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This letter proposes an easy-implementation ultralocal model-based tuning-free controller (UL-TFC) considering control frequency to enhance the speed performance of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) in scenarios with load inertia variation. The complicated traditional tuning-free controller (TFC) for inertia variation suppression is introduced and the side impact of the control frequency on control performance caused by the low-pass filter (LPF) is analyzed. Then, the UL-TFC is designed without additionally LPF, the coefficient configuration has been introduced and the performance improvement of the UL-TFC against inertia and control frequency variations is analyzed. Finally, the tuning-free performance of the proposed UL-TFC is experimentally confirmed.

In this article, an amplitude-adaption high-frequency signal injection (A-HFSI) method is proposed for synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) sensorless control at zero-low speed to reduce the position estimation error and high-frequency (HF) current magnitude at load condition. Firstly, the conventional high-frequency signal injection (HFSI) scheme is presented. Following this, the influences of cross-saturation inductance on position estimation and the nonlinear characteristics on the high-frequency induced current are examined. Subsequently, an A-HFSI method is introduced, utilizing an enhanced position observation and amplitude-adaptation approach. This method effectively eradicates estimation errors and maintains a consistent HF current magnitude across varying load conditions. Experimental validation of the A-HFSI method is conducted on a 1.5-kW SynRM test bench.

With the existence of cucurbit[7]uril (Q[7]), a supramolecular catalysis strategy for the Beckmann rearrangement of aryl ketoximes to N-substituted amides was successfully established. The cavity of Q[7] was found to be essential for substrate encapsulation and the rearrangement reaction through comparative experiments and studies on host–guest interactions. This supramolecular strategy provides an efficient route for the rearrangement reaction incorporating a carbonation intermediate.

An organophosphorus catalytic method for the synthesis of substituted 2-amidopyridines is reported. The method employs a small-ring organophosphorus-based catalyst and a hydrosilane reductant to drive the conversion of ketoximes and pyridine-N-oxides into 2-amidopyridines through sequential Beckmann rearrangement followed by [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement. The readily available ketoximes could be activated to nitrilium ions in PIII/PVredox catalysis and could efficiently participate in the domino reaction of pyridine-N-oxides, thus providing various substituted 2-amidopyridines in moderate to excellent yields. This presented strategy features excellent functional group tolerance and a broad substrate scope.

The consequent pole permanent magnet synchronous machine with N-S-iron–S-N arrangement (NSCP-PMSM) adopted 1/3 of the iron core instead of permanent magnet (PM) to ensure high torque density and improve the utilization rate of PMs. The different unit machines with 3-slot/2-pole, 9-slot/2-pole, 15-slot/4-pole, 21-slot/4-pole as slot/pole combinations are established for comparative analysis, including back electromotive force (EMF), airgap density, output torque, cogging torque and unbalanced magnetic pull. The reason for absence of even harmonic back EMF and airgap density in NSCP-PMSM is analyzed, the output torque with different slot/pole combinations are compared, the cycle number of cogging torque are derived, and the condition for eliminating unbalanced magnetic pull is given. The effect of different slot/pole combinations on the performance of NSCP-PMSM was obtained with finite element analysis. Finally, a prototype of NSCP-PMSM with 54-slot/12-pole was manufactured to verify the correctness of the above analysis.

Introduction:Patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis are vulnerable to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), exhibiting a high risk of hospitalization and mortality. Thus, early identification and intervention are important to prevent disease progression in these patients. Methods:This was a two-center retrospective observational study of patients on hemodialysis diagnosed with COVID-19 at the Lingang and Xuhui campuses of Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital. Patients were randomized into the training (130) and validation cohorts (54), while 59 additional patients served as an independent external validation cohort. Artificial intelligence-based parameters of chest computed tomography (CT) were quantified, and a nomogram for patient outcomes at 14 and 28 days was created by screening quantitative CT measures, clinical data, and laboratory examination items, using univariate and multivariate Cox regression models. Results:The median dialysis duration was 48 (interquartile range, 24–96) months. Age, diabetes mellitus, serum phosphorus level, lymphocyte count, and chest CT score were identified as independent prognostic indicators and included in the nomogram. The concordance index values were 0.865, 0.914, and 0.885 in the training, internal validation, and external validation cohorts, respectively. Calibration plots showed good agreement between the expected and actual outcomes. Conclusion:This is the first study in which a reliable nomogram was developed to predict short-term outcomes and survival probabilities in patients with COVID-19 on hemodialysis. This model may be helpful to clinicians in treating COVID-19, managing serum phosphorus, and adjusting the dialysis strategies for these vulnerable patients to prevent disease progression in the context of COVID-19 and continuous emergence of novel viruses.

