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Volumetric muscle loss (VML) frequently results from traumatic incidents and can lead to severe functional disabilities. Hydrogels have been widely employed for VML tissue regeneration, which are unfortunately ineffective because of the lack of intimate contact with injured tissue for structural and mechanical support. Adhesive hydrogels allow for strong tissue connections for wound closure. Nevertheless, conventional adhesive hydrogels exhibit poor tissue adhesion in moist, bleeding wounds due to the hydration layer at the tissue–hydrogel interfaces, resulting in insufficient performance. In this study, we developed a novel, biocompatible, wet tissue adhesive powder hydrogel consisting of dextran-aldehyde (dex-ald) and gelatin for the regeneration of VML. This powder absorbs the interfacial tissue fluid and buffer solution on the tissue, spontaneously forms a hydrogel, and strongly adheres to the tissue via various molecular interactions, including the Schiff base reaction. In particular, the powder composition with a 1:4 ratio of dex-ald to gelatin exhibited optimal characteristics with an appropriate gelation time (258 s), strong tissue adhesion (14.5 kPa), and stability. Dex-ald/gelatin powder hydrogels presented strong adhesion to various organs and excellent hemostasis compared to other wet hydrogels and fibrin glue. A mouse VML injury model revealed that the dex-ald/gelatin powder hydrogel significantly improved muscle regeneration, reduced fibrosis, enhanced vascularization, and decreased inflammation. Consequently, our wet-adhesive powder hydrogel can serve as an effective platform for repairing various tissues, including the heart, muscle, and nerve tissues.

DNA origami-based templates have been widely used to fabricate chiral plasmonic metamaterials due to their precise control of the placement of nanoparticles (NPs) in a desired configuration. However, achieving various chiroptical responses inevitably requires a change in the structure of DNA origami-based templates or binding sites on them, leading to the use of significantly different sets of DNA strands. Here, we propose an approach to controlling various chiroptical responses with a single DNA origami design using its chemo-mechanical deformation induced by DNA intercalators. The chiroptical response could be finely tuned by altering the concentration of intercalators only. The silver (Ag) enhancement was used to amplify the chiroptical signal by enlarging NPs and to maintain it by stiffening the template DNA structure. Furthermore, the sensitivity in the chiroptical signal change to the concentration of intercalators could be modulated by the type of intercalator, the mixture of two intercalators, and the stiffness of DNA origami structures. This approach would be useful in a variety of optical applications that require programmed spatial modification of chiroptical responses.

Astrictive-type grippers, which generate gripping forces from adhesive forces at the contact surface, such as suction cup, are popular end-effectors as picking solutions because of their simplicity and small working space. However, the adhesive force of the astrictive gripper decreases with increasing complexity of the object surface; thus, its application has been restricted to simple picking of objects with a flat surface. Here, in this article, we present an all-round honeycomb astrictive gripper that has an orthotropic surface tension for grasping highly irregular shaped objects with an uneven surface. The design is inspired by mimicking the two-level (macro- and mesoscale) shape adaptation of the octopus's leg. The stiffness-variable structure is also consisted to change its stiffness similar to the function of octopus's leg, and owing to the combination of these structures makes possible to perform various tasks, including hammering, breakfast serving, and vaccination, which were not possible for previous astrictive gripper.

Although charge-converting nanoparticles (NPs) potentially penetrate tumours deeply, conventional charge conversion strategies possess limitations, including low selectivity and slow, inconsistent conversion rate within the tumour microenvironment. In this study, we synthesized a zwitterionic near-infrared cyclodextrin derivative of heptamethine cyanine and complexed it with pheophorbide-conjugated ferrocene to produce multifunctional theranostic nanotherapeutics. Our NPs demonstrated enhanced tumour-targeting ability, enabling the highly specific imaging of rectal tumours, with tumour-to-rectum signal ratios reaching up to 7.8. The zwitterionic surface charge of the NPs was rapidly converted to a cationic charge within the tumours on 880 nm near-infrared laser irradiation, promoting the tumoural penetration of NPs via transcytosis. After penetration, photodynamic/chemodynamic therapy was initiated using a 660 nm laser. Our NPs eradicated clinically relevant-sized heterotopic tumours (~250 mm3) and orthotopic rectal tumours, displaying their potential as theranostic nanoplatforms for targeting rectal cancer.

