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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) within cells proves exceptionally challenging to eradicate using conventional antimicrobials, resulting in recurring infections and heightened resistance. Herein, we reported an innovative mannosylated lipid-coated photodynamic/photothermal calcium phosphate nanoparticle (MAN-LCaP@ICG) for eradicating intracellular MRSA. The MAN-LCaP functioned as the vehicle for drug delivery, exhibiting preferential uptake by macrophages and facilitating the transport of ICG to intracellular pathogens. The MAN units integrated into MAN-LCaP@ICG could promote binding with MAN residuals on macrophage cells, as evidenced by cellular uptake assays using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Following its targeted accumulation, MAN-LCaP@ICG could enter into the cytoplasm and efficiently eradicate intracellular MRSA by a combination of the lysosome escape capability of CaP and the photodynamic and photothermal therapeutic effects of ICG. Furthermore, MAN-LCaP@ICG could kill MRSA more effectively than LCaP@ICG without MAN units or free ICG in a mouse peritoneal infection model. Therefore, MAN-LCaP@ICG provided a promising direction for human clinical application in combating intracellular infections.

Exploring methods to achieve high thermal stability in phosphors is of great significance for their applications in high-temperature fields. Currently, energy transfer (ET) from the host to activator lanthanide ions (Ln3+) is an effective approach to improving the antithermal quenching of phosphors. In this contribution, LaNbO4(LNO) with efficient blue emission is used as the host to construct the host–Ln3+dual-emitting LNO/Ln3+(Eu3+/Sm3+/Pr3+) phosphor system, and the ET efficiency under thermal activation is investigated. Experimental results indicate that as the temperature rises, the ET efficiency from the LNO host to activator Ln3+increases, resulting in completely opposite luminescent thermal responses between the LNO host and activator Ln3+. That is, the emission of the LNO host undergoes thermal quenching, while the emission of activator Ln3+exhibits antithermal quenching, where the integrated luminescence intensity at 498 K is 2.50–3.73 times that at 298 K. Therefore, based on the differing luminescent thermal response trends of the emission peaks of the phosphors, a dual-mode optical temperature sensing system can be designed using fluorescence intensity ratio and fluorescence color change, achieving high relative sensitivity. Thus, this work provides new insights into the design of host ET phosphors and their applications in optical temperature sensing.

Lomefloxacin hydrochloride (LMFX) and sodium salicylate (SS) are important targets for real-time detection due to their widespread uses in daily life; accurate and portable monitoring of LMFX and SS is crucial for human health concerns accordingly. Developing a precise and smart platform for determination of the above analytes remains a significant challenge. Herein, a high-sensitivity platform incorporating a luminescence electrospinning film, self-designed smart-phone app, and portable 3D printing device has been developed to identify LMFX and SS. In this work, two heterometallic coordination polymers with two-dimensional layer structures have been synthesized based on 2,2′-oxidiacetic acid ligand (H2oda), namely, [LnPb(oda)2(CH3COO)]n[Ln = Eu (IMU-1); Tb (IMU-2)]. IMU-1and IMU-2were ratio-dependent luminescence probes, which could selectively and sensitively sense with LMFX and SS, respectively. Additionally, the synthesized electrospinning films incorporating IMU-1and IMU-2were employed to identify LMFX and SS. Both films could rapidly photograph and color-capture through a portable 3D printing device, along with a self-designed smart-phone app that enabled convenient and quick determination of the concentrations of the above analytes. Remarkably, the mechanism exploration indicated that electron transfer from ligands to analytes affected the antenna effect and further utilized the intrinsic luminescence of analytes along with the luminescence quenching of Ln3+ions. Furthermore, a strategy for constructing ratio-based fluorescent probes by exploiting the luminescence of analytes and Ln3+ions in host coordination polymers is proposed. This work provides a new insight by combining luminescence probes, portable devices, and a smart-phone app for real-time detection of drugs and food additives.

Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a prevalent genetic disorder that significantly impairs mobility, particularly in the spine, sacroiliac, and peripheral joints. Recent evidence highlights early involvement of the sternoclavicular joint in SpA, which may serve as an initial indicator. Diagnosis often relies on CT and MRI, neglecting ultrasound's potential in identifying SpA‐related sternoclavicular arthritis. This review focuses on the joint's anatomy, exploring ultrasound's diagnostic and therapeutic role in SpA‐related sternoclavicular arthritis, aiming to provide insights for future ultrasound applications in SpA management.

Effect of ingredients addition amounts on the dough printing quality were examined.

In this paper, the pth moment asymptotic stability (PMAS) problem is investigated for stochastic complex networked control systems driven by Lévy noise (SCNCSL). Based on the node systems of SCNCSL, we construct a new Lyapunov function. Several sufficient criteria are obtained to ensure the PMAS of SCNCSL. These criteria are closely related to each node system and coupling form function of SCNCSL. Stability criteria for a class of SCNCSL with linear functions are also provided. In addition, we provide a specific system model of SCNCSL and obtain its numerical stability conditions. Ultimately, three numerical examples are put forward to show the availability of the theoretical results.

The incompatibility of ether electrolytes with a cathode dramatically limits its application in high-voltage Li metal batteries. Herein, we report a new highly concentrated binary salt ether-based electrolyte (HCBE, 1.25 M LiTFSI + 2.5 M LiFSI in DME) that enables stable cycling of high-voltage lithium metal batteries with the Ni-rich (NCM83, LiNi0.83Co0.12Mn0.05O2) cathode. Experimental characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the special solvation structure in HCBE. A solvation structure rich in aggregates (AGGs) can effectively broaden the electrochemical window of the ether electrolyte. The anions in HCBE preferentially decompose under high voltage, forming a CEI film rich in inorganic components to protect the electrolyte from degradation. Thus, the high-energy-density Li||NCM83 cell has a capacity retention of ≈95% after 150 cycles. Significantly, the cells in HCBE have a high and stable average Coulombic efficiency of over 99.9%, much larger than that of 1 M LiPF6+ EC + EMC + DMC (99%). The result emphasizes that the anionic-driven formation of a cathode electrolyte interface (CEI) can reduce the number of interface side reactions and effectively protect the cathode. Furthermore, the Coulombic efficiency of Li||Cu using the HCBE is 98.5%, underscoring the advantages of using ether-based electrolytes. This work offers novel insights and approaches for the design of high-performance electrolytes for lithium metal batteries.

Prussian blue analogue (PBA)/metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are multifunctional precursors for the synthesis of metal/metal compounds, carbon, and their derived composites (P/MDCs) in chemical, medical, energy, and other applications. P/MDCs combine the advantages of both the high specific surface area of PBA/MOF and the electronic conductivity of metal compound/carbon. Although the calcination under different atmospheres has been extensively studied, the transformation mechanism of PBA/MOF under hydrothermal conditions remains unclear. The qualitative preparation of P/MDCs in hydrothermal conditions remains a challenge. Here, we select PBA to construct a machine-learning model and measure its hydrothermal phase diagram. The architecture–activity relationship of substances among nine parameters was analyzed for the hydrothermal phase transformation of PBA. Excitingly, we established a universal qualitative model to accurately fabricate 31 PBA derivates. Additionally, we performed three-dimensional reconstructed transmission electron microscopy, X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, in situ X-ray powder diffraction, and theoretical calculation to analyze the advantages of hydrothermal derivatives in the oxygen evolution reaction and clarify their reaction mechanisms. We uncover the unified principles of the hydrothermal phase transformation of PBA, and we expect to guide the design for a wide range of composites.