Purpose: To identify the relationship of macular outward scleral height (MOSH) with axial length (AL), macular choroidal thickness (ChT), peripapillary atrophy (PPA), and optic disc tilt in Chinese adults. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1088 right eyes of 1088 participants were enrolled and assigned into high myopia (HM) and non-HM groups. MOSH was measured in the nasal, temporal, superior, and inferior directions using swept-source optical coherence tomography images. The clinical characteristics of MOSH and the association of MOSH with AL, macular ChT, PPA, and tilt ratio were analysed. Results: The mean age of participants was 37.31 ± 18.93 years (range, 18–86 years), and the mean AL was 25.78 ± 1.79 mm (range, 21.25–33.09 mm). MOSH was the highest in the temporal direction, followed by the superior, nasal, and inferior directions (all p< 0.001). The MOSH of HM eyes was significantly higher than that of non-HM eyes, and it was positively correlated with AL in the nasal, temporal, and superior directions (all p< 0.001). Macular ChT was independently associated with the average MOSH (B = −0.190, p< 0.001). Nasal MOSH was positively associated with the PPA area and the presence of a tilted optic disc (both p< 0.01). Eyes with a higher MOSH in the superior (odds ratio [OR] = 1.008; p< 0.001) and inferior directions (OR = 1.006; p= 0.009) were more likely to have posterior staphyloma. Conclusion: MOSH is an early indicator of scleral deformation, and it is correlated positively with AL and negatively with ChT. A higher nasal MOSH is associated with a larger PPA area and the presence of a tilted optic disc. Higher MOSH values in the superior and inferior directions were risk factors for posterior staphyloma. Clinical trial registration: The study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov(Reg. No. NCT03446300).

In this article, an improved discrete-time resonance observer is proposed for a noncontact integrated permanent magnet Vernier motor (NIPMVM) considering switching frequency. First, a brief introduction to the mechanical model and the mathematical model of NIPMVM is provided. Then, a traditional orthogonal principle-based resonance observer (OPRO) and a second-order generalized integral resonance observer (SOGIRO) are introduced, and the influence of harmonics on the resonance identification of both methods is analyzed. Furthermore, to address the issue of poor disturbance rejection capability in these two observers, a fourth-order generalized integral resonance observer (FOGIRO) based on the cascaded structure of second-order generalized integrator (SOGI) is proposed, and its ability to suppress low- and high-order harmonics is theoretically demonstrated. Additionally, considering the discretization, the impact of the switching frequency on the resonance identification precision of traditional backward Euler method-based FOGIRO (BE-FOGIRO) is analyzed. To improve the precision of the FOGIRO, T-FOGIRO and PT-FOGIRO based on Tustin and prewarped Tustin methods with higher discretization accuracy at the center frequency are proposed and analyzed. Finally, the proposed PT-FOGIRO is validated on the NIPMVM platform, demonstrating its ability to achieve fast and accurate online resonance identification unaffected by the switching frequency.

Groundwater resources are vital to ecosystems and livelihoods. Excessive groundwater withdrawals can cause groundwater levels to decline1–10, resulting in seawater intrusion11, land subsidence12,13, streamflow depletion14–16and wells running dry17. However, the global pace and prevalence of local groundwater declines are poorly constrained, because in situ groundwater levels have not been synthesized at the global scale. Here we analyse in situ groundwater-level trends for 170,000 monitoring wells and 1,693 aquifer systems in countries that encompass approximately 75% of global groundwater withdrawals18. We show that rapid groundwater-level declines (>0.5 m year−1) are widespread in the twenty-first century, especially in dry regions with extensive croplands. Critically, we also show that groundwater-level declines have accelerated over the past four decades in 30% of the world’s regional aquifers. This widespread acceleration in groundwater-level deepening highlights an urgent need for more effective measures to address groundwater depletion. Our analysis also reveals specific cases in which depletion trends have reversed following policy changes, managed aquifer recharge and surface-water diversions, demonstrating the potential for depleted aquifer systems to recover.

Common-pool resource governance requires users to cooperate and avoid overexploitation, but defection and free-riding often undermine cooperation. We model a human-environmental system that integrates dynamics of resource and users’ strategies. The resource follows a logistic function that depends on the natural growth rate, carrying capacity, and extraction rates of cooperators and defectors. The users’ strategies evolve according to different processes that capture the effects of payoff, resource, and noise. We analyze the feedback between resource availability and strategic adaptation, and explore the conditions for the emergence and maintenance of cooperation. We find that different processes lead to different regimes of equilibrium solutions and resource levels depending on the parameter configuration and initial conditions. We also show that some processes can enhance the sustainability of the resource by making the users more responsive to the resource scarcity. The paper advances the understanding of the human-environmental system and offers insights for resource governance policies and interventions.