Unlike proteins, which have a wealth of validated structural data, experimentally or computationally validated DNA origami datasets are limited. Here we present a graph neural network that can predict the three-dimensional conformation of DNA origami assemblies both rapidly and accurately. We develop a hybrid data-driven and physics-informed approach for model training, designed to minimize not only the data-driven loss but also the physics-informed loss. By employing an ensemble strategy, the model can successfully infer the shape of monomeric DNA origami structures almost in real time. Further refinement of the model in an unsupervised manner enables the analysis of supramolecular assemblies consisting of tens to hundreds of DNA blocks. The proposed model enables an automated inverse design of DNA origami structures for given target shapes. Our approach facilitates the real-time virtual prototyping of DNA origami, broadening its design space.

The infarcted heart undergoes irreversible pathological remodeling after reperfusion involving left ventricle dilation and excessive inflammatory reactions in the infarcted heart, frequently leading to fatal functional damage. Extensive attempts have been made to attenuate pathological remodeling in infarcted hearts using cardiac patches and anti-inflammatory drug delivery. In this study, we developed a paintable and adhesive hydrogel patch using dextran-aldehyde (dex-ald) and gelatin, incorporating the anti-inflammatory protein, ANGPTL4, into the hydrogel for sustained release directly to the infarcted heart to alleviate inflammation. We optimized the material composition, including polymer concentration and molecular weight, to achieve a paintable, adhesive hydrogel using 10% gelatin and 5% dex-ald, which displayed in-situ gel formation within 135 s, cardiac tissue-like modulus (40.5 kPa), suitable tissue adhesiveness (4.3 kPa), and excellent mechanical stability. ANGPTL4 was continuously released from the gelatin/dex-ald hydrogel without substantial burst release. The gelatin/dex-ald hydrogel could be conveniently painted onto the beating heart and degraded in vivo. Moreover, in vivo studies using animal models of acute myocardial infarction revealed that our hydrogel cardiac patch containing ANGPTL4 significantly improved heart tissue repair, evaluated by echocardiography and histological evaluation. The heart tissues treated with ANGPTL4-loaded hydrogel patches exhibited increased vascularization, reduced inflammatory macrophages, and structural maturation of cardiac cells. Our novel hydrogel system, which allows for facile paintability, appropriate tissue adhesiveness, and sustained release of anti-inflammatory drugs, will serve as an effective platform for the repair of various tissues, including heart, muscle, and cartilage.

We report six moth species in six families (Lypusidae, Sesiidae, Zygaenidae, Pyralidae, Noctuidae, and Geometridae) that are unrecorded or doubtfully known from Korea. We provide taxonomic information, description, and figures of male and female genitalia if possible.

Although cyclodextrin-based renal-clearable nanocarriers have a high potential for clinical translation in targeted cancer therapy, their designs remain to be optimized for tumour retention. Here we report on the design of a tailored structure for renal-clearable zwitterionic cyclodextrin for colorectal cancer-selective drug delivery. Twenty cyclodextrin derivatives with different charged moieties and spacers are synthesized and screened for colloidal stability. The resulting five candidates are evaluated for biodistribution and an optimized structure is identified. The optimized cyclodextrin shows a high tumour accumulation and is used for delivery of doxorubicin and ulixertinib. Higher tumour accumulation and tumour penetration facilitates tumour elimination. The improved antitumour efficacy is demonstrated in heterotopic and orthotopic colorectal cancer models.

