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Background: Preconception care mainly depends on minimising the risks faced before conception, collecting all possible information before conception, and using all sources to improve the reproductive health of pregnant women. Preconception is a great opportunity for early determination of any health risk and to optimise the health of implicit moms and protect the unborn foetus from any type of health risk as well as birth defect. This study presents the best scientific approach method for developing preconception intervention packages under different conditions. Objective: To determine the awareness of the importance of lifestyle modification in the prevention of gestational complications during the preconception period. Methods: This study was approved by the Ethical Committee and Protocol Committee (protocol no. 600/2022-2023). The subjects of this observational study were women who are primigravidae and reside in Karad, India. Using random sampling, 93 participants who were primigravidae were included. A questionnaire was distributed to individuals within the age range of 21 to 30 years, based on preconception care, lifestyle modification, family support and precautionary measures. Results: It was found that out of 91 participants, only 4.3% had excellent knowledge, 8.6% had very good knowledge, 27.96% had good knowledge, 53.76% had fair knowledge and 5.38% had poor education regarding preconception care. Conclusion: The awareness among women regarding the importance of lifestyle modification in the prevention of gestational complications during the preconception period was significantly lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of African Journal of Reproductive Health is the property of Women's Health & Action Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Vaccinations in general are considered to be one of the greatest achievements in medicine, saving millions of lives globally. Aim: This narrative review highlights issues related to vaccination in pregnancy and provides information on those vaccines registered for use in pregnancy. Method: Published articles on vaccinations in pregnancy are included in this review. The search engines used included PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. Results: Vaccinations during pregnancy are more likely to be administered in high income countries (HICs) compared to low-income countries (LICs) due to easier access to healthcare services and better communicable disease awareness. Maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality rates associated with infectious diseases are higher in LICs with access to maternal care services, infrastructure and hospital equipment lacking in these settings. Conclusion: Suitable vaccinations are recommended for use in pregnancy to prevent harm to women, their foetuses and newborns from some communicable diseases, and they have resulted in declines in maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, this review has shown that vaccination during pregnancy is not only safe for both the woman and her foetus but also effective. Therefore, health professionals and national governments should strongly consider approved vaccinations prior to or during pregnancy. Contribution: This review provides insight on the necessity of vaccination during pregnancy. In addition, it urges health professionals to inform patients of the importance of regular antenatal visits, and to receive the required vaccinations for a better health outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of African Journal of Reproductive Health is the property of Women's Health & Action Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction and objective. One of the main health threats to the endangered European bison (Bison bonsasus) is bovine tuberculosis, the pathogenesis of which in this species is not fully known. The aim of the study was to confirm a possible case of vertical transmission from a pregnant European bison with generalized tuberculosis to its 12-week-old foetus. Materials and method. During the autopsy it was found that the bison had become pregnant, despite an advanced stage of tuberculosis. Material collected from the organs and foetus was placed on Lowenstein and Stonebrink media and incubated at 37 °C for 12 weeks. Results. Mycobacteria were isolated from the lungs and lymph nodes; however, the tissue of the foetus and fragments of the reproductive system were negative. Conclusion. Vertical transmission was excluded, although it cannot be ruled out that infection could occur as pregnancy progresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ethnologie Française is the property of Presses Universitaires de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Trauma during pregnancy deserves special attention because of its management objectives, i.e. well-being of both pregnant woman and foetus. Maxillofacial trauma directly affects the nutrition of foetus by interfering with the normal functions in a pregnant woman such as mouth opening, mastication and breathing. Hence early restitution of form and function of maxillofacial skeleton is essential. However, the gravid status is associated with numerous anatomical and physiological changes which present with clinical dilemma related to imaging and treatment. A careful scrutiny of the patient's