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Copyright of Kiva is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kiva is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article demonstrates the relevance of future discounting behavior to studies of prehistoric subsistence strategies. The case study of Agave spp. bajada cultivation among the Classic Period, A.D. 1150-1450, Hohokam of southern Arizona illustrates how slight discounting of future rewards can significantly alter agriculture investment strategies. Despite a higher kcal/hour return than maize agriculture, agave cultivation lessened or ceased in several communities during a time in which intensification would be predicted due to inferred subsistence stress. We surmise the decade-long maturation of agave made it unattractive relative to more immediate return resources in any context that presented risks to land tenure. The cessation of agave cultivation can be understood on two levels of explanation. The long-term investments required by agave and tendency to discount future rewards are the ultimate causes. Political and social instability during the tumultuous Classic period, causing increased insecurity in land tenure, are the proximal causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kiva is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A Hohokam Sacaton phase (AD. 950-1100) courtyard group excavated at Kearny along the Gila River in central Arizona (designated AZ V: 13:201[ASM]) consists of seven houses and associated features. The features, material culture, chronology, subsistence, growth sequence, activity structure, group size, and formation and abandonment processes of this courtyard group are discussed. The findings reinforce the interpretation that courtyard groups were fundamental features of Hohokam society and were a common form of residential organization across the region. The study highlights the value of spatial studies in the analysis of archaeological sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Settlement pattern data in the lower Salt River valley of central Arizona, near Phoenix, have led to different models of Hohokam political community organization during the early Classic period (ca. A.D. 1150-1300). The "focal village" model posits political communities centered on a single large village with monumental architecture surrounded by smaller settlements. The "linear community" model envisions an elongated arrangement integrating populations distributed along the routes of irrigation canals. Each model has implications for the nature of cooperation within and between settlement clusters and the degree to which large-scale irrigation management influenced the development of Hohokam community organization. In this analysis, ceramic sourcing studies are used to outline networks of interaction to examine the different models. Our results provide some evidence for a crosscutting patchwork of geographically dispersed social groups which fits most comfortably within the linear community model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kiva is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kiva is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the past decade more than 700 archaeomagnetic samples have been collected from the Hohokam area of southern Arizona. Four hundred twenty of the dated archaeomagnetic samples could be assigned to specific phases and phase transitions and this large data set is useful in analyzing the absolute chronology of the Hohokam area. Mean dates and date ranges for each phase and transition provide the data for a new calibration of the Hohokam chronology and a discussion of the nature of Hohokam phases. The exercise serves to illustrate the utility of large sets of absolute dates in general, and of archaeomagnetism in particular, in contributing to chronological issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery was analyzed to determine its feasibility for mapping linear, prehistoric cultural features in a semiarid environment. The Hohokam Canal system along the Salt River in the vicinity of Phoenix, Arizona, was used as a test site because of 1) the considerable lengths of its primary branches; 2) the substantial widths of some canals; and 3) extensive prior mapping that provided a means by which to measure the success of the experiment. Results suggest that TM imagery can serve as a valuable addition to conventional means of prehistoric canal identification and mapping. Despite the in distinct nature of the canals as they currently exist in Phoenix, the satellite imagery detected portions of previously known major branches and provided evidence for the possible extension of some segments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Late pre-Classic Hohokam (A.D. 750–1150) upland desert adaptations of the middle Gila River Valley in southern Arizona are still rather poorly understood. Current site and feature distribution data from Florence Military Reservation indicate that late pre-Classic groups used the upland or bajada zone in a varied and complex manner. First, a variety of agricultural technology was employed, including floodwater farming, dry farming, and to a lesser degree, simple irrigation-based agriculture. Second, a wide range of occupation types have been encountered in these bajada zones, consisting of villages, farmsteads, field houses, agricultural field sites, and more specialized resource processing sites. And, third, a flexible mobility pattern existed, where primary habitations such as rancheria-like villages and small farmsteads were situated along alluvial fans of Cottonwood Canyon Wash. This habitation zone has produced a diversity of floodwater, dry, and irrigation-based farming practices associated with residential areas, trash mounds, and a ball court; the combination of farming technology and presumed ceremonial features may have contributed to group aggregation, at least on a seasonal basis. From this habitation zone, specialized task groups and domestic units repeatedly used field houses and large agricultural fields out on creosote flats, and smaller dry farming loci, on more elevated ridge tops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses irrigation society Hohokam. Topics discussed include archaeology, suburbs in Phoenix, Arizona and irrigation communities. Other topics which includes Salt River valley, anthropology and ecological relationships are also mentioned. Oral traditions and Hohokam population are also mentioned.

