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ABSTRACTPhosphine (PH3) is a methyl bromide alternative with the potential to control surface pests of New Zealand avocados as a pre-export disinfestation treatment. ‘Hass’ avocado fruit were treated with PH3(as ECO2FUME® (2% PH3, 98% CO2(w/w); Cytec Industries Inc.)). at 500, 750 and 1,500 ppm for 24, 48 and 72 h at 5–6 °C, along with vials containing mould mites (Tyrophagus communis) and greenhouse thrips (Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis). Fruit were then stored at 5 °C for three weeks, external quality assessed, and internal fruit quality assessed after ripening at 20 °C. PH3treatments had no impact on external fruit quality, nor on skin colouration, and only minor increase in softening compared to control at 24 h, but not 48 or 72 h. Complete (100%) mortality was achieved for thrips at all PH3concentrations for 48 h. However, only ∼50% mould mite mortality was achieved at the highest PH3concentration of 1,500 ppm for 72 h; although this treatment did provide a significant reduction in rots and internal disorders. This initial study demonstrates that longer-duration treatments and higher PH3concentrations improves fruit quality compared with controls, mainly by reducing rots. These treatments fully controlled thrips but provided only partial control of mould mites.

A series of experiments were carried out to develop a phytosanitary disinfestation protocol to kill Ceratitis capitata(Weidemann) (Mediterranean fruit fly, Diptera: Tephritidae) in ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa(A. Chev.) C.F. Liang and A.R. Ferguson) and ‘Zesy002’ kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensisPlanch.). Experiments on 4 immature life stages (eggs and 3 larval instars) with treatment durations of between 5 and 18 days showed that third instars were the most tolerant to temperatures around 3 °C, with the lethal time to 99.9968% (probit 9) mortality (LT99.9968) estimated to be 17.3 days (95% confidence interval (CI) 16.4–18.2). Larvae reared and treated in ‘Zesy002’ were significantly more susceptible to cold treatment than those reared in ‘Hayward’. A large-scale trial testing a disinfestation protocol of 3 ± 0.5 °C for 18 days treated over 500,000 third-instar C. capitatawith no survivors. These results demonstrate that a cold treatment of 3.5 °C or below for 18 days induces C. capitatamortality in kiwifruit at a rate that exceeds 99.9968% with a degree of confidence greater than 99%.

Chronic oral diseases, such as caries and periodontal disease, may, in future, be treated by oral microbiome transplant (OMT) technology. OMT therapy would involve collecting a donor oral microbiome and transplanting into a recipient to either prevent or treat oral diseases linked to a change (i.e., dysbiosis) in the oral microbiome. Given the great promise of this technology, we must consider the ethical and practical implications of how it is developed to maximise its accessibility and affordability. Here, we examine ways that OMT technology might be commercialized in the context of equity and accessibility in both clinical or do-it-yourself settings. We do this while assuming that the technology can be developed for humans in ways that are safe and effective at the individual and population-levels. We highlight the need for OMT therapy to be 1) cost-effective, 2) understood by end users and clinicians, 3) easy to access even in rural or remote communities, and 4) providing donors equitable compensation for their microbiomes. These key elements will only be achieved through partnerships between scientists, clinicians, investors and stakeholders throughout development. Therefore, proper acknowledgement and equitable evaluation of contributions in this team will also be critical to ensuring that this technology can be globally accessed. While OMT is likely to reshape how we prevent or treat oral disease, consciously guiding its development toward equity and accessibility to all people may significantly aid in improving health for those without access to dental care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancing oral microbiome research has revealed the association between oral microbiome composition and oral disease. However, much of the research has predominantly focused on comparing health and disease conditions, overlooking the potential dental public health implications. This article examines the evolution of oral microbial research from inception, advancement, and current knowledge of health-associated microbiota. Specifically, we focus on two key aspects: the impact of lifestyle and environmental factors on the oral microbiome and using the oral microbes as a therapeutic modality. The complex interaction of host intrinsic, environmental, and lifestyle factors affects the occurrence and development of the oral microbiota. The article highlights the need for ongoing research that embraces population diversity to promote health equity in oral health research and integrate public health practices into microbiome-based research. The implication of population-level interventions and targeted approaches harnessing the oral microbiome as an intervention, such as oral microbiome transplantation, should be further explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Grounded in Andersen’s Behavioral Model (ABM), this study aims to explore the network of causal relationships between those factors influencing oral health self-management behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. Subject and methods: Data were obtained from the Australian population. Participants (N= 565) aged between 19 and 91 years (M= 54.50, SD= 16.16) provided online responses between June 2021 and May 2022. The majority of participants were female (60.9%), employed either full-time (37.65%) or part-time (22.02%), and had completed an undergraduate degree or higher (70.1%). We implemented a triangulated approach, utilizing multiple modeling methodologies including the Gaussian graphical model (GGM), directed acyclic graph (DAG), and structural equation modeling (SEM). These methodologies were employed in three predetermined stages using a single cross-sectional dataset. Results: A causal model elucidating the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on oral health self-management behavior was uncovered. The resulting GGM displayed an acceptable fit to the observed data. The DAG structure conformed to that expected by ABM, with all directed edges being also present as edges in the GGM. The subsequent SEM model specified by the DAG provided excellent fit to the data. Conclusion: Our study offers empirical evidence that factors such as appointment availability, dental care affordability, and the opportunity to engage in oral health discussions with individuals other than dentists during the pandemic directly contributed to inadequate oral health self-care.