AimsTo investigate myopic maculopathy in Chinese children with high myopia and its association with choroidal and retinal changes.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included Chinese children aged 4–18 years with high myopia. Myopic maculopathy was classified by fundus photography and retinal thickness (RT) and choroidal thickness (ChT) in the posterior pole were measured by swept-source optical coherence tomography. A receiver operation curve was used to determine the efficacy of fundus factors in classifying myopic maculopathy.ResultsIn total, 579 children aged 12.8±3.2 years with a mean spherical equivalent of −8.44±2.20 D were included. The proportions of tessellated fundus and diffuse chorioretinal atrophy were 43.52% (N=252) and 8.64% (N=50), respectively. Tessellated fundus was associated with a thinner macular ChT (OR=0.968, 95% CI: 0.961 to 0.975, p<0.001) and RT (OR=0.977, 95% CI: 0.959 to 0.996, p=0.016), longer axial length (OR=1.545, 95% CI: 1.198 to 1.991, p=0.001) and older age (OR=1.134, 95% CI: 1.047 to 1.228, p=0.002) and less associated with male children (OR=0.564, 95% CI: 0.348 to 0.914, p=0.020). Only a thinner macular ChT (OR=0.942, 95% CI: 0.926 to 0.959, p<0.001) was independently associated with diffuse chorioretinal atrophy. When using nasal macular ChT for classifying myopic maculopathy, the optimal cut-off value was 129.00 µm (area under the curve (AUC)=0.801) and 83.85 µm (AUC=0.910) for tessellated fundus and diffuse chorioretinal atrophy, respectively.ConclusionA large proportion of highly myopic Chinese children suffer from myopic maculopathy. Nasal macular ChT may serve as a useful index for classifying and assessing paediatric myopic maculopathy.Trial registration numberNCT03666052.

In this paper, a hybrid voltage control strategy is proposed to improve the DC winding current dynamics for a 24-stator-slot/10-rotor-pole wound field switched flux (WFSF) machine. Firstly, the DC winding current dynamics are analysed based on the mathematical model of the WFSF machine. It is found that the DC bus voltage of the DC winding is a crucial factor for the DC winding current dynamics. However, the steady state DC current harmonics and DC current reference tracking speed are one pair of tradeoff for the WFSF machine, which cannot be solved based on certain voltage control strategy. Then, the bipolar voltage control and the unipolar voltage control strategies are investigated and compared in this paper. Although the unipolar voltage control strategy has a much lower steady state DC winding current harmonic, the current decay speed is lower than the bipolar voltage control strategy, which can be a challenge for the WFSF machine control. Therefore, the hybrid voltage control strategy is proposed in this paper for improving the DC winding current dynamics, which uses a hysteresis comparator to switch between the unipolar voltage control and the bipolar voltage control strategies. It can achieve a balance between the steady state DC current harmonics and DC current reference tracking speed for the DC winding current control. All the analysis and proposed hybrid voltage control strategy are confirmed by the MATLAB/Simulink simulation and validated through experiments.

Accurate fault type recognition is crucial for the stable and optimal operation of froth flotation production. However, the complexity of the industrial flotation process presents a challenge due to the numerous fault states and the similar froth image features associated with these faults, which hampers accurate identification. To address this issue, we introduce a novel method that combines extended shapelet operators and dictionary learning to enhance flotation fault recognition performance. First, we propose an extended shapelet learning (ESL) method using process parameters and froth videos to develop spatio-temporal feature expression. Then, we construct a discriminative dictionary (DD) model to encode these features, boosting both intraclass compactness and interclass separation. Finally, an incremental learning-based real-time update strategy is introduced to improve the generalization performance of the model to unknown faults. The proposed method was validated on the froth flotation dataset and demonstrated excellent accuracy and robustness, with at least a 2.49% improvement in accuracy compared to conventional methods.

The consequent pole double stator hybrid excitation machines (CPDS-HEMs) with different stator topologies are investigated and compared to achieve the optimal topology, so as to flexibly adjust the airgap flux to further expand the speed. The consequent pole rotor with N-S-iron core-S-N sequence is adopted, in which the iron core replaces part of the permanent magnet (PM), so that the PM flux is in parallel with the excitation flux. The stator wound the AC field winding realizing brushless excitation can be placed in the rotor shaft side or inside stator to form different topologies. In addition, the interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) and consequent pole PMSM (CP-PMSM) are adopted for comparison, the electromagnetic characteristics, including magnetic field distribution, no-load back electromotive force (EMF), torque characteristics, flux regulation capability and efficiency are evaluated by finite element analysis (FEA), which shows that the CPDS-HEM with AC field winding placed in the rotor shaft side has advantages in improving the speed and torque. Finally, the prototype is manufactured to verify above analysis, which has good prospects in wide speed range driving applications.