systemic and gestational status is absolutely essential before, during and after instituting any interventional procedures. We present a case of bilateral condyle fracture in a 30-year-old pregnant woman in the third trimester (32 weeks). She was treated with inter maxillary fixation using orthodontic brackets & elastics. After successful restitution of occlusion, the patient was advised aggressive physiotherapy which ensured normal mouth opening. Two weeks later, the patient delivered uneventfully. The patient was followed up at one month and 3 month and demonstrated restitution of normal occlusion, mouth opening and lower facial height. This article aims at analyzing the contemporary principles in management of maxillofacial trauma in a pregnant woman and clarifying the common misconceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a case of congenital cytomegalovirus and Herpes simplex virus infection suspected via ultrasound indicated by the presence of fetal cerebral abnormalities. The pregnancy was electively terminated at 31 weeks of gestation. The postmortem examination of the foetus showed brain with lissencephaly. The histopathological examination revealed numerous enlarged cells containing cytomegalic inclusions and multinucleated giant cells in multiple fetal organs and placenta. Documented evidence of histopathological detection of cytomegalovirus inclusions in multiple organs are very sparse in literature. This case highlights the causal relationship of viral infections in early pregnancy and abnormalities of the central nervous system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prolepsis in Denis Villeneuve's Arrival emphasises the cyclical nature of the film's narrative and anchors human reproduction as a central theme. Pregnancy, the pregnant body, and the physical, experiential nature of birth, commonly heavily gendered in film, are misleading focal points in the narrative. The presence of the unborn as a subtext in the film problematises Iris Marion Young's (2005) notion of pregnant embodiment as a subjective lived-body experience. The viewer is encouraged to empathise with the complexity of birth, life, and death as part of Louise's lived-body experience, but is finally confronted with the uncertainty of maternity, pregnancy and the unborn. When Barbara Duden (1992) calls the unborn foetus a "not-yet", she describes the process by which the foetus achieves a legal status, and the precarious nature of ascribing life or personhood. The prolepsis, which punctuates the main narrative, emphasises the reversibility and irreversibility of life that does "not-yet" exist. Importantly, the constant hovering over the threshold of life in the film complicates the timeline of reproduction. At the end of the film's narrative, the main character Louise Banks (Amy Adams), is "not-yet" pregnant, is "not-yet" a parent, and has "not-yet" lost a child. The temporal shifts in the film rely on repositioning or reorienting both Louise and the viewer to the "not-yet" reproductive body and the "not-yet" child. By presenting events out of chronological time and returning to the time before and after a child is born, the film ultimately raises crucial questions about the ethics of reproduction, the quality of life, and issues of consent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Adenosine is taken up via human equilibrative nucleoside transporters 1 (hENT1) and 2 (hENT2) at a physiological extracellular pH (pHo ∼7.4) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Acidic pHo increases the uptake of adenosine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) via hENT4 in this cell type. However, modulation of hENT1 and hENT2 transport activity by the pHi is unknown. We investigated whether hENT1 and hENT2-adenosine transport was regulated by acidic pHi.Methods: HUVECs loaded with a pH sensitive probe were subjected to 0.1-20 mmol/L NH4Cl pulse assay to generate 6.9-6.2 pHi. Before pHi started to recover, adenosine transport kinetics (0-500 μmol/L, 37 °C) in the absence or presence 1 or 10 μmol/L S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thio-inosine (NBTI), 2 mmol/L hypoxanthine, 2 mmol/L adenine, 100 μmol/L 5HT, or 500 μmol/L adenosine, was measured.Results: Overall adenosine transport (i.e., hENT1+hENT2) was semisaturable and partially inhibited by 1 μmol/L, but abolished by 10 μmol/L NBTI in cells non-treated or treated with NH4Cl. The initial velocity and non-saturable, lineal component for overall transport were increased after NH4Cl pulse. hENT1 and hENT2-mediated adenosine transport maximal capacity was increased by acidic pHi. hENT1 activity was more sensitive than hENT2 activity to acidic pHi.Discussion: hENT1 and hENT2-adenosine transport is differentially regulated by acidic pHi in HUVECs. These findings are important in pathologies associated with pHi alterations such as gestational diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to technological advancements in functional brain imaging, foetal brain responses to visual and auditory stimuli is a growing area of research despite being relatively small with much variation between research laboratories. A number of inconsistencies between studies are, nonetheless, present in the literature. This article aims to explore the potential contribution of methodological factors to variation in reports of foetal neural responses