiency of photoinduced electrons. As a result, the ACN/PDS system shows high photocatalytic degradation efficiency of diclofenac (DCF) in the pH range of 4 to 10 with degradation rate constants in the range of 0.18 to 0.21 min−1. In a variety of practical aqueous matrices, DCF can be entirely removed within 5 minutes when exposed to sunlight. Toxicity evaluation experiments show that the toxicity of DCF could be efficiently removed in the can/PDS system.

The recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes represents a formidable constraint on the efficacy of semiconductors, which comprises a pivotal determinant of their performance in photocatalysis. For this study, a novel BiVO4photocatalyst decorated with boron nitride quantum dots (BNQDs) was synthesized viaa simple deposition approach, and designated as BQBVO. Following an optimization process, the 0.3BQBVO catalyst exhibited a significant 5.3-fold enhancement in its ability to degrade naproxen (NPX) under visible light irradiation, in contrast to that of its pure BiVO4counterpart. The augmentation of photocatalytic efficacy might be attributed to the incorporation of BNQDs, owing to their capacity to expedite charge carrier transference by virtue of their ability to attract photoinduced holes. The electron spin resonance (ESR) technique and quenching experiments demonstrated that O2−played a critical role during NPX degradation. Potential NPX degradation pathways were deduced by analyzing the transformation products viahigh-resolution accurate-mass liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HRAM LC–MS/MS). This research provides theoretical guidance using BiVO4to design a promising strategy for the degradation of NPX contaminated water.

Peracetic acid (PAA)-based advanced oxidation processes have garnered increasing attention for eliminating organic pollutants in wastewater treatment. However, they suffer from poor catalytic efficiency and insufficient potential for practical applications. Herein, we report a defect-rich carbon nanotube@Co3O4nanosphere (d-CNTs@Co3O4-NS) catalyst with a unique three-dimensional network that can activate PAA for antibiotic remediation. The unique, highly strained reaction sites of d-CNTs@Co3O4-NS enabled the efficient activation of PAA, exhibiting ultra-high removal rates of seven types of antibiotics within 30 min. 18O isotope labeling, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and electrochemical tests revealed that high-valent cobalt-oxo species Co(iv) and direct electron transfer pathways accounted for the removal of various antibiotics. The continuous-flow reaction at trace concentrations of antibiotics (μg L−1) and the practical application evaluation indicate that the d-CNTs@Co3O4-NS/PAA system is an efficacious approach for the purification of antibiotics in ambient waterways. This study offers a distinct technique for the design of environment-related functional materials and practical water remediation.

The increasing emergence of contaminants in freshwater aquaculture wastewater is of growing ecotoxicological concern. Herein, a carbon nitride modified boron nitride (CNBN) membrane was synthesized by moulding the nanosized CNBN into membrane shape, which was applied to remediate contaminated aquaculture wastewater sustainably. It was confirmed through characterization studies that the structure and properties of CNBN were retained after moulding to membrane shape. Under simulated sunlight, the CNBN membrane had effective degradation activity on ciprofloxacin (CIP) and other emerging contaminants in freshwater aquaculture wastewater. The degradation of CIP followed first-order kinetics, where O2−, OH, and h+played major roles during the degradation process. Compared with ultrapure water, the quantity of OH in the freshwater aquaculture wastewater decreased significantly, attributed to the non-selective degradation properties of OH. Coexisting substances, including HA, Mg2+, Ca2+, NO3−, NO2−, and Cl−, were observed to inhibit the photocatalytic activities of the CNBN membrane. The CIP transformation pathways mainly occurred viashedding of functional groups and ring-opening reactions. By simulating the long-term application of the CNBN membrane for the remediation of freshwater aquaculture wastewater, it was observed to maintain stable photocatalytic efficacy for the degradation of CIP for at least 40 days. In addition, the capacities of the CNBN membrane for the removal of antibiotic properties were elucidated. Ultimately, the excellent photocatalytic cyclability and prolonged performance of the CNBN membrane in freshwater aquaculture wastewater verified its potential application prospects.

