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Purpose: The study explores the critical domain of safe suspension design for electric military trucks operating in cross-country terrains, extending beyond the prevalent focus on electric cars with in-wheel drive. The research objectives include non-linear suspension design, considerations for extreme cross-country terrains, and the study of varying velocities on ride dynamics. Methods: A novel non-linear suspension model for a multi-axle electric military truck with an in-wheel motor is proposed. The model captures the complexities of extreme military operations and introduces the time delay factor between three axles to analyze suspension performance parameters at different velocities using Simulink. Three types of road profiles are considered: sinusoidal bump, ISO 8608 class C, and class F. With 14 degrees of freedom and non-linear behavior, the proposed model offers valuable insights into the road-holding capacity and ride comfort of electric military trucks in challenging cross-country environments. Results: The findings indicate that the suspension performance of the electric military truck is higher compared to an electric car. Further, the findings predict the safe velocity range for enhancing the comfort and stability of electric military trucks, thus offering a unique perspective for designing a safer suspension system. Conclusion: A novel non-linear suspension system for a multi-axle, in-wheel driven electric military truck was modeled by considering various road profiles, such as a sinusoidal bump and cross-country terrains. Based on this, the effect of different velocities on the suspension performance parameters was studied, and a safer range of velocities for a secure suspension design was established as per ISO 2631.

With the increasing penetration of primarily inertia-less distributed energy resources, allowable delay in the fast frequency reserve provision to ensure marginal stability condition can become comparable with the requisite dead-time for fast-switching in a radial power distribution system (PDS) connected to the transmission system. Consequently, the prevailing short-duration load-generation imbalance might propagate as system-wide frequency excursion in the future power system, which traditionally has not been observed. Furthermore, during the fast-switching, some of the fast-acting reserve (FAR) providing local generators remain inaccessible to the bulk power system (BPS). This work has answered the questions of requisite reserve requirements to cater to such events through efficient energy and FAR provision joint-scheduling. Stochasticity of fast-switching, with temporary faults as a use-case, requires modeling of load-generation imbalance and local resource unavailability, vis-á-vis FAR requirement problem, as a chance-constraint. Due to the limited visibility at the BPS level, PDS operators must ensure sufficient FAR availability for a given confidence level of the chance-constraint. Individual chance-constraints are used to ensure mathematical simplicity. Here, the PDS is operated as a virtual power plant (VPP), where the operator can procure resources locally or from the wholesale market with the aim of profit maximization before the contingency occurs. Results show that FAR requirements can influence the local energy schedule and raise energy costs. Furthermore, the confidence level of the chance-constraint can impact overall profitability, and FAR should be scheduled carefully. Comparative analysis with a modified benchmark IEEE 33-node radial test system and a 98-node test system shows the superior performance of the proposed approach. The impact of the limited available FAR is also demonstrated.

Purpose: The deep learning-aided automatic bone age assessment systems have obtained the best results but still depending on the advanced methods to attain highly accurate region of interest (ROI) segmentation and error-free bone age assessment based on different regions of bone. By avoiding these drawbacks, this paper presents a comparative analysis on a deep learning-aided bone age assessment using 5 regions over 13 regions under Tanner-Whitehouse 3 (TW3) method. Methods: The segmentation of both 5 regions and 13 regions is employed by both adaptive Otsu thresholding and improved U-Net segmentation. Further, the adoption of enhanced “deep convolutional neural network (CNN) is used for the bone age assessment (BAA)” using the 13 region and 5 regions. The development of Opposition Searched Harris Hawks Optimization (OS-HHO) is preferable for both segmentation and prediction. Results: From the analysis, the root mean square error (RMSE) of 5th region is 8.45% better than that of the 13th region. Similarly, the mean absolute squared error (MASE) of 5th region was 2.30% higher than the 13th region. Conclusion: The assessment of bone age by 5 regions was better when compared with the 13 regions for the suggested bone age assessment (BAA) model, respectively.

