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With the popularity and development of the internet, China's consumer-to-consumer (C2C) electronic commerce (EC) system is favored by consumers. Therefore, understanding the relationship among consumers' trust, perceived benefits (PBs), and purchase intentions (PIs) is of great significance for studying this system. This article proposes the hypothesis of the interaction among the three and designs a questionnaire to explain the application of trust, PB, and PI in China's C2C EC system. The relationship between the sample structure and the variables is analyzed using reliability, validity, correlation, and regression analysis (RA). The experimental analysis results show that the questionnaire's reliability and validity values are higher than 0.8 and 0.75, respectively, indicating that the questionnaire design is qualified, and the data are valid. The rationality of the hypothesis proposed here is verified through correlation analysis and RA. This indicates a significant mutual influence relationship among trust, PB, and PI.

Internet cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) is a viable delivery format of CBT for depression. However, iCBT programmes include training in a wide array of cognitive and behavioural skills via different delivery methods, and it remains unclear which of these components are more efficacious and for whom.

BackgroundQuality-adjusted life years (QALYs) are widely used to measure the impact of various diseases on both the quality and quantity of life and in their economic valuations. It will be clinically important and informative if we can estimate QALYs based on measurements of depression severity.ObjectiveTo construct a conversion table from the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the most frequently used depression scale in recent years, to the Euro-Qol Five Dimensions Three Levels (EQ-5D-3L), one of the most commonly used instruments to assess QALYs.MethodsWe obtained individual participant data of randomised controlled trials of internet cognitive-behavioural therapy which had administered depression severity scales and the EQ-5D-3L at baseline and at end of treatment. Scores from depression scales were all converted into the PHQ-9 according to the validated algorithms. We used equipercentile linking to establish correspondences between the PHQ-9 and the EQ-5D-3L.FindingsIndividual-level data from five trials (total N=2457) were available. Subthreshold depression (PHQ-9 scores between 5 and 10) corresponded with EQ-5D-3L index values of 0.9–0.8, mild major depression (10–15) with 0.8–0.7, moderate depression (15–20) with 0.7–0.5 and severe depression (20 or higher) with 0.6–0.0. A five-point improvement in PHQ-9 corresponded approximately with an increase in EQ-5D-3L score by 0.03 and a ten-point improvement by approximately 0.25.Conclusions and Clinical ImplicationsThe conversion table between the PHQ-9 and the EQ-5D-3L scores will enable fine-grained assessment of burden of depression at its various levels of severity and of impacts of its various treatments.

The aims of this work were to evaluate whether the treatment of patients with fibromyalgia with memantine is associated with significant changes in metabolite concentrations in the brain, and to explore any changes in clinical outcome measures. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed of the right anterior and posterior insula, both hippocampi and the posterior cingulate cortex. Questionnaires on pain, anxiety, depression, global function, quality of life and cognitive impairment were used. Ten patients were studied at baseline and after three months of treatment with memantine. Significant increases were observed in the following areas: N-acetylaspartate (4.47 at baseline vs. 4.71 at three months, p= 0.02) and N-acetylaspartate+N-acetylaspartate glutamate in the left hippocampus (5.89 vs. 5.98; p= 0.007); N-acetylaspartate+N-acetylaspartate glutamate in the right hippocampus (5.31 vs 5.79; p= 0.01) and the anterior insula (7.56 vs. 7.70; p= 0.033); glutamate+glutamine/creatine ratio in the anterior insula (2.03 vs. 2.17; p= 0.022) and the posterior insula (1.77 vs. 2.00; p= 0.004); choline/creatine ratio in the posterior cingulate (0.18 vs. 0.19; p= 0.023); and creatine in the right hippocampus (3.60 vs. 3.85; p= 0.007). At the three-month follow-up, memantine improved cognitive function assessed by the Cognition Mini-Exam (31.50, SD= 2.95 vs. 34.40, SD= 0.6; p= 0.005), depression measured by the Hamilton Depression Scale (7.70, SD = 0.81 vs. 7.56, SD= 0.68; p= 0.042) and severity of illness measured by the Clinical Global Impression severity scale (5.79, SD= 0.96 vs. 5.31, SD= 1.12; p= 0.007). Depression, clinical global impression and cognitive function showed improvement with memantine. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy could be useful in monitoring response to the pharmacological treatment of fibromyalgia.