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) combined with a high-voltage nickel-rich cathode show great potential in meeting the growing need for high energy density. The lack of advanced electrolytes has been a major obstacle in the commercialization of high-voltage lithium metal batteries (LMBs), as these electrolytes need to effectively support both a stable lithium metal anode (LMA) and a high-voltage cathode (>4 V vs Li+/Li). In this work, by extending the two terminal methyl groups in DIGDME and TEGDME to n-butyl groups, we design a new weakly solvating electrolyte (2 M LIFSI+TEGDBE) that enables the stable cycling of NMC83 (LiNi0.83Co0.12Mn0.05O2) cathodes. The NMC83 cell exhibits a high and stable Coulombic efficiency (CE) of over 99%, as well as capacity retention of approximately 99.8% after 100 cycles at 0.3 C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis (XPS) and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images revealed that the anion species decomposed first, resulting in the formation of a cathode–electrolyte interface (CEI) film predominantly consisting of decomposition products from the anions on the positive electrode surface. This work links the functional group of solvents with the solvation structure and electrochemical performance of ether-based electrolytes, providing a distinctive sight to design advanced electrolytes for high-energy-density LMBs.

Endometrial carcinoma remains a public health concern with a growing incidence, particularly in younger women. Preserving fertility is a crucial consideration in the management of early-onset endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (EEEC), particularly in patients under 40 who maintain both reproductive desire and capacity. To illuminate the molecular characteristics of EEEC, we undertook a large-scale multi-omics study of 215 patients with endometrial carcinoma, including 81 with EEEC. We reveal an unexpected association between exposome-related mutational signature and EEEC, characterized by specific CTNNB1and SIGLEC10hotspot mutations and disruption of downstream pathways. Interestingly, SIGLEC10Q144Kmutation in EEECs resulted in aberrant SIGLEC-10 protein expression and promoted progestin resistance by interacting with estrogen receptor alpha. We also identified potential protein biomarkers for progestin response in fertility-sparing treatment for EEEC. Collectively, our study establishes a proteogenomic resource of EEECs, uncovering the interactions between exposome and genomic susceptibilities that contribute to the development of primary prevention and early detection strategies for EEECs.

Conservation programs require rigorous evaluation to ensure the preservation of genetic diversity and viability of conservation populations. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of two indigenous Chinese chicken breeds, Gushi and Xichuan black-bone, using whole-genome SNPs to understand their genetic diversity, track changes over time and population structure. The breeds were divided into five conservation populations (GS1, 2010, ex-situ; GS2, 2019, ex-situ; GS3, 2019, in-situ; XB1, 2010, in-situ; and XB2, 2019, in-situ) based on conservation methods and generations. The genetic diversity indices of three conservation populations of Gushi chicken showed consistent trends, with the GS3 population under in-situstrategy having the highest diversity and GS2 under ex-situstrategy having the lowest. The degree of inbreeding of GS2 was higher than that of GS1 and GS3. Conserved populations of Xichuan black-bone chicken showed no obvious changes in genetic diversity between XB1 and XB2. In terms of population structure, the GS3 population were stratified relative to GS1 and GS2. According to the conservation priority, GS3 had the highest contribution to the total gene and allelic diversity in GS breed, whereas the contribution of XB1 and XB2 were similar. We also observed that the genetic diversity of GS2 was lower than GS3, which were from the same generation but under different conservation programs (in-situand ex-situ). While XB1 and XB2 had similar levels of genetic diversity. Overall, our findings suggested that the conservation programs performed in ex-situcould slow down the occurrence of inbreeding events, but could not entirely prevent the loss of genetic diversity when the conserved population size was small, while in-situconservation populations with large population size could maintain a relative high level of genetic diversity.

Ferroptosis is a novel type of nonapoptotic programmed cell death involving the accumulation of lipid peroxidation (LPO) to a lethal threshold. Herein, we propose tunable zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIFs)-engineered biodegradable nanozymes for ferroptosis mediated by both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS). l-Arginine is utilized as an exogenous nitric oxide donor and loaded into hollow ZIFs@MnO2artificial nanozymes, which are formed by etching ZIFs with potassium permanganate and simultaneously generating a MnO2shell in situ. The constructed nanozymes with multienzyme-like activities including peroxidase, oxidase, and catalase can release satisfactory ROS and RNS through a cascade reaction, consequently promoting the accumulation of LPO. Furthermore, it can improve the efficiency of ferroptosis through a three-step strategy of glutathione (GSH) depletion; that is, the outer MnO2layer consumes GSH under slightly acidic conditions and RNS downregulates SLC7A11 and glutathione reductase, thus directly inhibiting GSH biosynthesis and indirectly preventing GSH regeneration.

