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More than the sparse infiltration in glioblastoma, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) also function inefficiently and overexpress the inhibitory markers, especially the identified NK cell receptor (NK1.1). However, most studies solely focus on how to augment tumor-infiltrating CTLs and overlook their killing maintenance. Metalloimmunotherapy has been proven to improve the functionalities of CTLs, but it has barely adapted to glioblastoma due to the severe limitations of safe delivery and the brain’s physiological properties. Herein, we synthesized an amphipathic polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer (designated as MPP) modified with the choline analogue 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and polyphenol moieties to customize a nanoeditor (Mg2+@MK-8931@MPP) by coordinating Mg2+and entrapping the hydrophobic BACE1 inhibitor MK-8931, then precisely redressing the gliomatous CTL sparsity and cytotoxic dysfunction. Upon MPC-assisted local accumulation in glioblastoma, Mg2+@MK-8931@MPP nanoeditors release MK-8931 to repolarize M2-like macrophages, facilitating CTL infiltration quantitatively. The cenogenetic immune adjuvant Mg2+ulteriorly fortifies the T-cell receptor downstream signals to enhance the functionality of the ingoing CTLs in quality, leading to the secretion of high-level antitumor cytokines and cytotoxic proteins. Further blocking the inhibitory NK1.1 on CTLs by anti-NK1.1 antibodies can extend their cytolytic endgame. Studies on T-cell-deficient and wild-type mouse models support the immunomodulating feasibility of Mg2+@MK-8931@MPP. This gliomatous CTL-tailored strategy concurrently broadens metalloimmunotherapy to glioblastoma treatment and highlights the necessity of enforcing gliomatous CTLs’ functionality.

The rapid development of modern electronic devices increasingly requires thermal management materials with controllable electrical properties, ranging from conductive and dielectric to insulating, to meet the needs of diverse applications. However, highly thermally conductive materials usually have a high electrical conductivity. Intrinsically highly thermally conductive, but electrically insulating materials are still limited to a few kinds of materials. To overcome the electrical-thermal conductance trade-off, here, we report a facile Pechini-based method to prepare multiple core (metal)/shell (metal oxide) engineered fillers, such as aluminum-oxide-coated and beryllium-oxide-coated Ag microspheres. In contrast to the previous in situgrowth method which mainly focused on small-sized spheres with specific coating materials, our method combined with ultrafast joule heating treatment is more versatile and robust for varied-sized, especially large-sized core–shell fillers. Through size compounding, the as-synthesized core–shell-filled epoxy composites exhibit high isotropic thermal conductivity (∼3.8 W m–1K–1) while maintaining high electrical resistivity (∼1012Ω cm) and good flowability, showing better heat dissipation properties than commercial thermally conductive packaging materials. The successful preparation of these core–shell fillers endows thermally conductive composites with controlled electrical properties for emerging electronic package applications, as demonstrated in circuit board and battery thermal management.

Hydraulic fracturing (HF) technology is one of the key technologies to improve the permeability of coal seams, and microseismic (MS) source location is an effective method for evaluating the extent and effectiveness of HF. In this study, a new MS source location method is proposed based on the objective function by introducing a random weighting strategy: the time difference-particle swarm optimization (TD-PSO) location method. In this method, random inertia weight values, optimal candidate solution, and average evaluation value models are introduced, and asynchronous dynamic learning factors are proposed to improve the particle population diversity and convergence ability, which effectively avoids the tendency of the algorithm to fall into a local optimum. The convergence performance and search efficiency of the TD-PSO algorithm were verified using nonlinear multimodal functions. Through a large-scale field simulation of mine MS location tests, the search stability of the TD-PSO algorithm in 3D space and the accuracy of the seismic source location under the same monitoring data and test environment are verified, and the localization error is only 14.74 m. By evaluating the range of HF in the coal seams at Baijigou Mine, the fracturing ranges of YL1–1#, YL1–2#, and YL1–3# boreholes are 105, 45, and 75 m on the X-axis, and the fracturing ranges are 100, 50, and 80 m on the Y-axis, respectively, and the fracturing effect of YL1–1# borehole is the best. From the distribution of SRV value, the fracturing sections No. 2 and No. 4 of YL1–1# borehole have the best fracturing effect, which are 11210.47 and 4119.31 m3, respectively.

