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In the permanent magnet synchronous motor wide-speed domain position sensorless hybrid control strategy, position errors caused by low-pass filters in the flux linkage observer reduce the position observation accuracy of the medium–high speed range, which can lead to a degradation of the sensorless control performance. At the same time, a smooth transition from the zero-low speed range to the medium–high speed range is critical. Therefore, a position error compensator based on the Luenberger observer and a sensorless hybrid control strategy with an anti-disturbance transition algorithm is proposed. For the flux observer in the medium–high speed range, a position error compensator based on the Luenberger observer is proposed to compensate for the estimated rotor position in real-time, which reduces the position error caused by the low-pass filter and improves the position estimation accuracy. Aiming at the transition stage in the hybrid control strategy, a velocity fluctuation compensation term with q-axes current feedback is added to the speed-weighted transition algorithm, which reduces speed and torque fluctuation, and enhances the anti-disturbance ability of this stage. In addition, after the transition to the medium–high speed range, the velocity fluctuation compensation term will also decrease to zero, which avoids the influence of the velocity fluctuation compensation term on the control performance of the medium–high speed range. The experimental results show that the proposed sensorless hybrid control strategy has favorable steady-state performance and dynamic performance in the wide-speed domain.

AbstractCoal seam mining causes movement and deformation of the overlying rock mass and ground surface, directly resulting in serious damage to the surface construction facilities. To investigate the deformation mechanism and characteristics of the overlying rock mass, three-dimensional numerical simulation and model test are carried out on an open-pit mine slope. The results show that the sliding instability characteristics of the slope can be identified based on the numerical analysis. Coal mining affects on the deformation characteristics of the overlying rock mass near the inner dump. The closer to the slope boundary, the greater the subsidence of overlying rock mass. The maximum displacement occurs near the inner dump. The slope mining has great influence on the deformation characteristics of inner dump. Moreover, the damage process of overlying rock mass can be further studied viathe model test. After coal seams mining out, the overlying rock mass occurs overall settlement failure. There is a large difference between the lower end side of working face and the upper end side at the caving angle of roof. This work can provide a basis for the safe operation of coal mine disaster prevention and mitigation.

Due to the harsh actual operating environment of the permanent magnet wind turbine, it is easy to break down and difficult to monitor. Therefore, the electromagnetic characteristics identification of major fault types of large-scale permanent magnet wind turbines is studied in this paper. The typical faults of rotor eccentricity, stator winding short circuit and permanent magnet demagnetization of permanent magnet wind turbines are analyzed theoretically. The wavelet analysis algorithm is used to decompose and reconstruct the abnormal electromagnetic signal waveform band, and the characteristic frequency of the electromagnetic signal is obtained when the fault occurs. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, a 3.680MW permanent magnet wind turbine was taken as the research object. Its physical simulation model was established, and an external circuit was built to carry out field co-simulation. The results show that the motor fault type can be determined by detecting the change rule of fault characteristic frequency in the spectrum diagram, and the electromagnetic characteristic analysis can be applied to the early monitoring of the permanent magnet wind turbine fault.

The switchless reluctance motor’s non-permanent magnet structure design ensures its high reliability in the marine environment; thus, it is a feasible solution for the generator of a sea wave power generation system. However, the corresponding thrust density and efficiency remain insufficient. This study focused on a new type of flat linear switched reluctance motor (LSRM), using the finite element software to establish a structural model, and optimized the design with the goal of improving the efficiency and energy density. The entropy method was adopted for sensitivity stratification to objectively select weights to avoid the influence of subjectively selected different proportional weights on the optimization results. Based on the entropy method, the sensitivity of different structural parameters was stratified, and the simulated annealing algorithm, response surface method, and single parameter scanning method were combined for optimization. Finally, the optimal structural size parameters of the motor were determined. Based on the two-dimensional finite element method, to simulate the electromagnetic performance of the reluctance motor under different operating conditions, such as thrust, loss, and efficiency, changes in motor performance before and after optimization were compared to verify the high power generation efficiency and energy density of the optimized linear motor.