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a major cause of death worldwide. After the occurrence of MI, the heart frequently undergoes serious pathological remodeling, leading to excessive dilation, electrical disconnection between cardiac cells, and fatal functional damage. Hence, extensive efforts have been made to suppress pathological remodeling and promote the repair of the infarcted heart. In this study, we developed a hydrogel cardiac patch that can provide mechanical support, electrical conduction, and tissue adhesiveness to aid in the recovery of an infarcted heart function. Specifically, we developed a conductive and adhesive hydrogel (CAH) by combining the two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene with natural biocompatible polymers [i.e., gelatin and dextran aldehyde (dex-ald)]. The CAH was formed within 250 s of mixing the precursor solution and could be painted. The hydrogel containing 3.0 mg/mL MXene, 10% gelatin, and 5% dex-ald exhibited appropriate material characteristics for cardiac patch applications, including a uniform distribution of MXene, a high electrical conductivity (18.3 mS/cm), cardiac tissue-like elasticity (30.4 kPa), strong tissue adhesion (6.8 kPa), and resistance to various mechanical deformations. The CAH was cytocompatible and induced cardiomyocyte (CM) maturation in vitro, as indicated by the upregulation of connexin 43 expression and a faster beating rate. Furthermore, CAH could be painted onto the heart tissue and remained stably adhered to the beating epicardium. In vivo animal studies revealed that CAH cardiac patch treatment significantly improved cardiac function and alleviated the pathological remodeling of an infarcted heart. Thus, we believe that our MXene-based CAH can potentially serve as a promising platform for the effective repair of various electroactive tissues including the heart, muscle, and nerve tissues.

The paper-folding mechanism has been widely adopted in building of reconfigurable macroscale systems because of its unique capabilities and advantages in programming variable shapes and stiffness into a structure1–5. However, it has barely been exploited in the construction of molecular-level systems owing to the lack of a suitable design principle, even though various dynamic structures based on DNA self-assembly6–9have been developed10–23. Here we propose a method to harness the paper-folding mechanism to create reconfigurable DNA origami structures. The main idea is to build a reference, planar wireframe structure24whose edges follow a crease pattern in paper folding so that it can be folded into various target shapes. We realized several paper-like folding and unfolding patterns using DNA strand displacement25with high yield. Orthogonal folding, repeatable folding and unfolding, folding-based microRNA detection and fluorescence signal control were demonstrated. Stimuli-responsive folding and unfolding triggered by pH or light-source change were also possible. Moreover, by employing hierarchical assembly26we could expand the design space and complexity of the paper-folding mechanism in a highly programmable manner. Because of its high programmability and scalability, we expect that the proposed paper-folding-based reconfiguration method will advance the development of complex molecular systems.

A novel persulfate-mediated oxidative glycosylation system using p-methoxyphenyl (PMP) glycosides as bench-stable glycosyl donors is developed. This study shows that both K2S2O8as an oxidant and Hf(OTf)4as a Lewis acid catalyst play important roles in the oxidative activation of the PMP group into a potential leaving group. This convenient glycosylation protocol proceeds under mild conditions and delivers a wide range of biologically and synthetically valuable glycoconjugates, including glycosyl fluorides.

Hydrophilic surface of fumed nanosilica was treated with a trimethylsilane coupling agent to achieve its hydrophobic surface, and the surface modification was confirmed by thermogravimetric weight loss and increasing contact angle of water droplet. The effects of the surface-modified nanosilica content on the electrical and mechanical properties of epoxy nanocomposites were studied to apply to the insulators for heavy electrical equipment. Epoxy nanocomposites were prepared by mixing epoxy base resin/curing agent/accelerator/trimethylsilane-modified nanosilica in the weight ratio of 100:80:1:0–7 g. High-voltage direct current breakdown strength increased with increasing modified nanosilica content. High-voltage alternating current breakdown strength was maximum when the nanosilica content was 1 phr (part per one hundred of epoxy resin), and thereafter, the value gradually decreased as the nanosilica content increased. Tensile strength of epoxy nanocomposite with trimethylsilane-modified nanosilica (7 phr) is 78.76 MPa, which is 20% higher than that of neat epoxy resin. The dielectric permittivity increases with increasing amount of the trimethylsilane-modified nanosilica.