Resistivity is the core electrical parameter of coal-field electrical prospecting technology to identify geological anomaly areas. Studying the change characteristics of the resistivity of coal under loading is helpful to further improve the accuracy of electric prospecting in delineating the abrupt change area of coal structure and to enhance the ability to reduce and avoid disasters in coal mine production processes. In this study, the resistivity of raw coal and coal-like specimens was monitored under uniaxial compression. The influence mechanism of the coupling structure and moisture on the resistivity of raw coal and coal-like specimens was analyzed. Additionally, the change law of the electrical characteristics during the instability process and the corresponding relationship between the resistivity change and the mechanical behavior of specimens were characterized. The results show that the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of raw coal specimens are close to the similar-material specimens but much larger than the coal briquette specimens, and the effect of water on similar-material specimens is greater than the coal briquette specimens. The curve of resistivity change over time can be divided into four stages according to the change process of the stress–strain curve. The resistivity of the specimens in stages I and II exhibited a decreasing trend, except for the specimens of similar materials under natural conditions. The trends of the different types of specimens in Stage III were different, and the specimens in Stage IV showed an increasing trend. The order of the resistivity change rate at the stress peak compared to the initial point was as follows: natural similar-material specimen > water-soaked briquette > raw coal > natural briquette > water-soaked similar-material specimen. The experimental results provided theoretical support for further understanding the differences between coal-like materials and raw coal.

Malignant melanoma cell-intrinsic PD-1:PD-L1 interaction thrusts tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and radioresistance via mTOR hyperactivation to aggravate circumjacent aggression. Interdicting melanoma intrinsic growth signals, including the blockade of PD-L1 and mTOR signaling concurrently, cooperative with radiotherapy may provide a vigorous repertoire to alleviate the tumor encumbrance. Thence, we design a three-pronged platinum@polymer-catechol nanobraker to deliver mTOR inhibitor TAK228 and anti-PD-L1 antibody (aPD-L1) for impeding the melanoma-PD-1-driven aggression and maximizing the melanoma eradication. The aPD-L1 collaborated with TAK228 restrains melanoma cell-intrinsic PD-1: PD-L1 tumorigenic interaction via blocking melanoma-PD-L1 ligand and the melanoma-PD-1 receptor-driven mTOR signaling; corresponding downregulation of mTOR downstream protumorigenic cellular MYC and proangiogenic hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha is conducive to preventing tumorigenesis and angiogenesis, respectively. Further, high-Z metal platinum sensitizing TAK228-enhanced radiotherapy confers the nanobraker on remarkable tumoricidal efficacy. Hereto, the customized three-pronged nanobrakers efficiently suppress melanoma tumorigenesis and angiogenesis concomitant with the amplification of radiotherapeutic efficacy. Such an ingenious tactic may provide substantial benefits to clinical melanoma patients.

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Internal tandem supercapacitor devices (ITSD) have attracted significant attention to increase the output voltage as well as packaged energy density, but face the interfacial issues of multiple electrode/electrolytes, eventually resulting in poor deformation durability and fast device failure. In this work, a universal protocol is proposed to develop high-voltage and mechanically durable ITSD based on crosslinking of homogeneous electrode/electrolyte matrixes PVA for addressing the interfacial compatibility and chemical bonding. The derived ITSD show compact integration of electrode/electrolyte interfaces, thereby achieving exceptional slight increase in areal capacitance and negligible increase in interfacial resistance with the increasing cells from 1 to 3, as well as the highest areal energy density of 30.7 μWh cm−2at the areal power density of 2.4 mW cm−2. More importantly, the ITSD deliver unprecedented deformation durability with capacitance retention of 96.5 % after 10,000 bending cycles and 103.0 % exceeding 5000 twisting cycles, surpassing the majority of previously reported flexible supercapacitors. By virtue of high output voltage of 2.4 V, the ITSD have access to independently power electronics even under bending and twisting conditions. Those findings should provide a universal design concept for high-voltage and mechanically durable ITSD with huge potential in flexible and wearable energy-consuming electronic devices.