Since it has been found that tetracycline (TC) causes significant harm to ecosystems and human health, there has been an intense commitment toward its effective remediation in the ambient environment. For this study, a novel bismuth subcarbonate/bismuth oxide (Bi2O2CO3/Bi2O3) heterojunction photocatalyst containing oxygen vacancies (OVs) and bismuth (Bi-BOC/BO-OVs) was successfully synthesized using a simple calcination method. The defect state provided by the OVs increased light absorption and the population of adsorption sites, which played pivotal roles in the removal of TC. Therefore, within the catalyst dosage range of 0.4 g L−1, the reaction rate constant increased with greater TC adsorption. As a bridge for electron transport, bismuth (Bi) linked the valence band of Bi2O2CO3and the conduction band of Bi2O3to form a Z-scheme heterojunction structure, which promoted the effective separation of electron–hole pairs and the yield of active oxygen species. Consequently, the Bi-BOC/BO-OVs demonstrated a significantly enhanced photocatalytic degradation capacity for TC under visible light irradiation. The sufficient degradation of TC in simulated water matrices and different initial pH indicated that the Bi-BOC/BO-OV photocatalytic system possessed tremendous potential for the remediation of TC wastewater.

The progress of high-efficiency photocatalysts and the suppression of photoinduced charge recombination remain the primary goals for practical applications. In this study, we demonstrate the convenient synthesis of graphite carbon nitride nanobelts (CNNB) for the enhanced photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants through peroxydisulfate (PDS) activation. In operation, the PDS serves as an electron acceptor, whereas the organic pollutants acts as hole catchers, thus achieving an external dual transmission mechanism. Consequently, the CNNB/PDS system shows outstanding photocatalytic performance for the removal of sulfamethazine (SMT) under blue-LED light irradiation, which was ∼17- and ∼5 times more efficient than pristine g-C3N4/PDS and CNNB, respectively. Furthermore, a potential SMT degradation pathway was deduced based on the detection of degradation intermediates and theoretical calculations. Finally, reactions looking at several influencing factors indicated that the CNNB/PDS system could be used far more productively for the removal of SMT under ambient aqueous conditions. Hence, this synergistic external dual transmission mechanism process might serve as a promising technology for the removal of organic pollutants.

According to existing methods of dealing with dc faults in a medium-voltage direct current (MVDC) distribution system based on a modular multi-level converter (MMC), there is a direct contradiction between the fault current elimination speed and the economic performance. To relieve this contradiction, a method based on an improved half-bridge submodule (HBSM) that could withstand bidirectional voltages is proposed in this paper to realize the dc faults ride-through and the fast recovery of the system. The working principle of fault current elimination and the fast recovery of the system based on the improved HB-MMC are analyzed, respectively. Then, the simulation model is established in PSCAD, and simulation results show that the fault current could be eliminated within 20ms and the system could be recovered rapidly without vulnerable devices in the converter suffering from surge current again. Finally, comparisons between the improved HBSM and existing SMs are made, and it is proved that among these SMs, the fault current elimination speed of the improved HBSM is the second fast, but the additional cost and operating losses of improved HBSM are the smallest, meaning the comprehensive performance of the improved HBSM is the best.

The low separation rate of electron–hole pairs in single-component photocatalysts severely limits their applications for wastewater treatment. For this study, SnO2/BiOCOOH photocatalysts in flower-like microspheres were controllably synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method and were characterized by various advanced techniques. These SnO2/BiOCOOH nanocomposites demonstrated excellent photocatalytic activities for the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB), titan yellow, and levofloxacin hydrochloride (LVF). Specifically, 98.5% of RhB, 80% of titan yellow, and 85% of LVF were degraded under 5 W LED (λ = 365 nm) light irradiation within 30, 40, and 60 min, respectively. Radical trapping experiments and electron spin resonance results indicated that h+was the dominant active radical, whereas ·O2–and ·OH played an auxiliary role in the photocatalytic system. Subsequently, a potential photocatalytic mechanism was proposed based on the experimental results.