to external stimuli. Some of the variation in reports can be explained by methodological differences in aspects of study design, such as brightness and wavelength of light source. In contrast to visual foetal processing, auditory foetal processing has been more frequently investigated and findings are more consistent between different studies. This is an early preview of an emerging field with many articles reporting small sample sizes with techniques that are yet to be replicated. We suggest areas for improvement for the field as a whole, such as the standardisation of stimulus delivery and a more detailed reporting of methods and results. This will improve our understanding of foetal functional response to light and sound. We suggest that enhanced technology will allow for a more reliable description of the developmental trajectory of foetal processing of light stimuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the aspects of the incrimination of abortion and the controversy provoked by abortion. The article starts with the author's view regarding the right to life, namely that this right should not be regarded as an absolute one. Subsequently, the history of incrimination of the abortion is presented in detail, showing the changes it has undergone and how these changes have impacted society. With this occasion, it is shown that abortion cannot stay outside the law because we cannot conceive abortive maneuvers to be performed anyplace, by anyone or regardless of the stage of the pregnancy. On the other hand, the woman's right to dispose of her body cannot be restricted - this right is protected by the Romanian state laws. The article continues by uncovering the issue related to the time at which it is considered that life begins. For this purpose a number of ECHR cases are listed, but these fail to provide a solution. The presentation of the crime "interruption of pregnancy" is limited to clarifying the legal aspects relating to the legal object, the material object and the passive subject. These three concepts were explained both by presenting existing opposing views in doctrine and by revealing the author's view. Part of this exposure refers to the active subject of the crime. The author tries to answer the question "should or should not a pregnant woman be subject to the crime of interruption of pregnancy?". In this setting, a discussion is presented about the individual's constitutional right to dispose of itself. Finally, the most controversial issues related to the topic of abortion are stated and reiterated and are presented from a legal, social, moral, medical and religious point of view. This is done because one cannot study this delicate subject only by looking at the legal aspect of the case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of prenatal ultrasound and of foetal medicine, the paediatric surgeon has extended his knowledge of the natural history of surgical malformations. He is a part of the prenatal team and parents should always be referred to him when a surgical malformation is suspected, even when termination of pregnancy is planned because of an expected poor prognosis. Direct contact between the prenatal medicine specialist and the paediatric surgeon is also highly recommended to ensure continuity in the messages delivered to the parents. Postnatal counselling does not compare with prenatal counselling, and the paediatric surgeon has learned from the obstetrician to modulate his talk by including other conditions that might affect the outcome of the foetus, especially genetically determined syndromes. When the foetal malformation is diagnosed very early, especially in the first trimester, it therefore seems important for the consultation with the paediatric surgeon to be scheduled when the complementary exams required by the anomalies diagnosed are done, in order to avoid later contradictory messages. Repeated consultations should be favoured as they allow provision of more precise information regarding changes in ultrasound and/or MRI images and so decrease parents׳ anxiety and help them to take their decision. Foetal surgery, which has reached various stages of development in different countries, requires paediatric surgeons and obstetricians to join forces to optimise procedures and evaluate their benefit/risk ratio. Since 2004, the National Rare Disease Plan in France has allowed the creation of Rare Disease Centres, which deal with congenital malformations and produce recommendations for the health care pathway of these patients by means of a multidisciplinary approach. This greatly enhances interdisciplinary communication and ensures that best care is provided to the parents-to-be and to their child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history of abortion in France from the Ancien Régime into the nineteenth century, focusing on the legal status and social conditions of women, legislation regarding pregnancy, infanticide, and abortion, and punishment for women found to be in violation of laws. The article mentions the relationship between abortion and the Catholic Church, the opinions of Enlightenment philosophers on abortion, and the Penal Code of 1791 which lessened the severity of punishments for women found to have had an abortion. The article also references demographic studies published between 1960 and 2000 that did not address the topic of abortion.