Tumor-derived exosome can suppress dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells functions. Excessive secretion of exosomal programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) results in therapeutic resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy and clinical failure. Restored T cells by antiexosomal PD-L1 tactic can intensify ferroptosis of tumor cells and vice versa. Diminishing exosomal suppression and establishing a nexus of antiexosomal PD-L1 and ferroptosis may rescue the discouraging antitumor immunity. Here, we engineered phototheranostic metal-phenolic networks (PFG MPNs) by an assembly of semiconductor polymers encapsulating ferroptosis inducer (Fe3+) and exosome inhibitor (GW4869). The PFG MPNs elicited superior near-infrared II fluorescence/photoacoustic imaging tracking performance for a precise photothermal therapy (PTT). PTT-augmented immunogenic cell death relieved exosomal silencing on DC maturation. GW4869 mediated PD-L1 based exosomal inhibition revitalized T cells and enhanced the ferroptosis. This novel synergy of PTT with antiexosomal PD-L1 enhanced ferroptosis evoked potent antitumor immunity in B16F10 tumors and immunological memory against metastatic tumors in lymph nodes.

Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFRis) are used to treat many cancers, but their use is complicated by the development of a skin rash that may be severe, limiting their use and adversely affecting patient quality of life. Most studies of EGFRi-induced rash have focused on the fully developed stage of this skin disorder, and early pathological changes remain unclear. We analyzed high-throughput transcriptome sequencing of skin samples from rats exposed to the EGFRi afatinib and identified that keratinocyte activation is an early pathological alteration in EGFRi-induced rash. Mechanistically, the induction of S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9) occurred before skin barrier disruption and led to keratinocyte activation, resulting in expression of specific cytokines, chemokines, and surface molecules such as interleukin 6 (Il6) and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) to recruit and activate monocytes through activation of the Janus kinase (JAK)–signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathway, further recruiting more immune cells. Topical JAK inhibition suppressed the recruitment of immune cells and ameliorated the severity of skin rash in afatinib-treated rats and mice with epidermal deletion of EGFR, while having no effect on EGFRi efficacy in tumor-bearing mice. In a pilot clinical trial (NCT05120362), 11 patients with EGFRi-induced rash were treated with delgocitinib ointment, resulting in improvement in rash severity by at least one grade in 10 of them according to the MASCC EGFR inhibitor skin toxicity tool (MESTT) criteria. These findings provide a better understanding of the early pathophysiology of EGFRi-induced rash and suggest a strategy to manage this condition.

Numerous motifs inspired by the tea ceremony and the teahouse form part of Japanese aesthetics. That teahouses are vital as archetypes in modern Japanese architecture is therefore not surprising. This article focuses on the ways in which the architectural type of the teahouse was discovered and interpreted in the modern context, mainly by Sutemi Horiguchi. It summarises Horiguchi’s approach to the teahouse in three main points: relating the modern concept of non-urbanity to the teahouse; accepting the openness and secular life; and replacing the concept of kiwariwith geometry. Based on the work of Horiguchi and his successors, the article shows that Japanese architects’ interpretations of the teahouse became more abstract. As one of the archetypes in Japanese architecture, the teahouse today reflects the preferences and ideals of the modern Japanese.