For megawatt permanent magnet direct drive wind generator, with the increase of its power level, the insulation of the motor may be threatened by the increase of operating temperature, which may also lead to the irreversible demagnetization of permanent magnets. To solve this problem, a radial forced ventilation cooling structure was designed and established in this paper, based on a 3.3MW, 12rpm external rotor surface mount permanent magnet motor. The coupling relationship between electromagnetic field and temperature field is reasonably considered by iterative simulation method, and the temperature field and fluid flow are analyzed based on fluid–structure coupling method. The results show that the ventilation structure designed in this paper has a certain cooling effect and can meet the needs of its safe and stable operation. It has a certain reference significance for the cooling system design of megawatt permanent magnet direct drive wind generator.

In order to solve the problem that the permanent magnet on the rotor of high-speed permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) is easy to be damaged by centrifugal force and easy to be affected by high temperature, which leads to non-reverse demagnetization, a new concept of high-speed permanent magnet synchronous machine with hybrid excitation on the stator (PMSMHES) is introduced in this paper. And its structure and electromagnetic parts are designed. PMSMHES uses a hybrid excitation method, so that the air gap magnetic field of the permanent magnet motor can be adjusted, thereby solving the problem of a narrow constant power range when the motor is running. Secondly, the equivalent magnetoelectric model of PMSMHES is proposed and the calculation method of related parameters is proposed. Finally, the rationality of the equivalent model and the calculation method of each parameter is verified by finite element simulation.

One novel monoterpene rhamnoside (1) and 7 known monoterpenes (2-8) were isolated from the ethanol extract of Cynanchum atratumfor the first time. Their structures were identified by comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis such as nuclear magnetic resonance, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectra, optical rotatory dispersion, and acid hydrolysis. In the subsequent antioxidant assay, compound 8exhibited obvious 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate radical scavenging activity.Graphical AbstractAntioxidant monoterpenes 1-8from Cynanchum atratum.

Background: The short-term prognosis of stroke patients is mainly influenced by the severity of the primary disease at admission and the trend of disease development during the acute phase (1–7 days after admission). Objective: The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) parameter trajectories during the acute phase of stroke patients and their short-term prognosis, and to investigate the predictive value of the prediction model constructed using BIA parameter trajectories and clinical indicators at admission for short-term prognosis in stroke patients. Methods: A total of 162 stroke patients were prospectively enrolled, and their clinical indicators at admission and BIA parameters during the first 1–7 days of admission were collected. A Group-Based Trajectory Model (GBTM) was employed to identify different subgroups of longitudinal trajectories of BIA parameters during the first 1–7 days of admission in stroke patients. The random forest algorithm was applied to screen BIA parameter trajectories and clinical indicators with predictive value, construct prediction models, and perform model comparisons. The outcome measure was the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at discharge. Results: PA in BIA parameters can be divided into four separate trajectory groups. The incidence of poor prognosis (mRS: 4–6) at discharge was significantly higher in the “Low PA Rapid Decline Group” (85.0%) than in the “High PA Stable Group “ (33.3%) and in the “Medium PA Slow Decline Group “(29.5%) (all P< 0.05). In-hospital mortality was the highest in the “Low PA Rapid Decline Group” (60%) compared with the remaining trajectory groups (P< 0.05). Compared with the prediction model with only clinical indicators (Model 1), the prediction model with PA trajectories (Model 2) demonstrated higher predictive accuracy and efficacy. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of Model 2 was 0.909 [95% CI 0.863, 0.956], integrated discrimination improvement index (IDI), 0.035 (P< 0.001), and net reclassification improvement (NRI), 0.175 (P= 0.031). Conclusion: PA trajectories during the first 1–7 days of admission are associated with the short-term prognosis of stroke patients. PA trajectories have additional value in predicting the short-term prognosis of stroke patients.

The treatment of recalcitrant not-diabetic leg ulcers remains challenging. Distraction osteogenesis is accompanying by angiogenesis and neovascularization in the surrounding tissues. We previously applied tibial cortex transverse transport (TTT) to patients with recalcitrant diabetic foot ulcers and found neovascularization and increased perfusion in the foot and consequently enhanced healing and limb salvage and reduced recurrence. However, the effects of TTT on recalcitrant non-diabetic leg ulcer remains largely unknown.