Microbiome research is currently biased towards populations of European descent, with such populations providing a weak basis upon which to understand microbiome-health relationships in under-studied populations, many of whom carry the highest burdens of disease. Most oral microbiome studies to date have been undertaken in industrialized countries. Research involving marginalised populations should be shaped by a number of guiding principles. In the Indigenous Australian context, one useful framework is the Consolidated Criteria for Strengthening Reporting of Health Research involving Indigenous Peoples (CONSIDER) statement. This paper describes how the microbiome research field is having impacts in the Indigenous Australian health space, and describes a particular project involving Indigenous Australians in which the CONSIDER statement is used as the underlying framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To profile the oral health of Australian children from different immigrant backgrounds. Method: Cross-sectional data for Aus- tralian children were obtained from the 2012-14 National Child Oral Health Study (NCOHS). Three categories of immigrant status were created based on parents' country of birth and language (non-immigrant, non-visible immigrant, and visible immigrant). Descriptive analyses reported weighted estimates for experience of dental caries, self-rated oral health, and dental services utilisation separately for children aged 5-9 years and 10-14 years. Results: The sample comprised 10,610 children aged 5-9 years (3,605 from immigrant backgrounds), and 8,741 children aged 10-14 years (3,074 from immigrant backgrounds). Children from non-visible immigrant backgrounds presented worse dental service utilisation and poorer self-rated oral health than children from non-immigrant and visible immigrant families. Greater inequalities in dental caries experience were observed in the 5--9-year-olds. Untreated caries was substantially higher among visible im- migrant children aged 5-9 years (38.8%, 95% CI: 35.5-42.3) than non-immigrant (24.9%, 95% CI: 23.4-26.6) and non-visible immigrant children (21.0%, 95% CI: 17.7-24.7). Conclusions: Australian children from immigrant families constitute a highly heterogeneous group with substantial discrepancies in oral health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Children and adolescents with orofacial clefts may experience ongoing psychosocial impacts due to the continuous nature of cleft treatments, facial and dental differences, and speech and hearing difficulties. The aim of this qualitative systematic review was to better understand the experiences of children and adolescents with orofacial clefts.Design A systematic search strategy using PubMed, Embase, Emcare, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was performed to identify relevant qualitative studies evaluating the lived experience of children and adolescents with orofacial clefts from inception through to June 2021. Eligible studies were critically appraised using the Joanna Briggs methodology and a meta-aggregative approach.Results The search identified 2466 studies, with 13 found to meet the inclusion criteria. Extraction of 155 findings resulted in 27 categories, which were meta-aggregated into 7 overarching synthesized findings. These 7 core findings included aspects of child experience and findings that enhanced or impeded child experience at the individual, family, and community levels.Conclusions Factors that impeded child experience at the individual, family, and community levels were more pronounced than factors that enhanced their experience among children and adolescents with orofacial clefts. Further initiatives are needed to provide support to individuals, families, and school communities to enhance children's experience of orofacial cleft during the formative childhood and adolescent years.