Anoikis is a type of programmed cell death induced by loss of anchorage to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Anoikis resistance (AR) is crucial for the survival of metastatic cancer cells in blood, lymphatic circulation and distant organs. Compared to ordinary cancer cells, anoikis resistant cancer cells undergo various cellular and molecular alterations, probably characterizing the cells with unique features not limited to anoikis resistance. However, the molecular mechanisms connecting anoikis resistance to other metastatic properties are still poorly understood. Here, the biological interaction between anoikis resistance and angiogenesis as well as their involvement into peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer (GC) were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The prognostic value of key components involved in this interaction was evaluated in the GC cohort. Compared to ordinary GC cells, GCARcells exhibited stronger metastatic and pro-angiogenic traits corresponding to elevated PDGFB secretion. Mechanistically, transcription factor C/EBPβ facilitated PDGFB transcription by directly binding to and interacting with PDGFB promoter elements, subsequently increasing PDGFB secretion. Secreted PDGFB promoted the survival of detached GC cells through a C/EBPβ-dependent self-feedback loop. Moreover, secreted PDGFB promoted angiogenesis in metastases via activation of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in vascular endothelial cells. Both C/EBPβ activation level and PDGFB expression were significantly elevated in GC and correlated with metastatic progression and poor prognosis of patients with GC. Overall, interaction between GCARcells and vascular endothelial cells promotes angiogenesis and peritoneal metastasis of GC based on C/EBPβ-mediated PDGFB autocrine and paracrine signaling. C/EBPβ-PDGFB-PDGFRβ-MAPK axis promises to be potential prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for peritoneal metastasis of GC.

An ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) method was established for the determination of four highly polar agricultural antibiotics kasugamycin, validamycin A, ningnanmycin, and polyoxin B in plant-derived foods. The samples were extracted with a 0.2% formic acid solution, purified by hydrophilic–lipophilic balance and mixed-mode cation-exchange solid-phase extraction, and then reconstituted for UPLC–MS/MS detection. The chromatographic analysis was performed on a BEH Amide column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) using gradient elution with a 0.1% formic acid solution and 0.1% formic acid acetonitrile as mobile phases. Method validation was performed on 15 matrices spiked at 0.02 (or 0.05), 0.5, and 2 mg/kg. The mean recovery rate ranged from 75 to 102% with relative standard deviations (RSD) was less than 20%. Good linearities (r> 0.99) in the range of 0.002–0.2 μg/mL were obtained. The limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.02 and 0.05 mg/kg. Studies on the stability of the analytes in the stored kiwifruit samples showed that kasugamycin, validamycin A, and ningnanmycin were stable for at least 6 months, while polyoxin B was observed to be partially degraded (the degradation rate at 6 months was 31.3%). The method was demonstrated to be effective and reliable in real samples. In the kiwifruit samples treated after 7 days, no residues of ningnanmycin and polyoxin B were detected, while the residues of kasugamycin and validamycin A were 0.12 and 0.038 mg/kg, respectively.

Iron fluoride compounds offer an exciting pathway toward low-cost and high-capacity conversion-type lithium-ion battery (LIB) cathodes. However, due to the sluggishness of the electronic and ionic transport in iron fluorides, mass loadings of active materials in previous studies are typically less than 2.5 mg cm–2, which is too low for practical applications. Herein, we improve the charge transport in fluoride electrodes at both nano- and mesoscales to enable high-mass-loading fluoride electrodes. At the nanoscale, we prepare electronically conducting LixTiO2composites with FeOF nanoparticles to reduce electron transport distance to 5–10 nm, which is one of the shortest among reports. At the mesoscale, we design a percolating three-dimensional porous carbon nanotube (CNT) network to enable fast pathways for both electrons and ions. The resulting spongelike material, FeOF/TiO2@CNT, substantially enhances the kinetics of the conversion reaction in FeOF, boosts extra lithium storage capacity, and reduces the voltage hysteresis. Steady cycling over 300 cycles is achieved at a high mass loading of 8.7 mg cm–2(FeOF/TiO2) (1.74 mAh cm–2). Such areal capacity of lithium storage is significantly higher than previously reported iron fluorides-based structures, a significant step forward toward the development of low-cost metal fluoride electrodes.