The influence of the pulse width modulation (PWM) excitation on the DC winding induced voltage pulsation for the wound field switched flux (WFSF) machine is investigated in this paper. Firstly, the impact of the high frequency DC and AC winding current harmonics on the DC winding induced voltage pulsation is analyzed, which results in high frequency harmonics in the DC winding induced voltage. The co-simulation between electric circuit analysis and the electromagnetic field analysis is applied to verify the analysis of the DC winding induced voltage pulsation under PWM excitation. Both the current source supply mode and the PWM voltage source supply mode are applied and compared in the field-circuit co-simulation analysis. The results of the comparison indicate that PWM excitation will introduce harmonics with the frequencies close to the switching frequency and its multiples in the DC winding induced voltage, whilst the frequencies of low frequency harmonics remain unchanged. Four different wound field machines, i.e., WFSF machine designed at large scale, wound rotor synchronous machine, WFSF machine with single tooth winding, and the variable flux reluctance machine, are compared under PWM excitation. It is found that not only the analysed WFSF machine, but also other wound field machines suffer from additional DC winding induced voltage harmonics under PWM excitation. The field-circuit co-simulation is validated by experiments, including the open-circuit test and the on-load test. Finally, all the analysis and the simulations are validated by the experimental results.

This article proposes an adaptive model-free deadbeat predictive current control (MF-DPCC) algorithm for achieving high-performance current control of non-contact integrated permanent magnet vernier motors (NIPMVMs). To address the issue that traditional extended state observer-based deadbeat predictive control (ESO-DPCC) still relies on motor models and parameters, an ultralocal model is introduced to design a model-free current controller. Furthermore, to address the issue that initial gain of the controller depends on the inductance parameter, a gain-adaption algorithm based on the deadbeat characteristic is proposed. In addition, considering the effect of dead-time, a dual-amplitude signal with extremely low duty and amplitude levels has been adopted to improve the adaptive precision of the gain and to achieve deadbeat control of NIPMVMs. The validity of the proposed MF-DPCC is confirmed through experiments conducted on an NIPMVM platform.

ABSTRACTFacing severe air pollution in its North Plain, the central government of China initiated the Joint Clean Air Action (JCAA) in 2017 to facilitate pollution mitigation efforts across the region. While quite a few studies investigated the effectiveness of this regulation, much less attention is paid to the pollution spillover effects. We empirically examine the effects, and show that 1) air quality in the east of the target cities has been improved due to positive spillover of improved air quality under the JCAA; 2) the beneficiary spillover lasts for two seasons and disappeared in autumn and winter; 3) air quality in the north, south and west directions are almost not changed; 4) wind direction and topography, two determinants of atmospheric transport, have a considerable influence over the spillover effects. Our study provides a fresh perspective to understand the impacts of the JCAA policy and underlines the necessity of taking both pollution and air quality spillover effects into the cost-benefit analysis.Implications:Pollution regulations in one place may increase pollution in other places, as production and emissions are re-allocated under the incentives induced by regional-specific regulations. This phenomenon has long been recognized in the literature as pollution spillover. However, if the relevant production and emissions are not re-allocated, at least not re-allocated in large quantities, local air quality improvement induced by regulations may also benefit the neighboring areas. We call this effect air quality spillover. Both spillover effects should be rigorously evaluated, which is of scientific interest by itself and also contributes to a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis of environmental regulations.

3D froth information is a significant indicator of working condition recognition in froth flotation. To extract it accurately, the first and key step is camera calibration. Although there have been many camera calibration methods proposed in these years, they cannot handle well for binocular camera calibration in froth flotation. The main reason is that there is an open environment without support surface or special geometric shapes for camera calibration in froth flotation. Therefore, we propose a novel binocular camera calibration method based on key frame sequences and weighted normalized tilt difference. First, we extract a high-quality frame sequence by filtering out incomplete and out-of-focus images from the froth video. Then, we propose a method to measure the tilt degree of the planar plate and extract the key frame sequences of the planar plate based on the tilt difference. After that, we calculate the camera parameters by weighted normalized tilt difference under various poses. The proposed binocular camera calibration method uses the froth video to obtain accurate and robust camera parameters, and does not require auxiliary equipment. Experiments have demonstrated the effectiveness and flexibility of the proposed method in froth flotation.

Surface permanent magnet vernier motors (SPMVMs) possess the potential for direct-drive applications due to the feature of high torque density. This article presents a deep investigation into the armature reaction modeling and a semianalytical optimization framework considering the constant power speed range (CPSR) in the flux weakening region for the SPMVM. The new armature reaction model can identify the armature air gap flux density of each harmonic component and armature flux linkage accurately, by conducting harmonics analysis, slot leakage flux computation, and slotting effect evaluation, permitting to calculate the inductance. Then, the results from the armature reaction model and those obtained from finite element analysis at the rated operating point together are applied to a comprehensive semianalytical motor optimization framework developed for SPMVMs. The optimization framework is able to reflect the motor performance metrics over the entire speed range, with torque density, power factor and CPSR as objectives. Finally, a prototype designed according to the tradeoffs of the optimization objectives is fabricated to confirm the validity of the armature reaction model and optimization framework.