ABSTRACTLong non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are related to a variety of human diseases. However, little is known about the role of lncRNA in intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). LncRNA expression profile of human IDD were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Potential biomarkers and therapeutic drugs for IDD were analyzed by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), R software package Limma, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). We identified 1455 differentially expressed genes and 423 differentially expressed lncRNAs. Twenty-six co-expression modules were obtained, among them, the tan, brown, and turquoise modules were most closely related to IDD. The turquoise module contained a large number of differential expressed lncRNAs and genes, these genes were mainly enriched in the MAPK signaling pathway, TGF-beta signaling pathway. Furthermore, we obtained 11,857 LmiRM-Degenerated, these lncRNAs and genes showed higher differential expression multiples and higher expression correlation. After constructing a disease-gene interaction network, 25 disease-specific genes and 9 disease-specific lncRNAs were identified. Combined with the drug-target gene interaction network, three drugs, namely, Calcium citrate, Calcium Phosphate, and Calcium phosphate dihydrate, which may have curative effects on IDD, were determined. Finally, a genetic diagnosis model and lncRNA diagnosis model with 100% diagnostic performance in both the training data set and the validation data set were established based on these genes and lncRNA. This study provided new diagnostic features for IDD and could help design personalized treatment of IDD.

Chronic limb ischemic diseases are characterized by symptomatic reduced blood supply to the limbs and can develop into limb-threatening ischemia which is difficult to manage. Distraction osteogenesis induces a large volume of new bone and neovascularization in the surrounding tissues. Consequently, the transverse distraction of tibia has been applied to the management of thromboangiitis obliterans, a chronic limb ischemic disease. However, the application of this technique is still infrequent. Recently, we developed a new technique and coined the term tibial cortex transverse transport (TTT) for it and applied it to severe and recalcitrant diabetic foot ulcers and atherosclerosis obligation and attained excellent clinical outcomes. This review discusses recent advances in the technique of TTT, its application to chronic limb ischemia, the underlying mechanisms, and its potential new clinical applications.

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant cancer stromal cells and play an essential role in tumor immunosuppression, providing a suitable microenvironment for cancer development and progression. However, mechanisms of regulating TAMs infiltration in tumor sites are not fully understood. Here, we show that inactivation of neddylation pathway significantly inhibits infiltration of TAMs, leading to the suppression of lung cancer metastasis. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that neddylation inactivation suppresses the transactivation of chemotactic cytokine ligand 2 (CCL2). Mechanistically, neddylation inactivation inhibits the activity of Cullin-RING ligases (CRLs) and induces the accumulation of its substrate IκBα to block NF-κB transcriptional activity and CCL2 transactivation. As a result, neddylation inactivation exhibits lower chemotaxis of monocytes, thereby decreasing TAMs infiltration, which can be alleviated by CCL2 addition. Moreover, the expression level of NEDD8 is positively correlated with high CCL2 expression in lung adenocarcinoma, conferring a worse overall patient survival. Together, neddylation pathway promotes CCL2 transactivation and TAMs infiltration in lung cancer to provide a tumor-promoting microenvironment, which validates neddylation pathway as a promising target for anti-TAMs therapeutic strategies.

Aim:Aspergillus fumigatusis one of the most common opportunistic fungi that can cause invasive infection. To profile the kinetic variation of immune cells and cytokines after exposure to A. fumigatusthoroughly, we established a pulmonary A. fumigatusinfection model in temporarily immunosuppressed mice. Materials & methods:Systematic and kinetic studies of different immune cells and cytokines were performed. Results:We observed that the granulocytes and macrophages recruited to the site of infection played an important role in the infectious phase. There was a significant increase in the cytokines IFN-γ, IL-6, TNF-α as well as the chemokines CXCL1, MIP-1α, MIP-2 and CCL5 after infection. IL-10 was found to participate in balancing the anti-inflammatory response in the recovery phases. The immune response mediated by T cells was mainly presented by the Th1-type on day 7 after exposure with a high proportion of IFN-γ+CD4+T cells and CD4+CD44highCD62Lloweffector T cells. Conclusion:These kinetic parameters of the immune response might provide diagnostic clues for A. fumigatusinfection.