The article presents a study which analyzes the effects of maternal diabetes on the spinal cord of fetus. It states that 16 adult pregnant rats were into two groups in which diabetes was induced in one group by alloxa and the other group served as a control. The results revealed that transverse diameter of the spinal cord and central canal decreased while vertical diameter of the spinal cord and central canal increased in the fetus of diabetic mothers as compared to the control group.

Copyright of Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases Supplements is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Gestational age estimation is essential in certain condition while performing foetal or neonatal autopsy. This study was conducted to assess the gestational age by foot length of foeti. Foot lengths of 126 foeti (77 live and 49 dead) were included in this study. The objective of this study was to assess the accurate gestational age by simple, non-invasive and economical method. The foot length was measured using vernier caliper between the posterior aspect of the heel to the tip of the longest toe. It was observed that there was an increase of 4.11 gestational weeks for increase in 1cm of foot length. The results were encouraging and comparable with other similar studies. The foot length (independent variable) is strongly related with the period of gestation. As this method is simple, economical and accurate it can be used by a basic medical doctor and also paramedical even in a rural setup. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Revue Francophone des Laboratoires is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of West African Journal of Medicine is the property of West African Journal of Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mounting evidence from animal studies has implicated that all commonly used anaesthetics and sedatives may induce widespread neuronal cell death and result in long-term neurological abnormalities. These findings have led to serious questions regarding the safe use of these drugs in young children. In humans, recent findings from retrospective, epidemiological studies do not exclude the possibility of an association between surgery with anaesthesia early in life and subsequent learning abnormalities. These results have sparked discussions regarding the appropriate timing of paediatric surgery and the safe management of paediatric anaesthesia. However, important questions need to be addressed before findings from laboratory studies and retrospective clinical surveys can be used to guide clinical practice. This article summarises the currently available preclinical and clinical information regarding the impact of anaesthetics, sedatives, opioids, pain and stress, inflammation, hypoxia–ischaemia, co-morbidities and genetic predisposition on brain structure and long-term neurological function. Moreover, this article outlines the putative mechanisms of anaesthetic neurotoxicity, and the phenomenon’s implications for clinical practice in this rapidly emerging field. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy is directly associated with the development of cerebral palsy and cognitive disabilities later in life, therefore remaining an important problem in perinatal medicine. Postnatal neuroprotective strategies have been investigated elaborately, but up to now, only moderate hypothermia proved to be beneficial in reducing post hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy in a selected group of asphyxiated neonates. Since the vast amount of toxic free radicals is produced in the reperfusion and reoxygenation period upon and immediately (30–60 min) after birth, we postulate that antenatal (i.e. maternal) pharmacologic neuroprotection of the foetus, combined with postnatal hypothermia, might be a more optimal approach to prevent this free radical induced brain damage. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms underlying early reperfusion–reoxygenation damage and focuses on the most promising pharmacologic agents (phenobarbital, vitamin C and E, allopurinol, melatonin and xenon) to be given antenatally to the mother to neuroprotect the hypoxic foetus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interment of infants in ceramic receptacles was a fairly widespread funerary practice in southern Africa during the Iron Age. Using the rich source of ethnographic data on child-death and mortuary practices among Southeast Bantu speakers, we explore the cultural significance and symbolic meaning of an infant pot burial uncovered on Melora Saddle, an early nineteenth-century African farmer settlement on the Waterberg Plateau, Limpopo Province. The skeletal remains belong to a perinatal individual, aged between 34 weeks gestation and newborn. The short-necked jar was interred in an upright position either inside, or close to, a house. Ethnographic data show that a conceptual link was made between a woman's reproductive capacity and the land's fertility, as well as between potting and procreation. A close symbolic link existed between pots, wombs, mothers and their houses. Child-birth and child-death were fraught with ritual danger that had to be averted to ensure the well-being of the family and the community. Any deviations from the natural order of things generated pollution (heat or dirt), which threatened a woman's fertility and a lineage's continuation. Such ritual impurity not only destabilised the social order, but also disturbed the natural order, as a result of which the rains, the ultimate sign of a community's well-being, might stay away. To counter the ritual danger, and thereby to restore a woman's fertility and avoid a drought, foetuses and infants were buried in jars, either in a cool, wet place in the bank of a river, or inside a house or in the shade under its eaves. As in the case of the Melora Saddle jar, the bases of such burial vessels were often deliberately perforated, evidently a symbolic act to ensure that a woman would become pregnant again. Ash, representing an extinguished fire, served as an important cooling agent in such burials, which would account for the location of several midden burials uncovered in Iron Age sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecologia is the property of Federacion Colombiana de Asociaciones de Obstetricia y Ginecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Progresos en Diagnóstico y Tratamiento Prenatal is the property of Grupo ARS XXI de Comunicacion, S.A. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents a study which examined the histoenzymic localization of phosphatases, oxidoreductases and esterases in the cervix of buffalo during fetal life. The histoenzymic localization of different enzymes was investigated in cervices of 12 buffalo foetii obtained from abattoir. The study found that a weak to moderate activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLD) in the lamina epithelialis and weak activity in propria submucosa, muscularis and serosa. It also mentioned that the acetylcholine esterase activity was associated with the neuronal elements.