Purpose: The high turnover of new graduate employees has become a concern for many organizations in Korea. This study explores when new graduate employees leave first jobs and what makes these employees decide to leave employees' organizations. Design/methodology/approach: Using national panel data from South Korea, the authors employed a survival analysis and examined the factors that explain the turnover of new graduate employees. Findings: The findings of this study reveal that many new graduate employees leave the employees' organizations within two years. Moreover, work conditions, work satisfaction and job-skill match were associated with new graduate employee turnover. Originality/value: Based on the results of survival analysis derived from actual turnover data, not turnover intentions, the authors emphasize appropriate human resources (HR) intervention, a working environment and organizational culture, and employee development opportunities.

Purpose: Although nitric oxide (NO)-releasing nanoparticles have garnered significant attention owing to their potent antibacterial effects against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) and direct promotion of wound healing, the majority of NO-releasing nanoparticles are composed of synthetic polymers or inorganic materials, which may lead to unfavorable effects in the body. To overcome this limitation, we developed NO-releasing albumin nanoclusters (NO/ANCs) using bovine serum albumin, a fully biocompatible endogenous material. Methods: NO/ANCs were fabricated by incorporating diethylenetriamine diazeniumdiolate (DT/NO) into albumin nanoclusters via electrostatic interactions, followed by glutaraldehyde crosslinking between the albumin molecules. The antibacterial effects of the NO/ANCs were investigated using the LIVE/DEAD® BacLight™ bacterial viability kit. The enhanced wound healing and in vivo antibacterial effects were evaluated in a mouse model of MRSA-challenged full-thickness wounds. Results: NO/ANCs were successfully fabricated and could release NO for more than 17 h. NO/ANCs demonstrated enhanced in vitro antibacterial effects and exhibited improved in vivo antibacterial and wound-healing effects in a mouse model of MRSA-challenged full-thickness wounds. Conclusion: NO/ANCs could be a promising formulation for the treatment of MRSA-infected cutaneous wounds.

Human papilloma virus (HPV), one of the most common cancer-causing viruses, accounts for more than 90% of human anal and cervical cancers. Clinical studies have focused on adjuvant therapy with vaccines to improve therapeutic outcomes in patients with late-stage HPV-related cancers. In the present study, a mannose receptor (CD206) targeting a lithocholic acid-modified polyethylenimine (PEI) nano-adjuvant delivering the toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist, resiquimod (R848) (mLAPMi-R848), in a HPV E6- and E7-expressing TC-1 tumor murine model was developed. Peritumoral administration of mLAPMi resulted in enhanced accumulation in tumor/tumor-draining lymph nodes and significantly targeted antigen presenting cells like macrophage and dendritic cells. PEI-based nanocarriers can exploit the adjuvant potency of R848 and improve the antitumor immunity. Hence, co-administration of mLAPMi-R848 along with an E6E7 peptide in TC-1 tumor mice eradicated tumor burden and elicited splenocyte-induced cytotoxicity in TC-1 cancer cells. In a bilateral TC-1 tumor model, administration of mLAPMi-R848 and E6E7 peptide significantly suppressed both primary and secondary tumor burdens and improved the overall survival rate. Immune cell profiling revealed elevated levels of mature DCs and CD8+ T cells but reduced levels of tumor-associated immunosuppressive cells (TAICs) like myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T (Treg) cells in distal tumors. Overall, this study demonstrated that mLAPMi-R848 has improved the antitumor immunity of the peptide antigen against HPV-induced cancers by targeted immunodulation of antigen presenting cells (APCs) and reducing TAICs. Furthermore, this nano-adjuvant has the potential to offer a new treatment option for patients with cervical cancer and can be applied for the treatment of other HPV induced cancers.

US dispersion slope was associated with lobular inflammation at histologic examination and demonstrated fair performance for identifying moderate to severe lobular inflammation in patients with metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease.

Nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) are widely developed using various materials for the functional repair of injured or diseased peripheral nerves. Especially, hydrogels are considered highly suitable for the fabrication of NGCs due to their beneficial tissue‐mimicking characteristics (e.g., high water content, softness, and porosity). However, the practical applications of hydrogel‐based NGCs are hindered due to their poor mechanical properties and complicated fabrication processes. To bridge this gap, a novel double‐network (DN) hydrogel using alginate and gelatin by a two‐step crosslinking process involving chemical‐free gamma irradiation and ionic crosslinking, is developed. DN hydrogels (1% alginate and 15% gelatin), crosslinked with 30 kGy gamma irradiation and barium ions, exhibit substantially improved mechanical properties, including tensile strength, elastic modulus, and fracture stain, compared to single network (SN) gelatin hydrogels. Additionally, the DN hydrogel NGC exhibits excellent kink resistance, mechanical stability to successive compression, suture retention, and enzymatic degradability. In vivo studies with a sciatic defect rat model indicate substantially improved nerve function recovery with the DN hydrogel NGC compared to SN gelatin and commercial silicone NGCs, as confirm footprint analysis, electromyography, and muscle weight measurement. Histological examination reveals that, in the DN NGC group, the expression of Schwann cell and neuronal markers, myelin sheath, and exon diameter are superior to the other controls. Furthermore, the DN NGC group demonstrates increased muscle fiber formation and reduced fibrotic scarring. These findings suggest that the mechanically robust, degradable, and biocompatible DN hydrogel NGC can serve as a novel platform for peripheral nerve regeneration and other biomedical applications, such as implantable tissue constructs. A novel double‐network (DN) alginate/gelatin hydrogel is fabricated via chemical‐free gamma irradiation and subsequent ionic crosslinking for nerve guidance conduit (NGC) application. The DN hydrogel NGCs demonstrate excellent mechanical stability, biodegradability, and promoted functional nerve recovery in a sciatic defect rat model. The biocompatible DN hydrogel holds promise for peripheral nerve regeneration and other biomedical applications.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to explore the underlying mechanism of the relationship between psychological safety and performance. Design/methodology/approach: A serial multiple mediation model that explains the impact of psychological safety on performance via job crafting and thriving at work was proposed and tested using PROCESS macro (Model 6). Data were collected from 320 employees at three different large Korean organizations. Findings: The results of this study found that job crafting and thriving at work sequentially mediate the relationship between psychological safety and performance. However, the direct effect of psychological safety on performance was found to be nonsignificant. Put differently, psychological safety is unrelated to performance independent of the effects of job crafting and thriving at work. Originality/value: The present study theoretically contributes to psychological safety research by proposing and testing a serial mediation model that explores the underlying mechanism of the relationship between psychological safety and performance in detail. Practically, this study informs managers about the importance of ensuring a psychologically safe workplace environment and encouraging employees' proactive behaviors to enhance their performance and ability to thrive at work.

Implantable bioelectrodes enable precise recording or stimulation of electrical signals with living tissues in close contact. However, their performance is frequently compromised owing to inflammatory tissue reactions, which macrophages either induce or resolve by polarizing to an inflammatory (M1) or noninflammatory (M2) phenotype, respectively. Thus, we aimed to fabricate biocompatible and functional implantable conductive polymer bioelectrodes with optimal topography for the modulation of macrophage responses. To this end, we produced heparin-doped polypyrrole (PPy/Hep) electrodes of different surface roughness, with Ravalues from 5.5 to 17.6 nm, by varying the charge densities during electrochemical synthesis. In vitroculture revealed that macrophages on rough PPy/Hep electrodes preferentially polarized to noninflammatory phenotypes. In particular, PPy/Hep-900 (Ra= 14 nm) was optimal with respect to electrochemical properties and the suppression of inflammatory M1 polarization. In vivoimplantation indicated that PPy/Hep-900 significantly reduced macrophage recruitment, suppressed inflammatory polarization, and mitigated fibrotic tissue formation. In addition, the implanted PPy/Hep-900 electrodes could successfully record electrocardiographic signals for up to 10 days without substantial decreases in sensitivity, while other electrodes substantially lost their signal sensitivity during implantation. Altogether, we demonstrate that modulating the surface features of PPy/Hep can benefit the design and applications of high-performance and high-biocompatibility bioelectrodes.