In this letter, we introduce an accurate group delay estimator and two high-resolution time-frequency analysis methods to characterize fast frequency-varying signals. Firstly, we explore the limitations of time-reassigned synchrosqueezing wavelet transform and its multi-synchrosqueezing case in dealing with fast frequency-varying signals. Secondly, we present Newton group delay estimator based on wavelet transform properties and Newton's method. Based on this, we introduce the Newton time-reassigned synchrosqueezing wavelet transform, which improves the readability of the time-frequency representation, by reassigning the wavelet transform coefficients into the group delay trajectories along the time direction, and further derive its reconstruction formula. Moreover, we propose Newton time-reassigned multi-synchrosqueezing wavelet transform by multiple squeezing operations, which can achieve a more concentrated time-frequency representation and accurate signal reconstruction. Finally, we employ synthetic and real signals to verify the effectiveness of the proposed methods on the time-frequency energy concentration, group delay estimation and signal reconstruction.

Biofilms pose significant threats to public health by causing persistent clinical infections. The development of innovative antibacterial approaches for eliminating biofilms is an urgent necessity. In this study, we developed amphiphilic Janus nanoparticles (JNPs), loaded with hydrophobic chlorin e6 (Ce6) and hydrophilic S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), denoted as Ce6–PDA/CaP–GSNO, with the aim to effectively eradicate biofilms and combat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) infections through nitric oxide (NO) synergistic photodynamic therapy (PDT). Ce6–PDA/CaP–GSNO demonstrated remarkable biofilm penetration ability, efficiently reaching the acidic inner layers, which triggered the rapid release of GSNO, resulting in the generation of an abundant supply of NO. NO not only exhibited potent bactericidal activity but also effectively lowered the GSH level of the biofilm, leading to enhanced efficacy of Ce6. Additionally, the interaction between NO and reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulted in the generation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), further enhancing PDT efficacy both in vitroand in vivo. In summary, Ce6–PDA/CaP–GSNO demonstrated remarkable biofilm penetration capacity and effective reduction of the GSH level in the biofilms, leading to enhanced PDT efficacy at low photosensitizer doses and laser intensities, thereby minimizing adverse effects on normal tissues. These findings highlight the promising potential of our approach for combating biofilm-related infections.

Background: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a major barrier to sustainable human development and is associated with various modifiable risk factors. The aim of this study was to estimate the IHD burden attributable to 18 risk factors in Nanjing adults from eastern China between 2011 to 2017. Methods: Data were collected from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. We conducted a comparative risk assessment analysis to estimate the IHD mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to one environmental, three behavioral, four metabolic, and 11 dietary risk factors in 2011 and 2017. The average exposure distributions were obtained from a systematic search of multiple databases. The means and 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated and reported for IHD deaths, DALYs, and attributable to risk from 2011 and 2017. Results: The total IHD deaths in all ages increased between 2011 and 2017 in Nanjing, from 1747 (95%UI 1123–2371) to 2432 (95%UI 1839–3025) in men and 1866 (95%UI 1282–2450) to 2267 (95%UI 1702–2832) in women. IHD deaths accounted for 11.5% of all deaths in 2017, ranking only next to stroke (21.9%). Conversely, the age-standardized death rate of IHD decreased from 95.35 (95% UI 91.29–99.41) to 75.94 (95%UI 72.59–79.30) per 100,000 persons in men and from 79.85 (95%UI 76.11–83.59) to 56.10 (95%UI 53.26–58.94) per 100,000 persons in women. The four leading IHD risk factors for both mortality and DALY rates in 2017 were high systolic BP, high LDL-C, diet high in sodium, and diet low in fruits. Conclusions: Population growth and aging led to a steady increase in IHD burden from 2011 to 2017. Dietary, behavioral, metabolic, and environmental risk factors account for most of the IHD burden, highlighting many opportunities for prevention.