Malignant melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer with a high metastatic and mortality rate. Owing to genetic alterations, melanoma cells are resistant to apoptosis induction, which reduces the efficacy of most adjuvant systemic anticancer treatments in clinical. Here, a noninvasive strategy for anti‐melanoma immunotherapy based on a manganese‐coordinated nanomedicine is provided. Supplemented with photoirradiation, photon‐mediated reactive oxygen species generation by photosensitizer chlorin e6 initiates photon‐controlled pyroptosis activation (PhotoPyro) and promotes antitumor immunity. Simultaneously, photoirradiation‐triggered double‐stranded DNA generation in the cytosol would activate the Mn2+‐sensitized cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS)‐stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, which further augment the PhotoPyro‐induced immune response. The syngeneic effect of these immunostimulatory pathways significantly benefits dendritic cell maturation by damage‐associated molecular patterns and proinflammatory cytokines secretion, thereby activating T cells and remarkably eliciting a systemic antitumor immune response to inhibiting both primary and distant tumor growth. Collaboratively, the photoirradiation‐triggered PhotoPyro and cGAS‐STING pathway activation by nanomedicine administration could enhance the antitumor capacity of immunotherapy and serve as a promising strategy for melanoma treatment. Supplemented with photoirradiation, the manganese‐coordinated nanomedicine induces reactive oxygen species generation and initiates photon‐controlled pyroptosis activation (PhotoPyro) to promote antitumor immunity. Simultaneously, photoirradiation activates the Mn2+‐sensitized cyclic GMP–AMP synthase‐stimulator of interferon genes pathway, which further augments the PhotoPyro‐induced immune response. The syngeneic effect benefits dendritic cell maturation and elicits a systemic antitumor immune response to inhibit melanoma.

Owing to the great importance of zeolite Y in industrial catalysis, the adsorption equilibrium and diffusion of toluene on a series of steaming and acid leaching Y zeolites were investigated to obtain an insight into the effects of secondary mesoporosity and surface acidity in the Y zeolites on the adsorption and diffusion properties. The adsorption isotherms of toluene on the treated Y zeolites can be fitted favorably by the dual-site Toth model relative to the single-site Toth model of the initial micropore Y zeolite. The temperature-dependent parameters including maximum adsorbed amount qs, affinity constant b, isosteric heat of adsorption Q, Henry’s constant KH, and initial heat of adsorption Qstwere discussed in terms of the microporosity, mesoporosity, and acidic site density, revealing the enhancement of the adsorbed amount and the weakening of the toluene–zeolite interaction of the Y zeolite after steam–acid treatment. The diffusion of toluene on the Y zeolite was examined by means of desorption curves from the zero-length column chromatography technique. The correlation of the effective diffusion time constant Deff/R2and the activation energy Eawith meso-/microporosity and acidic site density reveals that the diffusion is improved with the decreasing strength of the interaction between toluene and zeolite and the increasing meso-/microporosity in the Y zeolite.

Exploring the interaction between black phosphorus (BP)-based hybrid systems and target proteins is of great significance for understanding the biological effects of 2D nanomaterials at the molecular level. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that different terminal groups of the azobenzene (AB) motif in BP@AB hybrids can affect the extent of interfacial charge transfer between the BP sheet and AB-derivatives, which determines the electrostatic interaction with proteins and hence biofunctions of BP@AB hybrids. With the advantage of AB modification, BP@AB hybrids displayed antitumor effects and induced production of cellular reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in cancer cells. Through the proteomics profiling, cellular ribosome and lipid metabolic processes were screened out as the target pathways of the BP@AB-NH2in HeLa cells, while the BP@AB-S-S-AB system mainly targets the ERBB and PPAR signaling pathways. Molecular docking simulations revealed that due to the positive charge, ribosomal pathway proteins enriched in negatively charged amino acids such as lysine and arginine are preferentially adsorbed and bound by BP@AB-NH2hybrids. Whereas for BP@AB-S-S-AB, receptors containing narrow and long pocket domains are more likely to bind with BP@AB-S-S-AB by van der Waals forces for the rod-like hybrids. Different biomolecule targeting and action modes of BP@AB hybrids have been rationalized by different electrostatic environments and matching of geometric configurations, shedding insight for designing efficient and targeted modification of a 2D nanomaterial-based strategy for cancer therapy.

A unified modular synthetic strategy has been developed for the first total synthesis of dictyodendrins G and synthesis of dictyodendrin F, H and I in 11 steps. The synthesis features consecutive functionalization of the core aminoquinone by palladium-mediated Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction, 1,4-addition, acylation and base mediated formation of a pyrrolinone, and the formation of carbazolequinone moiety through a formal [3 + 2] cycloaddition using arynes generated in situ. Several dictyodendrin analogues were also synthesized using this strategy.