ABSTRACTA low power flip-flop is demanding delay element in digital sigma delta modulator of DAC system. This paper highlights power optimisation of single-phase clocked feedback D flip-flop using various optimisation techniques like clock gating, MTCMOS etc. In this scenario, clock gating using GDI and single-phase clocked inverter is invented to avoid unwanted no data transitions of flip-flop, also proposed type is compared with existing techniques. In addition to this, full swing GDI (gate-Diffusion Input) cell itself is modified by single phase clocked inverter to minimise threshold voltage drop and unwanted spikes at the output. There is trade off in area, speed and power. This work is based on power optimisation with favourable speed and area. Flip-flop is verified for clock frequency of 50 MHz as well as CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) frequency of 1.6 MHz. Analysis is carried out in SPECTRE simulator of CADENCE environment with 180 nm technology supplied by AMS. Not only power but delay is also measured to check the performance of flip-flop. Proposed circuit gives 92.8% power and power delay product improvement.

With the emergence of COVID 19 pandemic, the approach used by Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) was based on all guidelines of COVID 19 prepared by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW). However, Mumbai undertook a special innovate model used in the mission Mumbai – Dharavi for COVID 19. Additionally, MCGM undertook a proactive approach of “chasing the virus” with its 4Ts: 1. Tracing 2. Tracking 3. Testing 4. Treating in high-risk slum clusters and it reflects the result of declining the incidence and case fatality due to COVID 19. Establishing public health surge capacities which include active surveillance, contact-tracing and follow-up besides early detection, isolation and management of cases are important steps for fighting the COVID 19 pandemic. Collaborating with all partners and setting up a Task force for establishing clinical management protocols was unmissable.

A significant proportion of pediatric tuberculosis (TB) patients go unnotified due to the challenges in diagnosis of TB among children. The experiences of this vulnerable group while going through the TB care cascade remain largely undocumented. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of pediatric TB patients and families along the pathway to TB diagnosis and appropriate treatment in four cities of India.

India carries one-fourth of the global tuberculosis (TB) burden. Hence the country has drafted the ambitious National Strategic Plan to eliminate tuberculosis by 2025. To realise this goal, India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) and partners piloted a novel strategy to engage private-providers for tuberculosis care via a “Private-provider Interface Agency” (PPIA) in Mumbai and other locations.

India accounts for a quarter of the world's multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB); with less than 50% having successful treatment outcomes. Bedaquiline (BDQ) was approved for use under conditional access program in India in 2015.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of world's oldest infectious disease and ranks alongside HIV as leading infectious killer. Tuberculosis infection control especially in HIV and TB care facilities has warranted attention after the recent health care-associated outbreaks in South Africa. The aim of this study was to describe the tuberculosis infection control measures implemented by HIV and TB care facilities in five high HIV burden provinces in India.

Though extensive work is reported on various catastrophic indicators for the assessment of power system stability, the comparative assessment has not received much attention by the researchers. With the advent of WAMS technology and near real-time tools available, these indicators can play an important role in operation and control of the system. The choice of the indicator(s) has to be based on the performance measures (accuracy, reliability, security, mis-detection, false-alarm, and correctness), which use a common platform for evaluation. This companion paper presents a critical review of the catastrophic indicators and computes the performance measures to assess the indicators, which is illustrated by an implementation architecture. The approach starts by generating a contingency dataset of a network, followed by obtaining the network measurements to the contingency dataset. These measurements are used as an input to the indicators for detecting stability/instability cases. The performance measures are computed to each indicator for their assessment. In addition to the above performance measures, robustness and sensitivity are obtained to each indicator. The IEEE 39 and IEEE 118 test networks are considered for comparing the performance measures. Additionally, 50-machine 145-bus system is used to demonstrate the applicability of indicators on practical systems. This work provides systematic taxonomy and insight into various indicators bringing out salient features on a comparative note to help decision makers to make suitable choice of indicator(s) for their system.

The conventional power system domain includes various utility business processes that are carried out by multiple market participants. In the conventional setup, these processes are typically captured through various local representations understandable by the concerned actors in their respective subdomains. The heterogeneity in process representations can result in problems of traceability, transparency, time-trackability, and interoperability across actors and software systems. To orchestrate the utility business processes, the IEC has recently started an activity entitled “IEC 62325-451-2:2014” for representing the “energy scheduling business process” of the European market in a standardized way. Along similar lines, this paper presents a process ontology along with a systematic methodology for building process models of end-to-end process operations of power utility. The process ontology consists of power system process modeling artifacts such as process, participant, activity, gateway, event, and event-based subprocess. For representing events and chronology of task execution, the common information model (CIM) can be adopted, which is expected to act complementary to process ontology semantics. An energy scheduling application is considered as a case study, wherein the proposed process ontology artifacts and the CIM ontology are used for building process models for an “energy scheduling business process” in the Indian power grid context.