Purpose: To analyse the topographic characteristics in macular choroidal thickness (mChT) and ocular biometry in myopic maculopathy and to explore the potential cut-off value for prediction of myopic maculopathy (MM). Methods: All participants underwent detailed ocular examinations. MM was subdivided into thin choroid, Bruch’s membrane (BM) defects, choroidal neovascularization (CNV), and myopic tractional maculopathy (MTM) according to OCT-based classification system. Peripapillary atrophy area (PPA), tilt ratio, torsion, and mChT were individually measured. Results: A total of 1947 participants were included. In multivariate logistics models, older age, longer axial length, larger PPA area, and thinner average mChT were more likely to have MM and different type of MM. Female participants were more likely to have MM and BM defects. A lower tilt ratio was more likely to be associated with CNV and MTM. The area under the curve (AUC) of single tilt ratio, PPA area, torsion, and topographic of mChT for MM, thin choroid, BM Defects, CNV, and MTM were 0.6581 to 0.9423, 0.6564 to 0.9335, 0.6120 to 0.9554, 0.5734 to 0.9312, 0.6415 to 0.9382, respectively. After combining PPA area and average mChT for predicting MM, thin choroid, BM defects, CNV, and MTM, the AUC of the combination were 0.9678, 0.9279, 0.9531, 0.9213, 0.9317, respectively. Conclusion: Progressive and continuous PPA area expanding and thin choroid play a role in the development of myopic maculopathy. The present study showed that a combination of peripapillary atrophy area and the choroidal thickness could be used to predict MM and each type of MM.

This paper proposes a multi-objective optimization framework for a radial-axial hybrid excitation machine (RAHEM) to provide higher average torque, better flux regulation ability and smaller torque ripple, which are applied to electric vehicles (EVs). The design variables related to multiple-objective are analyzed by sensitivity stratification. Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) based on response surface model (RSM) is adopted for the high sensitivity layer variable. The advantages are selected with the pareto optimal solutions (POS), while the low sensitivity layer variables are optimized by sensitivity ranking for single parameter scanning. The optimization function compares the two sensitive layers results to obtain the optimal design. Three-dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis (FEA) is used to compare the electromagnetic performance of initial and optimal designs. Finally, a prototype is manufactured to verify the effectiveness of the proposed framework.

Polyester fibers tend to generate and accumulate electrical charges under friction and induction. This significantly affects the production and use process and even poses the risk of electric shocks and fire. Quaternary ammonium salt surfactants with a positive charge can be adsorbed on negatively charged polyester fibers and have excellent antistatic properties. Therefore, we have synthesised a cationic antistatic surfactant functionalised with hydroxyl and ether groups: N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-butanoxy glycerol ether ammonium chloride (HDBGA). The structure was characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR and ESI/MS. The excellent properties of HDBGA in aqueous solution were investigated by measuring the Krafft point (TK), surface tension, conductivity, and steady-state fluorescence. Also antistatic tests were carried out. The results show that the TKof HDBGA is below 0 °C indicating that it can still be applied in cold water. The new quaternary ammonium compound could effectively decrease the surface tension of aqueous solution to 31.28 mN m−1, where the critical micelle concentration (CMC) at 298.15 K was 3.83 × 10−4mol L−1. In addition, the static electricity and static half-life values of the polyester cloths treated with the HDBGA solutions were also measured, as well as the effects on the fabric properties. The product exhibited excellent antistatic properties and satisfactory wash resistance, and the fabric fibers were not damaged.

With the explosive growth of data, people's demand for data analysis has become more intense. Although modern technology can collect a large amount of data, the collected original data is often useless and contains little information. How to extract useful information from massive amounts of data has become an urgent problem. Driven by artificial intelligence (AI) technology and personalized consumption demand of users, this article puts forward a dynamic interactive and visualization algorithm of e-business database information based on an improved collaborative filtering (CF) algorithm to help enterprises more efficiently mine the required potential customer groups from massive customer data and log data. Experiment results prove the effectiveness of the model and algorithm. Data mining (DM) technology is applied to the user access control model in this model. First, the maximum forward reference sequence of mobile e-business groups is mined by data technology. Then a user access control model is established according to this sequence to control user access so enterprises can formulate reasonable marketing strategies based on this knowledge.