Microseismic (MS) events generated during coal and rock hydraulic fracturing (HF) include wet events caused by fracturing fluid injection, in addition to dry events caused by stress perturbations. The mixture of these two events makes effective fracturing MS events pickup difficult. This study is based on physical experiments of different coal and rock HF and uniaxial compression. The differences of waveform characteristic parameters of various coal and rock ruptures were analyzed using the Hilbert–Huang transform, leading to some useful conclusions. The phase characteristics of the acoustic emission (AE) energy differed significantly and responded well to the pumping pressure curve. The AE waveforms of HF exhibit similar energy and frequency distribution characteristics after Empirical mode decomposition. The main frequency bands for coal, sandstone, and shale samples are 100–300 kHz, while the mudstone sample is in the range of 50–150 kHz. The decay ratios for coal, sandstone, shale and mudstone samples are 0.78, 0.83, 0.67 and 0.85, respectively. When compared to the uniaxial compression test, the main frequency bands of HF were reduced for coal, sandstone and mudstone samples, whereas shale remained essentially unchanged. The duration, instantaneous energy, and total energy of the HF waveform are smaller than those of uniaxial compression, while the decay ratio is greater, especially for the mudstone samples. The waveform characteristic parameters, trained using the multilayer perceptron neural network, can effectively identify HF and uniaxial compression events with an accuracy of 96%.

In a variety of fields such as exploitation of geothermal energy and the reconstruction of nuclear waste storage, both of high-temperature and cooling process change the physical and mechanical properties of granite. Uniaxial compression tests were performed on five groups of granite samples at 25 °C, 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C and 800 °C after water cooling, and CT scanning, acoustic emission(AE) monitoring and X-ray diffraction(XRD) scanning were used to investigate the structure properties and failure characteristics of granite. It is found that the proportions of pore volume greater than 106μm3and less than 105μm3with are positively and negatively correlated with the thermal treatment temperature respectively. The mechanical properties of granite are significantly deteriorated by temperature gradient shock, and crack development scale during failure process overall increases as implied by AE response. The failure intensity index ηis proposed to characterize the failure severity of granite, and the value of ηdescends with the increase of thermal treatment temperature, indicating the failure severity of granite is alleviated. Three types of loading failure mode are classified for water-cooled high-temperature granite. The failure mode of granite at 200 °C and 600 °C is tensile failure and tensile-shear failure respectively, while the granite samples are dominated by shear failure at 25 °C, 400 °C and 800 °C.

Cancer cells outcompete tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs) for glucose uptake, manipulating a glucose-deprived tumor microenvironment (TME) with high accumulation of lactate, which impairs CD8+TIL effector function, however supports the immune suppression of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Aerobic glycolysis inhibition coupled with mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer cells may reprogram TME to destabilize Tregcells and, more importantly, facilitate CD8+T cell activation and cytotoxic killing. Here, a sono-metabolic cancer therapy via hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified metal-phenolic nanomedicine (HPP-Ca@GSK) is proposed to accomplish the aforementioned goals. Abrogating lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) by delivering GSK2837808A (GSK, LDHA inhibitor) successfully suppresses aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells and creates high-glucose, low-lactate conditions, satisfying the glucose nutrition required by CD8+TILs but destabilizing Tregcells. Meanwhile, depending on ultrasound-mediated oxidative stress, more than 3-fold of calcium (from HPP-Ca@GSK) is mitochondrion-overloaded, amplifying mitochondrial dysfunction and promoting the cancer cellular release of damage-associated molecular patterns for more CD8+T cell activation and tumor infiltration. In vitroand in vivostudies demonstrate that HPP-Ca@GSK-based sono-metabolic treatment exhibits impressive anticancer activity. Cooperating with anticytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4 antibodies for enhanced Tregcell destabilization further improves therapeutic efficacy. These findings provide a metabolic intervention strategy for cancer immunotherapy.