18% of the world's population lives in India, and many states of India have populations similar to those of large countries. Action to effectively improve population health in India requires availability of reliable and comprehensive state-level estimates of disease burden and risk factors over time. Such comprehensive estimates have not been available so far for all major diseases and risk factors. Thus, we aimed to estimate the disease burden and risk factors in every state of India as part of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2016.

Perform Achieve Trade (PAT) is a market-based incentive mechanism to promote energy efficiency. The purpose of this work is to address the challenges inherent to inconsistent representation of business processes, and interoperability issues in PAT like cap-and-trade mechanisms especially when scaled. Studies by various agencies have highlighted that as the mechanism evolves including more industrial sectors and industries in its ambit, implementation will become more challenging. This paper analyses the major needs of PAT (namely tracking, monitoring, auditing & verifying energy-saving reports, and providing technical support & guidance to stakeholders); and how the aforesaid reasons affect them. Though current technologies can handle these challenges to an extent, standardization activities for implementation have been scanty for PAT and this work attempts to evolve them. The inconsistent modification of business processes, rules, and procedures across stakeholders, and interoperability among heterogeneous systems are addressed. This paper proposes the adoption of specifically two standards into PAT, namely Business Process Model and Notation for maintaining consistency in business process modelling, and Common Information Model (IEC 61970, 61968, 62325 combined) for information exchange. Detailed architecture and organization of these adoptions are reported. The work can be used by PAT implementing agencies, stakeholders, and standardization bodies.

An effective demand response (DR) model framework for DR management systems in a residential premise is proposed. The proposed model consists of dynamic price signals from load serving entity (LSE), benefit function, and loss of consumer comfort. The conventional approaches generally consider these factors as independent in their formulation. Since these factors have functional relationship, the proposed model points to a holistic approach to capture the relationship. The scheduling model can be integrated with the home energy scheduler coupled to the smart meter, which facilitates the flow of dynamic price and energy consumption information to and from the household premise. The objective is to maximize net consumer surplus, which is formulated as a function of all aforementioned factors. A method for developing a practical and dynamic consumer benefit model for matured DR programs is proposed in this paper. For the purpose of showing the effectiveness of dynamic benefit function, a set of analytically formulated benefit functions is also considered. The suitability of the dynamic benefit function, as compared with other alternatives, is illustrated with an example. This paper also reports the dynamic price design from the view point of LSE, in order to cover the risks of wholesale price volatility.

India has been implementing HIV/TB collaborative activities since 2001 with rapid scale-up of infrastructure across the country during past decade in National AIDS Control Programme and Revised National TB Control Programme. India has shown over 50% reduction in new infections and around 35% reduction in AIDS-related deaths, thereby being one of the success stories globally. Substantial progress in the implementation of collaborative TB/HIV activities has occurred in India and it is marching towards target set out in the Global Plan to Stop TB and endorsed by the UN General Assembly to halve HIV associated TB deaths by 2015. While the successful approaches have led to impressive gains in HIV/TB control in India, there are emerging challenges including newer pockets with rising HIV trends in North India, increasing drug resistance, high mortality among co-infected patients, low HIV testing rates among TB patients in northern and eastern states in India, treatment delays and drop-outs, stigma and discrimination, etc. In spite of these difficulties, established HIV/TB coordination mechanisms at different levels, rapid scale-up of facilities with decentralisation of treatment services, regular joint supervision and monitoring, newer initiatives like use of rapid diagnostics for early diagnosis of TB among people living with HIV, TB notification, etc. have led to success in combating the threat of HIV/TB in India. This article highlights the steps taken by India, one of the largest HIV/TB programmes in world, in scaling up of the joint HIV-TB collaborative activities, the achievements so far and discusses the emerging challenges which could provide important lessons for other countries in scaling up their programmes.