ABSTRACTFollowing acute kidney injury (AKI), renal tubular cells may stimulate fibroblasts in a paracrine fashion leading to interstitial fibrosis, but the paracrine factors and their regulation under this condition remain elusive. Here we identify a macroautophagy/autophagy-dependent FGF2 (fibroblast growth factor 2) production in tubular cells. Upon induction, FGF2 acts as a key paracrine factor to activate fibroblasts for renal fibrosis. After ischemic AKI in mice, autophagy activation persisted for weeks in renal tubular cells. In inducible, renal tubule-specific atg7(autophagy related 7) knockout (iRT-atg7-KO) mice, autophagy deficiency induced after AKI suppressed the pro-fibrotic phenotype in tubular cells and reduced fibrosis. Among the major cytokines, tubular autophagy deficiency in iRT-atg7-KO mice specifically diminished FGF2. Autophagy inhibition also attenuated FGF2 expression in TGFB1/TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor, beta 1)-treated renal tubular cells. Consistent with a paracrine action, the culture medium of TGFB1-treated tubular cells stimulated renal fibroblasts, and this effect was suppressed by FGF2 neutralizing antibody and also by fgf2- or atg7-deletion in tubular cells. In human, compared with non-AKI, the renal biopsies from post-AKI patients had higher levels of autophagy and FGF2 in tubular cells, which showed significant correlations with renal fibrosis. These results indicate that persistent autophagy after AKI induces pro-fibrotic phenotype transformation in tubular cells leading to the expression and secretion of FGF2, which activates fibroblasts for renal fibrosis during maladaptive kidney repair.Abbreviations:3-MA: 3-methyladnine; ACTA2/α-SMA: actin alpha 2, smooth muscle, aorta; ACTB/β-actin: actin, beta; AKI: acute kidney injury; ATG/Atg: autophagy related; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; CCN2/CTGF: cellular communication network factor 2; CDKN2A/p16: cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CM: conditioned medium; COL1A1: collagen, type I, alpha 1; COL4A1: collagen, type IV, alpha 1; CQ: chloroquine; ECM: extracellular matrix; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; FGF2: fibroblast growth factor 2; FN1: fibronectin 1; FOXO3: forkhead box O3; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; HAVCR1/KIM-1: hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1; IHC: immunohistochemistry; IRI: ischemia-reperfusion injury; ISH: in situ hybridization; LTL: lotus tetragonolobus lectin; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; PDGFB: platelet derived growth factor, B polypeptide; PPIB/cyclophilin B: peptidylprolyl isomerase B; RT-qPCR: real time-quantitative PCR; SA-GLB1/β-gal: senescence-associated galactosidase, beta 1; SASP: senescence-associated secretory phenotype; sCr: serum creatinine; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TASCC: TOR-autophagy spatial coupling compartment; TGFB1/TGF-β1: transforming growth factor, beta 1; VIM: vimentin

Division of focal plane (DoFP) polarization image sensors can obtain a complete set of polarization information at every image. Because of their high acquisition efficiency, these sensors are increasingly used in bionic polarization orientation. However, the resolution loss of image and instantaneous field-of-view (IFOV) errors of DoFP sensors will lead to measurement errors in polarization information, which will reduce the orientation accuracy of DoFP sensors. In this article, we reveal how these errors will affect the measurement accuracy of polarization information and orientation accuracy. The measurement error model of polarization information is then established, simulated, and analyzed. Finally, a compensation algorithm is proposed for the polarization orientation. The outdoor experimental results illustrate that the proposed method can effectively reduce the measurement errors of polarization information and improve orientation accuracy.

This paper proposes an improved robust deadbeat predictive current control (DPCC) to optimize the current loop control performance of the hybrid excitation motor (HEM) drive system, which is a multi-variable and strongly coupled system. First, the topology and mathematical model of a consequent-pole hybrid excitation machine (CPHEM) are introduced. In order to optimize the current performance of HEM drive system, a DPCC strategy is proposed, followed by a proposed stability analysis method for parameter mismatch. In addition, a robust deadbeat predictive current control (RDPCC) based on extended state observer (ESO) is proposed to suppress the effects of parameter mismatch in DPCC. Furthermore, in the predictive control of HEMs, the divergence of current prediction is caused by certain combinations of controller parameters, which is not resolved by RDPCC. To deal with this issue, the estimation equations of the virtual parameter are introduced into the current prediction of RDPCC. Finally, the effectiveness of proposed control strategy is verified in experiments.

Anomaly detection in fundus images remains challenging due to the fact that fundus images often contain diverse types of lesions with various properties in locations, sizes, shapes, and colors. Current methods achieve anomaly detection mainly through reconstructing or separating the fundus image background from a fundus image under the guidance of a set of normal fundus images. The reconstruction methods, however, ignore the constraint from lesions. The separation methods primarily model the diverse lesions with pixel-based independent and identical distributed (i.i.d.) properties, neglecting the individualized variations of different types of lesions and their structural properties. And hence, these methods may have difficulty to well distinguish lesions from fundus image backgrounds especially with the normal personalized variations (NPV). To address these challenges, we propose a patch-based non-i.i.d. mixture of Gaussian (MoG) to model diverse lesions for adapting to their statistical distribution variations in different fundus images and their patch-like structural properties. Further, we particularly introduce the weighted Schatten p-norm as the metric of low-rank decomposition for enhancing the accuracy of the learned fundus image backgrounds and reducing false-positives caused by NPV. With the individualized modeling of the diverse lesions and the background learning, fundus image backgrounds and NPV are finely learned and subsequently distinguished from diverse lesions, to ultimately improve the anomaly detection. The proposed method is evaluated on two real-world databases and one artificial database, outperforming the state-of-the-art methods.