mTOR negatively controls suppressive functions of MDSCs in immune‐mediated hepatic injury mouse models. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway integrates diverse environmental inputs, including immune signals and metabolic cues, to direct innate and adaptive immune responses. Myeloid‐derived suppressive cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous cell population that plays a crucial regulatory effect in immune‐related diseases. However, whether mTOR signaling affects the functions of MDSCs remains largely unexplored. Here, we show that mTOR signaling is a pivotal, negative determinant of MDSC function in immune‐mediated hepatic injury (IMH) diseases. In the context of IMH, the blocking of mTOR with rapamycin or mTOR‐deficient CD11b+Gr1+MDSCs mediates the protection against IMH; mTOR with rapamycin and mTOR‐deficient CD11b+Gr1+MDSCs are suppressive immune modulators that result in less IFN‐γ‐producing TH1 cells and more Foxp3+Tregs. Mechanistically, mTOR activity down‐regulation in MDSCs induced iNOS expressions and NO productions. Pharmacologic inhibitions of iNOS completely eliminate MDSC‐suppressive function and lose their inducible effects on T cell differentiation. Importantly, HIF1α‐dependent glycolytic activity is responsible for mTOR‐deficient, increased MDSC functional changes in IMH inflammation. Thus, these data demonstrate that mTOR acts as a fundamental “rheostat” in MDSCs to link immunologic signals to glycolytic pathways and functional fitness and highlights a central role of metabolic programming of MDSC‐suppressive activity in protecting against immune hepatic injuries.

This paper presents a novel analytical solution for the magnetic fields of large permanent magnet (PM) wind generator with bread loaf PMs under normal and eccentricity conditions. To simplify the calculation, the generator is first approximately modeled in the Cartesian coordinate, and then the bread loaf PMs are equivalently considered by pairs of coils so that their effects can be expressed by mathematic equations. By applying the Fourier separation method, with the boundary and interface conditions, the magnetic fields in the calculation regions can be obtained by solving system equations. Afterward, the rotor eccentricity is investigated by transforming the corresponding model to a new orthogonal coordinate system by using a conformal mapping technique. Numerical examples validate the proposed method and the calculated results have a satisfactory agreement with the finite element analysis. The established model in this paper has a significant value for modeling large PM wind power generators, and the calculation time is deduced remarkably.

Although myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are critical for allograft survival, their regulatory mechanism remains unclear. Herein, our results showed that metabolism sensor sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) negatively regulates the functions of MDSCs in inducing allogeneic skin graft rejection. Genetic deletion of SIRT2 in myeloid cells (Sirt2Δmye) increased the number of CD11b+Gr1+MDSCs in bone marrow, spleens, draining lymph nodes, and allografts, inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor ɑ, enhanced the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10, and potentiated the suppressive activation of MDSCs in prolonging allograft skin survival. C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2 is critical for mediating the recruitment and cytokine production of MDSCs induced by SIRT2. Mechanistically, Sirt2Δmyeenhanced NAD+levels, succinate dehydrogenase (SDHA) activities, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) levels in MDSCs after transplantation. Pharmacologically blocking nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase effectively reverses the production of cytokines and suppressive activities of MDSC induced by Sirt2Δmye. Blocking OXPHOS with knockdown of SDHA or pharmacological blocking of SDHA significantly restores Sirt2Δmye-mediated stronger MDSC suppressive activity and inflammatory factor productions. Thus, our findings identify a previously unrecognized interplay between NAD+and SDH-mediated OXPHOS metabolic pathways in regulating MDSC functions induced by the metabolic sensor SIRT2 in allogeneic transplantation.

A majority of Chinese high-tech firms were founded in development zones established by the Chinese government. It is necessary to identify the impacts of development zones on firms’ innovation (hereinafter referred to as “innovation effects”) as well as the possible knowledge spillover of development zones. Different types of zones, due to their different administrative levels and original purposes of establishment, may have different innovation effects. In this paper, the innovation effects of the Shanghai development zones are identified by using the geographic range of Shanghai development zones as well as geographic coordinates, patents, and research and development (R&D) data of manufacturing firms. The research results robustly show that there are significant and positive innovation effects of development zones. Through the use of regression analysis and by using firm data on both sides of zone boundaries, we observe knowledge spillovers. We also test a possible mechanism for the innovation effects of development zones.