This article introduces a millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication system with a concomitant multifold orthogonal beamforming (CMOB) antenna array to support vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications. Through a single feed, the antenna triggers the TE011 and TE101 modes within the cavity, encompassing dual bands. Concurrently, it integrates slotted elements on various surfaces of the cavity to generate antenna beams distinguished by their orthogonal characteristics. A full-metal cavity provides high power handling capabilities without the need for complex feeding networks. For a 1×4 antenna array, we have employed three different designs: dual orthogonal beams, triple orthogonal beams, and quadruple orthogonal beams. This process is carried out to assess the viability of the designs and to fine-tune the shape of the quadruple orthogonal beams through optimization. Subsequently, a 1×4 antenna array featuring quadruple orthogonal beams is constructed and subjected to measurement. The gains of the array's orthogonal beams are 9.828 dBi and 9.655 dBi, which demonstrates a close correspondence with the simulated outcomes. This serves to affirm the practicality of the design approach.

In order to design the wideband patch antenna, a hybrid method based on the artificial neural network (ANN) and the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm is proposed in this communication. The ANN is employed to describe the nonlinear relationship between the geometric parameters and the $S$ -parameters of the antenna. The ANN is trained by the dataset obtained from the high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS). More importantly, the dataset is divided into three groups according to their own characteristics so that the ANN can be trained faster and better. The SA is employed to broaden the bandwidth of the patch antenna with the required center frequency. Then three wideband patch antennas with different center frequencies are designed to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method. Several slots are added to the patch to achieve the wide bandwidth. The results prove that the proposed method can obtain the wideband patch antenna quickly and efficiently.

Nanoscale structures have been developed to serve various functions in cancer therapy, encompassing areas such as diagnosis, biomedical visualization, tissue regeneration, and drug delivery. Based on biocompatible chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) and gold nanorods (GNRs), we designed the drug delivery systems (GNR@polyacrylic acid-Mn@COS Janus nanoparticles (JNPs)), which achieved paclitaxel (PTX) loaded on the side of GNRs, and the PAA-Mn domain served as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. This system was found to be effectively delivered to tumor sites through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and the active target of the COS. The uniform JNPs selectively targeted cancer cells instead of normal cells through interacting with the COS on the surface of tumor cells, and the pH/NIR-responsive drug release behavior further enhanced their therapeutic effects. The in vivoeffects of JNPs against tumors were evaluated using subcutaneous and orthotopic lung metastasis models, yielding promising outcomes for both tumor diagnosis and cancer treatment. In conclusion, the obtained JNPs hold great promise as a theranostic nanoplatform with synergistic chemotherapeutic and photothermal effects.

A novel grid dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) planar array is proposed in this communication. In this design, the concept of traditional microstrip grid antenna array is applied to DRA for the first time, which greatly simplifies the complexity of the feeding network. It is noteworthy that the grid DRA array was constructed in a DR structure with a simple power divider circuit. First, a nine-element grid linearly polarized (LP) DRA planar array with simple feeding network is proposed to realize a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 10% and a peak gain of 13.7 dBi. Next, a grid circularly polarized (CP) DRA array with four proposed LP DRA elements is designed.

Severe capacity/voltage fading still poses substantial obstacles in the commercial applications of Li-rich layered oxides, which stems from the aggregation of Li2MnO3-like domains and unstable surface structure. Here, we report highly stabilized Co-free Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2with uniformly dispersed Li2MnO3-like domains and a protective rock-salt structure shell by reducing the oxygen partial pressure during high-temperature calcination. Experimental characterizations and DFT calculations reveal that the uniformly dispersed and small-sized Li2MnO3-like domains suppress the peroxidation of lattice oxygen, enabling highly reversible oxygen redox and excellent structural stability. Moreover, the induced rock-salt structure shell significantly restrains lattice oxygen release, TM dissolution, and interfacial side reactions, thereby improving the interfacial stability and facilitating Li+diffusion. Consequently, the obtained Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2which was calcinated under an oxygen partial pressure of 0.1% (LNMO-0.1) delivers a high reversible capacity of 276.5 mAh g–1at 0.1 C with superior cycling performance (a capacity retention rate of 85.4% after 300 cycles with a small voltage fading rate of 0.76 mV cycle–1) and excellent thermal stability. This work links the synthesis conditions with the domain structure and electrochemical performance of Li-rich cathode materials, providing some insights for designing high-performance Li-rich cathodes.