This study aimed to estimate the number of excess deaths among Indigenous Peoples associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and to assess the disparities in excess mortality between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Brazilians. A time series analysis of weekly mortality data including all deaths from January 2015 to December 2020 was conducted. The number of expected deaths for 2020 was estimated using an over-dispersed Poisson model that accounts for demographic changes, temporal trends, and seasonal effects in mortality. Weekly excess deaths were calculated as the difference between the number of observed deaths and the expected deaths. Regional differences in Indigenous mortality were investigated. A significant increase in Indigenous mortality was observed from April 1 to December 31, 2020. An estimated 1149 (95% CI 1018–1281) excess deaths was found among Indigenous Brazilians in 2020, representing a 34.8% increase from the expected deaths for this population. The overall increase in non-Indigenous mortality was 18.1%. The Indigenous population living in the Brazilian Amazon area was the earliest-affected Indigenous group, with one of the highest proportional increases in mortality. Disparities in excess mortality revealed a disproportionate burden of COVID-19 among Indigenous Brazilians compared to their non-Indigenous counterparts. Findings highlight the importance of implementing an effective emergency plan that addresses the increased vulnerability of Indigenous Peoples to COVID-19.

Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations (ACCHOs) play a critical role in supporting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health in Australia. This article aims to identify and describe oral health programming and promotion provided by ACCHOs in South Australia. All ACCHOs in South Australia were identified through the Aboriginal Health Council of South Australia. A targeted search strategy was designed to include the websites and social media pages (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram) for each organisation. Program characteristics were extracted and summarised, and oral health promotion content was analysed utilising content analysis. Twelve programs were identified across the 12 ACCHOs in South Australia. Of these, seven focused on oral health and five focused on nutrition. Oral health and nutrition information shared online by ACCHOs was extracted and aggregated into oral health and nutrition categories, which included reminders about visiting services, advocacy statements, oral hygiene messaging, appointment availability, education resources, and upcoming community‐based activities. The evidence explored highlights the integral role ACCHOs play in oral health promotion and service delivery. It is critically important that ACCHOs are involved in development and implementation of oral health services to ensure programming reflects community knowledges and is effective in improving oral health equity.

Background: Access to dental services are particularly important among Indigenous populations at a global level. This scoping review aimed to investigate challenges in the provision and utilization of oral health services among Indigenous Australians. Methods: This scoping review was conducted up to June 10, 2020. Five main databases were searched, including PUBMED, SCOPUS, ISI Web of Science, EMBASE and PROQUEST. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data applying MAX QDA10software. For a better understanding of the themes and subthemes, a thematic network was presented. Results: Results show that there are six main themes and 14 sub-themes affecting Indigenous Australians’ utilization and provision of oral health services. Personal characteristics, socio-economic status and challenges regarding access were the main factors influencing utilization of oral health services. The findings suggest that challenges relating to public health, policymaking and service provision can affect Indigenous Australians’ provision to oral health services. Conclusion: Benefits in Indigenous Australian access and utilization of oral health services may improve if policy makers at both national and local levels increase resourcing in this important public health sector. A deeper understanding of the social and cultural nuances driving Indigenous Australians’ reluctance to attend for dental care is crucial.