To achieve “Universal access to TB care and treatment for all”, Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) has taken steps to reach the unreached by synergizing the efforts of all partners and stakeholders. RNTCP is engaging with private sector partners in major cities of India with primary focus on notification through innovative partnership mechanisms. The manuscript details the concept behind the public–private mix for TB Care in RNTCP, its evolution and progress over the decades in India.

In 2014, Government of India in collaboration with World Health Organization Country Office for India released the policy document on Standards for tuberculosis (TB) care in India after in-depth deliberation with national and international experts. The standards for TB care represent what is expected for quality TB care from the Indian healthcare system including both public and private systems. The details of each standard have been compiled in this review article. It is envisioned that the standards detailed in the manuscript are adapted by all TB care providers across the country.

Future grid evolutions promise to promote the interoperability in the consumer domain. CIM (mainly IEC61970 and IEC61968) is an established standard in the industry to enable the interoperable data exchanges at the upstream levels like generation, transmission and distribution, while the Green Button standards (OpenADE, NAESB ESPI, NIST SGIP-PAP 20, PAP10) are the emerging smart grid standards to standardize the information on energy usage, interfaces at the downstream end-consumer level. This paper presents the various modeling issues, and techniques to move toward integrating these standards to enable the interoperable services at the consumer levels. The challenging task is to identify the options to promote the interoperability between the end-consumer and upstream levels for future grid evolutions. This paper begins to address this issue by identifying the requirements like integrating the external services data from the end-consumer oriented third party tools to EMS/DMS, hierarchical tagging of consumers, combined semantics for third party applications, inter-utility migration of consumers/prosumers, and dynamic consumer/prosumer open access interactions. However, this involves extensions and mappings between the existing CIM, and the green button standards. Without affecting much the base packages, it should be either incorporated in the CIM or Green Button standards at the domain modeling as a separate package. A set of new classes and attributes to the existing CIM and the corresponding XML tags for Green Button standards to realize the integration is proposed. The authors' contributions also strengthen the arguments for creating a separate green button profile for the existing upstream standards.

Abstract: For the assessment of voltage instability which comprises the detection of voltage instability and identification of critical buses, two indices namely, system wide Qtax, and bus-specific qtax, are proposed. The Qtax, based on the sensitivity of the reactive power injections to the loading in the system provides early detection of impending voltage instability. The computed qtax indices identify the critcal buses among the load buses in the system. The identified critical buses provided optimal lacations for the corrective control actions for averting voltage instability. Additionally, for voltage stability monitoring, determining the poing of exhaustion of the reactive reserves in system is also crucial. This is addressed by proposed Q-Monitoring Index (QMI), which is the ratio of the reactive component of the source current to the sink current that flows through the adjacent transmission line. These proposed indices together can provide early indication to impending voltage instability. This has been illustrated on IEEE-39 bus system. The reactive support on identified critical buses results in maximum increase in the loadability of the system.

This technical article presents the concepts for improving the electricity price forecasting which were patented (application no. IN236/MUM/2011). A novel system and method for electricity price forecasting are also disclosed to set the context for explaining the technicalities involved in the invention. The invention relates to forecasting, and particularly to price forecasting by employing error correction techniques external to the algorithm chosen to solve the forecasting problem. Existing mechanisms do not offer effective error correction mechanisms external to the forecasting engine. The proposed technique uses the stochastic formulations and golden search methods to improve the final forecast. The method initially employs a forecasting module which consists of SVM, robust regressions, and neural network based mechanisms to determine the initial forecasts. In case there is an error, it determines if the error is within the permissible values through various probability checks. Further, if the error is outside the permissible values then a correction factor is applied to the computed values and prediction is updated. The correction factor is determined using the golden search technique. The framework for the proposed approach has been tested on the Indian and Australian electricity market data to prove its efficacy.

AbstractA citation analysis of Ph.D. theses submitted to Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Library was performed as a way of determining the use of information sources made by the scholars of the university. In the present study, 30 Ph.D. theses of Physics were chosen as a sample from the year January 2004-December 2008. There are 5726 citations in 30 theses. The data were collected from the bibliographical entries listed at the end of the theses, which was used by the researchers for completing the theses. The citations were photocopied and the data was collected. Citation analysis is carried out to find the types of cited documents, the chronological distribution of cited documents, to find out the authorship pattern of cited documents. The ranked list of cited journals and books, to find out the language-wise distribution, geographical distribution of cited documents, the ranked list of cited web - sources and the cited authors were studied.