Newcastle disease is a kind of avian infectious disease caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The virulence of NDV is dependent mainly on the fusion (F) protein and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein. The genomes of 2 viruses, NDV-Blackbird and NDV-Dove, are 99.9% similar, while NDV-Blackbird is a velogenic virus, and NDV-Dove is a lentogenic virus. Further analysis revealed that the F proteins of the 2 strains were identical, and only 5 amino acid sites on the HN proteins were inconsistent. Five different HN mutant plasmids were constructed and analyzed in this study. The results showed that the mutation F110L caused a significant increase in fusion-promotion activity caused by an increase in neuraminidase activity. Because of the increase in receptor-binding activity caused by G116R, there was a significant increase in fusion-promotion activity. The mutation G54S resulted in a slight decrease in the fusion-promotion activity caused by a slight decrease in receptor-binding activity. The slight increase in the fusion-promotion activity caused by A469V was associated with a significant increase in neuraminidase activity. Therefore, the amino acids L110 and R116 played a key role in determining the virulence difference between NDV-Blackbird and NDV-Dove, which could lay a foundation for illuminating the virulence differences of NDV strains, as well as the development of attenuated vaccines.

The adsorbents for water treatment and purification are commonly not recyclable because of the lack of a reagent-less “switch” to readily release the adsorbed compounds. Herein, the interface of Bi2O2CO3(BOC) nanosheets is designed, synthesized, and modified with citric acid, namely, modified Bi2O2CO3(m-BOC). The m-BOC is able to selectively adsorb methylene blue (MB) in the dark and the adsorbed MB could be released in the light from m-BOC without the addition of any chemicals. The adsorption mechanism is attributed to the electrostatic attraction between positively charged MB and the negatively charged surface of m-BOC. In contrast, the desorption of MB has resulted from the photo-induced charge redistribution on the surface of m-BOC, which unlocks the coordination bond between m-BOC and the carboxylic group. As a result, BOC is recycled. Such a mechanism was verified by both experimental investigation and DFT calculation. This work provides a promising interfacial engineering strategy for the remediation of dye-polluted water and smart separation in chemical engineering.

For this study, a Sb2WO6/Bi4O5I2composite material was successfully prepared via a precipitation-calcination method. The Sb2WO6/Bi4O5I2heterostructure enhanced the light absorption and facilitated the separation of charge carriers. Under simulated sunlight exposure, the removal rates of tetracycline (TC) and doxycycline hyclate (DOX·HCl) reached 88.2% and 83.9%, respectively, over an optimized SWB2 composite (theoretical mole ratio of Sb2WO6: BiOI was 1.5:10). Further, the total organic carbon (TOC) removal rates were 37.6% and 33.7%, respectively. The experiments explored various parameters including catalyst dosage, initial concentrations of TC and DOX·HCl, solution pH, and common inorganic ions. The TC and DOX·HCl degradation pathways were speculated. Furthermore, SWB2 demonstrated remarkable stability and cyclability under simulated sunlight. Trapping experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests revealed that •O2-played a major role as a free radical in the photocatalytic process, while h+and •OH also had significant contributions. Based on in-situ XPS, trapping experiments, EPR test, band bending analysis, and SPV tests, the formation of S-scheme heterojunction between Sb2WO6and Bi4O5I2was inferred. This study provides insights into the design strategy of S-scheme heterojunctions between Aurivillius-type compounds and bismuth-rich halide bismuth oxide, which is informative for the development of advanced environmental remediation concepts.

