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The lower urinary tract has two main functions: storage and periodic elimination of urine. These two functions are regulated by a complex neural control system involving a central pathway located in the spinal cord, pons and brain as well as by the peripheral autonomic and somatic neural pathways. Vesico-urethral dysfunction is a major problem in daily medical practice. Detrusor overactivity is characterized by involuntary detrusor contractions during the filling phase of a cystometrogram. But the definition is sometimes a symptom syndrome suggestive of lower urinary tract dysfunction characterized by urgency, usually with increased daytime frequency and nocturia. Neurogenic and idiopathic overactive bladder must be differentiated. In the case of a low risk for an upper urinary tract, conservative therapies are primarily discussed, and current pharmacological treatment involving the use of muscarinic receptor antagonists. Vanilloids drugs and botulinum toxin have shown promising results, but further injections may be required with repetitive catheterization. To restore retention (continence) and emptying (micturition), surgical techniques intervening in the peripheral or central nervous systems have always played an important role. Functional surgery such as the Brindley technique (anterior sacral root stimulation with posterior rhizotomy) is still the only technique for restoring bladder function, continence, and micturition. It is especially useful for patients with an overactive bladder, suffering from a complete spinal cord lesion. Sacral neuromodulation (sacral root stimulation with a low-frequency current) is indicated for idiopathic overactivity and sometimes for incomplete spinal lesions. ions.

The reaction of chromium aryl(alkoxy)carbenes with propargylic alcohols has been investigated under dry state adsorption and ultrasound conditions. When compared to the corresponding thermal processes, the developed sonication reactions afford good yields of β-lactone products over generally shorter reaction times. Dry state adsorption affords diene products which are also obtained from the corresponding β-lactones.

A range of functionalised spirocyclic systems have been prepared under mild and neutral conditions by tandem selective ring closing olefin metathesis reactions. Additionally, a marked preference for 5-membered ring closure over 7-membered ring closure was observed which appears to be a result of a kinetically favoured cyclisation process.

Reports on the installation of a gas treatment system in the Dutch North Sea platform by Amoco Netherlands Petroleum Company. Involvement of a six-pile central gas-processing platform in the gas development complex; Amoco's basic design of the gas development facilities; Fluid transportation by the interfield pipelines to the central gas-treatment platform; Vapor, methanol recovery.