This paper presents novel approaches for Transmission System Expansion Planning (TSEP) Studies which are tested on practical Indian power system. Due to the practical applicability for large systems to obtain a better solution, a meta-heuristic optimization method, DEMONS-II has been chosen as a tool for carrying out the multi-objective optimization of TSEP with the objectives of network adequacy assurance, security, and corridor utilization. Multiple adaptable expansions plans fit for various scenarios are obtained. A notion of an efficient plan out of the available multiple optional adaptable plans is introduced with the help of the LP formulations based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Further, some novel indices have been evolved to judge the performance efficiency of the plans under consideration. Candidate plans are analyzed using a novel concept of "commonality" which defines the core content of multiple plans, giving insight for identifying ranking of new lines with their relative urgency for execution. A sequence for identifying reinforcements in the transmission network for short term TSEP is then proposed. A coordination strategy between different planning utilities to identify inter-utility lines and cross territorial dedicated lines for laying is presented.

AbstractIn the era of Information Technology, electronics resources are replacing traditional library resources with a fast pace. Librarians have no option out to adopt these e-resources to meet the requirements of information seekers. The article deals with the library of Films Division, Government of India. This library is a treasure of an archival material; it preserves the historical account of the whole evolution of contemporary India since independence. After the evolution of Doordarshan and various other T.V channels, Films Division productions have decreased. Many posts have been surrendered by the authority after the retirement of old library professionals. There is a need to pay attention towards the implementation of new technologies in digital era. The article suggests various measures to develop the condition of the moving image library during the digital environment.

This article describes an interesting challenge concerning a mechanical black box that was posed as a five hour experimental examination in the 35th International Physics Olympiad1held in Pohang, Korea from July 15–23 2004. It marked India’s seventh foray into this exciting event where seventy one nations participated. As a leader of the Indian team at Korea, one of us (RBK) was privileged to be in the thick of action. Our performance was a success and we secured one gold, two silver and two bronze medals.

Abstract This research explored the management devices followed in successful schools in the Indian context. In-depth case studies of three successful Navodaya schools were carried out. The schools were identified on the basis of the academic performance of students in the last three years in the national examinations and their participation in co-curricular activities at the regional and national levels. The study employed triangulation approach in which data were collected employing different methodologies (personal interviews, observations, and questionnaires/schedules) from various categories of respondents (principals, teachers, students, parents, and in some cases alumni) by a team of researchers. Results indicated that successful schools adopted participative management system in running day-to-day activities of the schools, gave people autonomy but also made them accountable for successful completion of the tasks, followed democratic methods of taking decisions, gave priority to the welfare of students, maintained supportive relationship with teachers, attempted to establish linkage with parents, set up higher and higher goals for themselves and the schools, adopted innovative pedagogical methods and evaluation devices, and recognized good work of the teachers. The results have implications for other schools where some of these devices can be tried out to improve their performance.

Pattern recognition technique (PRT) are now accepted tools for handling situations demanding dimensionality reduction, proper identification of states of system and for arriving at a reliable decision. On line control functions fall in domain of such situations. This report gives a systematic approach to cater to such problems using PRT. A three class, linear classifier is designed. Further, an interactive classifier is described using principal component method, and is compared with other available techniques

This paper proposes a parity mismatch based gross error identification scheme for ampere magnitude measurements. In the parity mismatch method, the constant in a given system is calculated using the estimated state and the observed measurement. The gross error in the measurement then propagates through the calculation procedure and indicates a bias in the calculated value of constant. The difference between the calculated value of constant and the given value of constant is called as parity mismatch. These parity mismatches are then subjected to statistical test and the outliers are identified as grossly erroneous measurements. The success of this method is attributed to the inherent decoupling available in the model based parity mismatches and the modification in procedure of statistical test employed for identification.