The development of facile and environmentally compatible synthetic strategies for broad-spectrum response photocatalysts is a primary goal for researchers in this area. For this study, we report on a template-free thermal treatment strategy for the synthesis of an oxygen-containing ultrathin porous carbon quantum dots/polymeric carbon nitride metal-free composites (CQD/OUPCN). Morphology characterization revealed that the thermal treatment induced bulk CQD/g-C3N4(CQD/BCN) to transform to porous ultrathin 2D nanosheets with a high specific surface area. Chemical structure characterization revealed that O atoms were involved in the chemical composition of C3N4following the introduction of CQD and subsequent thermal treatment. Optical and electrical characterization, as well as density functional theory (DFT) calculations, confirmed that the introduction of O atoms and CQD enabled the tuning of the intrinsic electronic state, and improved the charge transfer capacity of C3N4. Together with the up-converted fluorescence properties of CQD, the CQD/OUPCN exhibited remarkable broad-spectrum activity toward the degradation of PPCPs. Under visible light irradiation, the CQD/OUPCN-0.5% showed an 18.5 fold higher indomethacin (IDM) degradation rate than did g-C3N4. Further kinetics studies, including reactive species (RS) and degradation intermediate detection, indicated that RS, particularly O2−, was generated during the photocatalytic process, which could lead to the decomposition, and finally mineralization of IDM.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide radical (O2−) play a critical role in environmental remediation technologies. Here, we report on metal-free co-catalysts with the in situincorporation of carbon dots (CDs) into a polymeric O and N co-linked carbon nitride (OCN) framework, which significantly enhanced the synthesis of H2O2and O2−due to dual reactive sites. For the photocatalytic degradation of a typical pharmaceutical and personal care product (PPCP), CDs/OCN demonstrated excellent photocatalytic performance in contrast to g-C3N4and OCN, which was 11.6 times that of pure g-C3N4. The trapping experiment has shown that O2−plays an important role in the degradation of DCF. CDs/OCN exhibited higher electron–hole separation efficiencies than g-C3N4and OCN, as the result of the excellent transfer and storage performance of the CDs. The yield of H2O2generation by CDs/OCN was higher than that by g-C3N4and OCN. Meanwhile, the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra revealed that additional O2−and OH were generated viathe CDs/OCN system. Density functional theory (DFT) and Raman spectroscopy analyses revealed the presence of CD/OCN-resident dual reactive sites, which had distinct selective oxygen reduction capacities. We observed that O2was more prone to 2-electron reduction on OCN, whereas O2was more easily reduced to O2−on the surface of CDs through the additional e−provided by OCN. This study clearly demonstrates a simple strategy for the design and synthesis of metal-free materials in the preparation of H2O2and O2−toward the degradation of organic pollutants.

Advanced photocatalytic oxidation processes for water purification have been the subject of extensive research over the past several years; however, the low efficiency utilization of photogenerated carriers remains a major challenge. To optimize the performance of photocatalysts, we initially synthesized carbon dots (CDs) and boron nitride (BN), which were employed as photoelectron and photohole transfer receptors, respectively. These were compounded with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) to form a high-efficiency ternary photocatalytic material (CDs/g-C3N4/BN (CCN)) that possessed the double transfer characteristics of photogenerated carriers. This metal-free composite exhibited improved activity, which was ∼5 times higher than pristine g-C3N4for the degradation of enrofloxacin under blue LED irradiation. Moreover, these hybrid photocatalysts demonstrated good reusability. According to property–photoactivity correlation analysis, the CDs and BN manifested their ability for enhancing the production of reactive oxygen species by boosting the transfer of charge carriers. Our work revealed the synergistic transfer of photogenerated electron–hole pairs to expand the use of photocatalysts, while providing a new perspective for their synthesis and development to further enrich the discipline of material design.