Abstract: In this study, we present the coordination development schemes of mining and dumping engineering in steeper anticline region of an open-pit coal mine with nearly flat coal seam. Steeper anticlines in an open-pit coal mine with a nearly flat coal seam lead to drastic changes in local geological features and have many adverse effects on safe, economical, and efficient production. Based on an impact analysis of the anticline on the production quantity and quality of coal, release and utilization of the internal dumping space, layout of the haulage system and so on, the key technical solutions related to mining and dumping engineering coordination development in the steeper anticline region are discussed. Subsequently, taking the Antaibao Open-pit Coal Mine as a case study, based on the geological features of the steeper anticline region, two mining and dumping engineering coordination development schemes, the northern priority development scheme and the pseudo-longitudinal mining scheme, are proposed. Key technical parameters including the length and preceding distance of the priority development working-line, preceding distance and the horizontal advancing speed of the mining working line are determined. To compare the two proposed schemes in detail, the mining and dumping coordination development plans of the two proposed schemes during mining over the steeper anticline region are worked out, and some technical indices are computed. Using the six selected key indices, a multi-index comprehensive evaluation model based on CRITIC-TOPSIS is established to evaluate the two schemes. The evaluation results show that the northern priority development scheme is better than the pseudo-longitudinal mining scheme. Article Highlights:

The impact of steeper anticline on production of open-pit coal mine with nearly flat coal seam is analyzed, including: production quantity and quality of coal, release and utilization of internal dumping space, transportation distance and cost, etc.

According to the geological features of the anticline region, solutions for the technical issues are proposed, such as coal exposure, working-line layout and development, internal dump construction and development, haulage system layout, and the selective mining of coal.

Taking the Antaibao Open-pit Coal Mine as a case study, two mining and dumping engineering coordination development schemes are proposed. With the six selected key indices of the mining and dumping coordination development plans of the two proposed schemes during mining over the steeper anticline region, a multi-index comprehensive evaluation model of CRITIC-TOPSIS is established to evaluate the two proposed mining and dumping engineering coordination development schemes.

This paper presents gels with asphalt particle (GAP) as a novel composite profile control system, which has better sealing effect for plugging channeling in fractured reservoir. This composite agent was prepared by modified asphalt particle and polymer gels served as suspension. Laboratory core–flood tests showed good injectiviy of GAP solution in high permeability zone with a high plugging rate. Also, the enhance oil recovery mechanism of GAP and polymer gels in fractured reservoir were compared by parallel core–flood test. Simulation results indicate longer response time and better enhance oil recovery for GAP than polymer gels in fractured system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MDSC glucocorticoids‐GR‐NO signaling is required for prolonging allograft survival. Whereas GCs have been demonstrated to be beneficial for transplantation patients, the pharmacological mechanisms remain unknown. Herein, the role of GR signaling was investigated via a pharmacological approach in a murine allogeneic skin transplantation model. The GC Dex, a representative GC, significantly relieved allograft rejection. In Dex‐treated allograft recipient mice, CD11b+Gr1+MDSCs prolonged graft survival and acted as functional suppressive immune modulators that resulted in fewer IFN‐γ‐producing Th1 cells and a greater number of IL‐4‐producing Th2 cells. In agreement, Dex‐treated MDSCs promoted reciprocal differentiation between Th1 and Th2 in vivo. Importantly, the GR is required in the Dex‐induced MDSC effects. The blocking of GR with RU486 significantly diminished the expression of CXCR2 and the recruitment of CD11b+Gr1+MDSCs, thereby recovering the increased MDSC‐suppressive activity induced by Dex. Mechanistically, Dex treatment induced MDSC iNOS expression and NO production. Pharmacologic inhibition of iNOS completely eliminated the MDSC‐suppressive function and the effects on T cell differentiation. This study shows MDSCs to be an essential component in the prolongation of allograft survival following Dex or RU486 treatment, validating the GC–GR–NO signaling axis as a potential therapeutic target in transplantation.

mTOR signaling is a pivotal negative determinant of MDSC recruitments in immune‐mediated hepatic injury diseases. The mTOR pathway integrates diverse environmental inputs, including immune signals and metabolic cues, to direct the innate and adaptive immune responses. MDSCs are a heterogeneous cell population that plays a crucial regulatory effect in immune‐related diseases. However, whether mTOR signaling affects the functions of MDSCs remains largely unknown. Here, we show that mTOR signaling is a pivotal negative determinant of MDSC recruitment in IMH disease. In the context of IMH, inhibition of mTOR with rapamycin in CD11b+Gr1+MDSCs mediates protection against IMH and serves as a functional, suppressive immune modulator that results in increased CD11b+Gr1+Ly6ChighMDSC recruitment to inflammatory sites. In agreement with this, mTOR down‐regulation promotes CD11b+Gr1+Ly6ChighMDSC migration in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, mTOR activity down‐regulation in MDSCs induced iNOS expression and NO production. Pharmacologic inhibition of iNOS completely eliminated MDSC recruitment. This study identifies MDSCs as an essential component for protection against IMH following rapamycin treatment. Rapamycin treatment or mTOR inhibition promotes CD11b+Gr1+Ly6ChighMDSC recruitment and is critically required for protection against hepatic injury. This study further validates the targeting of mTOR signaling as a potential therapeutic approach to IMH‐related diseases.