An analytical method to calculate eddy loss in a two-dimensional problem is presented. The problem geometry consists of a current carrying conductor of infinite length parallel to a conducting plate of infinite length and width but of finite thickness. The solution method first transforms the original current distribution into sinusoidal current sheets. It is therefore quite general and can be used for different current distributions such as single-phase and three-phase current, different shapes of conductors such as line current, rectangular conductor etc., and different problem geometries such as conducting plate shielded by electromagnetic screen. As an example, eddy loss is evaluated for the case when a line current passes parallel to a conducting plate. A laboratory experiment conducted to verify the theoretical results is also presented. Experimental results are also compared with the loss calculated by two-dimensional (finite-element) analysis. As a particular case of the application of FEM analysis to a practical problem, a 3-D FEM analysis of 40 MVA furnace transformer LV-lead termination is presented. The analysis confirmed the hot-spot locations observed during the testing of the furnace transformer.

This paper proposes a parity mismatch based gross error identification scheme for ampere magnitude measurements. In the parity mismatch method, the constant in a given system is calculated using the estimated state and the observed measurement. The gross error in the measurement then propagates through the calculation procedure and indicates a bias in the calculated value of constant. The difference between the calculated value of constant and the given value of constant is called as parity mismatch. These parity mismatches are then subjected to statistical test and the outliers are identified as grossly erroneous measurements. The success of this method is attributed to the inherent decoupling available in the model based parity mismatches and the modification in procedure of statistical test employed for identification.

A retrievable device, compatible with nasogastric tube administration, releases grams of drug over weeks while residing in the stomach.

ABSTRACTBackground: The Global Fund encourages operational research (OR) in all its grants; however very few reports describe this aspect. In India, Project Axshya was supported by a Global Fund grant to improve the reach and visibility of the government Tuberculosis (TB) services among marginalised and vulnerable communities. OR was incorporated to build research capacity of professionals working with the national TB programme and to generate evidence to inform policies and practices.Objectives: To describe how Project Axshya facilitated building OR capacity within the country, helped in addressing several TB control priority research questions, documented project activities and their outcomes, and influenced policy and practice.Methods: From September 2010 to September 2016, three key OR-related activities were implemented. First, practical output-oriented modular training courses were conducted (n = 3) to build research capacity of personnel involved in the TB programme, co-facilitated by The Union, in collaboration with the national TB programme, WHO country office and CDC, Atlanta. Second, two large-scale Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) surveys were conducted at baseline and mid-project to assess the changes pertaining to TB knowledge, attitudes and practices among the general population, TB patients and health care providers over the project period. Third, studies were conducted to describe the project’s core activities and outcomes.Results: In the training courses, 44 participant teams were supported to develop research protocols on topics of national priority, resulting in 28 peer-reviewed scientific publications. The KAP surveys and description of project activities resulted in 14 peer-reviewed publications. Of the published papers at least 12 have influenced change in policy or practice.Conclusions: OR within a Global Fund supported TB project has resulted in building OR capacity, facilitating research in areas of national priority and influencing policy and practice. We believe this experience will provide guidance for undertaking OR in Global Fund projects.

Most tracing algorithms have used variants of proportionality based tracing algorithm. However, proportional sharing is not an inherent characteristic of the system. It is a rule enforced to arrive at a solution in a simple and fair manner. We propose a multi-commodity network flow optimization approach for optimal tracing of power flows. The resulting optimization formulation is shown to be sparse linear programming (LP) problem. The paper is devoted to the constraint modeling of this optimization approach. A unified formulation that models lossy MW flow network and provides consistent results for generation and load tracing is presented. Optimal tracing provides complete power audit information like share of loads in generation, generators' contribution in loads, loss allocation to generators and loads, and decomposition of branch flows into generation and load components. Illustrative examples and results on IEEE 30 bus system show the workability of the proposed approach.

Most tracing algorithms have used variants of proportionality based tracing algorithm. However, proportional sharing is not an inherent characteristic of the system. It is a rule enforced to arrive at a solution in a simple and fair manner. We propose a multi-commodity network flow optimization approach for optimal tracing of power flows. The resulting optimization formulation is shown to be sparse linear programming (LP) problem. The paper is devoted to the constraint modeling of this optimization approach. A unified formulation that models lossy MW flow network and provides consistent results for generation and load tracing is presented. Optimal tracing provides complete power audit information like share of loads in generation, generators' contribution in loads, loss allocation to generators and loads, and decomposition of branch flows into generation and load components. Illustrative examples and results on IEEE 30 bus system show the workability of the proposed approach.