The article presents a study which examined the histoenzymic distribution of oxidoreductases in adrenal gland during prenatal development of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). The adrenal glands of 9 buffalo foetuses which range from 100 to 890 millimeters (mm) crown-rump length (CRL) was included in the study. The study found that the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase activity was weak to strong in the capsule, weak in stroma and capillaries, intense in the definite cortex, strong to intense in the foetal cortex and moderate in both the zones of the medulla.

Abstract: Oxytocin (OXT) exerts multiple effects in the adult central nervous system. However, little is known about the effects of OXT on foetal neurons during delivery, at the time when a surge of OXT occurs. In a recent study, the effects of OXT on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signalling have been reported in foetal and newborn rats. In the immature rat hippocampal and neocortical neurons at birth, endogenous OXT induced a switch in the action of GABA from excitatory to inhibitory. This excitatory-to-inhibitory switch was caused by a switch in the polarity of the GABAergic responses from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing, reflecting a decrease in the intracellular chloride concentration. The effects of OXT were mimicked and occluded by bumetanide, a selective blocker of the chloride co-transporter NKCC1, suggesting that the effects of OXT involve inhibition of NKCC1. Neuronal death caused by anoxic–aglycaemic episodes was substantially delayed in the foetal hippocampus by endogenous OXT. These findings suggest that OXT plays important role in the preparation of the foetal brain to delivery. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Collegium Antropologicum is the property of Croatian Anthropological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of EMC-Pediatrie is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EMC-Pediatrie is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summary: Osteological characteristics are often used to identify animal species in a cheap and rapid manner. In this context it is believed that the corpus fibulae of the goat is represented by a tight cord of connective tissue — the so-called ligamentum fibulare. The results of the present morphometric study indicate, however, that in nearly 60% of the 143 examined animals, the corpus fibulae is a pin-shaped flattened piece of bone which may additionally be accompanied by a pyramid-shaped bone lying closely to the caput fibulae. The length of the corpus fibulae increases with age and varies greatly between individuals but its centre is located close to the border between the proximal and the intermediate third of the tibia. The cartilaginous fetal anlage is either transformed to bone or catabolised during fetal live. Desmal ossification should play an important role in the growth of the corpus fibulae since no cartilage could be detected in kids and adult goats. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article discusses research which examined the cardiac conduction system of buffalo heart during prenatal development. Topics discussed include fetuses that were used for the study, the presence of the atrio-ventricular node in the base of atrial septum in front of coronary sinus under endocardium, and a moderate to strong sudanophlic reaction found in Purkinje fibers, nodal cells of sinoatrial node, and branch of right bundle.

The article presents a case study of a non-descript primiparous doe which presented with a history of dystocia in India in 2014. The delivered dead large-sized foetus was found to have congenital polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Numerous cysts in the kidney effected a distended abdomen which may have been the cause of dystocia in the primiparous goat. The dead foetus in this case might be eviscerated to reduce the foetal abdomen's size.