Review on how the self‐eating (autophagy) process could regulate the self‐defense (immune) system. Autophagy (macroautophagy; “self‐eating”) is a degradation process, in which cytoplasmic content is engulfed and degraded by the lysosome. And, immunity is an important mechanism of the “self‐defense” system. Autophagy has long been recognized as a stress response to nutrient deprivation. This will provide energy and anabolic building blocks to maintain cellular bioenergetic homeostasis. Thus, autophagy plays critical roles in regulating a wide variety of pathophysiological processes, including tumorigenesis, embryo development, tissue remodeling, and most recently, immunity. The latter shows that a self‐eating (autophagy) process could regulate a self‐defense (immune) system. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding the regulatory and mechanistic insights of the autophagy pathway in immunity.

Neutrophils are critically involved in host defense and tissue damage. Intrinsic molecular mechanisms controlling neutrophil differentiation and activities are poorly defined. Herein we found that p53-induced phosphatase 1(Wip1) is preferentially expressed in neutrophils among immune cells. The Wip1 expression is gradually up-regulated during the differentiation of myeloid precursors into mature neutrophils. Wip1-deficient mice and chimera mice with Wip1−/−hematopoietic cells had an expanded pool of neutrophils with hypermature phenotypes in the periphery. The in vivo and in vitro studies showed that Wip1 deficiency mainly impaired the developing process of myeloid progenitors to neutrophils in an intrinsic manner. Mechanism studies showed that the enhanced development and maturation of neutrophils caused by Wip1 deficiency were mediated by p38 MAPK-STAT1 but not p53-dependent pathways. Thus, our findings identify a previously unrecognized p53-independent function of Wip1 as a cell type-specific negative regulator of neutrophil generation and homeostasis through limiting the p38 MAPK-STAT1 pathway.

Neutrophils are critically involved in host defense and tissue damage. Intrinsic molecular mechanisms controlling neutrophil differentiation and activities are poorly defined. Herein we found that p53-induced phosphatase 1(Wip1) is preferentially expressed in neutrophils among immune cells. The Wip1 expression is gradually up-regulated during the differentiation of myeloid precursors into mature neutrophils. Wip1-deficient mice and chimera mice with Wip1−/− hematopoietic cells had an expanded pool of neutrophils with hypermature phenotypes in the periphery. The in vivo and in vitro studies showed that Wip1 deficiency mainly impaired the developing process of myeloid progenitors to neutrophils in an intrinsic manner. Mechanism studies showed that the enhanced development and maturation of neutrophils caused by Wip1 deficiency were mediated by p38 MAPK-STAT1 but not p53-dependent pathways. Thus, our findings identify a previously unrecognized p53-independent function of Wip1 as a cell type-specific negative regulator of neutrophil generation and homeostasis through limiting the p38 MAPK-STAT1 pathway.

For megawatt permanent magnet direct drive wind generator, with the increase of its power level, the insulation of the motor may be threatened by the increase of operating temperature, which may also lead to the irreversible demagnetization of permanent magnets. To solve this problem, a radial forced ventilation cooling structure was designed and established in this paper, based on a 3.3 MW, 12 rpm external rotor surface mount permanent magnet motor. The coupling relationship between electromagnetic field and temperature field is reasonably considered by iterative simulation method, and the temperature field and fluid flow are analyzed based on fluid–structure coupling method. The results show that the ventilation structure designed in this paper has a certain cooling effect and can meet the needs of its safe and stable operation. It has a certain reference significance for the cooling system design of megawatt permanent magnet direct drive wind generator.

An axial hybrid permanent magnet synchronous reluctance machine (AHPM-SynRM) is proposed in this paper. The structure is a combination of synchronous reluctance rotor and two permanent magnet rotors. The proposed design includes three axially parallel rotors, the reluctance axis coincides in phase with the permanent magnet axis by rotating the synchronous reluctance machine (SynRM) rotor, which could increase the average torque. In the condition of the volume of permanent magnets stays unchanged, the relationship between the axial length ratio of different rotor parts and the maximum torque is also analyzed. Moreover, air gap magnetic isolation is designed between each rotor part, so there is no serious magnetic field coupling between different rotors and each rotor part could be separately designed. The analysis results prove the proposed machine has significantly higher torque performance than the permanent magnet assisted machine. (PM-SynRM).