As an efficient lignocellulose fractionation process, peracetic acid and maleic acid (PAM) pretreatment is integrated into a multi-product platform for the simultaneous manufacture of cellulose, lignin, and xylose. Employing such strategy, 100 g corn stover (dry basis) yielded 39.63 g cellulose-rich solids along with 11.88 g xylose and 12.00 g lignin recovered from the pretreatment liquor. The recovery of xylose and lignin was assessed with various organic solvents, of which 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) showed superior performance, giving high lignin yield (75.23%) and xylose yield (67.32%). The recovered lignin (2-MeTHF-L) was characterized by high purity, relatively low molecular weight, and large numbers of carboxyl group. Besides, 2D-HSQC NMR analysis revealed that the 2-MeTHF-L was esterified with maleic acid during PAM pretreatment, partly responsible for its enhanced antioxidant ability. This strategy maximizes feedstock utilization and improves the processability in downstream valorization, offering a prospect for sustainable and efficient biorefineries.

The sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumL.) rotation is an intensive and new cropping system in Central China. Nutrient management practices in this rotation system may influence soil fertility, the important aspects of which are soil biological properties and quality. As sensitive soil biological properties and quality indicators, soil microbial community activity, microbial biomass, enzyme activities, soil organic matter (SOM) and total N resulting from different fertilization regimes in this rotation system were studied through a four-year field experiment from April 2005 to May 2009. Treatments included control (CK), fertilizer phosphorus and potassium (PK), fertilizer nitrogen and potassium (NK), fertilizer nitrogen and phosphorus (NP) and a fertilizer nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium combination (NPK). Soil microbial community activities in the NK, NP and NPK treatments were significantly lower than those in the CK and PK treatments after the sudangrass and ryegrass trial. The highest microbial biomass C, microbial biomass N, SOM, total N, sucrase and urease activities were found in the NPK treatment, and these soil quality indicators were significantly higher in the NK, NP and NPK treatments than in the PK and CK treatments. Soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities were positively associated with SOM in the sudangrass and ryegrass rotation system, indicating that fertilization regimes, especially N application, reduced microbial community activity in the soil. Proper fertilization regimes will increase microbial biomass, enzyme activity and SOM and improve soil fertility.

Image, graphical abstract

Herein, dual‐functional nonvolatile and volatile memory occurrence in memristor based on oxide heterostructures is shown. The chemical composition of material is investigated and electrical measurements are performed to indicate the resistive switching stability under consecutive voltage sweep. The device shows robust nonvolatile memory switching (greater than 105sweep cycles) and self‐compliant volatile threshold switching (approximately 105nonlinearity) functions. Moreover, the underlying mechanism of the phenomenon is investigated to uncover how the two resistive switching modes happen. This work can provide a reference toward the design of dual‐functional memristors based on oxide heterostructures. Dual‐functional nonvolatile and volatile resistive memories is produced. The devices demonstrates robust nonvolatile memory switching and self‐compliant volatile threshold switching functions. A unified switching model is drawn according to the conductive filaments state under the combined action of the electric field and Joule heat. This work can provide a reference toward the design of dual‐functional memristors.

An efficient modified QuEChERS method combined with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detection (HPLC-MS/MS) was established and evaluated for the residue analysis of thifluzamide in rice grain, husk, straw, seedling, paddy water, and soil. Thifluzamide residues were extracted with acetonitrile, cleaned up with primary secondary amine (PSA), and then determined by HPLC-MS/MS. The fortified recoveries were 76%–106% with RSDs of 3%–13%. The results of the supervised field trials at two experiment sites showed that thifluzamide dissipated rapidly in paddy fields, and the half-lives in paddy water, soil, and rice seedling were 0.3–0.6 d, 1.8–3.6 d, and 4.3–13.9 d, respectively. At harvest time, when the preharvest interval (PHI) was set as 21 d, the final residues of thifluzamide in rice grains were below the maximum residue limit (MRL) of 0.5 mg/kg set by Japan, whereas the final residues in rice husk and straw were still high (the highest value reached 1.36 mg/kg in rice husk and 0.83 mg/kg in rice straw). The results indicated that the highest residue in rice grain was 0.23 mg/kg when PHI was 21 d, and only 6.9–11.0% of acute risk quotient of thifluzamide was occupied by the dietary daily intake in Chinese population consuming rice.