This study describes a promising porous and efficient adsorbent, a sulfonic acid (–SO3H) functionalized covalent organic framework (COF-SO3H), for the removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water and wastewater. COF-SO3H was prepared through introducing sulfonic acid polar functionalities viaa facile solvothermal synthesis method. Studies have shown that COF-SO3H has a strong affinity for the thirteen drugs investigated in this study, especially for diclofenac (DCF). The maximum adsorption capacity for DCF was 770 mg g−1, which amounted to 9.3 times that of commercial AC, 1.5 times that of graphene oxide (GO), and 3 times that of 18% SO3-UiO-66. Further discoveries were that the adsorption isotherm data conformed well with the Langmuir model. It was also found that adsorption of DCF follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and thermodynamic values, ΔH< 0 and ΔG< 0, showed the exothermic nature and spontaneity of the adsorption process. Additionally, the adsorption mechanisms observed in this experiment, such as π–π interactions and the formation of hydrogen bonds, were also verified through various characterization methods. The cyclic regeneration of adsorbents and the effects of water quality constituents were estimated to assess performance in actual water/wastewater systems. Ultimately, the overall results of this study emphasized the suitability of the COF-SO3H adsorbent to remove micropollutants from real water and wastewater systems.

The decoration of semiconductor photocatalysts with metal nanoparticles (NPs) is an efficient strategy for improving their performance via localized-surface-plasma-resonance (LSPR). For this study, a LSPR enhanced Z-scheme Pd/WO3@SnO2photocatalyst was synthesized, which revealed excellent photocatalytic performance and reusability against Rhodamine B (RhB) with degradation rate of 100 % after 1 h under simulated sunlight. The reaction rate constants (k) of the Pd/WO3@SnO2were ∼4.9, 3.5, and 2.1 times higher than those of the WO3, SnO2, and WO3@SnO2, respectively. In this Z-scheme-structure, the transfer efficacy of photogenerated electrons was significantly promoted due to integrated electric-field between the SnO2and WO3, which was supported by experimental results and theoretical calculations. The deposited Pd nanoparticles served as an electron-transfer-bridge, as well as a LSPR excitation source, which played significant role in the degradation of RhB. The photodecomposition pathway of RhB was explored, and the toxicities of the intermediates were evaluated. Moreover, tetracycline (TC), chlortetracycline-hydrochloride (CTC), doxycycline-hydrate (DOX), and oxytetracycline (OTC) were tested as common antibiotic models to verify the effectiveness of the catalysts. The degradation efficiencies for TC, CTC, DOX, and OTC over Pd/WO3@SnO2attained 90.98 %, 96.33 %, 75.37 %, and 50.90 %, respectively, under simulated sunlight, which confirmed its strong potential for the removal of recent pollutants. Experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests indicated that •O2–served as the major active species in the photocatalysis process, while •OH and h+played secondary roles. Finally, an LSPR enhanced direct Z-scheme mechanism was proposed. This study provides a rational design strategy for the development of more efficient Z-scheme photocatalysts that exploit the LSPR-effect for photodecomposition of organic pollutant compounds.

The establishment of p–n heterojunction between semiconductors is an effective means to improve the performance of semiconductor photocatalysts. For the first time, we synthesize SnO2/BiOBr heterojunction photocatalysts using a one-step hydrothermal method. Systematic material characterizations suggest that the photocatalysts consist of irregular BiOBr nanosheets with the length about 200 nm and width about 150 nm, and SnO2nanoparticles are anchored uniformly onto the nanosheets. Most importantly, electrochemical characterizations including transient photocurrent profiles and electrochemical impedance spectra suggest that SnO2/BiOBr heterojunctions are created, which facilitates the charge separation and transfer efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers. As such, SnO2/BiOBr photocatalysts exhibit remarkable photocatalytic activities in terms of degrading a series of organic pollutants. Radical trapping experiments and electron spin resonance spectra suggest that superoxide radicals (•O2–) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) are primary medium species running through the photocatalytic degradation process and enhanced photocatalytic performance.