Nanoparticles (NPs) show great advantages in cancer treatment by enabling controlled and targeted delivery of payloads to tumor sites through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. In this study, highly effective pH-responsive and biodegradable calcium orthophosphate@liposomes (CaP@Lip) NPs with a diameter of 110 ± 20 nm were designed and fabricated. CaP@Lip NPs loaded with hydrophobic paclitaxel and hydrophilic doxorubicin hydrochloride achieved excellent drug loading efficiencies of 70 and 90%, respectively. Under physiological conditions, the obtained NPs are negatively charged. However, they switched to positively charged when exposed to weak acidic environments by which internalization can be promoted. Furthermore, the CaP@Lip NPs exhibit an obvious structural collapse under acid conditions (pH 5.5), which confirms their excellent biodegradability. The “proton expansion” effect in endosomes and the pH-responsiveness of the NPs facilitate the release of encapsulated drugs from individual channels. The effectiveness and safety of the drug delivery systems were demonstrated through in vitro and in vivo experiments, with a 76% inhibition of tumor growth. These findings highlight the high targeting ability of the drug-loaded NPs to tumor sites through the EPR effect, effectively suppressing tumor growth and metastasis. By combining CaP NPs and liposomes, this study not only resolves the toxicity of CaP but also enhances the stability of liposomes. The CaP@Lip NPs developed in this study have significant implications for biomedical applications and inspire the development of intelligent and smart drug nanocarriers and release systems for clinical use.

Radioisotope thermophotovoltaic (RTPV) generator has wide application prospects in sea, land, air, medical, electronics, and other fields. In order to better investigate the influence of alpha rays on emitters, thermophotovoltaic (TPV) cells, and other components, it is vital to find out a suitable way which can rapidly evaluate and select each of the components in TPV cells by the combination of heating and irradiation of alpha beam. In this work, a TPV cells test system, in which the tungsten emitter has been heated by the He+ ion beam experiment, has been investigated systematically. It is found that the Gaussian distribution of temperature in tungsten emitter is obtained along the radial direction under uniform distribution of He+ ion beam. The distance between emitter and TPV cells has a great effect on the radiant heat flux and temperature. The simulation results show that the TPV cells have the highest output power (~1.8 W) when the optimal distance between emitter and TPV cells is 80 mm. Moreover, as one of the prospective candidate emitters, the thermal stress of silicon carbide (SiC) emitter has also been evaluated under 400-W beam. It is feasible for He+ ion beam to rapidly evaluate and select each of components in TPV cell experiment. The work will accumulate important experience for the TPV cells test of higher electric output power and the design of RTPV generator.

The microstructure of a 3D-printed mortar was investigated in present study. To enhance the density contrast between sand and cementitious slurry, a novel leaching strategy was used as an auxiliary method, based on which the spatial dispersion of sands in 3D-printed mortar was rendered. Meanwhile, to alleviate the problem of CT’s limited resolution, X-ray attenuation method (XRAM) was introduced in this study to investigate the spatial distribution of local porosity in 3D-printed mortar. Besides, focusing on single filaments, the upper part of the filaments presented lower sand rate and higher porosity than the lower part, and the difference between the filaments located near the top of 3D-printed mortar was more significant. Finally, based on the sliding method, the interlayer width, average porosity and average sand ratio of 3D-printed mortar were estimated as 640 21.9% and 43.1%, respectively. The research results would deepen the understanding of 3D-printed concrete.