In this article, an improved inertia disturbance suppression method is proposed for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) based on disturbance observer and two-degree-of-freedom PI controller (DOB-2DoFC). The DOB-2DoFC is proposed to enhance the speed control performance with variation of inertia caused by load changing. The traditional two-degree-of-freedom controller (2DoFC) is first introduced and the influence of inertia disturbance on 2DoFC is analyzed. Then, the disturbance observer (DOB) is designed to combine with 2DoFC for inertia disturbance suppression. Furthermore, the discretization of DOB-2DoFC is implemented and the impact of discretization is also analyzed, in the meanwhile, the parameters of DOB- 2DoFC is designed based on the premise of stability and good speed control performance. With the designed parameters, better speed control performance can be maintained without tuning any controller coefficients even when the actual inertia is 20 times the controller inertia. Finally, the effectiveness and the correctness of the proposed DOB-2DoFC are verified with experiments on a 400 W PMSM drive platform in two modes.

In order to predict the DC winding induced voltage under pulse width modulation excitation in the wound field switched flux (WFSF) machine with consideration of the impact of magnetic coupling among d-, q-axis and the DC winding, lamination magnetic saturation and current harmonics in both AC and DC windings, the field-circuit coupling method based on the high-fidelity spatial harmonic (SH) model is applied in this paper, including the inductance-based SH model and flux-linkage-based SH model. However, it is found that the inductance-based SH model of the WFSF machine suffers from numerical instability in dynamic operation due to the high condition number of the inductance matrix caused by the magnetic coupling among d-, q-axis and the DC winding, resulting in prediction errors of the d-, q-axis flux-linkages, and that of the DC winding. To solve this problem, a flux-linkage-based SH model is proposed for the WFSF machine in this paper, and it shows that the proposed flux-linkage-based SH model is numerically stable during the dynamic operation. In addition, the calculation speed of the flux-linkage-based SH model is 147 times faster than the inductance-based one, due to the exemption of the calculation of the partial derivation equations. Finally, the analyzed 24-stator-slot/10-rotor-pole WFSF machine is built and tested to validate the flux-linkage-based SH model, and the experimental results agree well with those of the SH model.

ABSTRACTRadiation resistance poses a major clinical challenge in breast cancer (BC) treatment, but little is known about how long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) may regulate this phenomenon. Here, we reported that DUXAP8 was highly expressed in radioresistant BC tissues, and high expression of DUXAP8 was associated with poor prognosis. We found that the overexpression of DUXAP8 promoted radioresistance, while the knockdown of DUXAP8 expression increased radiosensitivity. Further studies revealed that DUXAP8 enhanced the radioresistance of BC cells by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and by repressing the expression of E-cadherin and RHOB through interaction with EZH2. Together, our work demonstrates that the overexpression of DUXAP8 promotes the resistance of BC cells toward radiation through modulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and EZH2-E-cadherin/RHOB axis. Targeting DUXAP8 may serve as a potential strategy to overcome radioresistance in BC treatment.

Due to the complex boundary conditions of the thermal analysis method (AM), the error of the calculation results is large, and the lumped-parameter thermal network (LPTN) mostly focuses on the solution of the average temperature. This paper proposes a thermal analytical model for wheel-motor windings, which includes LPTN and AM to solve the problems of boundary condition extraction and maximum temperature solution in AM. The heat transfers between the end caps of electric vehicle wheels and the outside air are considered by the model. The node temperature of LPTN can be adopted as the boundary condition of the proposed analytical method to predict and calculate the maximum temperature and average temperature of the wheel motor and improve the accuracy of temperature rise calculation. To further analyze the winding temperature, the armature winding is divided into active winding and end winding for calculation respectively. In the calculation of active winding, based on the equivalent area method, the active winding and other materials are layered into a series of equal-width rectangular rings through a novel layered strategy. The compensated thermal resistance (TR) is introduced into the analytical model of end winding, and the accuracy of the end temperature solution is improved by the iteration of compensated TR. Finally, the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed analytical thermal model for motor temperature rise prediction are verified on a 2kW distributed double-layer winding wheel motor.

Introduction:Kidney injury diagnosis is often delayed in patients with gout. We aimed to determine the characteristics of gout patients with CKD using musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) and whether MSUS could be used as an auxiliary assessment to evaluate kidney injury and predict renal outcome in patients with gout. Methods:Clinical information, laboratory indicators, and MSUS findings were collected and compared between gout-only patients (gout – CKD) and gout patients with CKD (gout + CKD). Multivariate logistic regression was applied to identify risk factors for clinical and MSUS characteristics in both groups. Correlation analysis between MSUS signs and kidney-related indicators was performed, and the effects of MSUS characteristics on renal prognosis were evaluated. Results:In total, 176 patients with gout were included, namely, 89 gout – CKD and 87 gout + CKD cases. After adjusting for confounders, the gout patients with CKD showed more frequent episodes in the previous year, higher ultrasound semiquantitative scores, and more tophi than gout patients without CKD. Additionally, the number of tophi, bone erosion, and synovial hypertrophy measured by MSUS was found to be negatively correlated with the eGFR. The existence of tophi was independently associated with an increased risk of a ≥10% decline in eGFR in the first-year follow-up (OR, 3.56; 95% CI, 1.382–9.176). Conclusions:Ultrasound-detected tophi, bone erosion, and synovial hypertrophy were associated with kidney injury in gout patients. The existence of tophi was associated with faster renal function deterioration. MSUS could be a potential auxiliary diagnostic method to evaluate kidney injury and predict renal outcome in gout patients.