A progressive decline in the integrity of the immune system is one of the physiologic changes during aging. The frequency of autoimmune diseases or immune disorders increases in the aging population, but the state of regulatory T (Treg) cells in aged individuals has not been well determined. In the present study, we investigated the levels, phenotypes, and function of CD4+CD25+Treg cells in Balb/c mice, which were older than 20 months. Significantly enhanced percentages of CD4+CD25+Treg cells in the periphery (blood, spleen, and lymph nodes) of the aged mice were observed. These Treg cells showed modified Vβ family distribution, reduced levels of CD45 receptor B and CD62 ligand molecules, as well as normal levels of forkhead box p3. However, when the inhibiting function of Treg cells was assayed in the in vitro assays and in a delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) model, CD4+CD25+Treg cells of aged mice displayed significantly lower inhibiting ability on alloantigen‐induced DTH reaction or cytokine productions (IL‐2 and IFN‐γ) but not cell proliferation of effector T cells, as compared with CD4+CD25+Treg cells of young mice. In addition, the percentages of CD4+CD8–CD25+Treg cells in the thymi of aged mice increased significantly, but their total cell numbers decreased markedly in these mice. Our present studies indicated collectively that the percentages, phenotypes, the size of TCR repertoire, and function of CD4+CD25+Treg cells were altered significantly with aging in mice. The functional defects of CD4+CD25+Treg cells may shed light on the role of CD4+CD25+Treg cells in the increased sensitivity to autoimmune diseases of aged populations.

The morphology distribution of injection moulded polypropylenes observed using optical microscopy and synchrotron X radiation is reported, the mouldings being performed under a range of conditions and with different grades of polypropylene. As has been observed before, a three‐region multi‐layer model is generally sufficient at first sight to describe the skin‐core morphology of these injection‐molded parts, with a surface skin, a spherulitic core and a transition shear layer. However the detail obtained using the high spatial resolution of the synchrotron X radiation reveals an underlying complexity. Samples were taken from PP plates at different distances from the end gate of the linear mouldings, and the X‐ray data used to determine the distributions of crystallinity, β‐phase concentration and the long spacing of crystallites. Different distributions are observed at different distances from the gate. The simulation software package Moldflow MPI, together with a simplified particle‐tracking model is used to predict the thermal and shear histories of the polymer melt during the injection moulding process. The features of the layered structure and their dependence on the thermal and shear histories are discussed.

The authors of ‘Genesis of the high gamma sandstone of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin, China’ questioned the viewpoint that high-gamma-ray sandstone might be caused by homochronous sedimentary volcano tuff ash or previous tuff. The authors argued that the main reason for the high-gamma-ray sandstone should be from high Th and U contents in zircon. In reply, we discuss the problems with the authors from the category of high-gamma-ray sandstones, rock characteristics, and possible sources of radioactivity. The results still indicate that the high gamma ray characteristics might be caused by homochronous sedimentary volcano tuff ash or reworked previous tuffs.

External environmental factors can cause an imbalance in intestinal flora. For people living in the extremes of a plateau climate, lack of oxygen is a primary health challenge that leads to a series of reactions. We wondered how intestinal microorganisms might change in a simulated plateau environment and what changes might occur in the host organism and intestinal microorganisms in the absence of hypoxia-related factors. In this study, mice carrying a knockout of hypoxia-inducible factor 1ß (Hif-1ß) in myeloid cells and wild-type mice were raised in a composite hypoxic chamber to simulate a plateau environment at 5,000?m of elevation for 14?days.

The model is difficult to establish because the principle of the locomotive adhesion process is complex. This paper presents a data-driven adhesion status fault diagnosis method based on deep learning theory. The adhesion coefficient and creep speed of a locomotive constitute the characteristic vector. The sparse autoencoder unsupervised learning network studies the input vector, and the single-layer network is superimposed to form a deep neural network. Finally, a small amount of labeled data is used to fine-tune training the entire deep neural network, and the locomotive adhesion state fault diagnosis model is established. Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve a 99.3% locomotive adhesion state diagnosis accuracy and satisfy actual engineering monitoring requirements.