Copyright of Kiva is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kiva is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kiva is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The nature of Hohokam-related (A.D. 300-1450) isolated occurrences is still poorly understood in the middle Gila River Valley of southern Arizona. In this study, isolated occurrence data from Florence Military Reservation is classified to discern the range of cultural activities across different topographic settings in lower-lying terrace and more elevated upland, or bajada zones. While terrace-based isolated occurrences reflect a focus upon lithic procurement and quarrying tasks, topographic settings in bajada zones produce artifact and feature distributions more oriented toward wild plant and farming activities. Although isolated occurrence data closely mirror Hohokam site-specific distributions, new information has become available which significantly increases our understanding of changes to pre-Classic and Classic period settlement patterns. This study also demonstrates that isolated occurrence data should receive increased attention and scrutiny, and that recommendations are made for the standardization of both isolated occurrence and site definitions across the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kiva is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper we present an Akimel O'odham (Pima) food production calendar. The environmental and biological data for the calendar derive in large part from information gathered in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries CE. The social and cultural data are derived from what we know of the Akimel O'odham (Pima) Indians, a Native American group that has lived along the Middle Gila River in southern Arizona. Plants considered include a Mesoamerican suite (maize, beans, cucurbits, cotton) as well as major local species (mesquite, agave, saguaro, cholla). Animals considered include lagomorphs, rodents, and deer. The major changes in Akimel O'odham (Pima) agriculture after the Spanish entrada are evaluated. We argue that much of the production calendar can plausibly be retrodicted into prehistory, specifically to that archaeological culture called Hohokam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kiva is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kiva is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kiva is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the discovery of Hohokam palettes at archaeological sites from the Gila Bend region in Arizona. The author emphasizes the importance of excavations by archaeologist Norton Allen in Gila Bend and the study of palettes by archaeologist Emil W. Haury, who performed excavations at the Snaketown archaeological site in Arizona. Palettes from the Colonial and Sedentary Periods are discussed for their role in understanding Hohokam culture. The work of other archaeologists, including Jenny Adams, Stephen H. Lekson, and Kari Anna Krueger, is also addressed.

The article examines the use and function of red-on-buff pottery in the Hohokam culture during the Sacaton Phase. It examines aspects of Hohokam pottery in the collection of archaeologist and private antiquities collector Norton Allen, located at the Arizona State Museum (ASM). The role of archeological study of pottery in the understanding of Hohokam culture and communities is addressed. The article also discusses the Gila Bend excavation site in Arizona, which is also known as the Gatlin Site. Various functions of Hohokam red-on-buff pottery include dry storage, liquid storage, liquid transport, and food serving.

The article discusses the archaeological assemblage of stone implements created by members of the Hohokam culture in Arizona. The author focuses on the projectile point collection belonging to American artist and archaeology enthusiast Norton Allen, which includes spear point tools, dart point tools, and types of Hohokam-era arrowheads, arrowpoints, and projectile points. Various aspects of the stone tools are analyzed, including the shapes of notches, the styles of blades found at the Gatlin and Citrus archaeological sites in Arizona, and the use of the minerals chalcedony and chert as building tools.

The article presents a reprint of the article "A Hohokam Pottery Bell," by Norton Allen, which appeared in the January 1953 issue of "El Palacio Magazine." It discusses the archaeological excavation of the Gila Bend site in western Arizona, where examples of Hohokam clay bells were discovered. Descriptions of antiquities from the Colonial and Sedentary periods, including clay pottery and copper bells, are presented.