• The 23 included studies represented the voices of women, their partners and allied health professionals. • The term 'Baby' is the most widely recognised word used in instances of fetal loss and high risk of fetal demise. • Gender identification- naming the fetus in utero. • Medical diagnosis or terminology used to label the fetus instead of using the word fetus or baby. • Euphemisms to name the fetus. • Parents and health care professionals distancing themselves by using words that are non specific or not naming the fetus at all. • This review contributes new insights into our understanding of the term 'fetus'. • Need for further research into the way the fetus is addressed and dealt with in instances of fetal loss or high risk of fetal loss within Maternity care practices. Limited research exists that investigates the language parents and health professionals use when faced with a high-risk likelihood of fetal demise or an instance of fetal loss. This review examines the language used when referring to the 'fetus' in these cases to better understand the meaning different groups might ascribe to the fetus and how their word choice may reflect their strategies for managing in these situations. An integrative review of primary, peer-reviewed research was conducted. A systematic search of seven databases was undertaken, articles critiqued and summarised using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). The comprehensive process of data analysis and synthesis followed a constant comparison approach. The 23 included studies represented the voices of women, their partners, obstetricians, nurses, midwives and allied health professionals. Five major themes emerged with the main finding being that the term 'Baby' is the most widely recognised word used in instances of fetal loss and high risk of fetal demise. History, science and law all influence how the fetus is understood and discussed within society. This review contributes new insights into our understanding of the term 'fetus' emphasizing the need for further research into the way the fetus is addressed and dealt with in instances of fetal loss or high risk of fetal loss within Maternity care practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avoir une alimentation équilibrée est primordial avant et pendant la grossesse puisque cela influe sur la fertilité et garantit au fœtus un développement harmonieux. Des compléments alimentaires, dédiés à la période préconceptionnelle comme à la grossesse, sont disponibles. Ces produits ne devraient jamais être consommés sans avis médical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which examined the differences between the duct system and tubular components of buffalo kidneys. The kidneys were from pregnant buffaloes found at a slaughterhouse and veterinary clinics in India. It discusses several findings upon examination of the kidneys which include proximal convoluted tubules (PCT), loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubules (DCT), and the collecting ducts.

The article discusses a study which examined the morphogenesis of neurohypophysis during prenatal development in buffaloes. The neurohypophyseal tissue continued to expand in foetuses with 75 millimeters in crown-rump length (CRL). The infundibular lumen disappeared because of marked cellular growth. The maximum length and width of neurohypophysis were 0.688 and 0.625 millimeters. The hypophyseal cleft and pars intermedia was seen enwrapping the neural stalk in 120 and 190 millimeter CRL stages.

The article discusses a study on the morphogenesis of Wulzen's cone in buffalo fetuses with crown to rump lengths (CRL) of 30-630 millimeters. The cone of Wulzen starts to form as the caudal wall of Rathke's pouch thickens when the fetus is at the 32 millimeter stage. When CRL reaches the 35 millimeter stage, the cone is projected towards the infundibulum then becomes bulb-shaped at 60 millimeters. The acidophils, basophils and chromophobes can be measured when the CRL reaches the 320 millimeter stage.

The article presents a study on the histochemical distribution of musopolysaccharides in the prenatal development of buffalo trachea. Tracheas of buffalo fetuses with crown rump length (CRL) between 4.3 to 44 centimeters were involved in the study to check the distribution of neutral and acid mucopolysaccharides. Results of the study revealed that the tracheal glands were affirmative for neutral mucopolysaccharide.

The article discusses a study which examines the histoenzymic distribution of esterases in adrenal gland during prenatal development in buffaloes. For the study, the adrenal glands of 9 buffalo foetuses were analyzed. In group 1, the non specific esterases (NSE) activity was found to be weak in the capsule and stroma of the adrenal gland of buffalo foetuses. Both groups 2 and 3 showed that the NSE activity was strong to intense in the definite cortex and strong in the foetal cortex of the adrenal gland of buffalo foetuses.

The article presents a study which examined the distribution pattern of the oxidoreductases in intestine of buffalo fetuses during prenatal development. Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity was noticed in the epithelial cells (EC) of the lamina epithelialis of jejunum of 22.5 centimeters crown rump length (CRL). A weak activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was seen first in the lamina epithelialis of duodenum of 18.2 centimeters CRL fetus, which increased in duodenum of 44.5 centimeters CRL fetuses. The study also found that in the duodenum of 22.5 cm CRL fetuses a moderate to strong activity was seen in tunica mucosae (tm), tunica muscularis (TM) and tunica serosa.