Chronic periodontitis is highly prevalent among older adults. The study aimed to compare periodontal disease among Australian older adults in two generations. We hypothesized that the prevalence and severity of periodontitis would decrease from the previous generation to the recent generation. Data were obtained from the South Australian Dental Longitudinal Study (SADLS) in 1991 to 1992 (SADLS I) and 2013 to 2014 (SADLS II); population‐based longitudinal surveys of Australian older adults aged ≥60 years. American Academy of Periodontology, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (AAP/CDC), and the 2018 European Federation of Periodontology (EFP/AAP) classification case definitions were used to define and calculate prevalence of chronic periodontitis. Multivariable log‐Poisson regression models were used to identify risk indicators for severe periodontitis after adjusting for other covariates. There were a total of 801 and 355 participants that underwent a periodontal exam in SADLS I and II, respectively. The prevalence of severe periodontitis was higher in the recent generation (88% and 56%) than the previous generation (75% and 46.7%) under the CDC/AAP and EFP/AAP case definitions, respectively. The mean number of missing teeth was lower in the recent generation (6) than the previous generation (13). The prevalence ratio of severe periodontitis was around two times higher in the younger age group, men, those not born in Australia, and current smokers across both generations. Our findings indicated that the recent generation of older adults has higher prevalence and severity of chronic periodontitis than the previous generation. Our findings indicated that aging, being male, born overseas, low household income, no dental insurance, and being a current smoker are significant risk factors associated with severe periodontitis among older Australians.

Objective: Despite the colonial roots and modern presence of systemic racism within academic institutions, Indigenous researchers have successfully led a change in expectations of what constitutes ‘good’ research with Indigenous Communities. From a mixed Indigenous and non‐Indigenous research perspective, this paper explores the processes that enable meaningful and ethical Indigenous oral health research. Methods: This paper utilises Yarning as its methodology to capture our research process and identify our core values. The idea for this paper was a result of social and collaborative yarns, which were used as the framework for a final research topic yarn. Results: We propose Relational Yarning as a mechanism to ensure the prioritisation of six core values in our research approach: respect, relationships, advocacy, reciprocity, time and gratitude. Conclusions: We argue that these values are not only essential at the individual or team level but must extend to all institutions in which Indigenous research operates. Therefore, academic institutions, funding bodies and academic journals are compelled to mandate policies that disrupt patterns of symbolic violence and eliminate institutional racism. Implications for public health: Our framework provides an opportunity for all researchers engaging with Indigenous Communities to facilitate meaningful and ethical research and prioritise culturally secure research environments.

Despite the colonial roots and modern presence of systemic racism within academic institutions, Indigenous researchers have successfully led a change in expectations of what constitutes ‘good’ research with Indigenous Communities. From a mixed Indigenous and non‐Indigenous research perspective, this paper explores the processes that enable meaningful and ethical Indigenous oral health research.

Objectives: To assess the psychometric properties, including face, content, criterion and known-groups validity and reliability, of scales to measure oral health-related self-efficacy and fatalism in a regional Aboriginal adult population in Australia. Methods: Four hundred Aboriginal adults (aged 18-82 years, 67% female) completed a self-report questionnaire including items pertaining to oral health-related self-efficacy and fatalism. Structural validity was determined in exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with principal components analysis for each scale. Criterion validity was assessed between the instruments and theoretically related variables. Known-groups validity was investigated by comparing the scores in different population groups according to age, sex, education and employment. Reliability of the scales was assessed through internal consistency. Results: The EFA confirmed a single factor structure for self-efficacy and fatalism scales, with Cronbach's alphas of 0.93 and 0.89 respectively. The two scales were not correlated. Oral health-related self-efficacy was associated with toothbrush ownership and brushing the previous day supporting criterion validity. Oral health-related fatalism was associated with previous extractions and perceived need for extractions also supporting criterion validity. Both measures were associated with social impact of oral health as measured by the OHIP-14, supporting their criterion validity. Mixed findings were observed in terms of known-groups validity. Conclusions: There was initial evidence that measures of oral health-related self-efficacy and fatalism displayed adequate psychometric properties in this Aboriginal community. These constructs could have implications for approaches for improving oral health among Aboriginal people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the quality and readability of content contained within clear aligner therapy (CAT) informed consent forms.