The quality of bowel preparation is an extremely important determinant of colonoscopy results. However, the efficacy of senna regimens in improving bowel cleanliness is uncertain. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to synthesize data on whether using a senna bowel preparation regimen enhances the bowel cleanliness. We searched Web of Science Core Collection, MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases (from the inception to August 2021). The primary efficacy outcome was bowel cleanliness. Secondary outcomes included patient compliance, tolerance, and adverse events. Eleven trials fulfilled the inclusion criteria (3,343 patients. Overall, we found no significant differences in bowel cleanliness between the senna regimen and other bowel preparation regimens (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.02 [0.63, 1.67], p= 0.93). There was significant difference in tolerance (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.66 [1.08, 2.54], p= .02) and compliance (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 3.05 [1.42, 6.55], p= .004). The senna regimen yielded a significantly greater proportion of no nausea (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.84 [1.45, 2.32]) and vomiting (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.65 [0.81, 3.35]). Compared with other bowel preparation regimens, the senna regimen may be effective and safe in bowel cleaning before colonoscopy, with superior compliance and tolerance.

AbstractChina has announced its goal of reaching carbon neutrality by 2060, which will have a profound impact on its energy and economic systems. During this process, the power sector will play a key role in helping the country on its road towards carbon neutrality. This study develops a multi-regional power dispatch and capacity expansion model to combine long-term capacity expansion with short-term power dispatch. The model is built to optimise the carbon-neutral transition pathway from the perspective of economics, focussing on power system stability and reliability under high penetrations of renewables. Using the case study of North China, the cost-effective methods for power system transitions under the targets of reaching peak emissions by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060 are discussed under different scenarios. We find that the future power supply system will rely heavily on renewable energy which will account for more than 89% of power generation. Inner Mongolia will produce more than 84% of power in the North China region. The inter-regional power transmission capacity will be five times higher than its current level. Policy choices will lead to different transition pathways as the early-stage installation decisions will have a lock-in effect on the following carbon emission reduction strategies and determine the importance of technologies adopted in achieving carbon neutrality. Although the transition to a low-carbon economy will result in an increase in cost by 17–19%, it will bring huge climate benefits to the world.

A continuous online in situ attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic technique was used to investigate the adsorption and desorption kinetics of heptyl xanthate (KHX) on the surface of ZnO and Cu(II) activated ZnO. The results showed that Cu(II) facilitated the xanthate adsorption process on the surface, and led to the formation of cuprous xanthate (CuX), dixanthogen (X2) and xanthate aggregates. The adsorption of xanthate on the surface of ZnO and Cu(II) activated ZnO was found to both follow the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. When the NaOH solution was used as a desorption agent, the adsorbed xanthate can largely be removed due to the competition between OH−and HX−. However, for Cu(II) activated ZnO, the peak intensities at 1197 and 1082 cm−1had no obvious weakening, and the absorption intensities at 1261 and 1026 cm−1increased in the first 5 min, indicating an ion-exchange reaction between OH−and surface zinc bonded xanthate HX−and the reorganization of adsorbed xanthate.

•Combined with immunotherapy, the anthracycline-free regimen achieved pathological complete response (pCR) rates comparable to those of the anthracycline-containing regimen.•A pooled study of published clinical trials supported a similar pCR between the two cohorts.•Anthracycline-free and anthracycline-containing regimens, coupled with immunotherapy, elicited similar event-free survival (EFS) and a favorable safety profile.•Anthracycline-free regimens yielded significantly higher pCR rates in patients without lymph node metastasis than anthracycline-containing regimens.

Red abdominal shell disease is a major disease that has caused significant economic losses in Chinese soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensisaquaculture. Yet scarce information is available on Aeromonas dhakensisas a causal agent of red abdominal shell disease in P. sinensis. In the present study, a haemolytic and proteolytic A. dhakensisisolate (F04) was demonstrated as a causative agent of red abdominal shell disease in cultured P. sinensis. It carried virulent aerolysin, heat-labile cytotoxic enterotoxin, polar flagella, and lipase-encoding genes aer, alt, flaA, and lip, exhibited the mean lethal dose (LD50) value of 4.27×105CFU/ml in P. sinensis, and developed multiple resistances against aminoglycosides, chloramphenicols, cephalosporins, lincosamides, macrolides, penicillins, peptides, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines antimicrobials. To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify a multiply resistant A. dhakensisstrain as a pathogen of red abdominal shell disease in P. sinensis, and the findings of this study can also provide valuable insights into the virulence and antimicrobial resistance in Chinese soft-shelled turtle-pathogenic A. dhakensis.