Combinatorial immuno‐cancer therapy is recognized as a promising approach for efficiently treating malignant tumors. Yet, the development of multifunctional nanomedicine capable of precise tumor targeting, remote activation, and immune‐regulating drug delivery remains a significant challenge. In this study, nanoparticles loaded with an immune checkpoint inhibitor (JQ‐1) using polypyrrole/hyaluronic acid (PPyHA/JQ‐1) are developed. These nanoparticles offer active tumor targeting, photothermal tumor ablation using near‐infrared light, and laser‐controlled JQ‐1 release for efficient breast cancer treatment. When the molecular weight of HA varies (from 6.8 kDa to 3 MDa) in the PPyHA nanoparticles, it is found that the nanoparticles synthesized using 1 MDa HA, referred to as PPyHA (1 m), show the most suitable properties, including small hydrodynamic size, high surface HA contents, and colloidal stability. Upon 808 nm laser irradiation, PPyHA/JQ‐1 elevates the temperature above 55 °C, which is sufficient for thermal ablation and active release of JQ‐1 in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Notably, the controlled release of JQ‐1 substantially inhibits the expression of cancer‐promoting genes. Furthermore, PPyHA/JQ‐1 effectively suppresses the expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) and prolongs dendritic cell maturation and CD8+ T cell activation against the tumor both in vitro and in vivo. PPyHA/JQ‐1 treatment simultaneously provides a significant tumor regression through photothermal therapy and immune checkpoint blockade, leading to a durable antitumor‐immune response. Overall, “Three‐in‐one” immunotherapeutic photo‐activable nanoparticles have the potential to be beneficial for a targeted combinatorial treatment approach for TNBC. PPyHA/JQ‐1 nanoparticles combining tumor targeting, photothermal ablation, and controlled JQ‐1 release for efficient breast cancer treatment are developed. Upon laser irradiation, PPyHA/JQ‐1 elevates temperature, releasing JQ‐1 and inhibiting cancer‐promoting genes. PPyHA/JQ‐1 suppresses PD‐L1 expression, enhances immune response, and induces significant tumor regression, suggesting potential for targeted TNBC treatment.

Excessive inflammatory response during sepsis causes irreversible damage to healthy tissues and results in multi-organ failure. During infection, bacterial endotoxin-triggered inflammatory responses in macrophages facilitate the recruitment of circulating leukocytes, including neutrophils and monocytes. A key component that aggravates the systemic inflammatory response is the generation of stable reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In this study, we present a versatile strategy to reduce the activation of tissue-resident macrophages and prevent leukocyte infiltration in an LPS-induced endotoxemia model. We designed and synthesized hyaluronic acid-stabilized Prussian blue (HAPB) nanoparticles and validated their activity in the dismutation of H2O2in LPS-induced tissue-resident macrophages. Hyaluronic acid provided stability and enhanced the intracellular uptake of insoluble Prussian blue viathe CD44 receptor on LPS-activated macrophages. Following HAPB administration to an LPS-induced peritonitis murine model, the level of M1 inflammatory macrophage population decreased, and the infiltration of neutrophils along with monocytes was suppressed. Overall, we have developed biocompatible Prussian blue nanoparticles to ameliorate inflammatory stress in LPS-induced endotoxemia by scavenging the intracellular peroxide thereby inhibiting inflammatory cascade in tissue-resident macrophages. Therefore, HAPB nanoparticles may potentially be used as novel nano-stress relievers in sepsis. The nanomaterials may have clinical application in sepsis and in other inflammatory diseases involving peroxides as key inflammatory agents.