Racial discrimination, which can be structural, interpersonal and intrapersonal, has causal links with oral health morbidity (dental caries, periodontal disease) and mortality (tooth loss). Racism impacts on oral health in three main ways: (1) institutional racism creates differential access to oral health services; (2) cultural racism, which is structurally pervasive, results in poorer psychological and physiological well-being of those discriminated against and; (3) interpersonal racism undermines important dental health service provider-patient relationships. Indigenous Australians have experienced sustained racial discrimination since European colonisation in the 1780s. This includes Government policies of land and custom theft, assimilation, child removal and restrictions on Indigenous people's civil rights, residence, mobility and employment. Australia failed to enumerate Indigenous people in the Census until 1967, with the 'White Australia' policy only ending in 1973. In our paper we posit that all minority groups experience racial discrimination that impacts oral health, but that this is ampli- fied among Indigenous groups in Australia because of ongoing legacies of colonialism, institutional racism and intergenerational trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article combines a review of dental studies on race with sociological insights into systemic racism to advance a counter-narrative on the root causes of racial oral health inequities. Taking racism as a form of oppression that cuts across institutional, cultural, and behavioral dimensions of social life, we ask: How pervasive are racial inequities in the occurrence of adverse oral health outcomes? What is the direction and magnitude of racial inequities in oral health? Does the inequitable distribution of negative outcomes persist over time? How can sociological frameworks on systemic racism inform initiatives to effectively reduce racial oral health inequities? The first three questions are addressed by reviewing dental studies conducted in the past few years around the globe. The fourth question is addressed by framing racial oral health inequities around sociological scholarship on racism as a systemic feature of contemporary societies. The paper concludes with a set of practical recommendations on how to eliminate racial oral health inequities, which include engaging with a strong anti-racist narrative and actively dismantling the race discrimination system. Amid the few attempts at moving the field towards improved racial justice, this paper should be followed by research on interventions against racial oral health inequities, including the conditions under which they succeed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the geospatial distribution of COVID-19 vaccination rates for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples across Local Government Areas in Australia.

Neoliberalism is the dominant ideology underpinning the operation of many governments. Its tenets include policies of economic liberalization such as privatization, deregulation, free trade and reduced public expenditures on infrastructure and social services. Champions of neoliberalism claim that expansion of global trade has rescued millions from abject poverty and that direct foreign investment successfully transfers technology to developing economies. However, critics have urged governments to pay greater attention to how neoliberalism shapes population health. Indigenous populations experience inequalities in ways that are unique and distinct from the experiences of other marginalised groups. This is largely due to colonial influences that have resulted in sustained loss of lands, identity, languages and the control to live life in a traditional, cultural way that is meaningful. Oral health is simultaneously a reflection of material circumstances, structural inequities and access to health services. Indigenous populations carry a disproportionate burden of oral health inequalities at a global level. In this commentary, we contend that neoliberalism has overwhelmingly contributed to these inequities in three ways: (1) increased dominance of transnational corporations; (2) privatization of health and; (3) the neoliberal emphasis on personal responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

To perform cross‐cultural adaptation and validation of the Health Literacy Dental scale (HeLD) in Brazilian adults. The HeLD instrument was translated and cross‐culturally adapted to the Brazilian Portuguese language to create longer (HeLD‐29) and shorter (HeLD‐14) versions. The reliability and validity of these versions were assessed in a sample of 603 adults living near six primary care units in the city of Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Both versions of HeLD demonstrated high internal reliability, acceptable convergent validity and discriminant validity. However, the confirmatory factor analysis showed that only HeLD‐14 demonstrated satisfactory goodness of fit. There were associations between HeLD‐14 scores and social demographic characteristics, general and oral health and oral health‐related behaviours. Higher scores were observed for the total HeLD‐14 and/or individual components of HeLD‐14 among women, ethnic white subjects, those with high educational attainment, those with higher income, those reporting toothbrushing twice or more daily, regular dental attenders, those who usually attended for dental care for a check‐up, those with excellent or very good self‐ratings of general health, those with excellent or very good self‐ratings of oral health, and those without tooth extraction and oral health impact. The Brazilian version of HeLD‐14 was demonstrated to be a reliable and valid instrument for measuring broad aspects of oral health literacy in the adult Brazilian population.