Variability and seasonality in archaeobotanical and archaeological remains from three adjacent ecosystems in the Papaguería of south-central Arizona are examined in relation to settlement-subsistence hypotheses. A three ecosystem model is developed which indicates that the Hohokam in the Papaguerla were able to maintain sedentary villages by utilizing, in different manners, three distinct ecosystems. It is suggested that the Hohokam in this desert region intermittently maintained agricultural field houses in the creosote plains, cacti gathering camps on mountain slopes, and permanent villages and fields on major wash flood plains. To some extent, sedentism in the Papaguería depended upon exploitation of non-flood plain ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a reprint of the article “Classic Period Hohokam,” by William W. Wasley, which appeared in the Vol. 45, No. 4, 1980 issue of “Kiva,” with the addition of an introduction. The introduction discusses the career of archaeologist Wasley and his impact on scholarship of the Hohokam culture. The article discusses the Classic period of Hohokam culture including its pottery, architecture, and funerary rites. It also considers the theory that the Salado culture of Mexico interacted with the Hohokam culture.

A comparative study of Hohokam and Mesoamerican ball courts indicates a lack of shared fundamental features. It is suggested, therefore, that Hohokam courts may have served some other function. General similarities, including basic court orientations, with the Papago Vikita dance court assemblages at Santa Rosa and Quitovaca may reflect a similar use of Hohokam courts in prehistoric times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excavations at a small Rincon phase (A.C. 950–1150) Hohokam site in the foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains in the Tucson Basin of southern Arizona show ties to a larger floodplain village that it may have provided with agricultural products. This study, concentrating on households, expands our understanding of the settlement system of the Rincon phase Hohokam by integrating upland sites with those of the floodplain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the important trade and ornamental items for the prehistoric Hohokam of southern Arizona was marine shell, which was obtained from the shores along the Sea of Cortez. A reconnaissance survey near the modern town of Puerto Peñasco in Sonora, Mexico resulted in the discovery of dozens of prehistoric shell middens that are probably the result of forays by the Hohokam, Patayan, and other groups to gather shell for transport back to their homeland. These middens are described and discussed in relation to shell exploitation, subsistence, and their relationship to the Hohokam shell trade between A.C. 800 and 1200. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Late pre-Classic (A.D. 750-1150) Hohokam land use of the middle Gila River Valley in southern Arizona is still poorly understood. Current site distribution data from Florence Military Reservation and adjacent areas indicate that unlike settlement and subsistence behavior existed in lowland and upland, or bajada zones. Early village formation and irrigation technology appear to have first developed in the lowlands, along the Gila River during the early pre-Classic (A.D. 300-750) and subsequently spread to the bajada. By the late pre-Classic, lowland village groups were focused upon irrigation agriculture, while village groups inhabiting the bajada were characterized by a more diverse range of farming strategies, including floodwater (ak chin), thy farming, and perhaps even limited irrigation-based technology. Regionally, late pre-Classic villages were very likely integrated into an interdependent economic system, based upon the presence of ball-courts with presumed marketplaces, where commodities were exchanged. Also, by the late pre-Classic, a degree of Territorial Sedentism existed, with village-based communities inhabiting lowland and bajada zones representing separate territorial units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photographs of Hohokam painted pottery pieces from the Norton Allen Collection, which portray life forms including humans, animals, and plants, are presented.