Polymeric photocatalysts have desirable application prospects due to their low cost and controllable structures. Here, we report on the synthesis of a highly effective and stable oxygen- and nitrogen-linked heptazine-based carbon nitride organic polymer (OCN) photocatalyst that is metal-free and porous, with low crystallinity and nitrogen vacancies, which is prepared through a single-step approach. For the photocatalytic degradation of several typical PPCPs, the OCN exhibited excellent photocatalytic performance compared to C3N4. The enhanced mechanisms were investigated novelty, and the conduction band, crystallinity and recombination rate of photogenerated carriers were reduced due to the introduction of oxygen atoms and nitrogen vacancies, whereas the fabrication of porous structures provided additional adsorption sites. The mechanism of hydroxyl radical generation in the OCN system was first proposed under this system. The O linkages can form hydrogen bonds with H2O2to promote the catalytic generation of hydroxyl radicals (OH). The presence of OH, O2−and 1O2(detected by ESR) indicated that the OCN polymer could be employed to degrade organic pollutants.

Pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1), a variant of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), causes severe Newcastle disease (ND) in pigeons. However, there is no PPMV-1 vaccine available worldwide. In this study, a strain of PPMV-1 was isolated from outbreaks in a vaccinated racing pigeon (Columbia livia) loft in China, namely, PPMV-1/pigeon/Gansu/China/02/2020 (GS02). Experimental infection with GS02 showed mortality rates of 100% and 87.50% in 4- and 12-week-old pigeons, respectively, suggesting that GS02 is virulent and more sensitive to young pigeons. The whole genome of GS02 determined the fusion (F) protein possessing virulence cleavage site 112RRQKRF117. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that GS02 was a subgenotype VI.2.1.1.2.2 (VIk) of Class II NDV and more closely related to the JS/06/20/Pi (MW271791) strain, but it was far from the genetic distance from the commercial vaccine chicken-origin La Sota strain. Using inactivated GS02 as a vaccine candidate and inactivated vaccine La Sota to immunize the pigeons, both of them provided complete protection against GS02 challenge. The GS02 vaccine candidate induced higher antibody titers than the La Sota vaccine, and cross-reactivity testing showed antigenically slight differences between GS02 and La Sota. These results indicated that the GS02 candidate could be a potential pigeon-derived vaccine for the prevention and control of PPMV-1 in pigeons.

A rapid and energy-efficient method was presented for preparing CuO–TiO2nanotube arrays. TiO2nanotube arrays were first prepared by anodic oxidation using titanium anode and platinum cathode. Then, the formed TiO2nanotube arrays and Pt were used as cathode and anode, respectively, for subsequent formation of CuO–TiO2nanotube arrays, through an electrochemical process in a solution of 0.1 mol/L CuSO4. The morphology and composition of the CuO–TiO2nanotube arrays were characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV–Vis diffusion reflection spectroscopy (UV–Vis DRS). XPS and XRD analyses suggested that the Cu element in the nanotubes existed in CuO form, and its content changed along with the voltage during the second electrochemical process. The photocatalytic activities of the CuO–TiO2nanotube arrays were evaluated by the degradation of a model dye, rhodamine B. The results showed that Cu incorporation aroused wide visible-light adsorption and improved the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2nanotube arrays significantly under visible-light irradiation. The stability of the CuO–TiO2nanotube arrays was also detected.

A genetic linkage map of Japanese flounder was constructed using 165 doubled haploids (DHs) derived from a single female. A total of 574 genomic microsatellites (type II SSRs) and expressed sequence tag (EST)-derived markers (EST-SSRs) were mapped to 24 linkage groups. The length of linkage map was estimated as 1270.9 centiMorgans (cM), with an average distance between markers of 2.2 cM. The EST-SSRs were used together with type II SSR markers to construct the Japanese flounder genetic linkage map which will facilitate identify quantitative trait locus (QTL) controlling important economic traits in Japanese flounder. Thus, twelve skeletal traits at 2 years of age were measured for all DHs. Forty-one QTLs were detected on 14 linkage groups and totally account for a small proportion of phenotypic variation (4.5 to 17.3%). Most of QTLs detected distribute on linkage groups 5 (9 QTLs), 8 (9 QTLs), 9 (5 QTLs) and 20 (4 QTLs), in which, some QTLs perform the pleiotropy.