This article argues that health outcomes, specifically nutrition related health outcomes, are socially determined, and can be linked to a wider political economy in which peoples' dietary consumption is structurally determined, evolving from political, economic and social forces. The article examines trade and investment agreements as regulatory vehicles that cultivate poor dietary consumption and inequalities in health outcomes between and within countries. How does this happen? The liberalization of trade and investment, and unfettered influence of powerful economic interests including transnational food and beverage companies has resulted in trade agreements that enable excess availability, affordability and acceptability of highly processed, nutrient poor foods worldwide, ultimately resulting in poor nutrition and consequently oral and other non-communicable diseases. These trade and nutrition policy tensions shine a spotlight on the challenges ahead for global health and development policies, including achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify, over the previous 12 months, whether: (i) dental insurance is associated with a higher number of third molar extractions (TME); (ii) single versusmultiple TMEis associated with self-rated oral health; and (iii) TMEwhen 18–25 years of age is associated with fewer days absent from work because of dental problems. Australia's 2013 National Dental Telephone Interview Survey, which included: socio-demographics; and number of extractions, reasons for extractions, self-rated oral health and days absent from work because of dental problems, all in the past 12 months. The majority of TMErecipients were female [56.6%, standard error (SE)= 6.0%], 18–25 years of age (63.0%, SE= 5.4%), held a tertiary qualification (73.9%, SE= 5.4%), had a total annual household income of =$60,000 (58.3%, SE= 6.4%), were dentally insured (52.6%, SE= 6.2%) and received multiple TME(60.9%, SE= 8.5%). Number of TMEwas associated with having dental insurance [B= 0.97: 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.5–1.5] and days of work absence because of dental problems (B =1.10; 95% CI: 0.26–1.94). Receiving single TME versusmultiple TMEwas not associated with self-rated oral health (B= -0.25; 95% CI: -0.76 to 0.25). Receiving TMEwhen 18–25 years of age versuswhen older than 25 years of age was not associated with days absent from work because of dental problems (B =0.48; 95% CI: -0.37 to 2.33). Dental insurance was associated with a higher TMEcount without improving self-reported oral health in the short-term. Using age as a justification for prophylactic TMEmight be questionable because, receiving TMEwhen 18–25 years of age versuswhen older than 25 years of age did not reduce days absent from work because of dental problems.

The aim of the study was to investigate the degree to which the websites of orthodontists in Australia comply with the regulatory frameworks regarding healthcare advertising.

This paper describes and compares magnitudes of socioeconomic (SES) inequalities in oral health among Indigenous and non‐Indigenous children over a 10‐year period.

Objective: This paper describes and compares magnitudes of socioeconomic (SES) inequalities in oral health among Indigenous and non‐Indigenous children over a 10‐year period. Methods: We analysed annual oral health survey data from NSW, NT and SA. Data were extracted for time period 1 (2000–2002, N=215,317) and time period 2 (2007–2010, N=34,495). Oral health outcomes were untreated decayed deciduous teeth (dt) and cumulative dental caries experience (dmft). Postcode‐level Socioeconomic Index for Areas was used to assess SES. Age standardisation and complex survey weights were used. Indices of socioeconomic inequality in health (Slope Index of Inequality, Relative Index of Inequality, Absolute and Relative Concentration Index) were used to quantify inequality in dental caries and its changes over time. Results: Oral health outcomes deteriorated in both Indigenous and non‐Indigenous populations over time. Indigenous children experienced higher levels of disease at both times. Untreated dt increased in both populations. The cummulative disease (dmft) increased at higher rate among children in low‐SES areas in both populations. Over time, there was an increase in socioecononomic inequalities in dmft in all children and in dt in non‐Indigenous children. Conclusion: Area‐level socioeconomic inequality in child oral health has widened due to deterioration in low‐SES children.

This short communication paper aimed to compile the main determinants of inequality in dental services by distinguishing between access, utilisation, and provision of dental services. Recent findings integrated, and a dedicated conceptual framework entitled “Triangle of inequality in dental services” has been suggested. These can contribute a rich knowledge in this area and open a new window for policymakers and researchers to seek applied interventions to decrease inequality and improve access and utilisation in communities. This paper aims to synthesise the available evidence and add value to the scope. It highlights a dedicated concept for inequality in dental services beyond other areas of public health.