Classic period (ca. A.C. 1100-1450) Hohokam platform mound settlements are commonly interpreted as community centers for the circulation of information as well as economic resources. Evidence for spatially concentrated craft production or consumption, particularly of high-value exotic goods, is one possible dimension of this function. This study presents evidence for the spatially centralized consumption of shell ornaments at Marana, an Early Classic (Tanque Verde phase, ca. A.C. 1100-1300) platform mound community in the Tucson Basin of Arizona. Data from domestic refuse middens in community sites include whole unmodified shell, production debris and worked shell, partially manufactured ornaments, and finished shell ornaments. The relevance of patterning at Marana is explored with respect to Classic period political economy and community organization among the Hohokam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decade a number of obsidian studies have been conducted on Classic-period Hohokam artifactsfrom sites in southern Arizona. The geological and cultural settings of this region make it an ideal area for the study of raw material acquisition and distribution networks. The technique of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry has been used as an inexpensive means to characterize sources and artifacts. This paper discusses the results of obsidian studies conducted on nine sites or site complexes within the Hohokam area. The dominant pattern of raw material procurement appears to be one of proximity, where the most commonly found obsidian on the site was usually obtained from the closest source. Procurement strategies indicate that obsidian procurement may have been secondary or parallel to the acquisition of other primary resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the inability to evaluate the primary data, archaeologists are questioning the accuracy of the first archaeomagnetic dates obtained from the Hohokam area in southern Arizona. Since many important dates have been disregarded in recent chronological reconstructions, an attempt is made in this article to reevaluate these first reported dates to ascertain whether or not significant information might still exist. A method of reanalysis is devised, but the usefulness of the temporal information contained in the majority of the samples is severely limited by not knowing the sample paleopole location relative to the archaeomagnetic master curve. As a result, the temporal precision of the reanalyzed samples is decreased and inaccurate temporal interpretations are identified for a small but significant set of samples. While insufficient data exist for archaeomagnetic dating to contribute significantly to the pre-A. C. 700 segment of the chronology, this dating technique has been the focus of an intensive effort to revise and strengthen that portion of the Hohokam chronology between A.C. 700 and 1500. Support is provided for portions of the established chronology that postulates major cultural changes occurring ca. A. C. 900 and A. C. 1050–1150. Other implications of the temporal reinterpretations for Hobokam prehistory are discussed. The entire exercise serves to illustrate the importance of publishing complete archaeomagnetic information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction to a reprint of an article about a prehistoric pottery bell by artist and archaeology enthusiast Norton Allen is presented.

Prehistoric canals are common in the alluvial valleys of south-central Arizona and provide a means of understanding the region's prehistory. Stratigraphy within the canals records operational dynamics and may be used to test the hypothesis that a period of increased flooding played a pivotal role in the Hohokam collapse in the 15th century. In this study, I analyze particle-size data from 45 prehistoric main canals located in three large systems in the lower Salt River Valley. Overall canal sedimentology is similar among the three systems, and Miarkov chain analysis demonstrates that repeated depositional sequences are rare. This finding may be due to stratigraphic unconformities or a sampling strategy that emphasizes thick strata. In any event, unequivocal sedimentological evidence for uncontrolled flooding outside of flood plains is uncommon. Either floods were not the problem that the historical record suggests or flood deposits are poorly preserved and difficult to identify sedimentologically. A flood stratigraphy model for canals is needed to improve identification of prehistoric flooding and better recognize instability in former irrigation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earlier and newly gathered data suggest that a series of prehistoric roads radiated to- ward the north and east from the prehistoric Hohokam village of Snaketown, south of modern Phoenix, Arizona. Evidence from aerial photographs and subsequent ground-truthing strongly suggests that an eastern road once connected Snaketown with the contemporaneous Gila Butte Site, and supporting survey data indicate that at least one use for this road was for transporting micaceousschist ceramic temper to Snaketown from quarries at Gila Butte. Previously identified ‘trails’ bearing north from Snaketown are reinterpreted as roads along which pottery from Snaketown workshops was transported to consumer villages along the Salt River. The roads may also have formalized sociopolitical ties among communities, in the absence of common irrigation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surveys and excavations along the Gila River, Arizona, between Florence and Casa Grande provide sufficient information on habitational-site and agricultural-feature location to permit preliminary assessment of land use and settlement patterning during the Hohokam Classic period (A.C. 1150–1400). A diverse subsistence base supported the inhabitants of this area. Irrigation, agriculture, dry farming, and floodwater farming were all practiced by occupants of habitation sites located in a zone parallel to the river. Locations of fields reveal decreasing intensity of land use with decreasing distance from the river. Spacing of sites with platform mounds suggests that the population within and around each of these sites constitutes a unit of significance in control of water resources. Evidence for centralization of authority in river-wide water management is currently lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the short story "Hohokam," by Anna Green.