A score using only US-based markers (liver stiffness, attenuation coefficient, and dispersion slope) can help identify patients with high-risk nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; the score should be applied to patients with high clinical suspicion for liver disease, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

ABSTRACTIntroductionA microneedle array patch (MAP) has been studied as a means for delivering drugs or vaccines and has shown superior delivery efficiency compared to the conventional transdermal drug delivery system (TDD). This paper reviews recent advancements in the development of MAPs, with a focus on their size, shapes, and materials in preclinical and clinical studies for pharmaceutics.Area coveredWe classified MAPs for drug delivery into four types: coated, dissolving, separable, and swellable. We covered their recent developments in materials and geometry in preclinical and clinical studies.Expert opinionThe design of MAPs needs to be determined based on what properties would be effective for the target diseases and purposes. In addition, in preclinical studies, it is necessary to consider not only the novelty of the formulations but also the feasibility of clinical application. Currently, clinical studies of microneedles loaded with various drugs and vaccines are in progress. When the regulation of pharmaceutical microneedles is established and more clinical studies are published, more drugs will be developed as microneedle products and clinical research will proceed. With these considerations, the microneedle array patch will be a better option for drug delivery.

This paper theoretically and empirically explores the reliability gain that can be obtained by installing multiple antennas in on‐vehicle broadcasting receivers. Analytical derivations reveal that maximal‐ratio‐combining‐based diversity allows a multi‐antenna receiver (MR) to achieve significantly better coverage probability than a single‐antenna receiver (SR). In particular, the notable MR gains for low‐power reception and high‐throughput services are highlighted. We also discuss various aspects of mobile MRs, including geometric coverage, volume of the users served, and impact of receiver velocity. To examine the feasibility of MRs in the real world, extensive field experiments were conducted, particularly with on‐air ATSC 3.0 broadcast transmissions. Relying on the celebrated erroneous second ratio criterion, MRs with two and four antennas were verified to achieve notable reliability gains over SRs in practice. Furthermore, our results also prove that layered‐division multiplexing can cope better with receiver mobility than traditional time‐division multiplexing when multiple services are intended in the same radio frequency channel.

A novel enzyme-based amperometric biosensor, prepared with novel PDA/PPY with GOx for glucose detection as a model biosensor, displays a high level of sensitivity, stability, selectivity, and long-term stability. Improved results appear to be attributed to the one-pot electrochemical deposition of the layer with enzymes that leads to an improved enzyme activity and H 2 O 2 reactivity of the PDA/PPY, and electrode and enzyme adhesiveness. [Display omitted] • Facile one-pot electrochemical co-deposition of PDA/PPy and enzymes for high performance biosensing • High sensing ability of PDA/PPy/GOx and PDA/PPy/LOx for glucose and lactate detection. • High sensitivity from improved GOx activity and H 2 O 2 reactivity of the PDA/PPy, and electrode and enzyme adhesiveness. • Excellent selectivity and long-term stability (93.9% ± 4.6% of its initial sensing ability after 90 days). We report a novel strategy to offer a high-performance biosensor platform by fabricating an electrically conductive and adhesive electrode composed of polypyrrole (PPy)/polydopamine (PDA) with enzymes (i.e., glucose oxidase (GOx) or lactate oxidase (LOx)) by one-step electrochemical coating. We focused on electrochemical glucose sensing using PDA/PPy and GOx as a model biosensor. PDA/PPy/GOx biosensor was highly sensitive (28 times higher) compared to the PPy/GOx, which appeared to result from enhanced GOx immobilization and efficient signal transduction by PDA/PPy. A selective layer of polyphenol (PPh) on the PDA/PPy/GOx successfully eliminated possible interference. Finally, the GOx biosensor displayed a good sensitivity of 22.15 μ A mM−1 cm-2, a short response time of 5−6 s, a linear range up to 5.0 mM, and a detection limit of 138 μM glucose (R2 = 0.995). Human blood serum tests accurately measured glucose concentration. PPh-layered PDA/PPy/GOx biosensor maintained exceptional stability over 90 days (93.9%). Furthermore, we fabricated a lactate biosensor (PDA/PPy/LOx) by electrochemical PDA/PPy deposition with LOx and demonstrated the significant improvement of a lactate sensing ability compared to PPy/LOx. This facile fabrication strategy involving PDA/PPy and enzymes will serve as an attractive platform for highly sensitive and stable biosensors, such as urate and bilirubin detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]