• In this paper, the bone repair without and with the presence of metallic implants is compared. • Purpose-oriented design of in vivo animal tests is proposed, the bone implants can be placed in more corrosive sites such as bone marrow and trabecular bones. • Precise design of in vitro biodegradation test to mimic the in vivo biodegradation is proposed with several simulated body fluids at different time points. The implants made of metallic biomaterials help healing the bone fracture but also affect the bone repair process. As proposed in Matter 4 (2021) 2548–2650 by Wang et al., a precisely adaptable biomaterial ought to recapitulate the targeted tissue with spatiotemporal precision and hierarchical accuracy, ranging from atoms and molecules (genes, proteins, etc.) to cells (including organelles) and to tissues and organs. In comparison to traditional bio-inert metallic bone implants such as Co-based alloys and Ti alloys, biodegradable metal (Mg and Zn alloys) bone implants had been developed and might arise many unexpected variables in the bone repair, due to their bioactive nature. In this paper, the bone repair without and with the presence of metallic implants is compared. Thereafter, the perspectives concerning the interactions between the bone tissues and biodegradable metal implants are put forward, and how to better mimic in vivo biodegradation by in vitro experiments is proposed for further research and development of biodegradable metals. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare earth elements (REEs) have been long applied in magnesium alloys, among which the mischmetal-containing WE43 alloy has already got the CE mark approval for clinical application. A considerable amount of REEs (7 wt%) is needed in that multi-phased alloy to achieve a good combination of mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. However, the high complex RE addition accompanied with multiple second phases may bring the concern of biological hazards. Single-phased Mg-RE alloys with simpler compositions were proposed to improve the overall performance, i.e., “Simpler alloy, better performance”. The single-phased microstructure can be successfully obtained with typical high-solubility REEs (Ho, Er or Lu) through traditional smelting, casting and extrusion in a wide compositional range. A good corrosion resistance with a macroscopically uniform corrosion mode was guaranteed by the homogeneously single-phased microstructure. The bimodal-grained structure with plenty of sub-grain microstructures allow us to minimize the RE addition to <1 wt%, without losing mechanical properties. The single-phased Mg-RE alloys show comparable mechanical properties to the clinically-proven Mg-based implants. They exhibited similar in-vitroand in-vivoperformances (without local or systematic toxicity in SD-rats) compared to a high purity magnesium. In addition, metal elements in our single-phased alloys can be gradually excreted through the urinary system and digestive system, showing no consistent accumulation of RE in main organs, i.e., less burden on organs. The novel concept in this study focuses on the simplification of Mg-RE based alloys for biomedical purpose, and other biodegradable metals with single-phased microstructures are expected to be explored.

Data-driven science and technology offer transformative tools and methods to science. This review article highlights the latest development and progress in the interdisciplinary field of data-driven plasma science (DDPS), i.e., plasma science whose progress is driven strongly by data and data analyses. Plasma is considered to be the most ubiquitous form of observable matter in the universe. Data associated with plasmas can, therefore, cover extremely large spatial and temporal scales, and often provide essential information for other scientific disciplines. Thanks to the latest technological developments, plasma experiments, observations, and computation now produce a large amount of data that can no longer be analyzed or interpreted manually. This trend now necessitates a highly sophisticated use of high-performance computers for data analyses, making artificial intelligence and machine learning vital components of DDPS. This article contains seven primary sections, in addition to the introduction and summary. Following an overview of fundamental data-driven science, five other sections cover widely studied topics of plasma science and technologies, i.e., basic plasma physics and laboratory experiments, magnetic confinement fusion, inertial confinement fusion and high-energy-density physics, space and astronomical plasmas, and plasma technologies for industrial and other applications. The final Section before the summary discusses plasma-related databases that could significantly contribute to DDPS. Each primary Section starts with a brief introduction to the topic, discusses the state-of-the-art developments in the use of data and/or data-scientific approaches, and presents the summary and outlook. Despite the recent impressive signs of progress, the DDPS is still in its infancy. This article attempts to offer a broad perspective on the development of this field and identify where further innovations are required.