Purpose: To evaluate the ability of swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) to detect retinal changes in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). Methods: Twenty-three patients with BD and 23 controls underwent retinal evaluation using SS deep range imaging (DRI) Triton OCT. Full retinal thickness, the ganglion cell layer (GCL), the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and choroidal thickness were evaluated with automated segmentation software. Results: Patients with BD were shown to have significant thinning of the macular full retinal thickness in the center (p?=?0.049), inner temporal (p?=?0.045), inner nasal (p?=?0.016), and inner inferior (p?=?0.016) of the ETDRS areas. The macular GCL layer was reduced in patients compared with controls (average, p?=?0.002; superior, p?=?0.009; superonasal, p?=?0.009; inferonasal, p?=?0.003; and inferior, p?=?0.009). Peripapillary reduction of full retinal thickness (average, p?<?0.001; superotemporal, p?<?0.001; superonasal, p?=?0.003; nasal, p?=?0.005; and inferotemporal, p?=?0.033), GCL (nasal, p?=?0.025), and RNFL thickness (average, p?=?0.002; superotemporal, p?<?0.001; and superonasal, p?=?0.045) was observed in patients compared with controls. No significant differences were observed in choroidal thickness measurements. Conclusions: BD patients were shown to have quantifiable thinning of full retinal thickness and the GCL in the macular area, as well as a peripapillary reduction of the RNFL and GCL thickness. The analysis of the retinal sublayers with SS-OCT may be a useful indicator to show degeneration and monitor disease progression in bipolar disorder.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an emerging global healthcare problem and its prevalence is increasing at an alarming rate. Despite improvements in both medical and pharmacological therapies, a complex medical condition may demand a diversified approach, such as: drug therapy, healthy diet and exercises, diabetes education programs, adherence to medical treatment and active participation of the patients in their lifestyle changes, such as stress management. The concept of mindfulness is here defined as the awareness that unfolds from the intention to attentively observe the current experience in a non-judgmental and non-evaluative way. This state of awareness can be enhanced through the use of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs), which have been associated to many physical and psychological health indicators. The aim of this overview is to offer the rationale and potential benefits of mindfulness in the control of DM and its complications. Methods: a narrative review of the current and updated literature available on online database and which came up using the terms “mindfulness” and “diabetes mellitus”. Mindfulness-based Interventions (MBIs) can be seen as preventive and complementary interventions in DM, particularly for the relief of symptoms related to depression and anxiety in diabetic patients and also in the management of other factors, including mindful eating, physical exercises and treatment adherence. Although many studies only present research protocols, mindfulness seems to have beneficial effects on all aspects of diabetes, including incidence, control and complications. Furthermore, longer term and more carefully controlled trials are necessary in order to draw consistent conclusions on the beneficial role of MBIs on DM.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a experiência e o perfil dos usuários do ambulatório de mindfulnesse promoção da saúde de uma universidade pública. O perfil dos participantes foi obtido a partir da aplicação de diferentes escalas psicométricas (BDI, SUBI, MAAS e EUROQOL 5D), bem como informações sociodemográficas e de saúde. A descrição da experiência do ambulatório foi realizada a partir da técnica SWOT. Nesta amostra, o perfil encontrado foi predominantemente feminino, com plano de saúde e assistência médica regular. Apesar dos problemas relatados, a percepção subjetiva de qualidade de vida ficou acima da média. Pertencer a uma universidade pública, contar com equipe multiprofissional e facilitadores de distintas formações em mindfulness, além de local de fácil acesso, são pontos fortes deste ambulatório, bem como a alta prevalência de ansiedade e depressão, que podem oportunizar a expansão desta atividade.

To evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of a cognitive-behavioral program for patients in primary care units who were diagnosed as having abridged somatization disorder.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether single-voxel (SV) proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) detected differences between fibromyalgia (FM) patients and healthy controls. We also searched for correlations between neuroimaging abnormalities and neuropsychological variables.

Introduction The aim of this paper was to compare the efficacy of the treatments for fibromyalgia currently available in both primary care and specialised settings.Methods Published reports of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) researching pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments in patients with fibromyalgia were found in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and PsychInfo databases. The most recent electronic search was undertaken in June 2006.Results We identified a total of 594 articles. Based on titles and abstracts, 102 full articles were retrieved, 33 of which met the inclusion criteria. These RCTs assessed 120 treatment interventions in 7789 patients diagnosed with primary fibromyalgia. Of them, 4505 (57.8%) were included in the primary care group of our study and 3284 (42.2%) in the specialised intervention group. The sample was mostly made up of middle-aged women, who have had fibromyalgia for a mean period of 6 to 10 years. The mean effect size of the efficacy of the 120 treatment interventions in patients with fibromyalgia compared with controls was 0.49 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.39 to 0.58; p < 0.001). In the primary care group it was 0.46 (95% CI = 0.33 to 0.58) while in specialised care it was 0.53 (95% CI = 0.38 to 0.69), with no statistical significance in the differences. We analysed the efficacy of treatments by comparing primary and specialised care in the different fibromyalgia groups and there were no significant differences. The variables of the studies that affected the improvements in the efficacy of fibromyalgia treatment were low quality of the studies and a shorter duration of treatment. However, both factors were biased by the heterogeneity of the studies. Other variables that also improved outcome and were not biased by the heterogeneity of the studies, were younger age of the patients and shorter duration of the disorder. On the contrary, gender and type of treatment (pharmacological vs. psychological) did not affect outcome.Conclusion Based on this meta-analysis and despite the heterogeneity of specialised care studies and of the other limitations described in this article, treating fibromyalgia in specialised care offers no clear advantages.