A genetic linkage map of Japanese flounder was constructed using 165 doubled haploids (DHs) derived from a single female. A total of 574 genomic microsatellites (type II SSRs) and expressed sequence tag (EST)-derived markers (EST-SSRs) were mapped to 24 linkage groups. The length of linkage map was estimated as 1270.9 centiMorgans (cM), with an average distance between markers of 2.2 cM. The EST-SSRs were used together with type II SSR markers to construct the Japanese flounder genetic linkage map which will facilitate identify quantitative trait locus (QTL) controlling important economic traits in Japanese flounder. Thus, twelve skeletal traits at 2 years of age were measured for all DHs. Forty-one QTLs were detected on 14 linkage groups and totally account for a small proportion of phenotypic variation (4.5 to 17.3%). Most of QTLs detected distribute on linkage groups 5 (9 QTLs), 8 (9 QTLs), 9 (5 QTLs) and 20 (4 QTLs), in which, some QTLs perform the pleiotropy.

The photodegradation of diclofenac in the absence/presence of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, crystal violet and humic acid under simulated sunlight has been studied. Under the study conditions, it is apparent that cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and crystal violet concentrations inhibit effects on the photodegradation of diclofenac. Humic acid has no distinct effect on the photodegradation of diclofenac. Crystal violet has an obvious antagonistic action for humic acid and a similar antagonistic action between cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and crystal violet. Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and humic acid have synergistic effect. An antagonistic action is present between cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, crystal violet and humic acid. Moreover, a simple linear model which describes the obtained results is shown.The photodegradation of diclofenac in the absence/presence of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, crystal violet and humic acid under simulated sunlight has been studied. Under the study conditions, it is apparent that cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and crystal violet concentrations inhibit effects on the photodegradation of diclofenac. Humic acid has no distinct effect on the photodegradation of diclofenac. Crystal violet has an obvious antagonistic action for humic acid and a similar antagonistic action between cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and crystal violet. Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and humic acid have synergistic effect. An antagonistic action is present between cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, crystal violet and humic acid. Moreover, a simple linear model which describes the obtained results is shown.

A bio-barcode immunoassay based on droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) was developed to simultaneously quantify triazophos, parathion, and chlorpyrifos in apple, cucumber, cabbage, and pear. Three gold nanoparticle (AuNP) probes and magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) probes were prepared, binding through their antibodies with the three pesticides in the same tube. Three groups of primers, probes, templates, and three antibodies were designed to ensure the specificity of the method. Under the optimal conditions, the detection limits (expressed as IC10) of triazophos, parathion, and chlorpyrifos were 0.22, 0.45, and 4.49 ng mL–1, respectively. The linear ranges were 0.01–20, 0.1–100, and 0.1–500 ng mL–1, and the correlation coefficients (R2) were 0.9661, 0.9834, and 0.9612, respectively. The recoveries and relative standard deviations (RSDs) were in the ranges of 75.5–98.9 and 8.3–16.7%. This study provides the first insights into the ddPCR for the determination of organophosphate pesticides. It also laid the foundation for high-throughput detection of other small molecules.

The efficient proliferation of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) depends on its inhibition of host cell innate immunity. V protein acts as a nonstructural protein which plays a significant role in virus replication, whereas its function remains to be further explored. In this study, Musashi RNA binding protein 1 (MSI1) was selected and its interaction with V protein was further verified by Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and Immuno-colocalization test. Through the transfection of pCMV-HA-MSI1 in DF-1 cells, the overexpression of MSI1 reduced virus particles in the cell supernatant but not reduced mRNA and virus protein in cells pellet, which suggests that MSI1may act as a new antiviral molecule by inhibiting viral release. Cell early apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry (FCM), the result shows that overexpression of MSI1 inhibit cell apoptosis, implying MSI1 Inhibit virus release may through this way. Taken together, MSI1 and NDV V protein has a detectable interaction, and may block apoptosis to inhibit the release of NDV. However, this is the first report about the interaction between MSI1 and V protein of NDV that can inhibit the NDV replicated.